Multi-layer AGV aging vehicle

By installing tee joints and connecting rods on the support columns of AGV aging vehicles to adjust the distance between the connecting rods and the ground, the problem of unadjustable roof height in the prior art is solved, and flexible adaptation to adapt to different sizes or models of AGV equipment is achieved, and the versatility of the equipment is improved.

CN223086148UActive Publication Date: 2025-07-11SHENZHEN SUNQIT ELECTRONICS TECH CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN202422496191.7
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2024-10-15
Publication Date
2025-07-11
Estimated Expiration
2034-10-15

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

The existing AGV aging vehicles cannot adjust the assembly height of the AGV roof, resulting in only adapting to AGV equipment of specific sizes or models, limiting the scope of use.

Method used

By installing a tee joint and a connecting rod on the support column, the distance between the connecting rod and the ground can be adjusted to adjust the height of the AGV roof plate to adapt to AGV equipment of different sizes or models.

Benefits of technology

The height adjustable AGV roof panel is realized, adapting to different sizes or models of AGV equipment, improving the versatility and flexibility of use.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The utility model belongs to the technical field of multi-layer AGV aging vehicles, and particularly relates to a multi-layer AGV aging vehicle which comprises supporting columns, three-way connectors are installed at the bottom ends of the supporting columns in a sliding mode, cross rods are installed between connectors at one ends of the two three-way connectors in the Y-axis direction in a matched mode, and the cross rods are connected with the supporting columns in a matched mode. Longitudinal rods are installed between connectors at the other ends of the two three-way connectors in the X-axis direction in a matched mode, two connecting rods are symmetrically and fixedly connected between the two transverse rods, AGV top plates are installed on the outer walls of the bottom sides of the connecting rods in a matched mode, and if high AGV equipment is needed, the three-way connectors slide upwards, so that the relative height of the connecting rods is increased, and the AGV top plates are installed on the connecting rods in a matched mode. And on the contrary, if the AGV equipment is relatively short, the three-way joint slides downwards to reduce the height of the AGV top plate, so that the assembling height of the AGV top plate can be adjusted by adjusting the distance between the connecting rod and the ground, and the AGV top plate can adapt to AGV equipment of different sizes or models.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of multi-layer AGV aging vehicles, and specifically relates to a multi-layer AGV aging vehicle. Background Technique

[0002] An AGV aging vehicle is a device that combines AGV technology with the function of product aging testing. In an electronic factory, the AGV aging vehicle can automatically transport newly produced circuit boards to the aging area, conduct aging tests according to set time and conditions, and then automatically transport them to the next process after the test is completed.

[0003] In the existing AGV aging vehicle, the product to be aged is placed on the placement board inside the vehicle. Magnetic strips are pre-laid in the working area. The sensors on the AGV aging vehicle can detect the magnetic field generated by the magnetic strips, so as to travel along the path of the magnetic strips. The aging vehicle automatically transports the product to the aging area and conducts aging tests according to set time and conditions, realizing the operation of aging testing on the product.

[0004] However, there are still some problems with the above-mentioned AGV aging vehicle. In actual applications, if the assembly height of the AGV top plate cannot be adjusted, it can only be adapted to specific sizes or models of AGV equipment, which will greatly limit the use range of the aging vehicle. Therefore, a multi-layer AGV aging vehicle is proposed for the above problems. Content of the Utility Model

[0005] In order to make up for the deficiencies of the prior art and solve the problems proposed in the background technique, the utility model proposes a multi-layer AGV aging vehicle.

[0006] The technical solution adopted by the utility model to solve its technical problems is: a multi-layer AGV aging vehicle described in the utility model includes two groups of symmetrically arranged support columns. Anti-static flat wheels are installed at the bottom ends of the support columns. Universal belt brakes are assembled inside the anti-static flat wheels. Three-way joints are slidably installed at the bottom ends of the support columns. Cross bars are cooperatively installed between the one-end interfaces of the two three-way joints along the Y-axis direction. Longitudinal bars are cooperatively installed between the other-end interfaces of the two three-way joints along the X-axis direction. Connecting ribs are cooperatively connected between the four corner positions of the cross bar and the longitudinal bar. Two connecting rods with a quantity of two are symmetrically and fixedly connected between the two cross bars. The AGV top plate is cooperatively installed on the outer wall of the bottom side of the connecting rod. Connecting ribs are connected between the two ends of the connecting rod and the cross bar, realizing that by adjusting the distance between the connecting rod and the ground, the assembly height of the AGV top plate can be adjusted, so as to adapt to different sizes or models of AGV equipment.

