172results about "Ink transfer from master sheet" patented technology

A multiple layered print structure and apparatus to apply a design or image to fabric or cloth is disclosed. The structure may include one or more print layers printed on a substrate and an adhesive layer deposited on the print layer(s). The one or more print layer(s) and adhesive or resin layer may be deposited on the substrate in a pre-set pattern to form the shape profile for the design or image. The print layer(s) include inks or dyes for printing the print features and / or background color(s) of the image or design. The ink may be combined with a binder material to form the print layer(s). In some embodiments, the process includes the step of printing the multiple layered print structure using a combination of digital printing processes simplify the process for printing a design or image on fabric or cloth.

The invention discloses a relief touch heat transfer film and a preparation process thereof, and relates to the technical field of transfer film preparation, the heat transfer film comprises the following structural layers from bottom to top: a substrate layer, which is composed of a polyester film PET; the release layer is positioned above the base material layer and is composed of modified silicone oil, and nano silicon dioxide particles are added into the modified silicone oil; the transfer printing layer is positioned above the release layer and comprises a pattern layer and an embossment texture layer; according to the scheme, a spring pressing plate-sand grain grinding bin is additionally arranged at the front printing section of the heat transfer printing film preparation process, the film surface penetrates through a sand layer in the bin along a guide plate and a guide shaft with constant tension, micron-sized grooves are formed in the film surface through sand grains in a ploughing mode, and high-frequency polarization coarsening of corona discharge is replaced; the spring pressing plate is automatically pressed down along with the fluctuation of the film thickness, the sand layer is kept compact, the depth of the grooves is consistent, the water-based ink is spread and cured along the grooves during subsequent water-based ink printing, mechanical locking is formed, the ink is prevented from being pulled up during embossment embossing, and corona-free and ozone-free film surface coarsening is achieved.

The utility model discloses a textile digital color hot stamping and gold stamping integrated printing production line which comprises a UV printing device, an automatic powder scattering and shaking device and a drying device. The UV printing device is provided with a UV curing lamp and at least three independent printing nozzles. The color printing nozzles are used for printing color UV printing ink and simulated color UV printing ink, the white printing nozzle is used for printing white UV printing ink, and the gloss oil printing nozzle is used for printing gold stamping gloss oil. The gold stamping and flocking device has the advantages of low cost, high speed, high efficiency and no influence on impression after gold stamping or flocking shedding.

The utility model discloses a high-strength hot stamping foil which comprises a base film layer, a hot melt adhesive layer, an aluminum layer, a pigment layer and a protective layer which are sequentially stacked, the base film layer is a modified polyester film, and the surface of the aluminum layer is provided with a micropore structure; the pigment layer is composed of nano pigment particles, and the protective layer is a modified polyurethane coating. According to the utility model, the base film layer improves the mechanical strength and tensile property of the hot stamping foil, so that the hot stamping foil is not easy to deform or break under the action of high temperature and mechanical stress; the hot melt adhesive layer improves the bonding strength and heat resistance of the hot melt adhesive; the protective layer can effectively prevent the hot stamping foil from being abraded due to friction in the using process.

The invention relates to the technical field of glass processing, and discloses a preparation method of anti-dazzle glass, which comprises the following steps: providing a transfer mold, and forming a plurality of randomly distributed concave patterns on the surface of the transfer mold; providing a glass substrate, placing the glass substrate on the surface of the transfer printing mold, and heating to soften the glass substrate; and carrying out vacuum imprinting between the softened glass substrate and the surface of the transfer mold until a plurality of randomly distributed convex patterns are formed on the surface of the glass substrate. According to the preparation method of the anti-dazzle glass disclosed by the invention, the anti-dazzle pattern on the surface of the glass is manufactured by utilizing the pattern on the surface of the transfer mold in a manner of carrying out hot pressing on the glass substrate on the transfer mold, so that the uniformity, fineness and physical properties of the anti-dazzle pattern can be effectively controlled; therefore, the overall anti-dazzle effect and spark effect of the anti-dazzle glass are improved, and the definition is improved.

