A battery polarity identification circuit and charger

Abstract

A kind of battery polarity identification circuit and charger, circuit includes voltage reduction circuit, rectification filter module, voltage sampling module, main control module, charging path control module and battery interface, the voltage sampling module is used to detect the voltage at the two ends of the battery interface, and voltage information is sent to main control module, the main control module is configured to control the charging path control module according to the voltage information, the charging path control module is configured to select the charging path matched with current battery polarity under the control of the main control module.The utility model embodiment selects the charging path matched with polarity direction by voltage sampling module real-time detection battery interface voltage, main control module dynamically controls charging path control module, realizes self-adapting polarity identification and charging protection, with the advantages of simple structure, polarity identification accurate and charging process safety controllable.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the fields of electronics and battery charging technology, specifically to a battery polarity identification circuit and charger. Background Technology

[0002] With the widespread use of portable electronic devices and small energy storage systems, battery-based power supply solutions have become one of the mainstream configurations. Among various battery charging devices, how to efficiently and safely manage charging has become a key focus of the industry.

[0003] However, existing battery charging circuits generally suffer from problems such as complex structure, insufficient circuit protection, or unstable polarity identification. Some traditional solutions rely solely on current-limiting resistors or mechanical protection components to prevent reverse polarity, failing to achieve true adaptive identification. Even if some products have polarity judgment functions, they often rely on complex analog comparators or discrete components to determine the voltage direction, resulting in lengthy wiring, high costs, and reliability that is easily affected by voltage fluctuations. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to address the shortcomings and deficiencies of existing technologies by providing a battery polarity identification circuit that has the advantages of simple structure, accurate polarity identification, and safe and controllable charging process.

[0005] This application provides a battery polarity identification circuit, the technical solution of which is as follows: A battery polarity identification circuit includes a step-down circuit, a rectifier and filter module, a voltage sampling module, a main control module, a charging path control module, and a battery interface. The step-down circuit is connected to the charging path control module and the rectifier and filter module. The rectifier and filter module is connected to the main control module. The main control module is connected to the voltage sampling module and the charging path control module. The charging path control module is connected to the battery interface. The voltage sampling module is connected to the battery interface. The voltage sampling module is used to detect the voltage across the battery interface and send the voltage information to the main control module. The main control module is configured to control the charging path control module based on the voltage information. The charging path control module is configured to select a charging path that matches the current battery polarity under the control of the main control module.

[0006] Furthermore, this application also proposes that the step-down circuit includes a transformer, and the secondary winding of the transformer includes a first output terminal P1 and a second output terminal P2.

[0007] Furthermore, this application also proposes that the charging path control module includes a first charging path and a second charging path, wherein: The first charging path is used to be activated when the positive and negative terminals of the battery are connected in the first direction. The second charging path is used to conduct when the battery's positive and negative terminals are connected in the second direction.

[0008] Furthermore, this application also proposes that the first charging path includes a first conducting device Q1 and a fourth conducting device Q4, and the second charging path includes a second conducting device Q2 and a third conducting device Q3, wherein the first conducting device Q1, the second conducting device Q2, the third conducting device Q3, and the fourth conducting device Q4 are MOSFETs, wherein: The drain of the first conducting device Q1 is connected to the positive output of the rectifier and filter module, and the other end is connected to the first end of the battery interface. The source of the fourth conducting device Q4 is connected to the negative output of the rectifier and filter module, and the other end is connected to the second end of the battery interface. The drain of the second conducting device Q2 is connected to the positive output of the rectifier and filter module, and the other end is connected to the second end of the battery interface. The source of the third conducting device Q3 is connected to the negative output of the rectifier and filter module, and the other end is connected to the first end of the battery interface. The first conducting device Q1, the second conducting device Q2, the third conducting device Q3, and the fourth conducting device Q4 are respectively connected to the control terminal of the main control module.

[0009] Furthermore, this application also proposes that the rectifier-filter module includes a rectifier unit and a filter unit, wherein the rectifier unit is used to convert the AC power output from the step-down circuit into pulsating DC power, and the filter unit is used to filter the pulsating DC power output from the rectifier unit.

