Capacitor-supported gradient electrodes

Abstract

Capacitor-supported electrode (200) for an electrochemical cell (20) that cyclically moves lithium ions, comprising: at least two electroactive materials (202, 204) arranged on one or more surfaces of a current collector (210), wherein a first electroactive material (202) of the at least two electroactive materials (202, 204) has a first reversible specific capacitance and a second electroactive material (204) of the at least two electroactive materials (202, 204) has a second reversible specific capacitance and the second reversible specific capacitance differs from the first reversible specific capacitance; and one or more capacitor materials (220) arranged on or mixed with one or more of the at least two electroactive materials (202, 204); wherein the first electroactive material (202) forms a first electroactive material layer (212) which is arranged next to one or more surfaces of the current collector (210) and defines a first exposed surface, and the second electroactive material (204) forms a second electroactive material layer (214) which is arranged next to the first exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer (212); wherein the first electroactive material layer (212) has a first pressing density, the second electroactive material layer (214) has a second pressing density, and the second pressing density is greater than the first pressing density; and where the second reversible specific capacity is greater than the first reversible specific capacity.

Description

INTRODUCTION

[0001] This section contains background information related to the present disclosure that does not necessarily represent the prior art.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to capacitor-supported gradient electrodes, electrochemical cells with such capacitor-supported gradient electrodes and related manufacturing processes.

[0003] Advanced energy storage and systems are in demand to meet the energy and / or power requirements of a wide variety of products, including automotive products such as start-stop systems (e.g., 12V start-stop systems), battery-powered systems, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and electric vehicles (EVs). Typical lithium-ion batteries contain at least two electrodes and an electrolyte and / or separator. One of the two electrodes serves as the positive electrode or cathode, and the other serves as the negative electrode or anode. A separator and / or electrolyte may be positioned between the negative and positive electrodes. The electrolyte is suitable for conducting lithium ions between the electrodes and, like the two electrodes, can be in solid and / or liquid form and / or a hybrid thereof.In cases of solid-state batteries containing solid-state electrodes and a solid-state electrolyte, the solid-state electrolyte can physically separate the electrodes, so a separate separator is not required.

[0004] US 2015 / 0 010 784 A1 discloses a secondary battery comprising an additive of a compound that generates gas when a prescribed battery voltage is exceeded and a current-interrupting device that is activated when the pressure in the battery casing increases as a result of gas generation.

[0005] CN 1 07 331 528 A discloses a multilayer composite electrode comprising a current collector provided with a first and a second electrode coating, wherein the first and the second electrode coating layers are formed by alternating coating with one to ten layers of capacitor layers and one to ten layers of the battery layer.

[0006] US 2015 / 0 162 139 A1 discloses an energy storage device comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode has a multilayer structure containing three or more layers, wherein the oxidation-reduction electrode material in the multilayer structure has a concentration distribution along a thickness direction and the concentration of the oxidation-reduction electrode material is lowest in an outermost layer of the multilayer structure.

[0007] US 2011 / 0 123 866 A1 discloses an electrode comprising a plurality of layers, each layer comprising particles of an active material capable of reversibly storing ions and conductive particles, the plurality of layers having at least one layer that is functionally different from at least one other layer, and the electrode having at least one functional gradient.

[0008] CN 1 03 633 289 A discloses a positive electrode comprising a conductive substrate and a material layer applied to a surface of the conductive substrate, wherein the material layer comprises a first conductive material layer attached to the conductive substrate, a first active material layer on the material layer attached to the first conductive layer, a second conductive material layer attached to the first active material layer, and a second active material layer attached to the second conductive material layer, wherein the second active material layer is densified and its density is lower than the densified density of the first active material layer.

[0009] Conventional rechargeable lithium-ion batteries function by reversibly transferring lithium ions back and forth between the negative and positive electrodes. For example, during charging, lithium ions move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, and during discharging, they move in the opposite direction. Such lithium-ion batteries can reversibly power an associated load device when needed. More precisely, a load device can be supplied with electrical energy by the lithium-ion battery until the lithium content of the negative electrode is effectively depleted. The battery can then be recharged by passing a suitable direct current in the opposite direction between the electrodes.

[0010] During discharge, the negative electrode can contain a relatively high concentration of stored lithium, which is oxidized to lithium ions and electrons. Lithium ions can migrate from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, for example, through the ionically conductive electrolyte solution contained in the pores of an intervening porous separator. Simultaneously, the electrons traverse an external circuit from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. These lithium ions can be incorporated into the material of the positive electrode through an electrochemical reduction reaction. After a partial or complete discharge of its available capacity, the battery can be recharged or regenerated by an external power source, thereby reversing the electrochemical reactions that occurred during discharge.

