Flat tongs
By introducing a combination structure of positioning components, support components, and fasteners into flat-jaw pliers, the problem of edge warping in traditional flat-jaw pliers is solved, achieving a more stable and reliable clamping effect.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202423210835.8
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-27
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-12-23
AI Technical Summary
Traditional flat-jaw vises are prone to warping during sliding, leading to unstable clamping, affecting machining accuracy, and potentially causing safety accidents.
A flat-jaw pliers structure was designed, comprising a pliers body, a positioning component, a support component, and fasteners. Through the cooperation of guide grooves, positioning grooves, and meshing teeth, the clamping jaws can be stably slid and positioned. The clamping force can be adjusted using fasteners, forming a triangular support structure to prevent the jaws from warping.
It enhances the stability and accuracy of clamping, prevents the chuck from warping, and improves the reliability and safety of workpiece clamping.
Smart Images

Figure CN223947697U_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of machining equipment, and more particularly to a flat tongs. BACKGROUND
[0002] As a commonly used clamping tool, flat tongs are widely used on various workbenches for stably clamping workpieces so as to facilitate machining operations such as drilling, milling and grinding. In actual use, a common problem of the traditional flat tongs is that the clamping is prone to edge lifting due to the necessary gap in the sliding process. The edge lifting not only affects the stable clamping of the flat tongs on the workpiece and reduces the machining precision, but also may cause the workpiece to fall off due to unstable clamping, resulting in safety accidents or workpiece damage. CONTENT OF THE UTILITY MODEL
[0003] The purpose of the embodiment of the application is to provide a flat tongs to solve the technical problem of the flat tongs being prone to edge lifting in the prior art.
[0004] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the application is:
[0005] Provided is a flat tongs, comprising:
[0006] A tongs body having a guide groove extending in a straight line direction;
[0007] A pair of clamping petals, each of which is slidably connected to the guide groove; the clamping petals each include a base portion and a clamping head portion, the base portion is slidably connected to the guide groove, and the clamping head portion extends to the outside of the guide groove;
[0008] A positioning member fixed to the tongs body, the positioning member has a plurality of positioning grooves arranged in sequence along the extension direction of the guide groove;
[0009] A support member hinged to the clamping petals, a first end of the support member is engaged with a corresponding positioning groove on the positioning member;
[0010] A fastener connected to a second end of the support member, one end of the fastener abuts against the clamping head portion, and the fastener is used to adjust the opening degree of the second end of the support member relative to the clamping petals.
[0011] As a further improvement of the above technical scheme:
[0012] Optionally, the number of the positioning members is two, and each of the positioning members is arranged on the two sides of the guide groove.
[0013] Optionally, the positioning member is a rack, and the first end of the support member is engaged with a corresponding tooth groove on the rack.
[0014] Optionally, the first end of the support member is a cam portion, the cam portion is hinged to the clamping segment, an outer edge of the cam portion is provided with engagement teeth, and the engagement teeth are engaged with a corresponding positioning groove on the positioning member.
[0015] Optionally, the second end of the support member is a support plate portion, and the support plate portion is arranged opposite to the clamping head portion.
[0016] Optionally, the fastener is a fastening bolt, the support plate portion is provided with a threaded hole, one end of the fastening bolt is abutted against the clamping head portion, and the fastening bolt is threadedly connected to the threaded hole.
[0017] Optionally, the device further comprises a rotating base, the rotating base is mounted on an external base, and the pliers body is connected to the rotating base.
[0018] Optionally, the rotating base comprises a base plate, a rotating disc, and an angle fixing member, the base plate is mounted on an external base, the rotating disc is rotatably connected to the base plate, the pliers body is connected to the rotating disc, one end of the angle fixing member is connected to one of the base plate and the rotating disc, and the other end of the angle fixing member is abuttable against the other one of the base plate and the rotating disc.
[0019] Optionally, an outer edge of the rotating disc is further provided with a hook portion, the base plate extends into the hook portion and is in sliding connection with the hook portion.