An image formation device forms an ink layer on a film. The ink layer is configured to be transferred to a print medium. The image formation device includes a color head configured to eject color ink, a shielding head configured to eject shielding ink, and a processor. The processor forms a color layer on the film by ejecting the color ink from the color head onto the film. The color layer is the ink layer configured by the color ink and constituting an image. The processor forms a shielding layer by ejecting the shielding ink from the shielding head onto the color layer, in the film on which the color layer is formed. The shielding layer is the ink layer configured by the shielding ink.

This disclosure relates to a coating apparatus for applying a single layer of particles to a receiving surface. The apparatus includes a pressurized air source; a dressing chamber partially defined by the receiving surface, into which an airflow is supplied from the air source; an air return path for returning air from the dressing chamber to an air inlet of the air source to form an air circulation loop; and a metering device for introducing particles to be coated onto the receiving surface into the air circulation loop, wherein a particle deflector is positioned in the airflow path to break up agglomerated particles carried by the airflow before coating the receiving surface with the particles. A method for applying a particle layer is also provided, as well as a printing system that benefits from this coating apparatus.

The invention discloses a resin composition for a heat transfer printing protective layer and a heat transfer printing film, and belongs to the technical field of resin compositions. The invention relates to a resin composition for a heat transfer printing protective layer and a heat transfer printing film, the composition takes ultraviolet light curing type polyurethane acrylate resin as a main body, and is matched with a trifunctional acrylate monomer, organic silicon modified acrylate, a fluorine-containing surfactant, surface modified nano silicon oxide, a photoinitiator, a reactive diluent, an anti-yellowing stabilizer and the like. The preparation method comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing the main resin component and the diluent, then adding the organic silicon modified acrylate and the functional auxiliary agent, then adding the photoinitiator and the anti-yellowing agent, fully stirring, filtering, and irradiating with a UV light source at 40-60 DEG C for 6-10 seconds to form the protective layer. The protective layer has excellent yellowing resistance, good hydrophobic antifouling property and high hardness, the weather resistance of the heat transfer film is remarkably improved, the service life of the heat transfer film is remarkably prolonged, and the heat transfer film is suitable for the field of protection of various images and texts.

The application relates to the technical field of packaging boxes, in particular to a packaging color box surface printing process, which comprises a feeding process, a printing process and a discharging process. In the feeding process, a clamp is used to send the packaging box to the position of a transfer roller on a printing equipment rack. In the printing process, a color printing pattern on a transfer paper is transferred to the outer side wall of the packaging box through the transfer roller on the printing equipment rack. In the discharging process, the clamp is used to send the packaging box to the discharging position for discharging. The clamp composed of a main shaft, a mounting column and a clamping plate supports and clamps the inner side wall of the packaging box, so that the packaging box can stably abut against the side wall of the transfer roller in the printing process, the transfer effect is effectively guaranteed, and the printing forming effect of the color box surface is guaranteed.

A waterless planographic printing original plate which sequentially comprises at least a base material, a heat-sensitive layer and an ink-repellent layer in this order, wherein: the base material has a white layer or a white surface; and the heat-sensitive layer contains at least (a) an infrared absorbing dye that has a maximum absorption wavelength of 700 to 1,000 nm, (b) a dye that develops a color by acceptance of a proton, and (c) a proton-donating compound. Consequently, the present invention provides a waterless planographic printing original plate which enables the achievement of a high contrast between an image part and a non-image part by means of light exposure without requiring a special layer.

The invention discloses a conformal bonding interface enhanced laser-induced patterned graphene functional layer preparation method, and relates to the technical field of graphene functional layer preparation. The preparation method comprises the following steps: step 1, preparing a gradient porous polyamide acid gel film; 2, texturing the surface of the target base material, and carrying out patterning segmentation and conformal fitting transfer printing or conformal fitting transfer printing and patterning segmentation on the gradient porous polyamide acid gel film to form a composite structure; step 3, carrying out gradient heating thermal imidization on the transferred polyamide acid to obtain a patterned polyimide precursor; and step 4, generating a polymorphic graphene structure in situ on the patterned polyimide precursor through laser induction, and packaging and curing the obtained polymorphic graphene structure. According to the method, the preparation of the regioselective graphene functional layer can be realized, the conformal lamination of the functional layer is ensured, the precision and alignment of a complex pattern are ensured, the conversion of a substrate body is avoided, and the interface bonding force and the packaging durability are improved.