[0010] Furthermore, this application also proposes that the rectifier unit includes resistors R6 and R7, a fifth conducting device Q6, and a sixth conducting device Q7, wherein the fifth conducting device Q6 and the sixth conducting device Q7 are MOSFETs, wherein: The drain of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the second output terminal P2 of the buck circuit. The source of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the source of the sixth conducting device Q7. The drain of the sixth conducting device Q7 is connected to the second output terminal P2 of the buck circuit. The gate of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the gate of the sixth conducting device Q7 through resistors R6 and R7. The source of the sixth conducting device Q7 is connected to the filter unit and the ground terminal.

[0011] Furthermore, this application also proposes that the filtering unit includes capacitors C1 and C2 connected in parallel, one end of the filtering unit is connected to the step-down circuit and the charging path control module, and the other end of the filtering unit is connected to the source of the sixth conducting device Q7.

[0012] Furthermore, this application also proposes that the voltage sampling module includes a first voltage divider resistor R1, a second voltage divider resistor R2, a third voltage divider resistor R3, and a fourth voltage divider resistor R4, wherein: The first voltage divider resistor R1 and the second voltage divider resistor R2 are connected in series between the first terminal of the battery interface and ground. The midpoint of their voltage dividers is connected to the first sampling input terminal of the main control module to detect the voltage of the first output terminal P1. The third voltage divider resistor R3 and the fourth voltage divider resistor R4 are connected in series between the second terminal of the battery interface and ground. The midpoint of their voltage divider is connected to the second sampling input terminal of the main control module to detect the voltage of the second output terminal P2. The main control module is configured to compare the voltage values ​​of the first sampling input terminal and the second sampling input terminal to determine the positive and negative connection directions of the battery.

[0013] Furthermore, this application also proposes that it includes a power supply control module, which includes a switching transistor Q5. The source of the switching transistor Q5 is connected to the first output terminal P1 and the filter unit, the drain of the switching transistor Q5 is connected to the charging path control module, and the gate is connected to the control output terminal of the main control module. The main control module is configured to output a shutdown signal to the switching transistor Q5 when it determines that the battery is fully charged.

[0014] Furthermore, this application also proposes a charger that includes the aforementioned battery polarity identification circuit.

[0015] This utility model embodiment uses a voltage sampling module to detect the battery interface voltage in real time, and the main control module dynamically controls the charging path control module to select a charging path that matches the polarity direction, thereby achieving adaptive polarity identification and charging protection. It has the advantages of simple structure, accurate polarity identification, and safe and controllable charging process. Attached Figure Description

[0016] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this utility model or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0017] Figure 1 This is a circuit structure block diagram of an embodiment of the present utility model; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the circuit principle of an embodiment of the present invention.

[0018] Figure label: 100. Step-down circuit; 200. Rectifier and filter module; 300. Voltage sampling module; 400. Main control module; 500. Charging path control module; 600. Storage battery; 700. Power supply control module. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0020] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present utility model and is not intended to limit the present utility model. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art can make modifications to this embodiment without contributing any inventive element, but as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present utility model, they are protected by patent law.

[0021] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this utility model clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this utility model, and not all embodiments. The components of the embodiments of this utility model described and shown in the accompanying drawings can generally be arranged and designed in various different configurations. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. In existing technologies, portable electronic devices and small energy storage systems widely adopt the 600 battery power supply solution, making the safety management of charging equipment a key concern in the industry. Traditional 600 battery charging circuits suffer from complex structures and insufficient protection functions. Some solutions rely on current-limiting resistors or mechanical components to prevent reverse polarity connection, failing to achieve adaptive identification. Although polarity determination schemes based on analog comparators exist, they suffer from drawbacks such as lengthy wiring, high cost, and reliability affected by voltage fluctuations.

[0022] To address the aforementioned issues and overcome the limitation of traditional solutions in dynamically adjusting the charging path, a polarity adaptive control approach is proposed, utilizing coordinated control of voltage detection and path switching. By analyzing the structural redundancy caused by excessive discrete components in existing technologies, a closed-loop control mechanism is constructed by integrating voltage sampling with the main control module 400. Further investigation reveals that the separation of the traditional rectifier / filter module 200 from the charging path control module 500 leads to energy loss; therefore, their integration is explored to simplify the circuit structure.

