Three-stage vibrating screen

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of vibrating screens, in particular to a three-stage vibrating screen which comprises a containing assembly, a main body assembly, a vibrating screen shell and a discharging port formed in the outer wall of the vibrating screen shell, a mounting support is further arranged at the end of the vibrating screen shell, and a damping damper is arranged at the end of the mounting support. The screening assembly comprises a first screening layer, a second screening layer and a third screening layer; efficient screening is achieved through three-stage layered collaborative design, the first screening layer can effectively crush large aggregates by utilizing differential composite motion of a bouncing screen plate and cooperating with convex ribs and pushing teeth, large particles and small and medium-sized particles are separated by means of bouncing height difference, and blocking of a screen surface is reduced; the second screening layer strengthens secondary adhesion and separation among small and medium particles through the'kneading 'effect of corrugated screen holes and stable and controllable vibration, and meanwhile, the particles are guided to be rapidly discharged by utilizing a corrugated structure; and the elastic screening surface of the third screening layer is combined with low-frequency vibration to avoid blockage of small-particle-size particles, so that fine screening is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of vibrating screen technology, specifically a three-stage vibrating screen. Background Technology

[0002] Existing three-stage vibrating screens have significant limitations in separating agglomerated masses, especially large clumps containing clay, when processing tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation. Traditional primary screens mostly employ a rigid planar vibration mode, passively dispersing the excavation mass through vibration in only one direction. However, the agglomerated masses in TBM excavation contain moisture and clay, exhibiting high viscosity and cohesiveness. Simple planar vibration is insufficient to effectively break them up. Large agglomerated masses often move synchronously with the screen surface due to inertia, failing to generate sufficient impact with the screen. This causes the agglomerated masses to remain on the primary screen surface, clogging the screen holes and preventing the separation of small-diameter particles trapped within. Consequently, the grading accuracy of subsequent secondary and tertiary screens decreases significantly.

[0003] In existing technologies, the material transition between primary and secondary screens lacks targeted design. Unbroken large agglomerates, upon entering the secondary screen, crowd the screen surface space, forcing small particles to collide repeatedly during vibration, thus exacerbating secondary adhesion. This lack of effective solutions addresses the characteristics of shield tunnel excavation soil, namely, the difficulty in breaking large agglomerates and the ease with which small particles easily adhere, resulting in low overall screening efficiency and rapid screen wear. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this section is to outline some aspects of embodiments of the present invention and to briefly describe some preferred embodiments. Simplifications or omissions may be made in this section, as well as in the abstract and title of this application, to avoid obscuring the purpose of these documents; however, such simplifications or omissions should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

[0005] In view of the difficulty of vibrating screens in crushing highly viscous slag, this utility model is proposed to address these problems.

[0006] Therefore, this utility model aims to solve the problem that highly viscous slag is difficult to crush and cannot be effectively separated.

[0007] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a three-stage vibrating screen, which includes a main body component, including a vibrating screen shell and a discharge port provided on the outer wall of the vibrating screen shell, and a mounting bracket is also provided at the end of the vibrating screen shell and a shock absorber is provided at the end of the mounting bracket;

[0008] The screening assembly located on the inner wall of the vibrating screen housing includes a first screening layer, a second screening layer, and a third screening layer. The end of the first screening layer is provided with a moving component for driving the first screening layer to screen the slag and soil. The end of the second screening layer is also provided with a driving component.

[0009] The moving component includes a mounting frame and the mounting frame is fixed to the inner wall of the vibrating screen housing. A drive motor is provided on the inner wall of the mounting frame and a drive box is provided at the end of the drive motor. A drive shaft is movably provided on the inner wall of the drive box and the drive shaft rotates on the inner wall of the drive box.

[0010] The drive shaft is fitted with a mounting bearing on its outer wall. The mounting bearing is located at the end of the limiting plate on the end face of the mounting frame. The mounting bearing is used to fix the drive shaft.

