Integrally-formed anti-falling wave crest enhancing tube

By designing anti-detachment and blocking sections at the socket of the pipe, and utilizing the elasticity of its protrusions to open the connection, convenient installation and high-strength connection of the pipe are achieved. This solves the problems of inconvenient installation and poor anti-detachment performance in existing technologies, and improves sealing performance and resistance to detachment.

CN223965091UActive Publication Date: 2026-03-03KANGMINGYUAN GUIZHOU SCI & TECH DEV CO LTD
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Patent Information

Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2025-02-21
Publication Date
2026-03-03

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

Existing pipes require multiple fittings for connection, which is inconvenient to install and has poor anti-detachment performance, making them easy to come apart, resulting in decreased sealing performance or even pipeline failure.

Method used

An integrally molded anti-detachment wave peak reinforcement tube was designed. The tube body has a spigot section and a socket section at both ends. The socket section has an anti-detachment section and a blocking section. The blocking section has a radially outward protrusion. The protrusion is elastic and expands the connection when inserted to lock the anti-detachment wave, thus realizing the locking structure.

Benefits of technology

It enables convenient installation and high-strength connection of pipes, prevents detachment, enhances sealing performance, and reduces rolling and deformation during transportation.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The utility model relates to the field of pipes, in particular to an integrally-formed anti-falling wave crest reinforcing pipe. Comprising a pipe body, a spigot section and a socket section are fixedly arranged at the two ends of the pipe body respectively, the socket section comprises an anti-falling section, an anti-falling groove is formed in the inner wall of the anti-falling section, anti-falling waves integrally formed with the spigot section are arranged on the spigot section, and the anti-falling waves are used for being connected with the anti-falling groove of the socket section of another pipe in a clamped mode; a blocking section is arranged on the side, close to a pipe opening of the socket section, of the anti-disengaging groove of the anti-disengaging section and is of a whole-circle annular structure, the blocking section comprises two or more protruding parts and connecting parts, the protruding parts are arranged in the circumferential direction of the blocking section at intervals, the inner walls and the outer walls of the protruding parts protrude outwards in the radial direction, and the connecting parts are connected between every two adjacent protruding parts. And when the anti-falling wave of the other pipe is oppositely inserted into the blocking section, the connecting part is radially expanded by the anti-falling wave, and the convex part is radially shrunk towards the axial direction close to the socket section. The integrally-formed anti-falling wave crest reinforcing pipe is convenient to install and good in anti-falling performance.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of pipes, and in particular to integrally molded anti-detachment corrugated reinforced pipes. Background Technology

[0002] The descriptions in this section provide background information related to this disclosure only and do not constitute prior art. Pipes are essential materials for construction projects. For ease of transportation, each pipe section is not made too long and needs to be connected on-site. In related technologies, pipes need to be connected using multiple fittings during connection, which is inconvenient for on-site installation. Moreover, the anti-detachment performance of pipes after connection is poor, and adjacent pipes are prone to detachment, resulting in a decrease in the pipeline's sealing performance and, in severe cases, pipeline failure. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of this, this application provides an integrally molded anti-detachment corrugated reinforcement tube, which is easy to install and has good anti-detachment performance.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, this application employs the following technical solution:

[0005] An integrally formed anti-detachment wave reinforcement pipe, characterized in that: it includes a pipe body, with a spigot section and a socket section fixedly provided at both ends of the pipe body, the socket section including an anti-detachment section, the inner wall of the anti-detachment section being provided with an anti-detachment groove, and the spigot section being provided with an integrally formed anti-detachment wave, the anti-detachment wave being used to engage with the anti-detachment groove of the socket section of another pipe; the anti-detachment section is provided with a blocking section on the pipe opening side of the anti-detachment groove near the socket section, the blocking section being a complete annular structure, the blocking section including two or more protrusions arranged circumferentially and radially protruding on both the inner and outer walls, and a connecting part connecting two adjacent protrusions, the protrusions being elastic, when the anti-detachment wave of another pipe is inserted relative to the blocking section, the connecting part is radially expanded by the anti-detachment wave, while the protrusions radially contract towards the axis of the socket section, so that the anti-detachment wave enters the position of the anti-detachment groove, and then the blocking section automatically resets without external force, the anti-detachment wave being axially blocked by the blocking section to form a snap-fit ​​structure.

