Steel-plastic composite electric melting pipe fitting

Abstract

The utility model relates to a steel-plastic composite electric melting pipe fitting, which comprises a steel sleeve, a composite pipe and a welding pipe which are sequentially arranged from outside to inside, a heating wire is wound on the outer surface of the welding pipe, and the steel-plastic composite electric melting pipe fitting further comprises wiring terminals which are respectively connected with two ends of the heating wire and extend out of the steel sleeve. The steel sleeve, the composite pipe and the welding pipe are fixedly connected in sequence or the steel sleeve wraps the composite pipe and the welding pipe and then is fixedly connected with the welding pipe. According to the scheme, the steel sleeve wraps the composite pipe and the welding pipe, pressing force is provided for the composite pipe and the welding pipe, the bearing capacity of the pipe fitting is improved, the composite pipe is adopted to replace an injection molding part body, a framework and injection molding are not needed, stress cracking caused by too large stress in the injection molding process is avoided, and the service life of the pipe fitting is prolonged. The heating wire melts the welding pipe, so that the outer surfaces of the two to-be-connected pipe bodies installed in the electric melting pipe fitting and the inner surface of the welding pipe are welded and fixed, and communication of the two to-be-connected pipe fittings is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of composite pipe welding, and more specifically, to a steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting. Background Art

[0002] With the improvement of the urban economic level, the expansion of the urban scale and the acceleration of the modernization pace, the urban pipe network is becoming more and more huge, complex and diverse. The trend of replacing steel with plastic is also accelerating. In the 1980s and 1990s, polyethylene material pipes were partially applied in traditional medium and low-pressure pipe networks (gas, water supply). Nowadays, high-pressure steel-plastic composite pipes are widely used in various fields such as municipal water supply and drainage, heating pipe networks, oil and gas fields, ports, and printing and dyeing.

[0003] The existing high-pressure steel-plastic composite pipe is an electrofusion fitting with a steel skeleton nested inside. Usually, a steel skeleton with round holes inside the skeleton is used and then coated and injection-molded. For example, Patent No. CN 111174015 A discloses a large-diameter high-pressure electrofusion fitting, including a sleeve made of polyethylene (PE). Two wiring terminals are arranged on the outer surface of the sleeve. A welding area is arranged on the inner wall of the sleeve. A threaded cavity is arranged in the welding area, and an electric heating wire is arranged in the threaded cavity. A metal reinforcement layer is arranged in the barrel of the sleeve, and an elastic metal ring is arranged on the inner wall surface of the sleeve. As an interface fitting for large-diameter pipes, by setting the metal reinforcement layer, the pressure-bearing capacity of the large-diameter electrofusion fitting is enhanced. By setting the circular cavity and the elastic metal ring, the tensile performance between the pipe and the electrofusion fitting is increased, effectively improving the pressure-bearing capacity of the large-diameter pipe system and expanding the pressure grade range of the pipe series.

[0004] However, for the electrofusion fitting with a steel skeleton nested inside, a steel skeleton with round holes inside the skeleton is used and then coated and injection-molded. During the injection molding process, the round holes in the skeleton block the molecular orientation of the injection molding melt flow, making it non-directional. Pressure-bearing weak points appear in the through-round holes at the connection of the pipe and the pipe, which is easy to cause stress cracking of the fitting. Moreover, the heat dissipation effect of steel metal materials is worse than that of non-metal materials such as PE and PPR. After injection molding, the plastic molecular orientation directions near the metal materials are inconsistent, which is easy to form internal vacuum bubbles or shrinkage holes, resulting in poor pressure-bearing of the electrofusion fitting body and easy brittle cracking of the pipe body. Such electrofusion fittings are likely to increase the overall operation risk of the pipe network. Summary of the Utility Model

[0005] One of the purposes of the utility model is to provide a steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting to solve the problem that the pressure-bearing of the pipe body becomes poor due to injection molding on the skeleton in the prior art.