[0020] Optionally, the device further comprises a secondary clamping plate assembly, the secondary clamping plate assembly comprises a bolt, a secondary clamping plate, and a fastening nut, a top surface of the clamping segment is provided with a threaded hole, one end of the bolt is mounted in the threaded hole, the secondary clamping plate is sleeved on the other end of the bolt, and the fastening nut is arranged above the secondary clamping plate and is threadedly connected with the bolt.
[0021] The flat-nose pliers provided by the application has the following beneficial effects:
[0022] The utility model provides a flat mouth tongs, including tong body, positioning piece, support, fastener and the pair setting of clamping piece. The tong body is as the main body structure of flat mouth tongs, has the guide groove along its length direction extension, and the guide groove provides accurate path for the movement of clamping piece. The pair setting of clamping piece can slide freely along the guide groove on the tong body respectively. When two clamping pieces move towards each other and approach each other, they can hold workpiece together. When they move away from each other, they can release workpiece, so that the clamping position can be adjusted as required to adapt to workpieces of different sizes and shapes. The clamping piece specifically includes a base and a chuck portion. The base is slidably connected to the guide groove, and the chuck portion extends outside the guide groove to directly contact the workpiece, ensuring the accuracy and stability of clamping. The positioning piece is fixed to the tong body, and the surface of the positioning piece has a plurality of positioning grooves arranged along the extension direction of the guide groove. These positioning grooves not only provide positioning points for the support, but also ensure the stability and accuracy of the clamping piece during clamping. The support is hinged to the clamping piece. By rotating the support, the first end of the support can be engaged with the corresponding positioning groove on the positioning piece, thereby positioning the first end of the support at different positions of the positioning piece. The fastener is connected to the second end of the support, and one end of the fastener abuts against the chuck portion. By adjusting the fastener, the opening degree of the second end of the support relative to the clamping piece can be changed, thereby adjusting the clamping force and stability of the clamping piece. When the fastener opens the second end of the support, the support acts as a lever to firmly lock the first end in the corresponding positioning groove of the positioning piece, ensuring the stability of clamping. When the fastener closes the second end of the support, the engagement of the first end of the support with the positioning groove is released, and the clamping piece can freely slide on the guide groove, facilitating the adjustment of the clamping position. The clamping piece, the support, and the fastener together form a triangular support structure. This structure not only enhances the stability of clamping, but also provides support force to the chuck portion through the abutting action of the fastener, effectively preventing the possible edge lifting phenomenon of the chuck portion during clamping, further improving the accuracy and reliability of clamping. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0023] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the following will briefly introduce the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments or prior art description. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creating any inventive labor.
[0024] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the flat mouth tongs provided by the present application Figure 1 ;
[0025] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the flat mouth tongs provided by the present application Figure 2 ;
[0026] Figure 3 A top view structural schematic diagram of the flat tongs provided in the present application is shown in the figure;
[0027] Figure 4 A sectional view structural schematic diagram of the flat tongs provided in the present application is shown in the figure;
[0028] Figure 5 A sectional view structural schematic diagram of the flat tongs provided in the present application is shown in the figure; Figure 4 A partial enlarged structural schematic diagram in the first state is shown in the figure;
[0029] Figure 6 A partial enlarged structural schematic diagram in the second state is shown in the figure; Figure 4 A partial enlarged structural schematic diagram in the second state is shown in the figure;
[0030] Figure 7 A top view structural schematic diagram of the flat tongs provided in the present application is shown in the figure;
[0031] In the figure, various reference signs are as follows:
[0032] 1, tong body; 11, guide groove;
[0033] 2, clamping lobe; 21, base; 22, clamping head;
[0034] 3, positioning member; 31, positioning groove;
[0035] 4, support member; 41, cam portion; 42, engagement tooth; 43, support plate portion;
[0036] 5, fastener;
[0037] 6, rotating base; 61, base plate; 62, rotating disc; 63, angle fixing member; 64, hook portion; 65, sliding block;
[0038] 7, auxiliary clamping plate assembly; 71, bolt; 72, auxiliary clamping plate; 73, fastening nut. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] The embodiments of the present application are described in detail below, and examples of the embodiments are shown in the drawings, wherein the same or similar reference signs represent the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are exemplary and are intended to explain the present application, and cannot be understood as a limitation of the present application.
