Method for manufacturing a light-emitting diode chip with a converter layer and light-emitting diode chip

Abstract

Method for manufacturing a light-emitting diode chip (100) with a converter layer (12), comprising the steps: - Application of a converter layer (12) to a first substrate (10), - Application of an inorganic first transparent layer (11) onto the converter layer (12), - Fabricating a semiconductor layer sequence (30) comprising an active layer (32) suitable for emitting radiation on a second substrate (20), and - Connecting the converter layer (12) to the semiconductor layer sequence (30) such that the first substrate (10) is arranged on a side of the converter layer (12) facing away from the semiconductor layer sequence (30); wherein (i) at least one further layer is produced on and / or in the converter layer (12) and the at least one further layer comprises an electrical connection layer (45, 46), a contact feedthrough (43, 44) and / or a mirror layer (16, 60); and / or (ii) the first substrate (10) has a mirror layer (16).

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a light-emitting diode chip with a converter layer and a light-emitting diode chip with the converter layer.

[0002] Document US 2010 / 0 314 650 A1 relates to a light-emitting module with a plate-like wavelength conversion element.

[0003] One task to be solved is to specify an improved method for manufacturing a light-emitting diode (LED) chip with a converter layer, characterized in particular by a particularly precise application of the converter layer with comparatively little effort. Furthermore, an LED chip with the converter layer that can be manufactured using this method should be specified.

[0004] These problems are solved by a method for manufacturing a light-emitting diode chip and a light-emitting diode chip according to the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments and further developments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims.

[0005] In the process for manufacturing a light-emitting diode (LED) chip, a converter layer is deposited onto a first substrate. The converter layer can comprise any converter material suitable for luminescence conversion of radiation emitted by the LED chip. In particular, luminescence conversion converts primary radiation emitted by the LED chip from a first wavelength range into secondary radiation from a second wavelength range, where the second wavelength range includes longer wavelengths than the first. For example, the emitted primary radiation can include light from the blue and / or ultraviolet (UV) range, and the secondary radiation can include light from the yellow spectral range. In this way, white light, for example, can be generated through additive color mixing.

[0006] An inorganic first transparent layer is deposited onto the converter layer. This inorganic first transparent layer is, in particular, a transparent encapsulation for the converter layer. Preferably, the converter layer does not contain any organic matrix material. The inorganic first transparent layer is, in particular, transparent to the radiation emitted by the LED chip, since the first transparent layer is positioned between the semiconductor layer sequence and the converter layer. The first transparent layer is specifically designed to establish a connection between the semiconductor layer sequence and the converter layer.

[0007] In this process, a semiconductor layer sequence, comprising an active layer suitable for radiation emission, is fabricated on a second substrate. The semiconductor layer sequence can be grown epitaxially on the second substrate. The second substrate is, in particular, an epitaxial substrate suitable for the epitaxial growth of the semiconductor layer sequence, such as a semiconductor material or sapphire.

[0008] The active layer of the semiconductor layer sequence can be configured, for example, as a pn junction, a double heterostructure, a single quantum well structure, or a multiple quantum well structure. The term quantum well structure encompasses any structure in which charge carriers undergo quantization of their energy states through confinement. In particular, the term quantum well structure does not specify the dimensionality of the quantization. It therefore includes, among other things, quantum wells, quantum wires, and quantum dots, and any combination of these structures.

[0009] The semiconductor layer sequence of the LED chip can, in particular, be based on a nitride compound semiconductor. In this context, "based on a nitride compound semiconductor" means that the semiconductor layer sequence, or at least one layer thereof, is a III nitride compound semiconductor material, preferably In x Al y Ga1-x-y N comprises, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, and x + y ≤ 1. This material does not necessarily have to have a mathematically exact composition according to the formula above. Rather, it can contain one or more dopants as well as additional components that impart the characteristic physical properties of the in x Al y Ga 1-x-y The N-materials do not change substantially. For the sake of simplicity, however, the formula above only includes the essential components of the crystal lattice (In, Al, Ga, N), even though these may be partially replaced by small amounts of other substances.

[0010] In this process, the converter layer is bonded to the semiconductor layer sequence in such a way that the first substrate is positioned on the side of the converter layer facing away from the semiconductor layer sequence. In other words, the first substrate, with the front side containing the converter layer, is deposited onto the front side of the second substrate, which contains the semiconductor layer sequence. This creates a composite that includes both the semiconductor layer sequence and the converter layer.