[0006] In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical solution adopted by the utility model is as follows:

[0007] A steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting, comprising a steel sleeve, a composite pipe, and a fusion pipe with heating wires wound around its outer surface, which are arranged from outside to inside in sequence. It further includes terminal blocks respectively connected to both ends of the heating wires, and the terminal blocks extend outside the steel sleeve. The composite pipe includes a composite outer pipe, a reinforcing pipe, and a composite inner pipe that are fixedly connected to each other from outside to inside in sequence. The steel sleeve, the composite pipe, and the fusion pipe are fixedly connected in sequence, or the steel sleeve wraps the composite pipe and the fusion pipe and then is fixedly connected to the fusion pipe.

[0008] In the above technical solution, the steel sleeve wraps the composite pipe and the fusion pipe, providing a pressing force to the composite pipe and the fusion pipe, thereby improving the bearing capacity of the fitting. The composite pipe is fixedly connected to the steel sleeve, and a fusion pipe fixedly connected thereto is provided inside the composite pipe. The two terminal blocks are in contact with the welding ends of an external welding machine. When electricity is applied, the heating wires wound around the outer surface of the fusion pipe heat up, thereby melting the material of the fusion pipe, and enabling the outer surfaces of the two pipe bodies to be connected inside the fitting and the inner surface of the fusion layer to be welded and fixed, achieving the connection of the two pipes. This solution uses a composite pipe instead of an injection-molded part as the main body, eliminating the need for a skeleton and injection molding, avoiding stress cracking caused by excessive stress during the injection molding process. At the same time, the outermost layer is a steel sleeve, and the strength of the steel sleeve endows the electrofusion fitting with sufficient pressure-bearing capacity.

[0009] Preferably, first annular baffles are respectively arranged at both ends of the steel sleeve in the axial direction, and the first annular baffles are in interference fit with the fusion pipe. The design of the annular baffle and the interference fit provide a clamping force to both ends of the fusion pipe by the first annular baffle, and at the same time enclose the composite pipe, enhancing the pressure-bearing capacity of the electrofusion fitting.

[0010] Preferably, second annular baffles are respectively arranged at both ends of the fusion pipe in the axial direction, the second annular baffles are located between the first annular baffles and the composite pipe, and the two ends of the second annular baffles are in contact with the composite pipe. One side of the second annular baffle is fixedly connected to one end of the composite pipe, and the other end is in interference fit with the first annular baffle, making the contact between the composite pipe and the fusion pipe closer and enhancing the pressure-bearing capacity of the fitting.

[0011] Preferably, the fusion pipe can be axially disassembled into a first inner sleeve and a second inner sleeve, and the first inner sleeve and the second inner sleeve are detachably connected. The first inner sleeve and the second inner sleeve can be respectively inserted into the composite pipe from both ends, making the assembly of the fitting more convenient.

[0012] Preferably, the contact surface between the first inner sleeve and the second inner sleeve is perpendicular to the axis of the fusion pipe. A number of positioning holes are further provided at the installation end of the first inner sleeve, and positioning pins corresponding to the number and positions of the positioning holes are further provided at the installation end of the second inner sleeve. The positioning pins are inserted into the positioning holes. The cooperation between the positioning holes and the positioning pins is tight, which makes the fixing effect between the first inner pipe and the second inner pipe better and avoids the situation of loosening.

[0013] Preferably, a copper clip is further provided at the installation end of the first inner sleeve, and a copper sheet is further provided at the installation end of the second inner sleeve. The heating wire includes a first wire segment and a second wire segment. The first wire segment is wound around the outer surface of the first inner sleeve and one end thereof is connected to the copper clip. The second wire segment is wound around the outer surface of the second inner sleeve and one end thereof is connected to the copper sheet. The copper sheet is installed in the copper clip so that the heating wire realizes current connection. The first wire segment and the second wire segment are detachable. Before installing the fusion pipe, the first wire segment and the second wire segment can be respectively wound around the first inner sleeve and the second inner sleeve and then installed. Both the copper clip and the copper sheet are conductors, and the contact between them enables the current to flow, and this electrofusion fitting can realize the welding function.

[0014] Preferably, connection parts are respectively provided at both ends of the fusion pipe. The wiring terminals are connected to both ends of the heating wire through the connection parts, and the connection between the wiring terminals and the connection parts is detachable. When welding is not carried out, the wiring terminals can be detached to avoid breaking the wiring terminals during the shipment of the electrofusion fitting, resulting in the problem of inability to construct and weld.