[0040] In the description of the utility model, it is necessary to understand that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terms "center", "longitudinal", "transverse", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise" and the like is the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, which is only for the convenience of describing the utility model and simplifying the description, and therefore cannot be understood as indicating or implying that the devices or elements indicated must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the utility model.
[0041] In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are only for the purpose of description, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of the indicated technical features. Therefore, the features defined with "first" and "second" can explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the utility model, the meaning of "multiple" is two or more, unless otherwise specifically limited.
[0042] In the utility model, unless otherwise specifically defined and limited, the terms "mounting", "connection", "connection", "fixing" and the like should be understood broadly, for example, it can be fixedly connected, or it can be detachably connected, or integrally connected; it can be mechanically connected, or it can be electrically connected; it can be directly connected, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the communication between two elements. For ordinary skilled persons in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms in the utility model can be understood according to the specific circumstances.
[0043] In the utility model, unless otherwise specifically defined and limited, the "upper" or "lower" of the first feature to the second feature can include that the first and second features are in direct contact, or the first and second features are not in direct contact but are in contact through another feature between them. Moreover, the "upper", "upper" and "upper" of the first feature to the second feature include that the first feature is directly above and obliquely above the second feature, or only indicates that the horizontal height of the first feature is higher than that of the second feature. The "below", "below" and "below" of the first feature to the second feature include that the first feature is directly below and obliquely below the second feature, or only indicates that the horizontal height of the first feature is less than that of the second feature.
[0044] In addition, the technical solutions of each embodiment can be combined with each other, but it must be based on the fact that ordinary skilled persons in the art can realize it, and when the combination of technical solutions appears contradictory or unachievable, it should be considered that the combination of technical solutions does not exist and is not within the scope of the utility model disclosed.
[0045] In the following description, suffixes such as "circuit," "component," "assembly," or "unit" are used only for the purpose of describing this utility model and have no specific meaning in themselves. Therefore, they can be used in combination.
[0046] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
[0047] like Figures 1 to 3 As shown, this application provides a flat-jaw pliers, including a pliers body 1, a positioning member 3, a support member 4, a fastener 5, and a pair of clamping flaps 2.
[0048] Among them, the clamp body 1, as the main structure of the flat-jaw pliers, has a guide groove 11 extending along its length direction, which provides an accurate path for the movement of the clamping disc 2.
[0049] The pair of clamping flaps 2 can each slide freely along the guide groove 11 on the clamp body 1. When the two clamping flaps 2 move towards each other and approach each other, they can jointly clamp the workpiece; when they move away from each other and move away from each other, they can release the workpiece. This allows the clamping flaps 2 to adjust their clamping position as needed to accommodate workpieces of different sizes and shapes. The clamping flap 2 specifically includes a base 21 and a clamping head 22. The base 21 is slidably connected to the guide groove 11, and the clamping head 22 extends to the outside of the guide groove 11 to directly contact the workpiece, ensuring the accuracy and stability of the clamping.
[0050] The positioning element 3 is fixed to the clamp body 1, and its surface has multiple positioning grooves 31 arranged along the extension direction of the guide groove 11. These positioning grooves 31 not only provide positioning points for the support element 4, but also ensure the stability and accuracy of the clamping petals 2 during the clamping process.
[0051] The support member 4 is hinged to the clamping petal 2. By rotating the support member 4, its first end can engage with the corresponding positioning groove 31 on the positioning member 3, thereby positioning the first end of the support member 4 at different positions of the positioning member 3.