[0007] Preferably, six cross beams are assembled between the outer walls of each group of support columns along the Y-axis direction, and six longitudinal beams are assembled between the outer walls of each group of support columns along the X-axis direction. A support rod is assembled between two longitudinal beams between two groups of support columns. Five fixing plates are fixedly connected to the outer walls of the support rods under the cooperation of the cross beams and longitudinal beams. The fixing plate is a PVC plate with a thickness of 5 mm. Four sliding grooves are equidistantly installed on the top side of the fixing plate by means of screws. One gray PVC plate 1 is slidably installed inside each end of each sliding groove. A gray PVC plate 2 is fixedly connected to the top sides of the gray PVC plates 1. The bottom side of the EVA tray is assembled on the top side of the gray PVC plate 2 by means of double-sided tape and screws, and the screws are all made of stainless steel. A number of card slots are equidistantly opened on one side of the EVA tray, and a number of slots are equidistantly opened inside the bottom side of the EVA tray. An insertion strip is movably installed inside the slot. A PVC strip is installed on the top side of the insertion strip. One end of the PVC strip is connected with a clamping block, and the clamping block is clamped inside the card slot, which is convenient for placing products and for cleaning and maintaining the tray.

[0008] Preferably, one side of the sliding groove is jointly connected with a cable slot through double-sided bonding. A number of cable ports are equidistantly opened inside the cable slot, effectively realizing the arrangement and fixation of cable wires and avoiding potential safety hazards caused by cable chaos.

[0009] Preferably, two vertical rods are symmetrically fixedly connected to the outer wall of one longitudinal beam at the top. A fixing rod is fixedly connected between the two vertical rods. An air switch box is assembled between the fixing rod and one side of the vertical rod. An electric box is installed at the bottom side of one end of the air switch box, and an aluminum wire slot is installed at the bottom side of the other end of the air switch box. Ten-position two-hole socket strips are installed on the top outer walls of four longitudinal beams at the middle position on one side of the vertical rod. A touch screen is installed on one side of the support rod at the top position. A stainless steel grounding chain is connected to the bottom side of the vertical rod, and the stainless steel grounding chain drags on the ground for 50 mm. An alarm lamp is installed on the top side of one support column, providing a perfect electrical system for the aging vehicle and improving the safety of the equipment during use.

[0010] Preferably, elbow connectors are assembled at the middle positions of two support columns, and a push handle is installed between the elbow connectors, making the aging vehicle easy to move and improving work efficiency.

[0011] Preferably, the wiring of each ten-position two-hole socket strip is fixed by cable ties and then assembled inside the aluminum wire slot, so that the wires do not leak out, thereby extending the service life of the wires.

[0012] The beneficial effects of the present utility model are as follows:

[0013] 1. If a relatively tall AGV device is required for this utility model, the three-way joint is slid upward, thereby increasing the relative height of the connecting rod and raising the position of the AGV top plate. Conversely, if it is a relatively short AGV device, the three-way joint is slid downward to lower the height of the AGV top plate. By adjusting the distance between the connecting rod and the ground, the assembly height of the AGV top plate can be adjusted, thus adapting to AGV devices of different sizes or models.