[0015] Preferably, the connection part is made of a conductive material, and threaded holes are provided on the connection part. The wiring terminals are threadedly connected to the connection part. When electrofusion welding is required, the wiring terminals are inserted into the threaded holes. The threaded connection makes the fixing effect between the wiring terminals and the connection part better, avoiding loosening and resulting in poor contact, which is not conducive to construction welding.

[0016] Preferably, the composite pipe includes a composite outer pipe, a reinforcing pipe and a composite inner pipe which are arranged from outside to inside and are welded and fixed in sequence. The composite inner pipe and the composite outer pipe are made of PE material, and the reinforcing pipe is a steel-plastic mesh skeleton or fiberglass. The steel-plastic mesh skeleton or fiberglass has high strength, which improves the pressure-bearing capacity of the fitting. It is fixed by hot melt adhesive to avoid the reduction of the pressure-bearing capacity of the electrofusion fitting caused by injection molding.

[0017] Preferably, the outer surface of the steel sleeve is coated with plastic. The main purpose of coating the outer surface of the steel sleeve with plastic is to prevent corrosion and rust.

[0018] Advantages of the present utility model: The steel sleeve wraps the composite pipe and the fusion pipe, providing a pressing force to the composite pipe and the fusion pipe, thereby improving the bearing capacity of the pipe fitting. The composite pipe is used to replace the injection-molded part body, eliminating the need for a skeleton and injection molding, and avoiding stress cracking caused by excessive stress during the injection molding process. The heating wire melts the fusion pipe, causing the outer surfaces of the two pipe bodies to be connected inside the electrofusion pipe fitting and the inner surface of the fusion pipe to be welded and fixed, realizing the connection of the two pipe fittings to be connected. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0019] Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a steel-plastic composite electrofusion pipe fitting of the present utility model;

[0020] Figure 2 is Figure 1 a sectional view taken along the A-A position of;

[0021] Figure 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the copper clamp and the copper sheet;

[0022] Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the positioning hole and the positioning pin;

[0023] Figure 5 is a schematic structural diagram of the terminal and the connecting part.

[0024] Wherein, 1. steel sleeve; 101. first annular baffle; 2. composite pipe; 201. composite outer pipe; 202. reinforcing pipe; 203. composite inner pipe; 3. heating wire; 301. first line segment; 302. second line segment; 4. fusion pipe; 401. second annular baffle; 402. first inner sleeve; 4021. positioning hole; 4022. copper clamp; 403. second inner sleeve; 4031. positioning pin; 4032. copper sheet; 404. connecting part; 4041. threaded hole; 5. terminal. Detailed Embodiments

[0025] The following will describe the embodiments of the present utility model with reference to the drawings and preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present utility model from the content disclosed in this specification. The present utility model can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and various details in this specification can also be modified or changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of the present utility model. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments are only for illustrating the present utility model and not for limiting the protection scope of the present utility model.

[0026] It should be noted that the illustrations provided in the following embodiments only schematically illustrate the basic concept of the present utility model. Therefore, only the components related to the present utility model are shown in the drawings, rather than being drawn according to the number, shape, and size of the components in actual implementation. The types, quantities, and proportions of the components in actual implementation can be arbitrarily changed, and the component layout type may also be more complex.

[0027] Embodiment 1

[0028] As Figure 1-2 Shown in the figure is Embodiment 1 of a steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting, which includes a steel sleeve 1, a composite pipe 2, and a fusion pipe 4 with heating wires 3 wound around its outer surface, arranged from outside to inside in sequence. It also includes terminal blocks 5 respectively connected to both ends of the heating wires 3, and the terminal blocks 5 extend outside the steel sleeve 1. The fusion pipe 4 and the composite pipe 2 are fixedly welded together. Second annular baffles 401 are respectively provided at both ends of the fusion pipe 4 in the axial direction, and the second annular baffles 401 are in contact with both ends of the composite pipe 2. The two ends of the steel sleeve 1 are clamped inward in the axial direction to form first annular baffles 101. The first annular baffles 101 cover the second annular baffles 401 and there is an interference fit between the first annular baffles 101 and the second annular baffles 401.