[0011] In the process according to the principle proposed here, the converter layer is fabricated separately from the semiconductor layer sequence and subsequently transferred to the semiconductor layer sequence fabricated on a second substrate. Fabricating the converter layer on a first substrate that is not the same as the substrate of the semiconductor layer sequence has the particular advantage that the converter layer can be produced with high accuracy and a precise thickness. The first substrate is, in particular, a planar substrate that advantageously has no three-dimensional structures. Because the converter layer is fabricated on the first substrate, no three-dimensional structures need to be formed during its fabrication, as might be the case when fabricating a converter layer on a finished LED chip.The converter layer can be produced using this method with a comparatively small thickness and a precisely controlled density of the converter material. This avoids deviations in the thickness of the converter layer and / or the density of the converter material across the area of ​​the semiconductor layer sequence of the LED chip. This is particularly advantageous for achieving a high contrast ratio in optoelectronic components such as microdisplays.

[0012] According to at least one embodiment, an inorganic second transparent layer is deposited onto the semiconductor layer sequence before the converter layer is connected to the semiconductor layer sequence. The first transparent layer and the second transparent layer are, in particular, transparent to the radiation emitted by the LED chip, since the transparent layers are arranged between the semiconductor layer sequence and the converter layer. The first transparent layer and the second transparent layer are specifically designed to establish a connection between the semiconductor layer sequence and the converter layer.

[0013] According to at least one embodiment, the converter layer is connected to the semiconductor layer sequence by directly bonding the first transparent layer to the second transparent layer. Direct bonding is a bonding technique, particularly for wafer bonding, in which no adhesion-promoting intermediate layers, such as adhesive layers, are used. Instead, the first and second transparent layers are brought into direct contact, with a bond forming between the layers at the interface through atomic bonding forces. This bonding effect can be based, in particular, on van der Waals forces.

[0014] According to at least one embodiment, the first transparent layer and the second transparent layer are oxide layers. Direct bonding is possible, for example, if the first transparent layer and the second transparent layer each consist of silicon oxide, particularly SiO2. Silicon oxide layers are characterized not only by their suitability for direct bonding but also by their high transparency.

[0015] The silicon oxide layers can, for example, be applied to the semiconductor body and the converter layer before direct bonding.

[0016] According to at least one embodiment, the first transparent layer and / or the second transparent layer is polished before bonding, preferably by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). This advantageously produces smooth interfaces with low roughness, which are beneficial for bonding by direct bonding.

[0017] According to at least one embodiment, the converter layer does not contain any organic matrix material. In particular, the converter layer contains no silicone or epoxy resin. This has the advantage of improved heat dissipation during operation of the LED chip. Furthermore, this prevents yellowing of the matrix material due to heat generation in applications where the LED chip is operated at high currents. The LED chip can advantageously be operated at temperatures exceeding the maximum possible operating temperature when using silicone. For example, silicone is thermally stable in the temperature range of approximately -40 °C to 150 °C. Due to the absence of organic matrix material in the converter layer, the LED chip described here can advantageously be operated at temperatures above 200 °C or even above 300 °C.Such high operating temperatures can be achieved, for example, when the LED chip is used in a car headlight or a stage light. Preferably, the entire LED chip contains no organic material. In this case, the LED chip is particularly resistant to heat and chemicals. Outgassing advantageously occurs only at very high temperatures of more than 300 °C and only in the range of a few atoms per hour per LED chip.

[0018] According to at least one embodiment, the converter layer has a thickness of no more than 5 µm, particularly preferably no more than 0.5 µm. The converter layer can, for example, have a thickness between 100 nm and 5 µm, preferably between 100 nm and 0.5 µm. The comparatively small thickness of the converter layer improves heat dissipation from the converter layer during operation of the LED chip.

[0019] According to at least one embodiment, the first substrate is removed after the converter layer is bonded to the semiconductor layer sequence. The first substrate can be removed, for example, by a laser lift-off process or by an etching process. In this embodiment of the process, the first substrate acts as an intermediate support for fabricating the converter layer and does not remain in the finished LED chip. After the first substrate is removed, the surface of the converter layer is advantageously exposed and thus accessible for further processing. In this case, the converter layer can advantageously be structured and / or provided with at least one further layer.

[0020] According to a first alternative of the method, at least one further layer is produced on and / or in the converter layer. "On the converter layer" can, in particular, mean that the at least one further layer is produced directly on the surface of the converter layer. The at least one further layer can, for example, be produced by a coating process on at least a portion of the surface of the converter layer after the first substrate has been detached from the converter layer. Furthermore, "in the converter layer" can, in particular, mean that the at least one further layer extends perpendicular to the main plane of the converter layer through the converter layer. For example, one or more openings can be created in the converter layer to allow, for instance, one or more contact feedthroughs to the semiconductor layer sequence.