[0011] The outer wall of the drive shaft is also provided with a cam, and a push plate is movably sleeved on the outer wall of the cam. The end of the push plate is fixed to the end of the screen plate on the inner wall of the first screen layer and drives the screen plate to move.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the three-stage vibrating screen of this utility model, the screen plate is provided with a hole and the end of the screen plate is provided with a rib and a pushing tooth array.

[0013] In a preferred embodiment of the three-stage vibrating screen of this utility model, the second screen layer includes wavy screen holes opened on the end face, the driving component includes a first mounting plate disposed at the end of the second screen layer, a first elastic element is disposed on the inner wall of the first mounting plate, and a second mounting plate is disposed at the other end of the first elastic element and the second mounting plate is fixed to the end face of the second screen layer.

[0014] In a preferred embodiment of the three-stage vibrating screen of this utility model, the second mounting plate end face is further provided with a first limiting sleeve and the inner wall of the first limiting sleeve is provided with a column, the column cooperating with the second sleeve provided on the end face of the first mounting plate.

[0015] In a preferred embodiment of the three-stage vibrating screen of this utility model, the second sleeve is disposed on the inner wall of the second limiting sleeve on the end face of the first mounting plate, and a connecting column is hinged to the end of the second sleeve.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment of the three-stage vibrating screen of this utility model, a rotating shaft is provided on the inner wall of the first mounting plate and a cam is provided at the end of the rotating shaft. The outer wall of the cam is connected to the connecting column and drives the connecting column to move on the inner wall of the first mounting plate.

[0017] As a preferred embodiment of the three-stage vibrating screen of this utility model, the third screen layer end face array is provided with an elastic screen surface.

[0018] The beneficial effects of this utility model are as follows: efficient screening is achieved through a three-level layered collaborative design. The first screening layer utilizes the differentiated composite motion of the jumping screen plate, combined with convex ribs and pushing teeth, to effectively break up large agglomerates and separate large and small particles by means of the difference in jumping height, reducing screen blockage. The second screening layer strengthens the secondary adhesion and separation between small and medium-sized particles through the "kneading" effect of the corrugated screen holes and stable and controllable vibration, while using the corrugated structure to guide the particles to discharge quickly. The elastic screen surface of the third screening layer, combined with low-frequency vibration, avoids blockage of small-diameter particles and achieves fine screening. Attached Figure Description

[0019] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this utility model, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort. Among them:

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a three-stage vibrating screen according to the present invention.

[0021] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the vibrating screen shell in this utility model.

[0022] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the first sieve layer structure of this utility model.

[0023] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the mounting frame in this utility model.

[0024] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the second sieve layer structure of this utility model.

[0025] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the first mounting plate of this utility model.

[0026] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the second sleeve of this utility model.

[0027] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the third sieve layer structure of this utility model.

[0028] Reference numerals: 100, main component; 101, vibrating screen shell; 102, discharge port; 103, mounting bracket; 1031, shock absorber;

[0029] 200. Screening assembly; 201. First screen layer; 2011. Scaffold plate; 2012. Leakage hole; 2013. Rib; 2014. Pushing tooth; 202. Second screen layer; 2021. Corrugated screen hole; 203. Third screen layer; 2031. Elastic screen surface;

[0030] 301. Mounting frame; 3011. Limiting plate; 302. Drive motor; 3021. Drive box; 3022. Drive shaft; 3023. Mounting bearing; 303. cam; 304. Push plate;

[0031] 401, First mounting plate; 4011, First sleeve; 4012, First elastic element; 402, Second mounting plate; 4021, Column; 4022, Second elastic element; 403, Rotating shaft; 4031, Cam; 404, Connecting column; 405, Second sleeve;

[0032] 501. Shock-absorbing plate. Detailed Implementation

[0033] To make the above-mentioned objectives, features and advantages of this utility model more apparent and understandable, the specific embodiments of this utility model will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0034] Many specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a full understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention may also be implemented in other ways different from those described herein. Those skilled in the art can make similar extensions without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0035] Secondly, the term "an embodiment" or "embodiment" as used herein refers to a specific feature, structure, or characteristic that may be included in at least one implementation of the present invention. The phrase "in one embodiment" appearing in different places in this specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a single or selective embodiment that excludes other embodiments. Example 1

[0036] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2 This is the first embodiment of the present invention, which provides a three-stage vibrating screen.