[0023] Therefore, refer to Figure 1This application proposes a battery 600 polarity identification circuit, including a step-down circuit 100, a rectifier and filter module 200, a voltage sampling module 300, a main control module 400, a charging path control module 500, and a battery 600 interface. The step-down circuit 100 is connected to the charging path control module 500 and the rectifier and filter module 200. The rectifier and filter module 200 is connected to the main control module 400. The main control module 400 is connected to the voltage sampling module 300 and the charging path control module 500. The charging path control module 500 is connected to the battery 600 interface, and the voltage sampling module 300 is connected to the battery 600 interface.

[0024] The components include: a step-down circuit 100, which converts the input voltage to a suitable charging voltage level (using a transformer or switching power supply) to provide the appropriate operating voltage for subsequent circuits; a rectifier and filter module 200, which converts AC to DC (using a bridge rectifier circuit with capacitor filtering) to eliminate voltage ripple; a voltage sampling module 300, which monitors the voltage at the battery 600 terminals in real time (using a voltage divider resistor network) to obtain the battery 600's polarity information; a main control module 400, which processes voltage signals and outputs control commands (using a microcontroller or logic circuit) to control charging path switching based on sampling results; and a charging path control module 500, which executes the switching of charging circuits (using a MOSFET array) to establish a conductive path matching the battery 600's polarity.

[0025] Specifically, when the battery 600 is connected to the interface, the voltage sampling module 300 detects the voltage at both ends of the interface in real time and transmits the voltage information to the main control module 400. The main control module 400 determines the polarity direction of the battery 600 by comparing the voltage values ​​at the two sampling points and generates a corresponding control signal, which is sent to the charging path control module 500. The charging path control module 500 conducts the corresponding MOSFET combination according to the control signal, forming a charging circuit that matches the polarity of the battery 600. The rectifier and filter module 200 converts the stepped-down AC power into smooth DC power, which is then used to charge the battery 600 radially through the conductive path. When an abnormal polarity is detected, the main control module 400 can cut off the conduction state of the charging path control module 500 to prevent reverse charging.

[0026] Compared to existing technologies, traditional solutions require additional polarity determination circuits and protection relays. This solution directly processes the sampling signal and controls the MOSFET array through the main control module 400, reducing the number of discrete components. In existing technologies, the rectifier circuit and path control module are independently configured; this solution optimizes the energy transfer path by directly connecting the rectifier filter module 200 to the charging path control module 500. Compared to solutions relying on mechanical contact switching, this solution uses a fully electronic control method, avoiding reliability degradation caused by contact oxidation.

[0027] Through the above technical solution, this embodiment achieves automatic identification of the polarity of the 600 battery and dynamic switching of the charging path, eliminating the need for manual polarity correction. The circuit structure is effectively simplified, reducing the number of discrete components and lowering production costs. The adoption of a fully electronic control mechanism avoids mechanical contact losses and improves the long-term stability of the system. The collaborative work of the voltage sampling module 300 and the main control module 400 ensures the real-time performance and accuracy of polarity determination.

[0028] Further reference Figure 2 The step-down circuit 100 includes a transformer, and the secondary winding of the transformer includes a first output terminal P1 and a second output terminal P2.

[0029] It should be noted that a transformer is an electrical device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to convert voltage. Specifically, it can be implemented using a wound iron core structure, with the output voltage adjusted by the turns ratio of the primary and secondary windings. The secondary winding refers to the coil portion of the transformer used to output the converted voltage. It can be constructed using a symmetrical structure with two parallel wires. The first output terminal P1 and the second output terminal P2 refer to two independent sets of output terminals on the secondary winding, which can be implemented using copper terminals to provide AC voltages with opposite phase to subsequent circuits.

[0030] Furthermore, the charging path control module 500 includes a first charging path and a second charging path. The first charging path is used to conduct when the positive and negative terminals of the battery 600 are connected in a first direction, and the second charging path is used to conduct when the positive and negative terminals of the battery 600 are connected in a second direction.