[0021] According to at least the first alternative of the method, the at least one additional layer is an electrical connection layer, a contact feedthrough, or a mirror layer. For example, a surface of the converter layer facing away from the semiconductor layer sequence can be at least partially covered with an electrically conductive and / or reflective material. In this case, the at least one additional layer can, in particular, comprise a metal. In the case of a mirror layer, the at least one additional layer can comprise a metal, one or more dielectric layers, or reflective particles. Alternatively or additionally, one or more openings created in the converter layer can be filled with an electrically conductive and / or reflective material. In this configuration, conductive traces on the converter layer and / or contact feedthroughs in the converter layer can, in particular, be created.

[0022] According to at least one embodiment, the second substrate is removed from the semiconductor layer sequence either before or after the converter layer is bonded to the semiconductor layer sequence. The second substrate can be removed, for example, by a laser lift-off process or by an etching process. In this case, the first substrate, on which the converter layer is fabricated, can remain in the LED chip and thus serve as a support for the LED chip. After the second substrate is removed, the surface of the semiconductor layer sequence facing away from the converter layer is exposed and can, for example, serve as the radiation emission surface of the LED chip.Alternatively, the exposed surface of the semiconductor layer sequence, from which the second substrate has been detached, can be provided with one or more further layers, for example, a mirror layer and / or at least one electrical connection layer. In this configuration, the converter layer and / or the first substrate, which may remain attached to the converter layer, can serve as the radiation emission surface.

[0023] According to at least one embodiment of the method, the first substrate is transparent. The first substrate can, for example, be made of glass or sapphire. In this embodiment, radiation extraction through the first substrate can occur if the first substrate remains within the LED chip.

[0024] According to a second alternative of the method, the first substrate has a reflective layer, either as an alternative or in addition to the first alternative. The reflective layer can, for example, be applied to the first substrate before the converter layer is deposited. The reflective layer allows radiation emitted by the active layer to be reflected towards a radiation output surface, which in this configuration can be a surface of the semiconductor layer sequence opposite the converter layer.

[0025] A light-emitting diode (LED) chip is further specified. The LED chip comprises a semiconductor layer sequence, which includes an active layer suitable for emitting radiation, and a converter layer. A first inorganic transparent layer and a second inorganic transparent layer are arranged between the semiconductor layer sequence and the converter layer, and the first transparent layer and the second transparent layer are directly bonded to each other. In particular, no adhesion-promoting layer, such as an adhesive layer, is arranged between the semiconductor layer sequence and the converter layer.

[0026] The LED chip includes, in particular, an interface where the first inorganic transparent layer and the second inorganic transparent layer are directly bonded to one another, wherein the first transparent layer and the second transparent layer are advantageously oxide layers, especially SiO2 layers. The interface created by direct bonding can be detected in the finished LED chip.

[0027] Further advantageous embodiments of the light-emitting diode chip result from the previous description of the method as well as from the exemplary embodiments described below.

[0028] The invention is described below with reference to exemplary embodiments in connection with the Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12 to Fig. 13 explained in more detail, with the figures each showing at least partial aspects of the invention.

[0029] They show: Fig. 1A to 1F are a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment of the method based on intermediate steps, Fig. 2 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip, Fig. 3 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip, Fig. 4 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip, Fig. 5 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip, Fig. 6 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip, Fig. 7 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip, Fig. 8 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an example of the converter layer, Fig. 9 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an example of the converter layer, Fig. 10 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an example of the converter layer, Fig. 11 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an example of the converter layer, Fig. 12 a schematic representation of a cross-section through an example of the converter layer, and Fig. 13 a schematic representation of a top view of an embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip.

[0030] Identical or similarly functioning components are marked with the same reference symbols in the figures. The depicted components and their relative sizes are not to be considered to scale.

[0031] At the in Fig. In the schematically depicted process step 1A, a converter layer 12 is applied to a first substrate 10. The first substrate 10 can, for example, be silicon, glass, or sapphire. The converter layer 12 can comprise any converter material suitable for wavelength conversion. The converter material is particularly suitable for converting primary radiation of a first wavelength range into secondary radiation of a second wavelength range, wherein the second wavelength range includes longer wavelengths than the first wavelength range. The converter layer 12 can, for example, be formed from converter particles that are applied directly to the first substrate 10, for example, by an electrostatic process or a spraying process. The converter layer 12 is preferably free of an organic matrix material; in particular, the converter layer 12 does not contain silicone or epoxy resin.This has the advantage that the converter layer 12 heats up less during operation of the LED chip than in the case of a converter material embedded in an organic matrix material.