[0011] In various cases, however, the regenerative capacity of lithium-ion batteries can be limited, for example, as a result of lithium plating on one or more surfaces of the negative electrode, especially at high power levels and with frequent regeneration processes. Some materials, such as hard carbon, can offer improved regeneration capabilities with minimal plating. However, such materials are expensive. Therefore, it would be desirable to develop high-performance electrode designs and processes that improve the insertion and removal rates and high-performance regeneration capabilities. SUMMARY

[0012] The subject matter of the present invention relates to a capacitor-supported electrode for an electrochemical cell that cyclically moves lithium ions, according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments are described in the dependent claims. This section contains a general summary of the disclosure and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features.

[0013] According to the invention, the present disclosure provides a capacitor-supported electrode for an electrochemical cell that cyclically moves lithium ions. The capacitor-supported electrode comprises at least two electroactive materials arranged on one or more surfaces of a current collector. A first electroactive material of the at least two electroactive materials has a first reversible specific capacitance. A second electroactive material of the at least two electroactive materials has a second reversible specific capacitance. The second reversible specific capacitance differs from the first reversible specific capacitance. One or more capacitor materials are arranged on or mixed with one or more of the at least two electroactive materials.

[0014] According to the invention, the first electroactive material forms a first electroactive material layer. The first electroactive material layer is arranged adjacent to one or more surfaces of the current collector. The first electroactive material layer defines a first exposed surface. The second electroactive material forms a second electroactive material layer. The second electroactive material layer is arranged adjacent to the first exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer.

[0015] According to the invention, the first electroactive material layer has a first compression density and the second electroactive material layer has a second compression density. The second compression density is greater than the first compression density.

[0016] According to the invention, the second reversible specific capacity is greater than the first reversible specific capacity.

[0017] In one aspect, the second electroactive material layer can define a second exposed surface, and the at least two electroactive materials can further comprise a third electroactive material with a third reversible specific capacitance. The third electroactive material can form a third electroactive material layer. The third electroactive material layer can be arranged adjacent to the second exposed surface of the second electroactive material layer.

[0018] In one aspect, the first electroactive material layer can have a first pressing density. The second electroactive material layer can have a second pressing density. The third electroactive material layer can have a third pressing density. The third pressing density can be less than or equal to the second pressing density. The second pressing density can be less than or equal to the first pressing density.

[0019] In one aspect, the first compression density, the second compression density, and the third compression density can each be greater than or equal to approximately 2.0 g / cm³ independently of each other. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 be.

[0020] In one aspect, the first compression density, the second compression density, and the third compression density can each be greater than or equal to approximately 1.0 g / cm³ independently of each other. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2.0 g / cm² 3 be.

[0021] In one aspect, the third reversible specific capacity can be greater than the second reversible specific capacity. The second reversible specific capacity can be greater than the first reversible specific capacity.

[0022] In one aspect, the third reversible specific capacity can be identical to the second reversible specific capacity. The second and third reversible specific capacities can be greater than the first reversible specific capacity.

[0023] In one aspect, the second reversible specific capacity can be greater than the third reversible specific capacity. The first reversible specific capacity can be greater than the second reversible specific capacity.

[0024] In one aspect, one or more capacitor materials can be mixed with the third electroactive material to form the third electroactive material layer.

[0025] In one aspect, one or more capacitor materials can form a capacitor material layer. This capacitor material layer can be arranged next to a third exposed surface of the third electroactive material layer.

[0026] In one aspect, one or more capacitor materials can be selected from the group consisting of: cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS), iron sulfide (FeS), activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogel, activated carbon fiber fabric, polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) and combinations thereof.

[0027] In various other aspects, the present disclosure provides an electrochemical cell that cyclically moves lithium ions. The electrochemical cell that cyclically moves lithium ions comprises a first electrode containing a first electroactive material and a second electrode. The second electrode may comprise a first layer arranged adjacent to a surface of a current collector; at least one additional layer arranged adjacent to a surface of the first layer; and one or more capacitor materials arranged adjacent to or mixed with one or more of the first layer and the at least one additional layer. The first layer may have a first reversible specific capacitance. The additional layer may have an additional reversible specific capacitance that differs from the first reversible specific capacitance.The first layer and at least one further layer can each contain a corresponding electroactive material.

[0028] In one aspect, the at least one additional layer can comprise a second and a third layer. The second layer can be located adjacent to the surface of the first layer. The third layer can be located adjacent to the surface of the second layer. The second layer can have a second reversible specific capacity. The third layer can have a third reversible specific capacity. The third reversible specific capacity can be greater than the second reversible specific capacity. The second reversible specific capacity can be greater than the first reversible specific capacity.