[0031] The first charging path refers to a current path composed of two conducting devices, specifically a MOSFET. The gate control signal is provided by the main control module 400, which controls the on / off state of the MOSFET to switch the charging circuit. The second charging path refers to another current path composed of two conducting devices, specifically MOSFETs arranged symmetrically with the first path. When the polarity of the battery 600 changes, the main control module 400 forms a new charging circuit by switching the combination of conducting devices. The first direction refers to the wiring state where the positive terminal of the battery 600 is connected to the first terminal of the interface and the negative terminal is connected to the second terminal of the interface; the second direction refers to the wiring state where the positive terminal of the battery 600 is connected to the second terminal of the interface and the negative terminal is connected to the first terminal of the interface.

[0032] Specifically, the first charging path includes a first conducting device Q1 and a fourth conducting device Q4, and the second charging path includes a second conducting device Q2 and a third conducting device Q3. The first conducting device Q1, the second conducting device Q2, the third conducting device Q3, and the fourth conducting device Q4 are MOSFETs. The drain of the first conducting device Q1 is connected to the positive output of the rectifier-filter module 200, and the other end is connected to the first terminal of the battery 600 interface. The source of the fourth conducting device Q4 is connected to the negative output of the rectifier-filter module 200, and the other end is connected to the second terminal of the battery 600 interface. The drain of the second conducting device Q2 is connected to the positive output of the rectifier-filter module 200, and the other end is connected to the second terminal of the battery 600 interface. The source of the third conducting device Q3 is connected to the negative output of the rectifier-filter module 200, and the other end is connected to the first terminal of the battery 600 interface. The first conducting device Q1, the second conducting device Q2, the third conducting device Q3, and the fourth conducting device Q4 are respectively connected to the control terminal of the main control module 400.

[0033] Among them, MOS refers to metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, which can be implemented using N-channel or P-channel enhancement-mode MOS transistors. Its gate voltage can control the conduction state, making it suitable for high-frequency switching scenarios.

[0034] The connection between the drain and the positive output terminal refers to the electrical connection between the drain terminal of the MOSFET and the positive terminal of the rectified and filtered DC power supply. This can be achieved through copper foil traces or wire soldering, and is used to transfer charging current.

[0035] The connection between the source and the output negative terminal refers to the electrical connection between the source terminal of the MOSFET and the negative terminal of the rectified and filtered DC power supply. This can be achieved using a ground plane or a negative wire to form a current loop.

[0036] The main control module 400 control terminal connection refers to the connection between the gate terminal of the MOS transistor and the GPIO pin of the main control chip. Specifically, it can be achieved through optocoupler isolation or level conversion circuit, and is used to receive control signals to switch the conduction state.

[0037] In practical implementation, when the positive and negative terminals of the battery 600 interface are matched with the charger output terminal, the main control module 400 sends a high-level signal to the gates of the first conducting device Q1 and the fourth conducting device Q4, causing them to conduct and form the first charging path. Current flows from the positive terminal of the rectifier-filter module 200 through Q1 to the positive terminal of the battery 600, then through the negative terminal of the battery 600 to Q4 and back to the negative terminal of the rectifier-filter module 200. When the polarity of the battery 600 interface is reversed, the main control module 400 turns off Q1 and Q4, and instead turns on the second conducting device Q2 and the third conducting device Q3, causing current to flow from the positive terminal of the rectifier-filter module 200 through Q2 to the negative terminal of the battery 600, then through the positive terminal of the battery 600 to Q3 and back to the negative terminal of the rectifier-filter module 200. The bidirectional controllable characteristic of the MOSFETs eliminates the need for mechanical contacts when switching the charging path; the main control module 400 dynamically adjusts the conduction combination by sampling the voltage polarity of the battery 600 interface in real time.

[0038] This embodiment implements automatic polarity adaptation for the charging path, ensuring an effective charging circuit can be formed regardless of the positive or negative connection of the battery 600, eliminating the risk of equipment damage due to reverse polarity. The fast response characteristics of the MOSFETs allow charging path switching to be completed in milliseconds, guaranteeing the continuity of the charging process. The main control module 400's independent control capability over the four MOSFETs enhances system fault tolerance, enabling the use of backup paths to maintain charging operation in the event of a single MOSFET failure.