[0052] Fastener 5 is connected to the second end of support member 4, and one end of fastener 5 abuts against clamping head 22. By adjusting fastener 5, the degree of opening of the second end of support member 4 relative to clamping flap 2 can be changed, thereby adjusting the clamping force and stability of clamping flap 2. When fastener 5 opens the second end of support member 4, support member 4 acts as a lever, firmly locking the first end in the corresponding positioning groove 31 of positioning member 3, ensuring clamping stability. When fastener 5 closes the second end of support member 4, the engagement between the first end of support member 4 and positioning groove 31 is released, and clamping flap 2 can slide freely on guide groove 11, facilitating adjustment of clamping position.
[0053] The clamping piece 2, the support piece 4 and the fastener 5 jointly constitute a triangular support structure. This structure not only enhances the stability of clamping, but also provides a support force to the clamping head 22 through the abutting effect of the fastener 5, effectively preventing the clamping head 22 from being warped during clamping, and further improving the accuracy and reliability of clamping.
[0054] As shown in Figure 7 , the flat tongs of the present application can be installed on a cross table for use.
[0055] As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 3 , in one specific embodiment of the present application, the number of positioning pieces 3 is two or more. Each positioning piece 3 is arranged on the two sides of the guide groove 11, thereby effectively dispersing and reducing the load borne by each positioning piece 3, and ensuring that the entire structure exhibits more uniform mechanical properties when subjected to force. Correspondingly, the first end of the support piece 4 is engaged with the corresponding positioning groove 31 of the two positioning pieces 3, and through the joint action of at least two positioning points, the overall rigidity and stability of the support structure are enhanced, so that the entire device can exhibit better anti-deformation ability and higher working reliability when subjected to external force.
[0056] As shown in Figure 4 , in one specific embodiment of the present application, the positioning piece 3 is specifically a rack. The positioning groove 31 is specifically a series of tooth grooves distributed on the surface of the rack. When the first end of the support piece 4 is engaged with the corresponding tooth groove on the rack, the positioning of the first end of the support piece 4 is completed.
[0057] As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 , in one specific embodiment of the present application, the first end of the support piece 4 is a cam portion 41, and the outer edge of the cam portion 41 is arc-shaped. The cam portion 41 is hinged to the clamping piece 2, and the outer edge of the cam portion 41 is provided with engagement teeth 42, which are engaged with the corresponding positioning groove 31 of the positioning piece 3. When the cam portion 41 rotates under the action of driving force and gradually rotates to the position where the engagement teeth 42 at the far point are engaged with the corresponding positioning groove 31 of the positioning piece 3, the stable locking between the support piece 4 and the positioning piece 3 is achieved. In this way, the support piece 4 can be accurately locked at the specified position on the positioning piece 3 when needed, thereby effectively supporting and fixing the clamping piece 2 and preventing unnecessary movement or misplacement thereof.
[0058] As shown in Figure 4 , in one specific embodiment of the present application, the second end of the support piece 4 is specifically a support plate portion 43, which is arranged opposite to the clamping head 22. The support plate portion 43 and the cam portion 41 are connected through a connecting rod portion.
[0059] As shown in Figure 5 andFigure 6 As shown, in a specific embodiment of this application, the fastener 5 is specifically a fastening bolt. The support plate 43 has a threaded hole, and one end of the fastening bolt abuts against the clamping head 22. The fastening bolt is threaded into the threaded hole. By rotating the fastening bolt, the length of the fastening bolt extending beyond the support plate 43 can be adjusted, thereby adjusting the degree of opening of the support plate 43 relative to the clamping flap 2. When the cam 41 is engaged at a designated position on the positioning member 3, the opening distance of the support plate 43 relative to the clamping flap 2 has a uniquely determined length according to the triangle side length formula. Figure 5 As shown, when the fastener 5 adjusts the support plate portion 43 closer to the clamping petal 2, that is, when the degree of opening of the support plate portion 43 relative to the clamping petal 2 decreases, the meshing teeth 42 engage with the positioning groove 31, thereby achieving a stable locking between the support member 4 and the positioning member 3. Figure 6 As shown, when the fastener 5 adjusts the support plate portion 43 away from the clamping petal 2, that is, when the degree of opening of the support plate portion 43 relative to the clamping petal 2 increases, the meshing teeth 42 separate from the positioning groove 31, thereby releasing the jamming between the support member 4 and the positioning member 3, allowing the clamping petal 2 to move freely in the guide groove 11.