[0006] The aforementioned one-piece molded anti-detachment corrugated reinforcement pipe has a radially protruding convex portion on the blocking section of the socket. This convex portion is elastic, allowing the connecting part of the blocking section to be radially expanded when the anti-detachment corrugated component is inserted, facilitating the installation of the anti-detachment corrugated component into the anti-detachment groove. Therefore, when two pipes are joined, the connection can be completed simply by inserting the two pipes relative to each other, making on-site installation convenient. Furthermore, since the anti-detachment corrugated component is integrally molded on the socket, compared to assembling separate anti-detachment accessories on the socket, installation is easier and the strength is higher. After the two pipes are joined, the anti-detachment corrugated component is less likely to deform, preventing the two pipes from separating.

[0007] In some embodiments, the socket section further includes a telescopic section integrally connected to the anti-detachment section. The telescopic section is located on the side of the anti-detachment section closer to the pipe body. The telescopic section includes one or more annular telescopic waves that can be axially stretched. The number of telescopic waves can be one, two, or more. These telescopic waves primarily serve as axial buffers; when the two pipes are affected by settlement and pulled against each other, the telescopic waves are straightened, thus preventing pipe breakage. The blocking section, due to its protrusions and an outer surface that is not circular but rather circumferentially toothed, has relatively weak circumferential stiffness. The annular telescopic waves, directly connected to the blocking section, protect the blocking section and enhance its circumferential stiffness.

[0008] In some embodiments, the socket section further includes an annular protective section integrally connected to the anti-detachment section, the protective section being located on the side of the anti-detachment section away from the pipe body. This protective section protects the blocking section, preventing direct damage to the blocking section when the pipe end of the socket section is damaged, and also increases the annular stiffness of the blocking section.

[0009] In some embodiments, the anti-detachment wave is a circular wave.

[0010] In some embodiments, the inner wall of the blocking section has a first guide slope on the side near the socket section's opening. As the first guide slope extends towards the socket section's opening, it gradually slopes outwards. This first guide slope facilitates the insertion of the anti-dislodgement wave of the spigot section into the anti-dislodgement groove.

[0011] In some embodiments, a second guide slope is provided on the pipe opening side near the spigot section of the anti-detachment wave. This second guide slope gradually slopes outwards as it extends away from the spigot section. The outer surface of the anti-detachment wave has multiple straight contact surfaces spaced apart along the circumferential direction of the spigot section. The distance from the axis of the spigot section to the straight contact surface is less than or equal to the maximum radius of the pipe body. The second guide slope facilitates insertion of the anti-detachment wave into the anti-detachment groove. Due to the second guide slope, the contact area between the outer surface of the anti-detachment wave and the ground is reduced. If the anti-detachment wave is circular and its diameter is typically larger than the diameter of the pipe body's crest, the contact area between the anti-detachment wave and the ground is very small, and the force of the pipe material acts directly on the anti-detachment wave, making it prone to deformation and damage. Therefore, multiple straight contact surfaces are set on the outer surface of the anti-detachment wave. This not only increases the contact area between the anti-detachment wave and the ground, but also the straight contact surfaces are equivalent to cutting off a part of the circular structure. In this way, the height of the straight contact surfaces can be made comparable to the height of the wave crest at the pipe body. The wave crest of the pipe body and the anti-detachment wave can contact the ground together and share the force, thereby avoiding anti-detachment deformation. Moreover, the straight contact surfaces can reduce the rolling of the pipe during transportation.

[0012] In some embodiments, the anti-detachment wave is polygonal in shape, with rounded corners. The anti-detachment wave can be quadrilateral, hexagonal, or other shapes.