[0032] Preferably, the converter layer 12 is a thin layer with a thickness of no more than 5 µm, particularly preferably no more than 0.5 µm. The converter layer 12 can, for example, have a thickness between 100 nm and 5 µm, preferably between 100 nm and 0.5 µm. The comparatively small thickness of the converter layer 12 improves heat dissipation from the converter layer 12 during operation of the LED chip.

[0033] At the in Fig. In the further process step shown in Figure 1B, a first transparent layer 11 is applied to the converter layer 12. The first transparent layer 11 is an inorganic layer, preferably an oxide layer. The first transparent layer 11 can, for example, comprise SiO2, Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2, Ta2O5, or TiO2. A SiO2 layer is particularly preferred. The first transparent layer 11 forms an encapsulation of the converter layer 12 and thus protects the converter material, in particular, from moisture and / or mechanical stress. The first transparent layer 11 can be applied to the converter layer 12 by a coating process, in particular by a vacuum coating process. Preferably, the first transparent layer 11 is applied by atomic layer deposition (ALD).In a preferred embodiment of the process, the first transparent layer 11 is polished after being applied to the converter layer 12 in order to achieve a particularly smooth layer with low roughness. Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) can be used for this purpose.

[0034] In the step of the process shown in Figure 1C, a semiconductor layer sequence 30 is deposited onto a second substrate 20. The semiconductor layer sequence 30 is a light-emitting diode (LED) layer sequence, which in particular comprises an n-type semiconductor region 31, a p-type semiconductor region 33, and an active layer 32 arranged between the n-type semiconductor region 31 and the p-type semiconductor region 33. The semiconductor layer sequence 20 can in particular be deposited onto the second substrate 20 by an epitaxial process such as metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The second substrate 20 can in particular be a substrate suitable for the epitaxial growth of a semiconductor layer sequence, comprising a semiconductor material, for example GaN, GaAs, GaP, or Si, or sapphire.

[0035] At the in Fig. In the process step shown in Figure 1D, a second transparent layer 21 is deposited onto the semiconductor layer sequence 30. The second transparent layer 21 is an inorganic layer, preferably an oxide layer. The second transparent layer 21 can, for example, comprise SiO2, Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2, Ta2O5, or TiO2. A SiO2 layer is particularly preferred. The second transparent layer 21 is preferably formed from the same material as the first transparent layer 11. Advantageously, the second transparent layer 21 is polished after its production, particularly by chemical-mechanical polishing.

[0036] At the in Fig. In the further step of the process shown in Figure 1E, the semiconductor layer sequence 30 is connected to the converter layer 12 by bringing the first transparent layer 11 and the second transparent layer 21 into direct contact and thus bonding them together. Direct bonding is preferably carried out at an elevated temperature, for example, in the temperature range of 150 °C to 350 °C. During direct bonding, bonding forces arise at the interface between the transparent layers 11 and 21 without the use of an adhesion-promoting layer such as an adhesive layer. These bonding forces can be based, in particular, on van der Waals interactions. It is advantageous for direct bonding if the transparent layers 11 and 21 are particularly smooth, which can be achieved, in particular, by the previously mentioned smoothing through chemical-mechanical polishing.

[0037] In an optional further step, the first substrate 10 can be detached from the converter layer 12. In this way, for example, the Fig. The embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip 100 shown in Figure 1F is manufactured. The first substrate 10 can be removed, for example, by a laser lift-off process or by an etching process. To facilitate the removal of the first substrate 10, in one embodiment of the process, a separating layer can be applied to the first substrate 10 before the converter layer 12 is applied. The separating layer can, for example, consist of silicon nitride.

[0038] In the LED chip 100 produced in this way, the converter layer 12 is advantageously connected to the semiconductor layer sequence 30 only by inorganic transparent layers 11, 21. The converter layer 12 advantageously has no organic matrix material, and no adhesion-promoting organic material, such as an adhesive layer, is present between the converter layer 12 and the semiconductor layer sequence 30. The purely inorganic connection and encapsulation of the converter layer 12 is particularly advantageous for heat dissipation from the LED chip 100.