[0039] Furthermore, the rectifier and filter module 200 includes a rectifier unit and a filter unit. The rectifier unit is used to convert the AC power output by the step-down circuit 100 into pulsating DC power, and the filter unit is used to filter the pulsating DC power output by the rectifier unit.

[0040] The rectifier unit refers to the circuit module that converts alternating current into pulsating direct current. Specifically, it can be implemented using a bridge structure that combines MOSFETs and resistors, and the current direction can be switched by controlling the conduction state of the MOSFETs.

[0041] The filtering unit refers to the circuit module that eliminates high-frequency noise in pulsating DC power. Specifically, it can be implemented using a parallel capacitor structure, which smooths the voltage waveform through the charging and discharging characteristics of the capacitor.

[0042] In practical implementation, the AC power output from the buck circuit 100 is converted into pulsating DC power by the MOS bridge structure in the rectifier unit. The gates of the MOS transistors are controlled by a resistor network to ensure unidirectional current flow. The pulsating DC power is then input to the filter unit, where voltage fluctuations are absorbed by parallel capacitors, ultimately outputting smooth DC power to supply the charging path control module 500. During this process, the coordinated operation of the rectifier and filter units effectively reduces voltage ripple and avoids the impact of high-frequency interference on the sampling accuracy of the main control module 400.

[0043] This embodiment solves the problems of large size and low efficiency of traditional rectifier and filter circuits. While ensuring voltage stability, it significantly reduces circuit complexity and manufacturing cost, and improves the ability to suppress high-frequency interference.

[0044] Specifically, the rectifier unit includes resistors R6 and R7, a fifth conducting device Q6, and a sixth conducting device Q7. The fifth conducting device Q6 and the sixth conducting device Q7 are MOSFETs. The drain of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the second output terminal P2 of the buck circuit 100, the source of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the source of the sixth conducting device Q7, the drain of the sixth conducting device Q7 is connected to the second output terminal P2 of the buck circuit 100, the gate of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the gate of the sixth conducting device Q7 through resistors R6 and R7, and the source of the sixth conducting device Q7 is connected to the filter unit and the ground terminal.

[0045] In this circuit, resistors R6 and R7 are voltage divider resistors connected in series between the gates of the fifth conducting device Q6 and the sixth conducting device Q7. These can be implemented using surface-mount resistors with fixed resistance values ​​and are used to adjust the amplitude of the MOSFET gate drive voltage. The fifth and sixth conducting devices Q6 and Q7 are MOSFETs with bidirectional conduction capability, specifically N-channel enhancement-mode MOSFETs. The conduction state between the source and drain is controlled by the gate voltage to achieve the conversion of AC to pulsating DC. The filter unit is an energy storage element composed of capacitors, specifically electrolytic capacitors or ceramic capacitors, used to absorb the high-frequency ripple components of the rectified voltage.

[0046] Specifically, the filter unit includes capacitors C1 and C2 connected in parallel. One end of the filter unit is connected to the step-down circuit 100 and the charging path control module 500, and the other end of the filter unit is connected to the source of the sixth conducting device Q7.

[0047] The parallel connection of capacitors C1 and C2 refers to two capacitors connected in parallel to the circuit. Electrolytic or ceramic capacitors can be used to absorb ripple currents of different frequencies. Capacitor C1 filters low-frequency ripple, while capacitor C2 filters high-frequency ripple; they work together to improve the filtering effect. Connecting the other end of the filter unit to the source of the sixth conducting device Q7 ensures that the filtered DC reference point is at the same potential as the source of Q7. This is achieved by connecting the negative terminal of a capacitor to the source of Q7, ensuring electrical connection consistency between the filter unit and the rectifier unit and preventing voltage sampling errors due to reference point potential differences.