[0013] In some embodiments, the anti-detachment wavelet is integrally provided with a concave annular groove located on the opposite side of the second guide slope. The anti-detachment wavelet has a hollow structure, and when the head of the anti-detachment wavelet is compressed, it can bend around the annular groove, allowing the head of the anti-detachment wavelet to change radially. By providing an annular groove on the anti-detachment wavelet, when the anti-detachment wavelet is inserted into the blocking section, the blocking section will also compress the anti-detachment wavelet, allowing the head of the anti-detachment wavelet to be radially folded and compressed through the annular groove. This further facilitates pipe installation, and the annular groove also enhances the strength of the anti-detachment wavelet.

[0014] In some embodiments, the spigot section is provided with a plurality of axially spaced annular wavelets, and the recessed trough between two annular wavelets forms a sealing mounting groove for installing a sealing ring. The socket section also includes a sealing section that mates with the sealing ring. In this structure, the sealing ring is first installed in a trough of the spigot section, and when the sealing ring is inserted into the socket section along with the spigot section, it is sealed by mating with the sealing section.

[0015] In some embodiments, the inner wall groove of the telescopic wave is used to install the sealing ring, and the socket section is provided with a circular mating section that mates with the sealing ring. The anti-detachment wave is disposed on the circular mating section. In this embodiment, the sealing ring is directly installed on the inner wall of the telescopic wave, and the socket section does not easily affect the sealing ring when it is inserted into the socket section. In the above method, the sealing ring is first installed in the socket section. When the socket section is inserted into the socket section, the sealing ring is blocked by the blocking part, and the sealing ring has a flange problem. Moreover, when the telescopic wave is stretched, it radially compresses the sealing ring. Therefore, the more the telescopic wave is stretched straighter, the tighter the sealing ring is compressed, resulting in better sealing performance.

[0016] As can be seen from the above technical solution, this application has at least the following advantages and positive effects:

[0017] This application discloses an integrally molded anti-detachment corrugated reinforcement pipe. A radially protruding convex portion is provided on the blocking section of the socket section. This convex portion is elastic, allowing the connecting part of the blocking section to be radially expanded when the anti-detachment corrugated component is inserted, facilitating the installation of the anti-detachment corrugated component into the anti-detachment groove. Therefore, when two pipes are joined, the connection is completed simply by inserting the two pipes relative to each other, making on-site installation convenient. Furthermore, since the anti-detachment corrugated component is integrally molded on the socket, compared to assembling separate anti-detachment accessories on the socket, installation is easier and the strength is higher. After the two pipes are joined, the anti-detachment corrugated component is less likely to deform, preventing the two pipes from separating. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1This is a schematic diagram of the structure of Embodiment 1 of this application;

[0019] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the connector segment in Embodiment 1 of this application;

[0020] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure of the two pipes in Embodiment 1 of this application.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a radial cross-sectional view of the blocking section in Embodiment 1 of this application;

[0022] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the ring wavelet structure in Embodiment 1 of this application;

[0023] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the socket joint of the two pipes in Embodiment 1 of this application;

[0024] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the deformation of the blocking segment in Embodiment 1 of this application;

[0025] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the connector segment in Embodiment 2 of this application;

[0026] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure of the two pipes in Embodiment 3 of this application.

[0027] Labeling Explanation: 1. Pipe body; 2. Socket section; 21. Anti-detachment wave; 211. Second guide slope; 212. Straight contact surface; 213. Annular groove; 22. Annular small wave; 23. Sealing installation groove; 24. Circular mating section; 3. Socket section; 31. Anti-detachment section; 311. Anti-detachment groove; 312. Blocking section; 3121. Protrusion; 3122. Connecting part; 3123. First guide slope; 32. Expansion section; 33. Protection section; 34. Sealing section; 4. Sealing ring. Detailed Implementation

[0028] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the application will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The terminology used in the embodiments section of this application is only for explaining specific embodiments and is not intended to limit the application.