[0060] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, in one specific embodiment of this application, the flat-nose pliers also includes a rotating base 6. The rotating base 6 is mounted on an external base, and the pliers body 1 is connected to the rotating base 6. The rotating base 6 provides a rotatable support platform for the entire flat-nose pliers. The pliers body 1 can adjust its spatial arrangement angle as the rotating base 6 rotates. This allows the user to adjust the pliers body 1 to the optimal working posture according to actual work needs, no longer limited to the traditional fixed-angle operation mode. To reduce the thickness of the flat-nose pliers, the rotating base 6 is embedded in the bottom of the pliers body 1, and the thickness of the rotating base 6 is approximately 3.5 mm.
[0061] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown in a specific embodiment of this application, the rotating base 6 includes a base plate 61, a turntable 62, and an angle fixing member 63. The base plate 61 is mounted on an external base, and a bearing may be provided between the turntable 62 and the base plate 61 so that the turntable 62 is rotatably connected to the base plate 61. The clamp 1 is connected to the turntable 62, and one end of the angle fixing member 63 is connected to one of the base plate 61 and the turntable 62, while the other end of the angle fixing member 63 can rest on the other of the base plate 61 and the turntable 62. Specifically, the angle fixing member 63 can be a set screw, which is connected to the base plate 61 or the turntable 62 through a threaded structure. When it is necessary to fix the rotation angle of the clamp 1, simply tightening the set screw will achieve a stable lock between the turntable 62 and the base plate 61, thereby ensuring stable clamping of the clamp 1 at the required angle.
[0062] like Figure 1 andFigure 2 As shown in the drawings, in one embodiment of the present application, the diameters of the base plate 61 and the rotating disc 62 are greater than the width of the plier body 1, that is, the base plate 61 and the rotating disc 62 have portions protruding from both sides of the width direction of the plier body 1. The angle fixing member 63 is installed at the portions of the base plate 61 and the rotating disc 62 protruding from the plier body 1, and when it is necessary to adjust or fix the angle of the plier body 1, the angle fixing member 63 can be directly contacted so as to realize the adjustment and locking of the angle of the plier body 1.
[0063] As shown in the drawings, Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown in the drawings, in one embodiment of the present application, the outer edge of the rotating disc 62 is further provided with a hook portion 64 extending downwardly from the rotating disc 62, so that the base plate 61 can be inserted into the hook groove of the hook portion 64 and kept in sliding connection with the hook portion 64. The hook portion 64 can effectively prevent the base plate 61 and the rotating disc 62 from being unnecessarily separated in the axial direction, thereby further enhancing the overall stability of the rotating base 6.
[0064] As shown in the drawings, Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown in the drawings, in one embodiment of the present application, the rotating base 6 further comprises a sliding block 65 connected to the bottom surface of the base plate 61 and located in the radial direction of the base plate 61. The sliding block 65 is used to cooperate with the groove on the external sliding table and can slide along the groove direction of the sliding table to adjust the installation position. The sliding block 65 can also prevent the base plate 61 from being unnecessarily rotated relative to the sliding table.
[0065] As shown in the drawings, Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown in the drawings, in one embodiment of the present application, in order to realize the clamping of the workpiece in the vertical direction, the flat plier further comprises a secondary clamp plate assembly 7, which comprises a bolt 71, a secondary clamp plate 72 and a fastening nut 73. In order to install the secondary clamp plate assembly 7, a threaded hole is provided on the top surface of the clamp segment 2, one end of the bolt 71 is installed in the threaded hole, the secondary clamp plate 72 is sleeved on the other end of the bolt, and the bolt 71 extends in the vertical direction. The fastening nut 73 is specifically provided above the secondary clamp plate 72 and is in threaded connection with the bolt 71. By tightening the fastening nut 73, the secondary clamp plate 72 can be compressed, so that the secondary clamp plate 72 is compressed on the workpiece, thereby realizing the clamping of the workpiece in the vertical direction.