[0029] Specifically, the steel sleeve 1 wraps the composite pipe 2 and the fusion pipe 4, providing a pressing force on the composite pipe 2 and the fusion pipe 4, thereby improving the bearing capacity of the electrofusion fitting. The fusion pipe 4 is fixedly connected to the inside of the composite pipe 2. The two terminal blocks 5 are in contact with the welding ends of the external welding machine. When electricity is applied, the heating wires 3 wound around the outer surface of the fusion pipe 4 heat up, melting the material of the fusion pipe 4, so that the outer surfaces of the two pipes to be connected installed inside the electrofusion fitting and the inner surface of the fusion pipe 4 are fixedly welded together, realizing the connection of the two pipes. At the same time, the inner wall of the composite pipe 2 and the outer wall of the fusion pipe 4 are also welded and fixed. The design of the first annular baffles 101, with an interference fit with the fusion pipe 4, provides a clamping force on both ends of the fusion pipe 4, and at the same time encloses the composite pipe 2 inside. One side of the second annular baffle 401 is in contact with one end of the composite pipe 2, and the other end has an interference fit with the first annular baffle 101, making the contact between the composite pipe 2 and the fusion pipe 4 closer and enhancing the pressure-bearing capacity of the electrofusion fitting.

[0030] Beneficial effects of this embodiment: The steel sleeve 1 wraps the composite pipe 2 and the fusion pipe 4, providing a pressing force on the composite pipe 2 and the fusion pipe 4, thereby improving the load-bearing capacity of the pipe fitting. The composite pipe 2 is used instead of the injection-molded part body, eliminating the need for a skeleton and injection molding, and avoiding stress cracking caused by excessive stress during the injection molding process. The heating wire 3 melts the fusion pipe, causing the outer surfaces of the two pipe bodies to be connected inside the electrofusion pipe fitting and the inner surface of the fusion pipe 4 to be welded and fixed, realizing the connection of the two pipe fittings to be connected. The setting of the first annular baffle 101 and the second annular baffle 401 makes the electrofusion pipe fitting have better pressure-bearing capacity.

[0031] Embodiment 2

[0032] As Figure 1-4 Shown in FIG. is Embodiment 2 of a steel-plastic composite electrofusion pipe fitting, which includes a steel sleeve 1, a composite pipe 2, and a fusion pipe 4 with a heating wire 3 wound around its outer surface, arranged from outside to inside in sequence. It also includes connection terminals 5 connected to both ends of the heating wire 3, and the connection terminals 5 extend outside the steel sleeve 1. There is an interference fit between the steel sleeve 1 and the composite pipe 2, and the fusion pipe 4 and the composite pipe 2 are welded and fixed. At both ends of the fusion pipe 4 in the axial direction, there are second annular baffles 401 respectively, and the second annular baffles 401 are in contact with both ends of the composite pipe 2. At both ends of the steel sleeve 1 in the axial direction, a first annular baffle 101 is formed by inwardly clamping the steel sleeve 1, and the first annular baffle 101 covers the second annular baffle 401. The fusion pipe 4 can be disassembled axially into a first inner sleeve 402 and a second inner sleeve 403. The contact surface between the first inner sleeve 402 and the second inner sleeve 403 is perpendicular to the axis. At the installation end of the first inner sleeve 402, there are also three positioning holes 4021 and a copper clip 4022. At the installation end of the second inner sleeve 403, there are three positioning pins 4031 and a copper sheet 4032 corresponding to the positions of the positioning holes 4021. The positioning pins 4031 are inserted into the positioning holes 4021 to fix the first inner sleeve 402 and the second inner sleeve 403. The heating wire 3 includes a first wire segment 301 and a second wire segment 302. The first wire segment 301 is wound around the outer surface of the first inner sleeve 402 and is connected to the copper clip 4022 at one end. The second wire segment 302 is wound around the outer surface of the second inner sleeve 403 and is connected to the copper sheet 4032 at one end. The copper sheet 4032 is installed inside the copper clip 4022, enabling the heating wire 3 to achieve current connection. In this embodiment, the three positioning holes 4021 and a copper clip 4022 are arranged in a circumferentially equidistant distribution form on the first inner sleeve 402.