[0029] In one aspect, the first layer has a first pressing density. The second layer has a second pressing density. The third layer can have a third pressing density. The second pressing density can be greater than the third pressing density. The first layer can contain more than approximately 0 wt% to less than or equal to approximately 100 wt% of a first electroactive material. The second layer can contain more than approximately 0 wt% to less than or equal to approximately 80 wt% of a second electroactive material. The third layer can contain more than approximately 0 wt% to less than or equal to approximately 50 wt% of a third electroactive material.

[0030] In one aspect, the first, second, and third electroactive materials can be the same. One or more of the capacitor materials can form a first capacitor layer in addition to a surface of the third electroactive layer.

[0031] In one aspect, one or more capacitor materials can be mixed with the third layer.

[0032] In one aspect, the current collector can be a first current collector, and the one or more capacitor materials can be first capacitor materials. The first electrode can include a second layer arranged adjacent to a surface of a second current collector; at least one second additional layer arranged adjacent to a surface of the second layer; and one or more second capacitor materials arranged adjacent to or mixed with one or more of the first layer and the at least one second additional layer. The second layer can have a second reversible specific capacitance. The additional layer can have an additional reversible specific capacitance that differs from the second reversible specific capacitance. The second layer and the at least one second additional layer can each contain a corresponding electroactive material.

[0033] Further areas of application will become apparent from the description given here. The description and specific examples in this summary serve only for illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. DRAWINGS

[0034] The drawings described here serve only to illustrate selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Fig. Figure 1 is, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an exemplary schematic representation of an electrochemical cell with capacitor-supported electrodes; Fig. 2A is, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an exemplary schematic representation of a capacitance-supported gradient electrode; Fig. 2B is, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an exemplary schematic representation of another capacitance-supported gradient electrode; Fig. 2C is, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an exemplary schematic representation of another capacitance-supported gradient electrode; Fig. Figure 2D is, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an exemplary schematic representation of another capacitance-supported gradient electrode; and Fig. Figure 3 is, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an exemplary schematic representation of an electrochemical cell with capacitor-supported gradient electrodes.

[0035] The corresponding reference symbols designate corresponding parts in the different views of the drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Exemplary embodiments are given so that this disclosure is thorough and conveys its full scope to those skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are listed, such as examples of specific compositions, components, devices, and processes, to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of this disclosure. It is clear to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be used, that exemplary embodiments can be realized in many different forms, and that none of them should be designed in such a way as to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some exemplary embodiments, known processes, known device structures, and known technologies are not described in detail.

[0037] The terminology used here serves only to describe certain exemplary embodiments and is not intended to be restrictive. As used here, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" can also include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms "comprises," "comprehensive," "containing," and "exhibiting" are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of indicated features, elements, compositions, steps, integers, processes, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, processes, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.Although the open term "comprehensive" is to be understood as a non-restrictive term used to describe and claim the various embodiments set forth herein, the term can alternatively be understood, under certain aspects, as a more restrictive term, such as "consisting of" or "consisting substantially of". Therefore, for each given embodiment that mentions compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, processes and / or process steps, the present disclosure expressly includes embodiments that consist of, or consist substantially of, such mentioned compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, processes and / or process steps.In the case of "consisting of", the alternative embodiment excludes all additional compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations and / or process steps, whereas in the case of "consisting substantially of", all additional compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations and / or process steps that substantially affect the basic and novel features are excluded from such an embodiment, but all compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations and / or process steps that do not substantially affect the basic and novel features may be included in the embodiment.

[0038] All procedural steps, processes, and procedures described here are not to be interpreted as necessarily having to be carried out in the discussed or depicted order, unless they are expressly designated as such. It is also understood that additional or alternative steps may be applied, unless otherwise specified.

[0039] When a component, element, or layer is described as "on," "interacting," "connected," or "coupled" with another element or layer, it may be directly on, interacting, connected, or coupled with that other component, element, or layer, or there may be intervening elements or layers. Conversely, when an element is described as "directly on," "directly interacting with," "directly connected with," or "directly coupled with" another element or layer, there must be no intervening elements or layers. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted similarly (e.g., "between" versus "directly between," "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent," etc.).As used here, the term “and / or” includes all combinations of one or more of the related listed elements.