[0037] Specifically, the main component 100 includes a vibrating screen housing 101, a discharge port 102 located on the outer wall of the vibrating screen housing 101, and a mounting bracket 103 provided at the end of the vibrating screen housing 101, and a shock absorber 1031 provided at the end of the mounting bracket 103.

[0038] The screening assembly 200 located on the inner wall of the vibrating screen housing 101 includes a first screening layer 201, a second screening layer 202, and a third screening layer 203. The end of the first screening layer 201 is provided with a moving part for driving the first screening layer 201 to screen the slag and soil. The end of the second screening layer 202 is also provided with a driving part for driving the second screening layer 202 to screen the slag and soil.

[0039] Multiple discharge ports 102 are provided on the side walls of the vibrating screen housing 101, corresponding to the first screening layer 201, the second screening layer 202, and the third screening layer 203 inside the vibrating screen housing 101, respectively. Multiple shock absorbers 1031 are also provided above the mounting bracket 103 at the bottom. The top of the shock absorber 1031 is connected to the bottom surface of the vibrating screen housing 101. The shock absorber 1031 dampens the vibration generated by the vibrating screen housing 101 during the screening of slag and soil, reducing the wear of high-frequency vibration on the equipment frame. At the same time, the vibration force is fed back to the third screening layer 203 inside to complete the screening of slag and soil.

[0040] The first screening layer 201 and the second screening layer 202 are each equipped with different power devices, and the vibrator of the third screening layer 203 is also different. This makes the three screens generate the same composite motion trajectory in the horizontal, vertical and inclined parts during the vibration process, which is more conducive to the separation of slag and soil. Example 2

[0041] Reference Figures 1-4 This is the second embodiment of the present invention, which is based on the previous embodiment.

[0042] Specifically, the moving parts include a mounting frame 301, which is fixed to the inner wall of the vibrating screen housing 101. A drive motor 302 is provided on the inner wall of the mounting frame 301, and a drive box 3021 is provided at the end of the drive motor 302. A drive shaft 3022 is movably provided on the inner wall of the drive box 3021, and the drive shaft 3022 rotates on the inner wall of the drive box 3021.

[0043] The mounting frame 301 is fixed inside the vibrating screen housing 101, and multiple drive motors 302 are installed inside. The drive motors 302 transmit power to the drive shaft 3022 through the drive box 3021 on the upper surface, causing the drive shaft 3022 to rotate.

[0044] Preferably, a mounting bearing 3023 is sleeved on the outer wall of the drive shaft 3022. The mounting bearing 3023 is located at the end of the limiting plate 3011 on the end face of the mounting frame 301, and the mounting bearing 3023 is used to fix the drive shaft 3022.

[0045] The mounting bearing 3023 is fixed on the upper surface of the limiting plate 3011, and the mounting bearing 3023 is sleeved on the surface of the drive shaft 3022. While limiting the drive shaft 3022, it does not reduce the power transmission of the drive shaft 3022.

[0046] The outer wall of the drive shaft 3022 is also provided with a cam 303 and a push plate 304 is movably sleeved on the outer wall of the cam 303. The end of the push plate 304 is fixed to the end of the screen jumping plate 2011 on the inner wall of the first screen layer 201 to drive the screen jumping plate 2011 to move on the inner wall of the vibrating screen housing 101.

[0047] The cam 303 is a disc, but it is not fixed to the outside of the drive shaft 3022 at its axis. Therefore, when the drive shaft 3022 rotates, it drives the cam 303 to perform irregular circular motion, which is the same principle as the rotation of the cam 4031.

[0048] The push plate 304 is movably sleeved on the outside of the cam 303. The cam 303 can rotate inside the push plate 304. At the same time, since the cam 303 moves irregularly around the outside of the drive shaft 3022, the push plate 304 is also driven by the cam 303 to move around synchronously, thereby driving the top screen plate 2011 to move inside the vibrating screen housing 101.