[0039] In Fig. Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip 100, in which the process steps according to the Fig. In sections 1A to 1F, a first opening 14 for a p-contact 41 and a second opening 15 for an n-contact 42 were created. The first opening 14 extends through the converter layer 12, the first transparent layer 11, and the second transparent layer 21 to the p-type semiconductor region 33. A p-contact 41 is arranged on the p-type semiconductor region 33 in the first opening 14. The second opening 15 extends through the converter layer 12, the first transparent layer 11, the second transparent layer 21, the p-type semiconductor region 33, and the active layer 32 to the n-type semiconductor region 31. An n-contact 42 is arranged on the n-type semiconductor region 31 in the second opening 15. The second substrate 20, on which the semiconductor layer sequence of the LED chip 100 is arranged, can in particular be a transparent sapphire substrate. The LED chip 100 can in particular be a so-called volume emitter.

[0040] Fig. Figure 3 shows another embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip 100, in which, as in the previous embodiment, the first substrate has been separated from the converter layer 12. Compared to the previous examples, the light-emitting diode chip 100 is shown in reverse orientation, since the light emission in this example occurs through the second substrate 20. The second substrate 20 can, in particular, be a transparent sapphire substrate. As in the previous embodiment, openings have been created in the converter layer 12 to electrically contact the semiconductor layer sequence 30. An electrically conductive p-type contact feedthrough 43 extends through the converter layer 12, the first transparent layer 11, and the second transparent layer 21 to the p-type semiconductor region 33.Furthermore, an electrically conductive n-type contact feedthrough 44 extends through the converter layer 12, the first transparent layer 11, the second transparent layer 21, and through the p-type semiconductor region 33 and the active layer 32 to the n-type semiconductor region 31. The contact feedthroughs 43 and 44 are surrounded laterally by an electrically insulating layer 47. On the converter layer 12, a first connection layer 45, which is connected to the p-type contact feedthrough 43, and a second connection layer 46, which is connected to the n-type contact feedthrough 44, are arranged. The connection layers 45 and 46 preferably comprise a reflective material.

[0041] Fig. Figure 4 shows another embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip 100. This embodiment can initially be processed analogously to the process steps of the Fig. 1A to 1E are produced. In a further step, the second substrate 20 is subsequently detached from the semiconductor layer sequence 30. The detachment of the second substrate 20 from the semiconductor layer sequence 30 can be carried out, for example, by a laser lift-off process. The second substrate 20 can, in particular, be the epitaxial substrate used to produce the semiconductor layer sequence 30. A light-emitting diode chip 100 from which the epitaxial substrate 20 has been detached is often also referred to as a thin-film light-emitting diode chip. In the example shown here, the first substrate 10, on which the converter layer 12 was produced, remains in the finished light-emitting diode chip 100 and can, in particular, serve as a support for the light-emitting diode chip 100. A surface of the semiconductor layer sequence 30 opposite the first substrate 10 can subsequently be, for example, structured and / or provided with a p-contact 41 and an n-contact 42.It is possible that at least some of the radiation emitted by the active layer 32 is coupled out of the light-emitting diode chip 100 through the surface of the semiconductor layer sequence 30 facing away from the first substrate 10.

[0042] In Fig. 5 is a variation of the one in Fig. The embodiment is illustrated in Figure 4. In this initial example, a mirror layer 16 is located between the first substrate 10 and the converter layer 12. Radiation emitted by the mirror layer 16 in the direction of the first substrate 10 can advantageously be reflected towards a radiation emission surface of the LED chip 100 opposite the first substrate 10. If the first substrate 10 is transparent, the mirror layer 16 can alternatively be arranged on the back side of the first substrate 10 facing away from the converter layer 12.

[0043] In Fig. Figure 6 shows another embodiment of the LED chip 100, in which the second substrate has been replaced by the semiconductor layer sequence 30. In this embodiment, the first substrate 10 is a transparent substrate, so that radiation can be extracted from the LED chip 100 through the first substrate 10. For electrical contacting of the LED chip 100, a first connection layer 45 and a second connection layer 46 are arranged on a rear side of the LED chip facing away from the first substrate 10. The first connection layer 45 is connected, for example, by means of p-type feedthroughs 43 to the p-type semiconductor region 33. Here, the first connection layer 45 and the p-type feedthroughs 43 are electrically isolated from the n-type semiconductor region 31 by electrically insulating layers 47, 48. The second connection layer 46 is connected to the n-type semiconductor region 31.Preferably, the connection layers 45 and 46 are reflective layers. Furthermore, it is possible that the LED chip 100 has a mirror layer on its back side facing the connection layers 45 and 46.