[0014] 2. When different-sized items need to be placed or the layout needs to be changed in this utility model, the first gray PVC board can slide freely inside both ends of the chute, enabling the position of the second gray PVC board and the EVA tray assembled above to be adjusted flexibly. At the same time, the position of the PVC strip can be adjusted according to the size and shape of the item to fix and partition the items placed on the EVA tray, preventing the items from shaking or falling during movement. Each layer can hold a certain number of products. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this utility model or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the following-described drawings are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0016] Figure 1 It is an isometric side view structural schematic diagram of this utility model;

[0017] Figure 2 It is a main body structural schematic diagram of the AGV aging vehicle;

[0018] Figure 3 It is a main body structural schematic diagram of the top side of the fixing plate;

[0019] Figure 4 It is an exploded structural schematic diagram of the EVA tray;

[0020] Figure 5 It is a partial structural schematic diagram of the top side of the fixing plate;

[0021] Figure 6 It is a bottom side structural schematic diagram of the first gray PVC board.

[0022] In the figure: 1. Supporting column; 2. Anti-static flat wheel; 3. Universal belt brake; 4. Three-way joint; 5. Cross bar; 6. Longitudinal bar; 7. Connecting rod; 8. Cross beam; 9. Longitudinal beam; 10. Support rod; 11. Fixed plate; 12. Slide groove; 13. Gray PVC board I; 14. Gray PVC board II; 15. EVA tray; 16. Card slot; 17. Slot; 18. Insert bar; 19. PVC strip; 20. Clamping block; 21. Cable clamping groove; 22. Cable clamping port; 23. Vertical bar; 24. Fixed bar; 25. Air switch box; 26. Electric box; 27. Aluminum cable trough; 28. Ten-position two-hole socket strip; 29. Touch screen; 30. Stainless steel grounding chain; 31. Alarm lamp; 32. Elbow connector; 33. Push handle. Specific implementation mode

[0023] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0024] Please refer to Figures 1-6 As shown, a multi-layer AGV aging vehicle includes two groups of symmetrically arranged supporting columns 1. Anti-static flat wheels 2 are installed at the bottom ends of the supporting columns 1. Universal belt brakes 3 are assembled inside the anti-static flat wheels 2. Three-way joints 4 are slidably installed at the bottom ends of the supporting columns 1. One end interfaces of two three-way joints 4 along the Y-axis direction are cooperatively installed with a cross bar 5. The other end interfaces of two three-way joints 4 along the X-axis direction are cooperatively installed with a longitudinal bar 6. Connecting ribs are used to cooperatively connect the four corners between the cross bar 5 and the longitudinal bar 6. Two connecting rods 7 with a quantity of two are symmetrically and fixedly connected between the two cross bars 5. An AGV top plate is cooperatively installed on the outer wall of the bottom side of the connecting rod 7. Connecting ribs are connected between both ends of the connecting rod 7 and the cross bar 5;

[0025] Six cross beams 8 are assembled along the Y-axis direction between the outer walls of each group of support columns 1, and six longitudinal beams 9 are assembled along the X-axis direction between the outer walls of each group of support columns 1. A support rod 10 is assembled between two longitudinal beams 9 between two groups of support columns 1. Five fixing plates 11 are fixedly connected to the outer walls of the support rods 10 under the cooperation of the cross beams 8 and the longitudinal beams 9. The fixing plate 11 is a PVC plate with a thickness of 5 mm. Four sliding grooves 12 are equidistantly installed on the top side of the fixing plate 11 by means of screws. One gray PVC plate 13 is slidably installed inside each end of each sliding groove 12. A gray PVC plate 2 is fixedly connected to the top sides of the gray PVC plates 13. The bottom side of the EVA tray 15 is assembled on the top side of the gray PVC plate 2 by means of double-sided tape and screws, and the screws are all made of stainless steel. A number of card slots 16 are equidistantly opened on one side of the EVA tray 15. A number of slots 17 are equidistantly opened inside the bottom side of the EVA tray 15. An insertion bar 18 is movably installed inside the slot 17. A PVC strip 19 is installed on the top side of the insertion bar 18. One end of the PVC strip 19 is connected to a clamping block 20. The clamping block 20 is clamped inside the card slot 16. During operation, in actual applications, if the assembly height of the AGV top plate cannot be adjusted, it can only be adapted to AGV equipment of specific sizes or models, which will greatly limit the scope of use of the aging vehicle. When different-sized items need to be placed or the layout needs to be changed, the gray PVC plate 13 can freely slide inside the two ends of the sliding groove 12, so that the position of the gray PVC plate 2 and the EVA tray 15 assembled above can be flexibly adjusted. At the same time, the position of the PVC strip 19 can be adjusted according to the size and shape of the item to fix and partition the items placed on the EVA tray 15, preventing the items from shaking or falling during movement. 40 products can be placed on each layer;