[0049] Similarly, the first screening layer 201 contains multiple jumping screen plates 2011 arrayed inside, which do not move synchronously with each other. Driven by the bottom push plate 304, adjacent jumping screen plates 2011 exhibit asynchronous or even opposite movements. When one jumping screen plate 2011 moves forward, the adjacent jumping screen plate 2011 moves backward. Through the asynchronous movement of adjacent jumping screen plates 2011, when the slag clumps falling on the upper surface of the first screening layer 201 land on the screen surface, the rebound force of the elastic screen surface and the horizontal vibration force form an "oblique upward impact", forcing the slag clumps to break due to internal stress during repeated bouncing. At the same time, the difference in bouncing height is used to separate large clumps. Because of their large mass and low bouncing height, the large clumps are pushed by the horizontal vibration force to the coarse material outlet at the end of the first screening layer 201. The crushed small and medium particles bounce at a high height and enter the second screening layer 202 below.

[0050] Preferably, the screen plate 2011 has a hole 2012 for the passage of slag and soil, and the end of the screen plate 2011 is provided with a rib 2013 and a pushing tooth 2014 for driving the movement of slag and soil.

[0051] Among them, several holes 2012 on the surface of the screen plate 2011 are used to allow small and medium-sized particles to fall into the second screen layer 202 below. The ribs 2013 and the pushing teeth 2014 on the surface of the screen plate 2011 are used to drive large clumps of slag to generate high-frequency vertical bouncing on the upper surface of the screen plate 2011. The slag clumps bounce under the impact of the screen plate 2011, and the difference in bouncing height is used to separate large and small clumps.

[0052] In summary, during use, the mounting frame 301 is fixed to the inner wall of the vibrating screen housing 101. After the multiple drive motors 302 inside are started, they transmit power to the drive shaft 3022 through the drive box 3021 at the end, causing the drive shaft 3022 to rotate within the drive box 3021. The mounting bearing 3023 fixes the drive shaft 3022 through the limiting plate 3011 to ensure stable rotation. The convex plate 303 on the outer wall of the drive shaft 3022 is eccentrically set and makes irregular circular motion when the drive shaft 3022 rotates. The push plate 304, which is movably sleeved on the outer wall of the convex plate 303, is driven by it and moves synchronously.

[0053] The end of the push plate 304 is connected to the jumping screen plate 2011 of the first screen layer 201, driving the jumping screen plate 2011 to move. Since multiple jumping screen plates 2011 are driven by different drive motors and cams, the adjacent jumping screen plates 2011 move asynchronously. When one side moves forward, the adjacent side moves backward, forming an alternating horizontal pushing and vertical lifting composite trajectory.

[0054] After the tunnel boring machine excavated soil falls onto the surface of the screen plate 2011, it is subjected to high-frequency bouncing and horizontal migration due to the mechanical action of the ribs 2013 and the pushing teeth 2014 and the combined motion of the screen plate 2011. Large agglomerates, due to their large mass and strong inertia, bounce low and are pushed by the horizontally moving screen plate to the coarse material outlet 102 at the end of the first screening layer 201. The crushed small and medium-sized particles, due to their small mass and high bounce height, fall into the second screening layer 202 below through the holes 2012 on the surface of the screen plate 2011, completing the preliminary classification. Example 3

[0055] Reference Figures 5-7 This is the third embodiment of the present invention, which is based on the previous embodiment.

[0056] Specifically, the second sieve layer 202 includes a corrugated sieve hole 2021 opened on the end face, and the driving component includes a first mounting plate 401 disposed at the end of the second sieve layer 202. A first elastic member 4012 is disposed on the inner wall of the first mounting plate 401, and a second mounting plate 402 is disposed at the other end of the first elastic member 4012 and the second mounting plate 402 is fixed to the end face of the second sieve layer 202.

[0057] Among them, the corrugated screen hole 2021 is a rigid screen hole. Through the vibration of the second screen layer 202, the corrugated structure can form a kneading effect on the particles that bounce in, further separating the small-diameter particles that are stuck together, and guiding them to the discharge port 102 on one side through the corrugated gaps.