[0040] Although the terms first, second, third, etc., may be used here to describe different steps, elements, components, areas, layers, and / or sections, these steps, elements, components, areas, layers, and / or sections should not be restricted by these terms unless otherwise specified. These terms should only be used to distinguish one step, element, component, area, layer, or section from another. Terms such as "first," "second," and other numerical terms, when used here, do not imply any sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context.Thus, a first step, element, component, area, layer or section discussed below could be referred to as a second step, element, component, area, layer or section without deviating from the teachings of the exemplary embodiments.

[0041] Spatially or temporally relative terms such as "before," "after," "inside," "outside," "under," "below," "down," "above," "above," and the like may be used here for the sake of simplicity to describe the relationship of one element or feature to one or more other elements or features, as illustrated in the figures. Spatially or temporally relative terms may also be intended to encompass different orientations of the device or system in use or operation, in addition to the orientation shown in the figures.

[0042] Throughout this entire disclosure, numerical values ​​represent approximate measures or limits for ranges that include minor deviations from the stated values ​​and embodiments with approximately the stated value, as well as those with exactly the stated value. Unlike the working examples at the end of the detailed description, all numerical values ​​of parameters (e.g., of quantities or conditions) in this specification, including the appended claims, are to be understood as being modified in all cases by the term "approximately," regardless of whether "approximately" actually precedes the numerical value or not. "Approximately" means that the stated numerical value permits a slight inaccuracy (with some approximation to the accuracy of the value; approximately or fairly close to the value; almost).Unless otherwise understood in engineering with this ordinary meaning, the imprecision implied by "approximately" means, at a minimum, deviations that may arise from ordinary procedures for measuring and using such parameters. For example, "approximately" may encompass a variation of less than or equal to 5%, optionally less than or equal to 4%, optionally less than or equal to 3%, optionally less than or equal to 2%, optionally less than or equal to 1%, optionally less than or equal to 0.5%, and, in certain aspects, optionally less than or equal to 0.1%.

[0043] Furthermore, the disclosure of ranges includes the disclosure of all values ​​and further subdivided ranges within the entire range, including the endpoints and the subranges specified for the ranges.

[0044] Exemplary embodiments are now described in more detail with reference to the attached drawings.

[0045] The present technology relates to capacitor-supported gradient electrodes, electrochemical cells with capacitor-supported gradient electrodes, and related manufacturing processes. For example, coatings or layers of capacitor material applied to exposed electrode surfaces can absorb regeneration current pulses, such as brake regeneration current during regenerative braking in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Specific capacitance and density gradients can facilitate lithium transfer into and out of the respective electrodes. Such electrodes and electrochemical cells integrate capacitors with lithium-ion batteries, which can be used, for example, in motor vehicles or other vehicles (e.g., motorcycles, boats), but can also be used in electrochemical cells in a variety of other industries and applications, such as...as a non-restrictive example in consumer electronics devices.

[0046] An exemplary and schematic representation of an electrochemical cell (also called a battery) 20 is shown in Fig. Figure 1 shows that the battery 20 contains a negative electrode 30, a positive electrode 40, and a separator 52 arranged between the electrodes 30 and 40. As shown, the negative electrode 30 and the positive electrode 40 are capacitor-supported electrodes in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure, since they comprise both electroactive materials and capacitor materials, thus functioning as a hybrid electrode and capacitor. Batteries can contain solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes, or semi-solid / gel electrolytes. As shown in Figure 1, the battery 20 contains a negative electrode 30, a positive electrode 40, and a separator 52 arranged between the electrodes 30 and 40. Fig. As shown in Figure 1, a separator 52 provides electrical separation and prevents physical contact between the electrodes 30, 40.

[0047] For example, the separator 52 provides a path of minimal resistance for the internal passage of lithium ions and, in certain cases, associated anions during the cyclic movement of the lithium ions. In various aspects, the negative electrode 30, the positive electrode 40, and / or the separator 52 can each contain an electrolyte solution or the system 50.

[0048] Any suitable electrolyte 50, whether in solid, liquid, or gel form, that can conduct lithium ions between the electrodes 30 and 40, can be used in the battery 20. For example, as in Fig. As shown in Figure 1, the electrolyte 50 is a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution containing a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvents. In certain variations, the separator 52 can be formed from a microporous insulating material, allowing liquid or semi-solid electrolyte to be absorbed into the pores. Although not shown, the liquid electrolyte 50 and the separator 52 can be replaced in various aspects by solid electrolyte particles. For example, solid electrolyte particles can act as both ion conductors (e.g., for transporting lithium ions) and electrical insulators (e.g., to prevent charge or current from flowing from the negative electrode 30 to the positive electrode 40). For example, the separator 52 can be defined by a variety of solid electrolyte particles (not shown).In certain variations, solid electrolyte particles (not shown) can also be mixed with electroactive materials 34, 44 that are present in the negative and positive electrodes 30, 40.