[0029] See Figures 1 to 7This application provides an integrally formed anti-detachment corrugated reinforcement pipe, characterized in that: it includes a pipe body 1, with a spigot section 2 and a socket section 3 fixedly provided at both ends of the pipe body 1, the socket section 3 including an anti-detachment section 31, the inner wall of the anti-detachment section 31 being provided with an anti-detachment groove 311, the spigot section 2 being provided with an integrally formed anti-detachment corrugation 21, the anti-detachment corrugation 21 being used to engage with the anti-detachment groove 311 of the socket section 3 of another pipe; the anti-detachment section 31 has a blocking section 312 provided on the side of the anti-detachment groove 311 near the pipe opening of the socket section 3, the blocking section 312 being a complete annular structure, the blocking section 312 including two or more protrusions 3121 spaced apart along its circumference and with radially outward protrusions on both the inner and outer walls, and a connecting part 3122 connecting two adjacent protrusions 3121, the protrusions 3121 being elastic, see [reference] Figure 6 and Figure 7 When the anti-detachment wave 21 of another pipe is inserted into the blocking section 312, the connecting part 3122 is radially expanded by the anti-detachment wave 21, while the protrusion 3121 radially contracts towards the axis of the socket section 3, so that the anti-detachment wave 21 enters the position of the anti-detachment groove 311. Subsequently, the blocking section 312 automatically resets without external force, and the anti-detachment wave 21 is axially blocked by the blocking section 312 to form a snap-fit ​​structure. The socket section 3, the spigot section 2, and the pipe body 1 are integrally formed and made of plastic or metal materials. Therefore, the protrusion 3121 of the blocking section 312 has a certain degree of elasticity and can deform. The pipe body 1 is made of corrugated pipe.

[0030] This one-piece molded anti-detachment corrugated reinforcement pipe has a radially protruding protrusion 3121 on the blocking section 312 of the socket section 3. The protrusion 3121 is elastic, so that when the anti-detachment corrugation 21 is inserted into the blocking section 312, the connecting part 3122 of the blocking section 312 is radially expanded so that the anti-detachment corrugation 21 can be installed into the anti-detachment groove 311. Therefore, when the two pipes are connected, they can be connected simply by inserting them relative to each other, which is convenient for on-site installation. Moreover, the anti-detachment corrugation 21 is integrally molded on the socket, which is easier to install and has higher strength than assembling separate anti-detachment accessories on the socket. After the two pipes are snapped together, the anti-detachment corrugation 21 is not easily deformed, which would cause the two pipes to separate.

[0031] The socket section 3 also includes an expansion joint 32 integrally connected to the anti-detachment section 31. The expansion joint 32 is located on the side of the anti-detachment section 31 closer to the pipe body 1. The expansion joint 32 includes one or more annular expansion waves that can be axially stretched. The number of expansion waves can be one, two, or more. The expansion waves mainly play an axial buffering role. When the two pipes are affected by settlement and pulled against each other, the expansion waves will be straightened, thereby preventing the pipes from breaking. The blocking section 312 has a protrusion 3121, and its outer surface is not circular but has alternating concave and convex teeth in the circumferential direction. Therefore, the circumferential stiffness at this position is relatively weak. The annular expansion wave is directly connected to the blocking section 312, which can protect the blocking section 312 and thus enhance the circumferential stiffness of the blocking section 312.

[0032] The socket section 3 also includes a ring-shaped protective section 33 integrally connected to the anti-detachment section 31. The protective section 33 is located on the side of the anti-detachment section 31 away from the pipe body 1. The protective section 33 can protect the blocking section 312 and prevent the blocking section 312 from being directly damaged when the pipe end of the socket section 3 is damaged. In addition, the protective section 33 can also increase the annular stiffness of the blocking section 312.

[0033] The inner wall of the blocking section 312 has a first guide slope 3123 on the side near the pipe opening of the socket section 3. As the first guide slope 3123 extends towards the pipe opening of the socket section 3, it gradually slopes outward. The first guide slope 3123 facilitates the insertion of the anti-detachment wave 21 of the spigot section 2 into the anti-detachment groove 311.