[0026] With the reinforcement of the connecting ribs, the cross bar 5 and the longitudinal bar 6 form a stable frame foundation, ensuring that the aging vehicle will not deform or shake when carrying products to be aged. The connecting rod 7 provides support for the AGV top plate. When it is necessary to adapt to AGV equipment of different sizes or models, the operator can change the distance between the connecting rod 7 and the ground by adjusting the position of the three-way joint 4. If a higher AGV equipment is required, the three-way joint 4 is slid upward, thereby increasing the relative height of the connecting rod 7 and raising the position of the AGV top plate. On the contrary, if it is a shorter AGV equipment, the three-way joint 4 is slid downward to lower the height of the AGV top plate. By adjusting the distance between the connecting rod 7 and the ground, the assembly height of the AGV top plate can be adjusted to adapt to AGV equipment of different sizes or models.

[0027] Please refer to Figures 1-6 As shown, elbow connectors 32 are assembled at the midpoint positions of two support columns 1, and a push handle 33 is installed between the elbow connectors 32;

[0028] One side of the sliding groove 12 is jointly connected with a wire clamping groove 21 through double-sided connection. A number of wire clamping openings 22 are equidistantly arranged inside the wire clamping groove 21. On the outer wall of one of the top longitudinal beams 9, two vertical rods 23 are symmetrically fixedly connected. A fixing rod 24 is fixedly connected between the two vertical rods 23. An air switch box 25 is jointly assembled on one side of the fixing rod 24 and the vertical rod 23. An electric box 26 is installed on the bottom side of one end of the air switch box 25. An aluminum wire groove 27 is installed on the bottom side of the other end of the air switch box 25. On the top outer walls of four longitudinal beams 9 at the central position on one side of the vertical rod 23, ten-position two-hole socket strips 28 are installed. A touch screen 29 is installed on one side of the top support rod 10. The bottom side of the vertical rod 6 is connected with a stainless steel grounding chain 30, and the stainless steel grounding chain 30 drags on the ground for 50 millimeters. An alarm lamp 31 is installed on the top side of one of the support columns 1. The wiring of each ten-position two-hole socket strip 28 is fixed by cable ties and then assembled inside the aluminum wire groove 27; When working, the AGV aging vehicle is a device that combines AGV technology with product aging test functions. When it is necessary to move the aging vehicle, the operator can push the vehicle to the working area through the push handle 33. The aging vehicle moves in the working area through the anti-static flat wheels 2. When necessary, the vehicle is fixed by the universal belt brake 3. The stainless steel grounding chain 30 drags on the ground for 50 millimeters to ensure good grounding of the equipment and improve the use safety. The magnetic strips pre-laid in the working area generate a magnetic field, and the sensors on the vehicle detect the magnetic field to guide the aging vehicle to travel along the path planned by the magnetic strips and automatically transport the products to the aging area. Through the touch screen 29, the operator can input the required aging time setting value. When the aging vehicle starts to work, the alarm lamp 31 lights up green, indicating that the aging process is in progress. When the set aging time is reached, the green light of the alarm lamp 31 goes out and the yellow light flashes, prompting the operator that the aging process is over;

[0029] In terms of circuit configuration, each floor is equipped with a 10A independent air switch, so that each floor of the circuit has a separate overload and leakage protection mechanism. The air switch box 25 is a three-phase 16A air switch with leakage protection to protect the total circuit of the entire aging vehicle. The power supply is connected through a 10A three-core aviation male and female plug. The male head comes out from the air switch. A white 4-square millimeter cable is used as the main line to transmit electricity. The main line of each floor also uses a white 4-square millimeter three-core cable to ensure the stability and safety of power transmission. The wires of the sockets use 2.5 square millimeters, which can meet the power requirements of the socket-connected equipment. Finally, the cable harnesses are fixed by cable ties and then assembled inside the aluminum wire groove 27;

[0030] During the operation of the aging vehicle, the wires of various devices can be orderly passed through and placed in two wire clamping grooves 21 from the bottom side of the EVA tray 15, and the positions are fixed through the wire clamping ports 22, avoiding the entanglement and chaos of the cable wires and reducing the short circuit that may be caused by the cable wire chaos.