[0048] Furthermore, the voltage sampling module 300 includes a first voltage divider resistor R1, a second voltage divider resistor R2, a third voltage divider resistor R3, and a fourth voltage divider resistor R4. The first voltage divider resistor R1 and the second voltage divider resistor R2 are connected in series between the first terminal of the battery 600 interface and ground, and their voltage divider midpoints are connected to the first sampling input terminal of the main control module 400 for detecting the voltage of the first output terminal P1. The third voltage divider resistor R3 and the fourth voltage divider resistor R4 are connected in series between the second terminal of the battery 600 interface and ground, and their voltage divider midpoints are connected to the second sampling input terminal of the main control module 400 for detecting the voltage of the second output terminal P2. The main control module 400 is configured to compare the voltage values ​​of the first sampling input terminal and the second sampling input terminal to determine the positive and negative connection directions of the battery 600.

[0049] The voltage divider resistors are resistors that divide the voltage through series connection. Specifically, they can be implemented using 1% precision metal film resistors with resistance values ​​ranging from 10kΩ to 100kΩ. These resistors convert the high voltage from the battery 600 interface into a low voltage signal suitable for processing by the main control module 400. The voltage divider midpoint is the connection point between the two series resistors. Specifically, it can be directly connected to the ADC input pin of the main control chip via PCB traces, used to transmit a proportionally scaled voltage detection value to the main control module 400. The voltage comparison function of the main control module 400 refers to its built-in analog-to-digital converter and logic judgment program. This can be implemented using a microcontroller with a dual-channel ADC, determining the polarity direction of the battery 600 by comparing the differences between the two sampled voltages in real time.

[0050] During operation, when the battery 600 is connected to the interface, the series branch consisting of the first voltage divider resistor R1 and the second voltage divider resistor R2 divides the voltage at the first terminal of the interface. The divided voltage value is sent to the main control module 400 through the first sampling input terminal. Simultaneously, another branch consisting of the third voltage divider resistor R3 and the fourth voltage divider resistor R4 divides the voltage at the second terminal of the interface. The divided voltage value is transmitted to the main control module 400 through the second sampling input terminal. The program embedded in the main control module 400 continuously monitors the relative magnitudes of the two sampled voltages. When the voltage at the first sampling terminal is detected to be higher than that at the second sampling terminal, it is determined that the positive terminal of the battery 600 is connected to the first terminal of the interface; otherwise, the polarity is determined to be opposite. This judgment logic does not rely on an external comparator and directly utilizes the built-in resources of the main control module 400 to complete polarity identification.

[0051] This embodiment achieves a high degree of integration of the battery 600 polarity detection circuit, simplifying the hardware structure while ensuring detection accuracy. The symmetrical design of the voltage divider resistor network eliminates the error accumulation problem that may exist in single-channel detection. The dual-channel voltage sampling combined with the difference comparison of the main control module 400 significantly improves the reliability of polarity judgment and effectively avoids the risk of damage to charging equipment due to wiring errors.

[0052] In one embodiment, the system further includes a power supply control module 700, which includes a switching transistor Q5. The source of the switching transistor Q5 is connected to the first output terminal P1 and the filter unit, the drain of the switching transistor Q5 is connected to the charging path control module 500, and the gate of the switching transistor Q5 is connected to the control output terminal of the main control module 400. The main control module 400 is configured to output a shutdown signal to the switching transistor Q5 when it is determined that the battery 600 is fully charged.

[0053] Among them, the power supply control module 700 refers to the functional module that controls the on and off of the charging main circuit through switching devices. Specifically, it can be implemented by using a MOSFET as a switching device, whose gate receives control signals to turn on or off the current path.

[0054] Among them, the switching transistor Q5 refers to the semiconductor device used to cut off or restore the charging current path. Specifically, it can be implemented using an N-channel MOSFET. Its source is connected to the power input terminal, and its drain is connected to the charging output terminal. The conduction state between the source and drain can be controlled by the change of the gate voltage.

[0055] The main control module 400 is configured to determine the full charge status of the battery 600 by comparing the voltage sampling data with a preset threshold. Specifically, it can be implemented using the internal program algorithm of the microcontroller. When the voltage at the battery 600 terminal is detected to reach the cutoff voltage, a control signal is triggered to output.