[0044] In Fig. Figure 7 shows another embodiment of the light-emitting diode chip 100, in which the second substrate has been replaced by the semiconductor layer sequence 30. In this embodiment, the semiconductor layer sequence 30 is connected to a support substrate 50 on a surface facing away from the originally present second substrate. Thus, in this configuration, the p-type semiconductor region 33 faces the support substrate 50. The semiconductor layer sequence 30 is connected to the converter layer 12 on a surface opposite the support substrate 50 by directly bonding the first transparent layer 11 to the second transparent layer 21. Unlike the previously described embodiments, in this example, the n-type semiconductor region 31 faces the converter layer 12. The support substrate 50 can, for example, comprise a semiconductor material such as silicon.Alternatively, the support substrate 50 can be made of a plastic molding compound. The support substrate 50 can be produced, for example, by molding. A first carrier contact feedthrough 55 and a second carrier contact feedthrough 56 can be formed in the support substrate 50. The first carrier contact feedthrough 55 is connected to a first connection layer 45 on the back side of the support substrate 50, and the second carrier contact feedthrough 56 is connected to a second connection layer 46 on the back side of the support substrate 50. The first carrier contact feedthrough 55 is electrically connected to the p-type semiconductor region 33. Furthermore, the second carrier contact feedthrough 56 is electrically connected to the n-type semiconductor region 31 by means of n-contact feedthroughs 44.

[0045] In this configuration, the LED chip 100 is in particular a surface-mountable LED chip.

[0046] In the following Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10 to Fig. Figure 11 schematically shows various possible configurations of the converter layer 12, which are applicable to all previously described configurations.

[0047] At the in Fig. In the example shown in Figure 8, the converter layer 12 is formed from converter particles 17 comprising a phosphor or a phosphor mixture. Such phosphors and phosphor mixtures suitable as converters are known to those skilled in the art. The phosphors or phosphor mixtures can, in particular, comprise one of the following materials: chlorosilicates, orthosilicates, sulfides, thiometals and vanadates, aluminates, oxides, halophosphates, nitrides, sione and sialone, rare earth garnets such as YAG:Ce, and alkaline earth elements.

[0048] At the in Fig. In the example shown in Figure 9, the converter layer 12 has a plurality of micro- or nanorods 18. The micro- or nanorods 18 have doped semiconductor regions between which an active region is arranged, comprising, for example, a quantum well structure or a multiple quantum well structure. The micro- or nanorods 18 have, for example, a lateral extent, i.e., an extent perpendicular to their principal direction of extension, between 20 nm and 5 µm. In the principal direction of extension, the micro- or nanorods 18 preferably have a length greater than their diameter. For example, the length of the micro- or nanorods 18 is at least twice the diameter, in particular at least five times the diameter, or even at least 50 times the diameter of the micro- or nanorods.The size of the micro- or nanorods 18 is adjusted laterally, for example, by the size of the openings in a mask layer in which the micro- or nanorods 18 are grown during fabrication, and vertically, for example, by the growth time. The optical properties of the active areas can be influenced by the size of the micro- or nanorods 18 and by the semiconductor materials used. The micro- or nanorods 18 are particularly suitable for absorbing primary radiation and emitting secondary radiation with a longer wavelength. The color coordinates of the radiation emitted by the LED chip, which is composed of primary and secondary radiation, can be adjusted by the areal density (number per unit area), the diameter, and / or the doping of the micro- or nanorods.

[0049] The micro- or nanorods 18 can be, in particular, so-called core-shell nanorods or core-shell microrods, in which a shell with an active region is applied around a core that extends in all three spatial directions. In an alternative embodiment, the micro- or nanorods 18 have a principal direction of extension, in which an n-type semiconductor region, an active region, and a p-type semiconductor region are arranged one above the other in such a way that they do not overlap in the lateral direction. In this embodiment, the nano- or microrods 18 are preferably disc-shaped nano- or microrods, wherein the n-type semiconductor region, the active region, and the p-type semiconductor region are successive disks, for example, with a cylindrical or hexagonal cross-section.Such disc-shaped nano- or microrods are often referred to as "quantum discs". Furthermore, the micro- or nanorods can also be bar-shaped (so-called nanofins).

[0050] At the in Fig. In the example shown in Figure 10, the converter layer 12 features a multitude of quantum dots 19. These quantum dots 19 can be composed of materials such as PbS, PbSe, CdSe, CdTe, InAs, or InP. They can be produced by processes such as plasma synthesis, colloid synthesis, electrochemical processes, self-assembly, electron beam deposition, or individual deposition. Alternatively, they can be produced by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE), where the process conditions are configured to induce Stranky-Krastanov growth. The quantum dots 19 can be produced as a monolayer, or multiple layers can be stacked.