[0066] The above merely provides the preferred embodiments of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Any modification, equivalent replacement and improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims
1. A flat nose pliers characterized by, The utility model relates to a clamp body (1) has the guide groove (11) that extends along the straight line direction, the pair of clamping piece (2) that sets up is slidably connected on the guide groove (11), the clamping piece (2) includes the base (21) and the chuck head (22), the base (21) is slidably connected on the guide groove (11), and the chuck head (22) extends to the outside of the guide groove (11), the positioning piece (3) is fixed on the clamp body (1), and the positioning piece (3) has a plurality of positioning slots (31) on the guide groove (11) sequentially, the support piece (4) is hinged on the clamping piece (2), and the first end of the support piece (4) is engaged with the corresponding positioning slot (31) on the positioning piece (3), the fastener (5) is connected to the second end of the support piece (4), and one end of the fastener (5) is supported on the chuck head (22), and the fastener (5) is used for adjusting the opening degree between the second end of the support piece (4) relative to the clamping piece (2). The number of positioning pieces (3) is at least two, and each positioning piece (3) is arranged on the two sides of the guide groove (11). The positioning piece (3) is a rack, and the first end of the support piece (4) is engaged with the corresponding tooth groove on the rack. The first end of the support piece (4) is a cam portion (41), the cam portion (41) is hinged on the clamping piece (2), the outer edge of the cam portion (41) is provided with engagement teeth (42), and the engagement teeth (42) are engaged with the corresponding positioning slot (31) on the positioning piece (3). The second end of the support piece (4) is a support plate portion (43), and the support plate portion (43) is arranged opposite to the chuck head (22). The fastener (5) is a fastening bolt, the support plate portion (43) is provided with a threaded hole, one end of the fastening bolt is supported on the chuck head (22), and the fastening bolt is threadedly connected to the threaded hole.
2. The combination of claim 1 wherein, The utility model further includes a rotating base (6), the rotating base (6) is installed on the external base, and the clamp body (1) is connected to the rotating base (6).
3. The combination of claim 2, wherein the flat blade screwdriver is pivotally mounted to the handle. The rotating base (6) includes a base plate (61), a rotating disc (62), and an angle fixing piece (63), the base plate (61) is installed on the external base, the rotating disc (62) is rotatably connected to the base plate (61), the clamp body (1) is connected to the rotating disc (62), one end of the angle fixing piece (63) is connected to one of the base plate (61) and the rotating disc (62), and the other end of the angle fixing piece (63) can be supported on the other one of the base plate (61) and the rotating disc (62).
4. The tongue depressor of claim 1, wherein, The outer edge of the rotating disc (62) is further provided with a hook portion (64), the base plate (61) extends into the hook portion (64) and is slidably connected with the hook portion (64).
5. The combination of claim 4, wherein the flat blade screwdriver is a Phillips head screwdriver. 6. The combination of claim 5, wherein the flat blade screwdriver is a Phillips head screwdriver. 7. The combination of claim 1, wherein the combination comprises a plurality of the flat blade scissors. 8. The combination of claim 7 wherein the combination comprises a pair of combination pliers. 9. The combination of claim 8, wherein the flat blade screwdriver is a Phillips head screwdriver. 10. The tongue depressor of claim 8, wherein the first and second arms are substantially parallel to each other. The vice clamping assembly (7) comprises a bolt (71), a vice clamping plate (72) and a fastening nut (73), the top surface of the clamping segment (2) is provided with a threaded hole, one end of the bolt (71) is installed in the threaded hole, the vice clamping plate (72) is sleeved on the other end of the bolt, and the fastening nut (73) is arranged above the vice clamping plate (72) and is in threaded connection with the bolt (71).