[0056] In practice, when the main control module 400 detects through the voltage sampling module 300 that the voltage across the interface of the battery 600 has reached the preset full-charge threshold, its control output sends a low-level signal to the gate of the switching transistor Q5. This creates a high-impedance state between the source and drain of the switching transistor Q5, thereby cutting off the power supply circuit from the filter unit to the charging path control module 500. During this process, the DC power output by the filter unit cannot be transmitted to subsequent circuits through the switching transistor, and the charging process is forcibly terminated.

[0057] In some specific embodiments, the source of the switching transistor Q5 can be connected to the node between the first output terminal P1 and the filter unit, and the drain can be directly connected to the power input terminal of the charging path control module 500 through a wire. A current-limiting resistor can be connected in series between the gate and the control output terminal to prevent damage from overcurrent. The DC voltage output by the filter unit can provide a driving voltage for the MOSFET in the charging path control module 500 when the switching transistor is turned on, and when the switching transistor is turned off, the charging path control module 500 automatically disconnects all charging paths due to power loss. This application further proposes a charger, which includes a battery 600 polarity identification circuit. The battery 600 polarity identification circuit consists of a step-down circuit 100, a rectifier and filter module 200, a voltage sampling module 300, a main control module 400, a charging path control module 500, and a battery 600 interface. The step-down circuit 100 is connected to the charging path control module 500 and the rectifier and filter module 200. The rectifier and filter module 200 is connected to the main control module 400. The main control module 400 is connected to the voltage sampling module 300 and the charging path control module 500. The charging path control module 500 is connected to the battery 600 interface, and the voltage sampling module 300 is connected to the battery 600 interface.

[0058] Among them, the battery 600 polarity identification circuit refers to the circuit system that detects the voltage polarity of the battery 600 interface in real time through the voltage sampling module 300 and dynamically switches the charging path by the main control module 400. Specifically, the voltage signal can be collected by a voltage divider resistor network and combined with the microcontroller logic judgment to realize the polarity adaptive switching. This circuit can eliminate the dependence of traditional solutions on mechanical protection components.

[0059] The charger refers to a power supply device that integrates the polarity identification function of the 600-cell battery. Specifically, this can be achieved by embedding the polarity identification circuit inside the charger. This integrated design allows the charger to maintain a compact structure while having automatic polarity correction capabilities.

[0060] Specifically, during operation, the charger uses a rectifier and filter module 200 to convert the AC input into stable DC. The main control module 400 continuously monitors the voltage polarity across the battery 600 interface via a voltage sampling module 300. When a mismatch is detected between the positive and negative connection directions of the battery 600 and the current charging path, the main control module 400 outputs a control signal to switch the MOSFET conduction combination in the charging path control module 500, ensuring that the charging current always flows in the correct direction. For example, in the case of reverse connection of the battery 600, the main control module 400 can turn off the original conducting MOSFET group and activate the backup conducting group within milliseconds, ensuring that the charging process is not affected by polarity errors.

[0061] This embodiment effectively solves the risk of device damage caused by the lack of polarity recognition function in traditional chargers, and avoids charging interruption problems caused by incorrect polarity connection. The integrated polarity recognition circuit enables the charger to achieve intelligent polarity correction while maintaining its original size, and at the same time reduces the probability of system failure caused by the failure of discrete components, thereby improving the safety and reliability of the charging process.

[0062] The above is only used to illustrate the technical solution of this utility model and not to limit it. Any other modifications or equivalent substitutions made by those skilled in the art to the technical solution of this utility model, as long as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of this utility model, should be covered within the scope of the claims of this utility model.

Claims

1. A battery polarity identification circuit, characterized in that, The system includes a step-down circuit, a rectifier and filter module, a voltage sampling module, a main control module, a charging path control module, and a battery interface. The step-down circuit is connected to the charging path control module and the rectifier and filter module. The rectifier and filter module is connected to the main control module. The main control module is connected to the voltage sampling module and the charging path control module. The charging path control module is connected to the battery interface. The voltage sampling module is connected to the battery interface. The voltage sampling module is used to detect the voltage at both ends of the battery interface and send the voltage information to the main control module. The main control module is configured to control the charging path control module according to the voltage information. The charging path control module is configured to select a charging path that matches the current battery polarity under the control of the main control module.