[0034] The anti-detachment wave 21 has a second guide slope 211 on the side of the pipe opening near the spigot section 2. As the second guide slope 211 extends away from the pipe opening of the spigot section 2, it gradually slopes outwards. The outer surface of the anti-detachment wave 21 has multiple straight contact surfaces 212 spaced apart along the circumferential direction of the spigot section 2. The distance from the axis of the spigot section 2 to the straight contact surface 212 is less than or equal to the maximum radius of the pipe body 1. The second guide slope 211 facilitates the insertion of the anti-detachment wave 21 into the anti-detachment groove 311. Due to the second guide slope 211, the contact area between the outer surface of the anti-detachment wave 21 and the ground is reduced. If the anti-detachment wave 21 is circular and its diameter is usually larger than the diameter of the crest of the pipe body 1, the contact area between the anti-detachment wave 21 and the ground is very small, and the force of the pipe material will act directly on the anti-detachment wave 21, making it prone to deformation and damage. Therefore, multiple straight contact surfaces 212 are provided on the outer surface of the anti-detachment wave 21. This not only increases the contact area between the anti-detachment wave 21 and the ground, but also the straight contact surface 212 is equivalent to cutting off a part of the circular structure. In this way, the height of the straight contact surface 212 can be made comparable to the height of the wave crest at the pipe body 1. The wave crest of the pipe body 1 and the anti-detachment wave 21 can contact the ground together and share the force, thereby avoiding anti-detachment deformation. Moreover, the straight contact surface 212 can reduce the rolling of the pipe during transportation.

[0035] The anti-detachment wave 21 has a polygonal shape, with rounded corners. The anti-detachment wave 21 can be quadrilateral, hexagonal, or other shapes.

[0036] The anti-detachment wave 21 is integrally provided with a concave annular groove 213, located on the opposite side of the second guide slope 211. The anti-detachment wave 21 has a hollow structure, and when the head of the anti-detachment wave 21 is compressed, it can bend around the annular groove 213, allowing the head of the anti-detachment wave 21 to change radially. By providing the annular groove 213 on the anti-detachment wave 21, when the anti-detachment wave 21 is inserted into the blocking section 312, the blocking section 312 will also compress the anti-detachment wave 21, allowing the head of the anti-detachment wave 21 to be radially folded and compressed through the annular groove 213. This further facilitates the installation of the pipe, and the annular groove 213 also enhances the strength of the anti-detachment wave 21.

[0037] The spigot section 2 has several axially spaced annular small waves 22. The recessed valley between two annular small waves 22 forms a sealing mounting groove 23 for installing the sealing ring 4. The socket section 3 also includes a sealing section 34 that mates with the sealing ring 4. In this structure, the sealing ring 4 is first installed in a valley of the spigot section 2. When the sealing ring 4 is inserted into the socket section 3 along with the spigot section 2, it is sealed by mating with the sealing section 34.

[0038] Example 2:

[0039] See Figure 8 This illustrates another embodiment of the present application, which differs from the first embodiment described above in that the style of the anti-detachment wave 21 is changed; that is, the anti-detachment wave 21 is a circular wave and does not have a second guide slope 211. Since the circular wave does not have a second guide slope 211, the width of the circular wave is large enough that even if the diameter of the circular wave is larger than the diameter of the waveform of the tube body 1, the circular wave is not easily squeezed and deformed.

[0040] Example 3:

[0041] See Figure 9 This embodiment illustrates another embodiment of the present application, which differs from Embodiment 1 in that: the inner wall groove of the telescopic wave is used to install the sealing ring 4, and a circular mating section 24 for the sealing ring 4 is provided on the insertion section 2. The anti-detachment wave 21 is provided on the circular mating section 24. In this embodiment, the sealing ring 4 is directly installed on the inner wall of the telescopic wave, and the insertion section 2 does not easily affect the sealing ring 4 when it is inserted into the socket section 3. In the above method, the sealing ring 4 is first installed on the insertion section 2. When the insertion section 2 is inserted into the socket section 3, the sealing ring 4 is blocked by the blocking part, and the sealing ring 4 has a flange problem. Moreover, when the telescopic wave is stretched, it radially compresses the sealing ring 4. Therefore, the more the telescopic wave is stretched straighter, the tighter the sealing ring 4 is compressed, resulting in better sealing performance.