[0051] Due to their small spatial dimensions, the quantum dots 19 exhibit particularly discrete energy states between which light absorption and light emission transitions are possible. The energy levels and the resulting optical properties can be specifically influenced by the size and geometric shape of the quantum dots 19, as well as by the materials used. The quantum dots 19 used here as converter material are particularly suitable for absorbing primary radiation and emitting secondary radiation with a longer wavelength. The quantum dots 19 can be embedded in an inorganic matrix material.

[0052] In Fig. Figure 11 shows another example of the converter layer 12. In this example, the converter layer 12 is surrounded laterally by reflective layers 60. The reflective layers 60 can, for example, contain reflective particles 61 such as titanium dioxide particles.

[0053] In all embodiments described herein, the fabrication of the converter layer 12 and its connection to the semiconductor layer sequence 30 can take place at the wafer stage. In this case, the converter layer is fabricated on a wafer, subsequently connected to a second wafer on which the semiconductor layer sequence is located, and the wafer assembly is then singulated into individual LED chips. During the singulation of the wafer assembly into individual semiconductor chips, the converter layer is simultaneously separated. It is advantageously possible to structure the converter layer in a chip grid at the wafer stage. In this case, the converter layer on the wafer serving as the first substrate is structured into areas that essentially correspond to the size of a single semiconductor chip. For example, in this case, reflective layers 60 can be placed in areas running along the interfaces between the chips, as shown in the Fig. 11 are generated in the converter layer. These reflective layers 60 are then arranged in the finished LED chip, for example, along the edges of the LED chip. The reflective layers can be arranged as in the example of the Fig. 11 reflective particles 61 have.

[0054] If the fabrication of the converter layer 12 and its connection to the semiconductor layer sequence 30 take place at the wafer stage, alignment structures can be located on both the first substrate (i.e., the wafer with the converter layer) and the second substrate (i.e., the wafer with the semiconductor layer sequence). These alignment structures allow the converter layer to be precisely aligned with the semiconductor layer sequence, enabling specific areas of the converter layer to be selectively deposited onto regions of the semiconductor layer sequence that define a light-emitting diode (LED) chip. In other words, the converter layer can be transferred in a chip-defined manner.

[0055] The converter layer can be structured on the wafer, particularly in a chip grid. The arrangement of regions within the converter layer can be advantageously aligned with the arrangement of the LED chips on the wafer with its semiconductor layer sequence. In particular, the wafer with the converter layer can be aligned with a chip wafer map during fabrication. This is especially possible when the converter material can be specifically manufactured with a desired property at defined positions on the first substrate, as is the case, for example, with the previously described converter layers based on nano- or microrods or quantum dots. The targeted arrangement of regions within the converter layer on the LED chips allows, in particular, the precise matching of the LED chips' color coordinates; that is, each LED chip receives exactly one assigned region of the converter layer, tuned to a specific wavelength.This makes it possible, for example, to implement a wafer-level process for applying the converter layer, in which the color location varies by a maximum of one MacAdam ellipse across the wafer, or in which all LED chips lie within a defined area of ​​the color diagram.

[0056] In Fig. Figure 12 schematically illustrates another example of the converter layer 12. Here, the converter layer 12 has a multitude of quantum dots 19. The quantum dots 19 are each connected to the first substrate 10 via an anchor structure 90. The fabrication of such structures is known, for example, from the publication by S. Schmitt et al., “Germanium Template Assisted Integration of Gallium Arsenide Nanocrystals on Silicon: A Versatile Platform for Modern Optoelectronic Materials”, Advanced Optical Materials 6 (2018), 1701329, the content of which regarding the fabrication of such structures is hereby referenced. It is possible for the quantum dots 19 to be fabricated from the liquid phase or the gas phase. The quantum dots 19 can, for example, dock onto the previously fabricated anchor structures 90 from the liquid phase or the gas phase.

[0057] In the proposed application of such structures in the converter layer 12, the anchor structures 90 offer the advantage that the converter layer 12 can be relatively easily detached from the first substrate 10 on which it is fabricated. Furthermore, the anchor structures 90 facilitate the embedding of the quantum dots 19 in the first transparent layer 11. The anchor structures 90 can remain in the converter layer 12 and are thus detectable in the finished LED chip. Another advantage is that the anchor structures can be fabricated on any material; for example, GaAs can be used as the first substrate 10. In particular, it is possible to combine quantum dots 19 from different material systems.