[0058] The first mounting plate 401 is installed inside the vibrating screen housing 101. The vibration of the second screen layer 202 is damped by the first elastic element 4012 inside the first sleeve 4011 on the upper surface. At the same time, the second screen layer 202 is supported by the first elastic element 4012, so that the second screen layer 202 is separated from the first mounting plate 401.

[0059] Preferably, the end face of the second mounting plate 402 is further provided with a first limiting sleeve and the inner wall of the first limiting sleeve is provided with a column 4021, which cooperates with the second sleeve 405 provided on the end face of the first mounting plate 401.

[0060] The second mounting plate 402 is installed on the lower surface of the second screen layer 202 and is opposite to the position of the first sleeve 4011. The column 4021 is installed on the lower surface of the second mounting plate 402 and is located in the middle of the two first sleeves 4011.

[0061] The second sleeve 405 is located on the inner wall of the second limiting sleeve on the end face of the first mounting plate 401, and the end of the second sleeve 405 is hinged to a connecting post 404.

[0062] The second sleeve 405 is installed inside the second limiting sleeve, and the second limiting sleeve is positioned opposite to the first limiting sleeve and is sleeved on the outside of the first limiting sleeve.

[0063] The inner wall of the first mounting plate 401 is provided with a rotating shaft 403 and a cam 4031 is provided at the end of the rotating shaft 403. The outer wall of the cam 4031 is connected to the connecting column 404 and drives the connecting column 404 to move on the inner wall of the first mounting plate 401.

[0064] The rotating shaft 403 is connected to a servo motor installed outside the vibrating screen housing 101. Driven by the servo motor, it rotates inside the first mounting plate 401. The cam 4031 rotates synchronously with the rotating shaft 403. The cam 4031 is movably connected to the connecting column 404. Through the cam 4031, the second sleeve 405 is driven to reciprocate outside the column 4021. The second elastic element 4022 on the outer wall of the column 4021 provides buffering. The reciprocating movement of the connecting column 404 outside the column 4021 drives the second screen layer 202 to vibrate, thereby moving the material.

[0065] Meanwhile, a damping plate 501 is provided at the other end of the second sieve layer 202, which works in conjunction with the first elastic element 4012 to dampen the second sieve layer 202.

[0066] The third sieve layer 203 end face array is equipped with an elastic sieve surface 2031 for further screening of slag and soil.

[0067] Among them, the elastic screen surface 2031 of the third sieve layer 203 adopts elastic fine holes and a low-frequency vibration mechanism is installed at the bottom. The elastic deformation avoids small-diameter particles from clogging the screen holes, and at the same time, the slight vibration makes the particles evenly distributed, improving the sieving efficiency.

[0068] In summary, during use, the rotating shaft 403 on the inner wall of the first mounting plate 401 is connected to the servo motor on the outside of the vibrating screen housing 101. The servo motor drives the rotating shaft 403 to rotate, which in turn drives the cam 4031 at the end to rotate synchronously. The cam 4031 is movably connected to the connecting column 404, and as the cam rotates, it pushes the connecting column 404 to reciprocate on the inner wall of the first mounting plate 401.

[0069] The end of the connecting column 404 is hinged to the second sleeve 405, which drives the second sleeve 405 to reciprocate along the column 4021 within the first limiting sleeve of the second mounting plate 402; the second elastic element 4022 on the outer wall of the column 4021 buffers the reciprocating motion and finally transmits the power to the second mounting plate 402, causing the second sieve layer 202 fixed thereon to vibrate.

[0070] The first elastic element 4012 on the inner wall of the first mounting plate 401 cooperates with the damping plate 501 at the other end of the second sieve layer 202 to dampen the vibration of the second sieve layer 202, ensuring stable vibration and avoiding excessive impact.

[0071] The corrugated sieve holes 2021 of the second sieve layer 202 vibrate with the sieve surface, producing a "kneading" effect on the small and medium-sized particles falling from the first sieve layer, further separating the small-diameter particles that are stuck together; the corrugated structure guides the separated particles to move along the gap to the discharge port 102 on one side, completing the secondary classification.