[0031] Working principle: When it is necessary to place items of different sizes or change the layout, the gray PVC board 13 can slide freely inside the two ends of the sliding groove 12, so that the positions of the gray PVC board 14 and the EVA tray 15 assembled above can be flexibly adjusted. At the same time, the position of the PVC strip 19 can be adjusted according to the size and shape of the item to fix and partition the items placed on the EVA tray 15, preventing the items from shaking or falling during the movement. 40 products can be placed on each layer;

[0032] The cross bar 5 and the longitudinal bar 6 form a stable frame foundation under the reinforcement of the connecting ribs, ensuring that the aging vehicle will not deform or shake when carrying the products to be aged. The connecting rod 7 provides support for the AGV top plate. When it is necessary to adapt to AGV devices of different sizes or models, the operator can change the distance between the connecting rod 7 and the ground by adjusting the position of the three-way joint 4. If a higher AGV device is required, the three-way joint 4 is slid upward, thereby increasing the relative height of the connecting rod 7 and raising the position of the AGV top plate. On the contrary, if it is a shorter AGV device, the three-way joint 4 is slid downward to lower the height of the AGV top plate. By adjusting the distance between the connecting rod 7 and the ground, the assembly height of the AGV top plate can be adjusted to adapt to AGV devices of different sizes or models;

[0033] When it is necessary to move the aging vehicle, the operator can push the vehicle to the working area through the push handle 33. The aging vehicle moves in the working area through the anti-static flat wheels 2 and fixes the vehicle through the universal belt brake 3 when necessary. Among them, the stainless steel grounding chain 30 drags the ground by 50 mm to ensure good grounding of the equipment and improve the use safety. The magnetic strip pre-laid in the working area generates a magnetic field, and the sensor on the vehicle detects the magnetic field and guides the aging vehicle to travel along the path planned by the magnetic strip, automatically transporting the products to the aging area. Through the touch screen 29, the operator can input the required aging time setting value. When the aging vehicle starts to work, the alarm light 31 lights up green, indicating that the aging process is in progress. When the set aging time is reached, the green light of the alarm light 31 goes out and the yellow light flashes, prompting the operator that the aging process is over;

[0034] In terms of circuit configuration, each floor is equipped with an independent 10A air switch, so that each floor's circuit has a separate overload and leakage protection mechanism. The air switch box 25 is a three-phase 16A air switch with leakage protection to protect the total circuit of the entire aging vehicle. The power supply is connected through a 10A three-core aviation male and female plug. The male plug comes out from the air switch, and a white 4-square millimeter cable is used as the main line to transmit electricity. The main line of each floor also uses a white 4-square millimeter three-core cable to ensure the stability and safety of power transmission. The wires connecting to the sockets use 2.5 square millimeters, which can meet the power requirements of the devices connected to the sockets. Finally, the cable harnesses are fixed by cable ties and assembled inside the aluminum wire duct 27;

[0035] During the operation of the aging vehicle, the wires of various devices can be orderly passed through and placed in the two wire clamping grooves 21 from the bottom side of the EVA tray 15, and their positions are fixed through the wire clamping openings 22, avoiding the entanglement and chaos of the cable wires and reducing the short circuit that may be caused by the cable wire chaos.

[0036] In the description of this specification, the descriptions referring to terms such as "one embodiment", "example", "specific example", etc. mean that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the schematic expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described can be combined in a suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.