[0042] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, and are not intended to limit them; although the embodiments of this application have been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or make equivalent substitutions for some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. An integrally molded anti-snaking bellows tube, characterized by: The utility model provides a pipe body (1), both ends of pipe body (1) are fixedly provided with spigot section (2) and socket section (3) respectively, socket section (3) includes anti -drop section (31), the inner wall of anti -drop section (31) is provided with anti -drop groove (311), spigot section (2) is provided with anti -drop wave (21) with one body forming, and anti -drop wave (21) is used for with the anti -drop groove (311) of the socket section (3) of another pipe material is connected, anti -drop section (31) is provided with blocking section (312) in anti -drop groove (311) near the pipe orifice side of socket section (3), blocking section (312) is the annular structure of whole circle, blocking section (312) includes two or more than the convex part (3121) of inside and outside wall radially convex along its circumferential direction interval arrangement and the connecting portion (3122) connected between adjacent two convex parts (3121), the convex part (3121) has elasticity, when the anti -drop wave (21) of another pipe material is opposite and inserts blocking section (312), the connecting portion (3122) is radially opened by anti -drop wave (21), and the convex part (3121) is radially contracted to the axis direction near socket section (3) to prevent anti -drop wave (21) from entering the position of anti -drop groove (311), with blocking section (312) is not under external force and resets automatically, and anti -drop wave (21) is blocked by blocking section (312) and forms the structure of being connected.

2. The integrally formed anti-extrapolation bellows of claim 1, wherein: The socket section (3) further includes a telescopic section (32) integrally connected with the anti-drop section (31), the telescopic section (32) is located on the side of the anti-drop section (31) close to the pipe body (1), and the telescopic section (32) includes one or more than one telescopic wave in a circular ring shape, and the telescopic wave can be axially stretched.

3. The integrally formed anti-extrapolation bellows of claim 2, wherein: The socket section (3) further includes a protection section (33) integrally connected with the anti-drop section (31) and in a circular ring shape, and the protection section (33) is located on the side of the anti-drop section (31) away from the pipe body (1).

4. The integrally formed anti-snag bead reinforcement of claim 1, wherein: The anti-drop wave (21) is a circular wave.

5. The integrally formed anti-snag bead reinforcement of claim 1, wherein: The inner wall of the blocking section (312) has a first guide slope (3123) on the side near the pipe orifice of the socket section (3), and the first guide slope (3123) gradually changes and is provided to tilt in the radial direction when extending to the side near the pipe orifice of the socket section (3).

6. The integrally formed anti-extrapolation bellows of claim 1, wherein: The anti-drop wave (21) is provided with a second guide slope (211) on the side near the pipe orifice of the spigot section (2), the second guide slope (211) gradually changes and is provided to tilt in the radial direction when extending to the side away from the pipe orifice of the spigot section (2), the outer surface of the anti-drop wave (21) is provided with a plurality of linear contact surfaces (212) arranged at intervals in the circumferential direction of the spigot section (2), and the distance from the axis of the spigot section (2) to the linear contact surface (212) is less than or equal to the maximum radius of the pipe body (1).

7. The integrally formed anti-extrapolation bellows of claim 6, wherein: The anti-drop wave (21) has a polygonal shape, and the corners of the polygonal shape are circularly transitioned.

8. The integrally formed anti-extrapolation bellows of claim 6, wherein: The anti-off wave (21) is integrally provided with an inner concave annular groove (213) located at the opposite side of the second guide slope (211), the anti-off wave (21) is a hollow structure, and the head of the anti-off wave (21) can be deflected with the annular groove (213) as the bending position when the head is pressed, so that the head of the anti-off wave (21) can change radially.

9. The integrally formed anti-extrapolation bellows tube of claim 4 or 6, wherein: The socket section (2) is provided with a plurality of annular small waves (22) arranged axially at intervals, the recessed valleys between two annular small waves (22) form a sealing installation groove (23) for installing a sealing ring (4), and the socket section (3) further comprises a sealing section (34) matched with the sealing ring (4).

10. The integrally formed anti-extrapolation bellows of claim 2, wherein: The inner wall groove of the telescopic wave is used for installing a sealing ring (4), the socket section (2) is provided with a circular matching section (24) matched with the sealing ring (4), and the anti-off wave (21) is arranged on the circular matching section (24).