[0033] Specifically, the first inner sleeve 402 and the second inner sleeve 403 can be inserted from both ends of the composite pipe 2 respectively, making the assembly of the electrofusion fitting more convenient. The cooperation between the positioning holes 4021 and the positioning pins 4031 is tight, making the fixing effect between the first inner sleeve 402 and the second inner sleeve 403 better and avoiding the occurrence of detachment. The copper clips 4022 and the copper sheets 4032 are both conductors, and the contact between them enables the current to flow, so that the electrofusion fitting can achieve the welding function.

[0034] Here, another connection method between the first inner sleeve 402 and the second inner sleeve 403 is provided. The fusion pipe 4 can be disassembled into the first inner sleeve 402 and the second inner sleeve 403 in the shape of a hollow semi-cylinder. A sliding groove is provided at the connection of the first inner sleeve 402 with the second inner sleeve 403, and a sliding block matching the sliding groove is provided on the second inner sleeve 403. The first inner sleeve 402 and the second inner sleeve 403 are slidably connected. This connection method can also be installed from both ends of the composite pipe 2, and this connection method makes the fixing effect between the first inner sleeve 402 and the second inner sleeve 403 better, but more effort is required during the assembly process.

[0035] Embodiment 3

[0036] As Figure 1-2 shown is an embodiment 3 of a steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting. The difference from embodiment 1 is that this embodiment does not include the first annular baffle 101 and the second annular baffle 401. There is an interference fit between the steel sleeve 1 and the composite pipe 2. In addition, it can also be fixed by riveting, gluing and other connection methods. The composite pipe 2 and the fusion pipe 4 are fusion welded. The remaining features and technical effects of this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 1.

[0037] Embodiment 4

[0038] As Figure 1 and Figure 5Embodiment 4 of a steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting shown, which is different from Embodiments 1-3 in that through holes are provided in the second annular baffle 401 and the steel sleeve 1 in the radial direction. There are two such through holes, which are respectively used to install two wiring terminals 5. Both ends of the fusion pipe 4 are respectively provided with connecting parts 404. In this embodiment, the connecting part 404 is in the shape of a cube and is made of a conductive material. The connecting part 404 is nested at both ends of the fusion pipe 4. Threaded holes 4041 are provided on the connecting part 404. The wiring terminal 5 is a combination of two cylinders with different diameters. The larger-diameter cylinder is convenient for manual screwing. Threads are provided on the surface of the smaller-diameter cylinder. The wiring terminal 5 is made of a copper-zinc alloy mixed in a certain proportion. The threaded surface of the wiring terminal 5 is threadedly connected to the connecting part 404. The wiring terminal 5 is connected to both ends of the heating wire 3 through the connecting part 404. When electrofusion welding is not carried out, the wiring terminal 5 can be removed to avoid breaking the wiring terminal 5 during the shipment of the electrofusion fitting, resulting in the problem of inability to perform construction welding. When electrofusion welding is required, the wiring terminal 5 is passed through the through hole and inserted into the threaded hole 4041 of the connecting part 404. The threaded connection makes the fixing effect of the wiring terminal 5 and the connecting part 404 better, avoiding loosening of the wiring terminal 5 resulting in poor contact, which is not conducive to construction welding.

[0039] The remaining features and technical effects of this embodiment are the same as those of Embodiments 1-3.

[0040] Embodiment 5

[0041] As Figure 1-5 Embodiment 5 of a steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting shown, which is different from Embodiments 1-4 in that the composite pipe 2 includes a composite outer pipe 201, a reinforcing pipe 202, and a composite inner pipe 203 that are arranged from the outside to the inside and are sequentially fusion-fixed. The composite inner pipe 203 and the composite outer pipe 201 are made of PE material. The reinforcing pipe 202 is a steel-plastic mesh skeleton or fiberglass. The outer surface of the steel sleeve 1 is coated with plastic. The steel-plastic mesh skeleton or fiberglass has high strength, which improves the pressure-bearing capacity of the fitting. It is fixed by hot melt adhesive to avoid the deterioration of the pressure-bearing capacity of the electrofusion fitting caused by injection molding. The main purpose of coating the outer surface of the steel sleeve 1 with plastic is to prevent corrosion and rust.