[0037] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art of this industry should understand that the present invention is not limited by the above embodiments. The above embodiments and the descriptions in the specification only illustrate the principles of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention will have various changes and improvements, and these changes and improvements all fall within the scope of the present invention claimed.

Claims

1. A multi-layer AGV aging vehicle, characterized in that: It includes two sets of symmetrically arranged support columns (1). Anti-static flat wheels (2) are installed at the bottom ends of the support columns (1). Universal belt brakes (3) are assembled inside the anti-static flat wheels (2). Three-way joints (4) are slidably installed at the bottom ends of the support columns (1). Cross bars (5) are cooperatively installed between the one-end interfaces of two three-way joints (4) along the Y-axis direction. Longitudinal bars (6) are cooperatively installed between the other-end interfaces of two three-way joints (4) along the X-axis direction. Connecting ribs are used to cooperatively connect the four corners between the cross bar (5) and the longitudinal bar (6). Two connecting rods (7) are symmetrically and fixedly connected between the two cross bars (5). An AGV top plate is cooperatively installed on the bottom outer wall of the connecting rod (7). Connecting ribs are connected between both ends of the connecting rod (7) and the cross bar (5).

2. The multi-layer AGV aging vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: Among them, six cross beams (8) are assembled between the outer walls of each set of support columns (1) along the Y-axis direction. Six longitudinal beams (9) are assembled between the outer walls of each set of support columns (1) along the X-axis direction. A support rod (10) is assembled between two longitudinal beams (9) between the two sets of support columns (1). Five fixing plates (11) are fixedly connected together on the outer walls of the five support rods (10) with the cooperation of the cross beam (8) and the longitudinal beam (9). The fixing plate (11) is a PVC plate with a thickness of 5 mm. Four chutes (12) are equidistantly installed on the top side of the fixing plate (11) by means of screws. Grey PVC plates I (13) are slidably installed inside both ends of each chute (12). A grey PVC plate II (14) is fixedly connected to the top sides of the grey PVC plates I (13). The bottom side of the EVA tray (15) is assembled on the top side of the grey PVC plate II (14) by means of double-sided tape and screws, and the screws are all made of stainless steel. A number of card slots (16) are equidistantly opened on one side of the EVA tray (15). A number of slots (17) are equidistantly opened inside the bottom side of the EVA tray (15). Insert bars (18) are movably installed inside the slots (17). A PVC strip (19) is installed on the top side of the insert bar (18). A clamping block (20) is connected to one end of the PVC strip (19). The clamping block (20) is clamped inside the card slot (16).

3. A multi-layer AGV aging vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that: One side of the chute (12) is jointly connected with a wire clamping groove (21) by means of double-sided bonding. A number of wire clamping openings (22) are equidistantly opened inside the wire clamping groove (21).

4. A multi-layer AGV aging vehicle according to claim 3, characterized in that: On the outer wall of one of the top longitudinal beams (9), two vertical rods (23) are symmetrically and fixedly connected. A fixing rod (24) is fixedly connected between the two vertical rods (23). An air switch box (25) is assembled together with the fixing rod (24) and one side of the vertical rod (23). A switchgear box (26) is installed at the bottom side of one end of the air switch box (25), and an aluminum wire trough (27) is installed at the bottom side of the other end of the air switch box (25). Ten-position two-hole socket strips (28) are installed on the top outer walls of four longitudinal beams (9) located at the central position on one side of the vertical rod (23). A touch screen (29) is installed on one side of the support rod (10) at the top position. A stainless-steel grounding chain (30) is connected to the bottom side of the vertical rod (6), and the stainless-steel grounding chain (30) drags on the ground for 50 millimeters. An alarm lamp (31) is installed on the top side of one of the support columns (1).

5. The multi-layer AGV aging vehicle according to claim 4, characterized in that: Elbow connectors (32) are assembled at the middle positions of two of the support columns (1), and a push handle (33) is installed between the elbow connectors (32).

6. The multi-layer AGV aging vehicle according to claim 5, wherein: The wiring of each ten-position two-hole socket strip (28) is fixed by cable ties and then assembled inside the aluminum wire trough (27).