[0072] The elastic screen surface 2031 of the third sieve layer 203 end face array, together with the low-frequency vibration mechanism at the bottom, further screens the small-diameter particles falling from the second sieve layer. The elastic screen surface 2031 adapts to the impact of particles through its own elastic deformation, avoiding small-diameter particles from clogging the screen holes. At the same time, the low-frequency vibration makes the particles evenly distributed, promoting the passage of particles that meet the particle size requirements through the screen surface, thus completing the final classification.

[0073] It should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of this utility model and are not intended to limit it. Although this utility model has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solution of this utility model without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of this utility model, and all such modifications or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of this utility model.

Claims

1. A three-stage vibrating screen, characterized in that: include, The main component (100) includes a vibrating screen housing (101) and a discharge port (102) disposed on the outer wall of the vibrating screen housing (101). The vibrating screen housing (101) is also provided with a mounting bracket (103) at the end and a shock absorber (1031) is provided at the end of the mounting bracket (103). The screening assembly (200) provided on the inner wall of the vibrating screen housing (101) includes a first screening layer (201), a second screening layer (202) and a third screening layer (203). The end of the first screening layer (201) is provided with a moving part for driving the first screening layer (201) to screen the slag and soil. The end of the second screening layer (202) is also provided with a driving part. The moving part includes a mounting frame (301) and the mounting frame (301) is fixed to the inner wall of the vibrating screen housing (101). A drive motor (302) is provided on the inner wall of the mounting frame (301) and a drive box (3021) is provided at the end of the drive motor (302). A drive shaft (3022) is movably provided on the inner wall of the drive box (3021) and the drive shaft (3022) rotates on the inner wall of the drive box (3021). The drive shaft (3022) is fitted with a mounting bearing (3023) on its outer wall. The mounting bearing (3023) is located at the end of the limiting plate (3011) on the end face of the mounting frame (301). The mounting bearing (3023) is used to fix the drive shaft (3022). The outer wall of the drive shaft (3022) is also provided with a cam (303), and a push plate (304) is movably sleeved on the outer wall of the cam (303). The end of the push plate (304) is fixed to the end of the screen plate (2011) on the inner wall of the first screen layer (201) and drives the screen plate (2011) to move.

2. The three-stage vibrating screen as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The sieve plate (2011) has a hole (2012) and the end of the sieve plate (2011) is provided with a rib (2013) and a pushing tooth (2014).

3. The three-stage vibrating screen as described in claim 2, characterized in that: The second sieve layer (202) includes a corrugated sieve hole (2021) opened on the end face. The driving component includes a first mounting plate (401) disposed at the end of the second sieve layer (202). A first elastic member (4012) is disposed on the inner wall of the first mounting plate (401). A second mounting plate (402) is disposed at the other end of the first elastic member (4012) and the second mounting plate (402) is fixed to the end face of the second sieve layer (202).

4. The three-stage vibrating screen as described in claim 3, characterized in that: The second mounting plate (402) is also provided with a first limiting sleeve on its end face and a column (4021) is provided on the inner wall of the first limiting sleeve. The column (4021) cooperates with the second sleeve (405) provided on the end face of the first mounting plate (401).

5. The three-stage vibrating screen as described in claim 4, characterized in that: The second sleeve (405) is located on the inner wall of the second limiting sleeve on the end face of the first mounting plate (401), and the end of the second sleeve (405) is hinged with a connecting post (404).

6. The three-stage vibrating screen as described in claim 5, characterized in that: The inner wall of the first mounting plate (401) is provided with a rotating shaft (403) and the end of the rotating shaft (403) is provided with a cam (4031). The outer wall of the cam (4031) is connected to the connecting column (404) and drives the connecting column (404) to move on the inner wall of the first mounting plate (401).

7. The three-stage vibrating screen as described in claim 6, characterized in that: The third sieve layer (203) end face array is provided with an elastic sieve surface (2031).

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