The invention relates to a cell grid line transfer printing device and method. The device comprises an unwinding assembly and a winding assembly and is used for conveying the patterned transfer printing film. The visual inspection assembly is used for acquiring position information of the film and the battery piece; a carrying platform of the pasting bearing platform is used for bearing the battery piece and is driven by a first moving part to realize horizontal movement and movement perpendicular to a film surface so as to finish alignment and pasting; and the pressing roller assembly comprises a heating roller, a first temperature control part used for accurately controlling the temperature and a pressure adjusting part used for adjusting the pressure so as to complete hot pressing transfer printing. The device can also comprise a movable heating plate for preheating the film, a carrying table temperature control part for preheating the battery piece, and a vacuum adsorption and liftable carrying table for fixing the battery piece. The corresponding method comprises the steps of battery piece feeding and alignment, vertical attachment, heating and rolling and base film removal, and can comprise the step of preliminary pressing, and the alignment precision, the hot-pressing uniformity and the production efficiency of transfer printing can be improved.

This application discloses a laser printing machine and printing method, belonging to the field of printing technology. The laser printing machine is used to imprint a laser pattern from a transfer film onto a UV varnish area of ​​packaging paper. It includes a mounting section; a PLC control system mounted on the mounting section; an imprinting conveyor mounted within the mounting section; a film-pressing roller mounted on the mounting section; and a position adjustment assembly, with two sets of position adjustment assemblies mounted on both sides of the film-pressing roller. The position adjustment assemblies are used to adjust the height of the film-pressing roller. Specifically, the position adjustment assemblies are adapted to automatically detect the thickness of the packaging paper and adjust the film-pressing roller to a fixed imprinting position after the transfer film is installed, and to automatically adjust the film-pressing roller away from the imprinting conveyor when the transfer film is not installed. This laser printing machine and printing method achieves the effect of automatically adjusting the height of the film-pressing roller.

A pre-coated composite film transfer printing process, comprising the following steps: S1, release layer coating: coating the surface of a BOPP base film with a release layer solution by using an anilox roll, and performing segmented heating and drying to form a release layer; S2, ink layer coating: coating the release layer obtained in step S1 with a dyeing solution by using the anilox roll, and performing segmented heating and drying to form an ink layer; S3, adhesive layer coating: melting an EVA hot-melt adhesive, then adding hexagonal boron nitride, rosin acid, and white birch tree extract, mixing at 100-200 r / min for 5-10 min, and then coating the ink layer obtained in step S2 with the mixture by using a heated anilox roll; S4, enabling the film coated with the hot-melt adhesive and obtained in step S3 to pass through a cooled anilox roll, curing in an air cooling chamber, and slitting and rolling to obtain a pre-coated composite film; and S5, laminating, by means of hot pressing, the pre-coated composite film obtained in step S4 on the surface of a packaging material. In the process, hexagonal boron nitride, rosin acid, white birch tree extract, and the like are added to an EVA hot-melt adhesive to improve the processability of the EVA hot-melt adhesive, enhancing the bonding effect between a composite film and a print substrate, and achieving simple operation. The prepared pre-coated composite film can satisfy the requirements of thermal transfer printing, has a wide range of applications, and is beneficial to industrial production.

The application discloses a non-contact metallization process applied to preparation of a photovoltaic cell, and comprises the following steps: providing a glass substrate, wherein the glass substrate has oppositely arranged front and back surfaces, the front surface of the glass substrate is provided with a groove, the width of the groove is not less than 3 um, and the depth of the groove is not less than 5 um; filling slurry in the groove of the glass substrate; providing an accepting substrate; keeping the front surface of the glass substrate and the accepting substrate in relative position with a certain interval; and emitting light towards the back surface of the glass substrate so as to transfer the slurry in the groove to the accepting substrate. The non-contact metallization process has the advantages of high precision and low cost.