2. The battery polarity identification circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step-down circuit includes a transformer, and the secondary winding of the transformer includes a first output terminal P1 and a second output terminal P2.

3. The battery polarity identification circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that, The charging path control module includes a first charging path and a second charging path, wherein: The first charging path is used to conduct when the positive and negative terminals of the battery are connected in the first direction; The second charging path is used to conduct when the positive and negative terminals of the battery are connected in the second direction.

4. The battery polarity identification circuit according to claim 3, characterized in that, The first charging path includes a first conducting device Q1 and a fourth conducting device Q4, and the second charging path includes a second conducting device Q2 and a third conducting device Q3. The first conducting device Q1, the second conducting device Q2, the third conducting device Q3, and the fourth conducting device Q4 are MOSFETs, wherein: The drain of the first conducting device Q1 is connected to the positive output of the rectifier and filter module, and the other end is connected to the first end of the battery interface. The source of the fourth conducting device Q4 is connected to the negative output of the rectifier and filter module, and the other end is connected to the second end of the battery interface. The drain of the second conducting device Q2 is connected to the positive output of the rectifier and filter module, and the other end is connected to the second end of the battery interface; The source of the third conducting device Q3 is connected to the negative output of the rectifier and filter module, and the other end is connected to the first end of the battery interface. The first conducting device Q1, the second conducting device Q2, the third conducting device Q3, and the fourth conducting device Q4 are respectively connected to the control terminal of the main control module.

5. The battery polarity identification circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that, The rectifier and filter module includes a rectifier unit and a filter unit. The rectifier unit is used to convert the AC power output by the step-down circuit into pulsating DC power, and the filter unit is used to filter the pulsating DC power output by the rectifier unit.

6. The battery polarity identification circuit according to claim 5, characterized in that, The rectifier unit includes resistors R6 and R7, a fifth conducting device Q6, and a sixth conducting device Q7. The fifth conducting device Q6 and the sixth conducting device Q7 are MOSFETs. The drain of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the second output terminal P2 of the step-down circuit. The source of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the source of the sixth conducting device Q7. The drain of the sixth conducting device Q7 is connected to the second output terminal P2 of the step-down circuit. The gate of the fifth conducting device Q6 is connected to the gate of the sixth conducting device Q7 through the resistors R6 and R7. The source of the sixth conducting device Q7 is connected to the filter unit and the ground terminal.

7. The battery polarity identification circuit according to claim 6, characterized in that, The filtering unit includes capacitors C1 and C2 connected in parallel. One end of the filtering unit is connected to the step-down circuit and the charging path control module, and the other end of the filtering unit is connected to the source of the sixth conducting device Q7.

8. The battery polarity identification circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that, The voltage sampling module includes a first voltage divider resistor R1, a second voltage divider resistor R2, a third voltage divider resistor R3, and a fourth voltage divider resistor R4, wherein: The first voltage divider resistor R1 and the second voltage divider resistor R2 are connected in series between the first terminal of the battery interface and ground. The midpoint of their voltage dividers is connected to the first sampling input terminal of the main control module to detect the voltage of the first output terminal P1. The third voltage divider resistor R3 and the fourth voltage divider resistor R4 are connected in series between the second terminal of the battery interface and ground. The midpoint of their voltage dividers is connected to the second sampling input terminal of the main control module to detect the voltage of the second output terminal P2. The main control module is configured to compare the voltage values ​​of the first sampling input terminal and the second sampling input terminal to determine the positive and negative connection directions of the battery.

9. The battery polarity identification circuit according to claim 5, characterized in that, It also includes a power supply control module, which includes a switching transistor Q5. The source of the switching transistor Q5 is connected to the first output terminal P1 and the filter unit, the drain of the switching transistor Q5 is connected to the charging path control module, and the gate is connected to the control output terminal of the main control module. The main control module is configured to output a shutdown signal to the switching transistor Q5 when it determines that the battery is fully charged.

10. A charger, characterized in that, Includes the battery polarity identification circuit as described in any one of claims 1-9.

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