[0042] The remaining features and technical effects of this embodiment are the same as those of Embodiments 1-4.

[0043] The above embodiments are only preferred embodiments given to fully illustrate the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Equivalent substitutions or transformations made by those skilled in the art on the basis of the present invention are all within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting, characterized in that, It includes a steel sleeve (1), a composite pipe (2), and a melting pipe (4) with a heating wire (3) wound around its outer surface, which are arranged from outside to inside in sequence. It also includes terminal blocks (5) respectively connected to both ends of the heating wire (3), and the terminal blocks (5) extend outside the steel sleeve (1). The steel sleeve (1), the composite pipe (2), and the melting pipe (4) are fixedly connected in sequence, or the steel sleeve (1) wraps the composite pipe (2) and the melting pipe (4) and then is fixedly connected to the melting pipe (4).

2. The electrofusion fitting of steel-plastic composite according to claim 1, characterized in that, At both ends of the steel sleeve (1) in the axial direction, first annular baffles (101) are respectively arranged, and an interference fit is provided between the first annular baffles (101) and the melting pipe (4).

3. The electrofusion pipe fitting made of steel and plastic composite according to claim 2, characterized in that, At both ends of the melting pipe (4) in the axial direction, second annular baffles (401) are respectively arranged. The second annular baffles (401) are located between the first annular baffles (101) and the composite pipe (2), and the two ends of the second annular baffles (401) are in contact with the two ends of the composite pipe (2).

4. A steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The melting pipe (4) can be disassembled into a first inner sleeve (402) and a second inner sleeve (403) along its axis, and the first inner sleeve (402) and the second inner sleeve (403) are detachably connected to each other.

5. A steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting according to claim 4, characterized in that, The contact surface between the first inner sleeve (402) and the second inner sleeve (403) is perpendicular to the axis of the melting pipe (4). A number of positioning holes (4021) are also arranged at the installation end of the first inner sleeve (402), and positioning pins (4031) corresponding to the number and positions of the positioning holes (4021) are arranged at the installation end of the second inner sleeve (403). The positioning pins (4031) are inserted into the positioning holes (4021).

6. The electrofusion pipe fitting made of steel-plastic composite according to claim 5, characterized in that, A copper clip (4022) is also arranged at the installation end of the first inner sleeve (402), and a copper sheet (4032) is arranged at the installation end of the second inner sleeve (403). The heating wire (3) includes a first wire segment (301) and a second wire segment (302). The first wire segment (301) is wound around the outer surface of the first inner sleeve (402) and one end is connected to the copper clip (4022). The second wire segment (302) is wound around the outer surface of the second inner sleeve (403) and one end is connected to the copper sheet (4032). The copper sheet (4032) is installed inside the copper clip (4022) so that the heating wire (3) realizes current connection.

7. A steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, Connection parts (404) are respectively arranged at both ends of the melting pipe (4). The terminal blocks (5) are connected to both ends of the heating wire (3) through the connection parts (404), and the connection between the terminal blocks (5) and the connection parts (404) is detachable.

8. A steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting according to claim 7, characterized in that, The connection parts (404) are made of conductive materials, and threaded holes (4041) are arranged on the connection parts (404). The terminal blocks (5) are threadedly connected to the connection parts (404).

9. A steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, The composite pipe (2) includes a composite outer pipe (201), a reinforcing pipe (202), and a composite inner pipe (203) which are arranged from outside to inside and are fixedly welded in sequence. The composite inner pipe (203) and the composite outer pipe (201) are made of PE material, and the reinforcing pipe (202) is a steel-plastic mesh skeleton or a glass fiber.

10. A steel-plastic composite electrofusion fitting according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, The outer surface of the steel sleeve (1) is coated with plastic.

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