The utility model discloses ultrathin transfer printing paper which comprises a carrier layer, a surface transfer printing coating is arranged on the upper surface of the carrier layer, and a surface layer pasting film is arranged on the upper surface of the surface transfer printing coating. The release layer is arranged on the lower surface of the carrier layer, a back adhesive layer is arranged on the lower surface of the release layer, and a paper back pasting film is arranged on the lower surface of the back adhesive layer; according to the ultrathin transfer paper, the back adhesive layer and the paper back pasting film form a structure with a self-adhesion function, when the ultrathin transfer paper is used, the paper back pasting film adhered to the back adhesive layer can be torn off, the ultrathin transfer paper is pasted to a position needing pasting so as to meet specific working requirements, the functionality of the ultrathin transfer paper is improved, and convenience is provided for daily work; according to the ultrathin transfer printing paper, the surface layer film is adhered to the surface transfer printing coating, so that the ultrathin transfer printing paper can be protected, the ultrathin transfer printing paper is mainly prevented from being polluted or damaged in the transportation, storage and use processes, the ultrathin transfer printing paper has the characteristics of easiness in stripping, scratch resistance, static electricity resistance and the like, and the quality is further optimized.

The invention relates to a method and system for obtaining a customized optical article having at least one predetermined optical property in visible and / or invisible light domain(s) selected from absorbance and transmittance, by thermal transfer via a sublimation technique from a printed support comprising a support and at least one ink (C, M, Y) printed on the support according to an inking level, the at least one ink comprising at least one sublimable dye selected from visible dyes, invisible dyes and mixtures thereof. The invention particularly applies to an ophthalmic lens part, even though it may concern any optical article to be tinted and / or provided with an invisible light absorber such as IR, UV and / or blue light absorbers. The method comprises controlling the inking level of the at least one ink (C, M, Y) to obtain said customized optical article, by using an experimentally determined variation law of the at least one predetermined optical property as a function of the inking level of the at least one ink.

The application provides a sticker pattern carrier paper, a pattern sticker combination and a preparation method. The sticker pattern carrier paper comprises a base paper and a release layer, a water-soluble layer and a thermal imaging layer arranged in sequence on the base paper; wherein the thermal imaging layer comprises a thermal color developing layer, an upper thermal protective layer arranged on the side surface of the thermal color developing layer away from the base paper, and the material of the upper thermal protective layer comprises resin, the coating density of the resin is 1.8-2.2 g / m 2 The sticker pattern carrier paper provided by the application can realize DIY printing of patterns and ensure the definition of the patterns.

The invention discloses a ceramic decal paper preparation method based on a laser printing technology and special cover oil thereof. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a ceramic pigment into laser powdered ink, printing a pattern on special paper through a laser printer, carrying out hot-pressing compounding on the special paper and a film pre-coated with special cover oil, and carrying out water transfer decal and high-temperature firing. The cover oil is composed of an acrylic copolymer, PVB, an alcohol solvent and an additive according to a specific ratio, so that the integrity of a printed pattern in a transfer process is ensured, and the printed pattern is completely decomposed and volatilized without flaws during firing. By improving the physical characteristics of the ceramic pigment and optimizing the technological process and the formula of the cover oil, the problems of high plate making cost, insufficient production capacity, poor color expressive force and low environmental protection property in the traditional ceramic stained paper production are solved, and a digital and personalized ceramic decoration production mode is realized; the method is suitable for personalized customization of ceramic tableware, art decoration ceramic products and other scenes.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of anti-counterfeiting materials, and discloses a preparation method of micron-sized anti-counterfeiting particles and the micron-sized anti-counterfeiting particles. The preparation method of the micron-sized anti-counterfeiting particles comprises a base film preparation step, an imprint forming step and a laser cutting step, the base film preparation step comprises the steps of preparing a base film with a plurality of tightly combined sub-film layers through multi-layer casting co-extrusion, gradually decreasing / increasing the density of each sub-film layer in the normal direction of the base film layer, and carrying out subsequent imprint and laser cutting to obtain the micron-sized anti-counterfeiting particles. And a plurality of micron-sized anti-counterfeiting particles of which the surfaces are embedded with miniature patterns and the gravity centers deviate to the high-density side can be obtained. According to the method, the gravity center shift of the particles is realized by using the density difference, so that the particles are directionally arranged under the action of gravity or fluid force in ink printing, the micro pattern sides are uniformly outward, and the significance and reliability of anti-counterfeiting characteristics are remarkably improved. The invention correspondingly provides micron-sized anti-counterfeiting particles and application thereof in preparation of anti-counterfeiting ink.