[0058] In the method described herein, the converter layer 12 or a region of the converter layer 12 can be selectively aligned with individual regions of the light-emitting diode chip 100. Fig. Figure 13 shows, by way of example and purely schematically, a top view of a light-emitting diode chip 100, which has several n-contact feedthroughs 44 (similar to the embodiment of the Fig. 7) exhibits. The highest currents typically occur in the area of ​​the contact feedthroughs 44 during operation of the LED chip 100. It is possible to selectively align the converter layer 12 with such areas of high current densities. In particular, the converter layer 12 can have spatially varying densities of the converter material, the density of which is adapted to the current densities occurring during operation of the LED chip 100. In particular, the density of the converter layer 12 can be greatest in the areas of highest current density, for example, in the area of ​​the contact feedthroughs 44.

[0059] The LED chips described herein can, for example, be surface-mounted using SMT technology. They can be used in video walls, in industrial image reproduction (e.g., in the medical field), and in data displays. They can also be used in the automotive industry, in the defense sector, and in aircraft as HUD or HMD displays.

[0060] Furthermore, the LED chips can be used in optical measurement technology, for example in fringe projection, in 3D sensors, in lithography, in rapid prototyping or IR projection. Reference symbol list 10 first substrate 11 first transparent layer 12 Converter layer 14 first opening 15 second opening 16 Mirror layer 17 converter particles 18 micro or nano rods 19 quantum dot 20 second substrate 21 second transparent layer 30 Semiconductor layer sequence 31 n-type semiconductor range 32 active layer 33 p-type semiconductor area 41 p-contact 42 n-contact 43 p-contact feedthrough 44 n-contact feedthrough 45 first connection layer 46 second connection layer 47 insulating layer 48 insulating layer 50 carrier substrate 55 first carrier contact implementation 56 second carrier contact procedure 60 reflective layers 61 reflective particles 90 anchor structure 100 LED chips

Claims

[1] Method for manufacturing a light-emitting diode chip (100) with a converter layer (12), comprising the steps: - Application of a converter layer (12) to a first substrate (10), - Application of an inorganic first transparent layer (11) onto the converter layer (12), - Fabricating a semiconductor layer sequence (30) comprising an active layer (32) suitable for emitting radiation on a second substrate (20), and - Connecting the converter layer (12) to the semiconductor layer sequence (30) such that the first substrate (10) is arranged on a side of the converter layer (12) facing away from the semiconductor layer sequence (30); wherein (i) at least one further layer is produced on and / or in the converter layer (12) and the at least one further layer comprises an electrical connection layer (45, 46), a contact feedthrough (43, 44) and / or a mirror layer (16, 60); and / or (ii) the first substrate (10) has a mirror layer (16). [2] Method according to claim 1, wherein an inorganic second transparent layer (21) is applied to the semiconductor layer sequence (30) before connecting the converter layer (12) with the semiconductor layer sequence (30). [3] Method according to claim 2, wherein the connection of the converter layer (12) to the semiconductor layer sequence (30) is carried out by directly bonding the first transparent layer (11) to the second transparent layer (21). [4] Method according to one of claims 2 or 3, wherein the first transparent layer (11) and the second transparent layer (21) are oxide layers. [5] Method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the first transparent layer (21) and / or the second transparent layer (22) is polished before joining. [6] Method according to claim 5, wherein the polishing is carried out by chemical-mechanical polishing. [7] Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the converter layer (12) does not contain an organic matrix material. [8] Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the converter layer (12) has a thickness of not more than 5 µm. [9] Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first substrate (10) is removed after connecting the converter layer (12) with the semiconductor layer sequence (30). [10] Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the second substrate (20) is removed from the semiconductor layer sequence (30) before or after connecting the converter layer (12) with the semiconductor layer sequence (30). [11] Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the first substrate (10) is transparent. [12] Light-emitting diode chip comprising a semiconductor layer sequence (30) comprising an active layer (32) suitable for emission of radiation, and a converter layer (12), wherein a first inorganic transparent layer (11) and a second inorganic transparent layer (21) are arranged between the semiconductor layer sequence (30) and the converter layer (12), and wherein the first transparent layer (11) and the second transparent layer (21) are directly bonded to each other; where (i) at least one further layer is produced on and / or in the converter layer (12) and the at least one further layer comprises an electrical connection layer (45, 46), a contact feedthrough (43, 44) and / or a mirror layer (16, 60); and / or (ii) a first substrate (10) which is arranged on a side of the converter layer (12) facing away from the semiconductor layer sequence (30) has a mirror layer (16). [13] Light-emitting diode chip according to claim 12, wherein the first transparent layer (11) and / or the second transparent layer (21) are oxide layers.

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