The invention discloses a bimodal bionic touch sensing electronic skin system for a robot face and a preparation method of the bimodal bionic touch sensing electronic skin system. The system constructs a double-layer elastic sensing structure based on laser induced graphene (LIG), has skin-like static and dynamic tactile sensing functions, can realize real-time identification and feedback of external mechanical stimulation, transfers LIG patterns to a flexible elastic substrate with high quality through a universal low-temperature transfer printing process, and can be used for preparing a flexible elastic film. Physical structure interlocking and mechanical property regulation and control of a transfer printing interface are realized by utilizing a phase change mechanism of a transfer printing medium at a glass-transition temperature or a freezing point. By means of the method, high-quality, high-efficiency and batched LIG transfer printing can be achieved, the minimum thickness of an elastomer transfer printing substrate is 6.7 microns, and the Young modulus is 3.9 kPa. The ultrathin and soft touch electronic skin and the rigid robot face have good fitness and mechanical flexibility, the application limitation of a rigid sensor in a complex curved surface area is broken through, and the ultrathin and soft touch electronic skin is particularly suitable for equipment such as a robot with an emotional interaction function.

The application discloses a kind of PVD and printing integrated decoration pattern method and system, it is related to surface decoration processing technical field, the method fuses Imprinting positive and negative face transfer printing process and PVD coating technology, through integrated process design, realize the synchronous forming of decorative pattern and functional coating, give consideration to pattern delicacy, coating stability and product double-sided decoration demand.The method of the application includes mold pretreatment, UV glue transfer substrate forming, integrated PVD coating and printing, solidification forming and post-processing etc., system is correspondingly provided with mold module, transfer module, integrated processing module, solidification module and detection module.Adopt the application can realize first texture depth 10-240 μm, surface hardness reaches 8H decorative effect, coating adhesion grade is greater than or equal to 4B, wear resistance is increased by more than 30%, widely used in consumer electronics products, automobile trim parts, household appliance shell and other fields, significantly improve production efficiency and product added value.

The utility model belongs to the field of packaging materials, and particularly relates to a delayed fluorescent laser anti-counterfeiting hot stamping foil, which is characterized in that a release layer, a first laser mould pressing coating, a delayed fluorescent pattern layer, a color printing pattern layer, a second laser holographic layer, a reflective layer and a back adhesive layer are sequentially arranged on the surface of a hot stamping foil base material, the number of the time-delay fluorescent pattern layers is multiple, the fluorescence disappearance time of each time-delay fluorescent pattern layer is different, and the time-delay fluorescent pattern layers are printed at the hollowed-out windows in an aligned or sleeved mode. The laser anti-counterfeiting technology and the delayed fluorescent anti-counterfeiting technology are applied to the hot stamping foil, so that the anti-counterfeiting performance of the hot stamping foil is improved.

To provide a transfer module, a solar cell, and a manufacturing method for the same, which enable easy manufacture of a narrow grid line and are advantageous in reducing the loss of conductive paste.SOLUTION: A transfer module 10 includes a carrier 11 and a first conductive wire 12. The carrier 11 has a first surface 111. On the first surface 111, a first concave groove 11a is provided. At least a part of the first conductive wire 12 is provided inside the first concave groove 11a. The first conductive wire 12 and a groove wall of the first concave groove 11a define a first housing cavity 11b on a side closer to a notch of the first concave groove 11a of the first conductive wire 12. That is to say, in the first concave groove 11a, the first housing cavity 11b is formed on the side closer to the notch of the first concave groove 11a of the first conductive wire 12. The first housing cavity 11b is to house the conductive paste and the first conductive wire 12 is configured to be detachable from the first concave groove 11a by external energy.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

A process method for achieving single-pass foil stamping and heat transfer printing, the process method comprising the following steps: simultaneously loading heat-activated adhesive ink and dye-sublimation ink into an inkjet printer having multiple nozzles; simultaneously printing the heat-activated adhesive ink and the dye-sublimation ink onto a hot stamping transfer foil according to a set pattern; performing a drying process; applying the dried hot stamping transfer foil to a fabric, and performing heat pressing; and after cooling, removing a portion of the hot stamping transfer foil that has not adhered to the fabric, so as to obtain a color-printed fabric having a foil stamping effect. The dye-sublimation ink comprises one of a styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, an acrylic polymer, and an acrylic-modified resin, and the heat-activated adhesive ink comprises at least one of a waterborne thermoplastic polycarbonate-based polyurethane, a waterborne thermoplastic polyether-based polyurethane, and a waterborne thermoplastic acrylic resin.

The invention relates to the technical field of stickers, in particular to a preparation method of a 3D foaming sticker. The invention provides a preparation method of a 3D foaming sticker, which comprises the following steps: printing a pattern on the surface of a heat transfer printing film to form a printing layer, and compounding with a plastic sheet to obtain a composite base material; the composite base material is placed on a 3D mold to be heated and softened, and a 3D model is formed through negative pressure adsorption; the 3D modeling base material is placed into a foaming mold, a foaming material is injected, the bottom paper layer is covered for mold closing, and patterns are synchronously transferred to the surface of a foaming body through the hot melt adhesive layer in the foaming curing process; and finally, removing the heat transfer printing film, and carrying out non-contact outline cutting on the foaming body by adopting a high-frequency energy field. The 3D foaming paster overcomes the defects that a traditional epoxy resin paster is high in hardness and not environmentally friendly, and the prepared 3D foaming paster has the advantages of being soft in touch feeling, good in three-dimensional effect, adjustable in rebound resilience, clear in pattern, good in environmental friendliness and the like, and is suitable for decoration and decompression paster products used by various people.

An apparatus and method are disclosed for transferring patterns carried by a web of a deformable plastics material onto substrates. The apparatus comprises a nip defined between at least one nip roller and a backing support through which the substrates are passed simultaneously with the web and by means of which pressure is applied to effect transfer of the patterns from the web to the substrates. In the invention, a web heater and a web tensioner are arranged upstream of the nip, and a control unit is provided for controlling the web heater and the web tensioner in dependence upon data indicative of the lengths and widths of the patterns on the web prior to transfer, or of the patterns on the substrates after transfer, so as to ensure that, after transfer to the substrates, the patterns conform to a desired length and width.

The present application relates to a kind of preparation method of full solid battery double-layer ultrathin electrolyte film based on transfer printing technology.The present application utilizes the high voltage stability of halide layer and the high ionic conductivity of sulfide layer to synergistically improve the cycle life and high rate performance of battery and other performances through halide / sulfide double-layer electrolyte design.Further, the transfer printing process of multi-layer electrolyte film is designed specifically, and the gradient drying process can avoid substrate deformation, effectively prevent halide / sulfide interlayer cracking, and enhance the interlayer adhesion, achieving electrode thinning, high mechanical strength and interface stability.The present application solves the technical bottleneck of the application difficulty of double-layer electrolyte structure in full solid battery through material system optimization and transfer printing process innovation, and is suitable for the industrial production of high energy density solid state battery.

The application discloses a matte leather transfer film and a preparation method thereof, and is used for improving the bending resistance and friction resistance of a leather transfer product. The method comprises the following steps: providing a carrier substrate, coating a release agent on the carrier substrate, and forming a release layer after drying and curing; placing matt powder in an organic solvent, performing ultrasonic immersion pretreatment, adding a surface treatment agent after the pretreatment, and obtaining a surface-modified matt powder filter cake; adding a dispersing agent in the surface-modified matt powder filter cake, and preparing matt powder slurry; uniformly mixing the matt powder slurry, a resin, a solvent and a colorant, and forming colored coating; coating the colored coating on the release layer, and obtaining a colored layer; coating aliphatic polyurethane protective layer coating on the colored layer, and obtaining a protective layer with a dry film thickness of 3-8 microns; coating a hot melt adhesive on the protective layer, and obtaining a semi-finished matte leather transfer film; and aging the semi-finished matte leather transfer film for 24-48 hours, and obtaining a finished matte leather transfer film.

The application provides a production method of a water transfer printing paper hot stamping foil, which comprises the following steps: providing a base film layer; forming a transfer coating layer on the base film layer; forming at least one information layer on the transfer coating layer; locally forming a latent anti-counterfeiting layer on the information layer; forming a plating layer on the information layer with the latent anti-counterfeiting layer; and forming a back adhesive layer on the plating layer. The production method of the water transfer printing paper hot stamping foil can produce a water transfer printing paper hot stamping foil which is resistant to high-temperature baking, water and solvent corrosion, and cracking and bubbling after high-temperature baking. The application also relates to a water transfer printing paper hot stamping foil.