[0049] A current collector 32 for the negative electrode can be positioned at or near the negative electrode 30, and a current collector 42 for the positive electrode can be positioned at or near the positive electrode 40. The current collector 32 for the negative electrode and the current collector 42 for the positive electrode each collect free electrons and move them to and from an external circuit 22. For example, an interruptible external circuit 22 and a load device 24 can connect the negative electrode 30 (via the current collector 32 of the negative electrode) and the positive electrode 40 (via the current collector 42 of the positive electrode). The current collector 42 of the positive electrode can be a metal foil, a metal grid or screen, or expanded metal made of aluminum or another suitable electrically conductive material known to those skilled in the art.The current collector 32 of the negative electrode can be a metal foil, a metal grid or screen, or expanded metal made of copper or another suitable electrically conductive material known to those skilled in the art.

[0050] The battery 20 can generate an electric current during discharge through reversible electrochemical reactions that occur when the external circuit 22 is closed (connecting the negative electrode 30 and the positive electrode 40) and the negative electrode 30 contains a relatively larger amount of available lithium. The chemical potential difference between the positive electrode 40 and the negative electrode 30 drives the electrons generated by the oxidation of the lithium introduced at the negative electrode 30 through the external circuit 22 toward the positive electrode 40. Lithium ions, also generated at the negative electrode 30, are simultaneously transported through the separator 52 to the positive electrode 40. The electrons flow through the external circuit 22, and the lithium ions migrate via the separator 52 to the positive electrode 40, where they can react or be stored.The electric current flowing through the external circuit 22 can be utilized and passed through the load device 24 until the available lithium in the negative electrode 30 is consumed and the capacity of the battery 20 has decreased.

[0051] The battery 20 can be charged or recharged at any time by connecting an external power source (e.g., a charger) to it, thus reversing the electrochemical reactions that occur during battery discharge. Connecting the external power source to the battery 20 forces the non-spontaneous oxidation of one or more metal elements at the positive electrode 40 to generate electrons and lithium ions. The electrons, which flow back to the negative electrode 30 through the external circuit 22, and the lithium ions, which move back to the negative electrode 30 via the separator 52, reduce the lithium concentration at the negative electrode 30, replenishing it with lithium for use during the next battery discharge cycle. Therefore, each discharge and charge event is considered a cycle in which lithium ions are cyclically moved between the positive electrode 40 and the negative electrode 30.

[0052] The external power source that can be used to charge the battery 20 can vary depending on the size, construction, and specific end application of the battery 20. Some notable and exemplary external power sources include AC sources, such as an AC wall outlet and an automotive AC alternator. In many configurations of the battery 20, the current collector 32 for the negative electrode, the negative electrode 30, the separator 52, the positive electrode 40, and the current collector 42 for the positive electrode are each manufactured as relatively thin layers (e.g., from a few micrometers to one millimeter or less thick) and assembled in electrically parallel layers to obtain a suitable electrical energy and power package. In various other cases, the battery 20 may contain electrodes 30 and 40 connected in series.

[0053] Furthermore, the battery 20 may contain a variety of other components in certain aspects, which, although not shown here, are nevertheless known to those skilled in the art. For example, the battery 20 may contain a casing, a seal, vents, terminal caps, and any other conventional components or materials that may be located within the battery 20, including, but not limited to, between or around the negative electrode 30, the positive electrode 40, and / or the separator 52. As mentioned above, the size and shape of the battery 20 may vary depending on the specific applications for which it is designed. Battery-powered vehicles, hybrid vehicles (e.g.,Start-stop, micro-hybrid, and mild-hybrid vehicles with internal combustion engines and handheld consumer electronics devices are three non-limiting examples where the battery 20 would most likely be designed for different size, capacity, and power specifications. The battery 20 can also be connected in series or parallel with other similar lithium-ion cells or batteries to produce a higher output voltage, energy, and power if required by the load device 24.

[0054] Accordingly, the battery 20 can generate electrical current for a load device 24, which may be operationally connected to the external circuit 22. The load device 24 may be powered wholly or partially by the electrical current flowing through the external circuit 22 when the lithium-ion battery 20 is discharged. While the load device 24 can be any number of known electrically powered devices, some specific examples of power-consuming load devices are given as non-limiting examples, such as an electric motor for a hybrid or all-electric vehicle, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a mobile phone, and cordless power tools or devices. The load device 24 may also be a power-generating device that charges the battery 20 for the purpose of energy storage.

[0055] With renewed reference to the Fig. 1. The negative and positive electrodes 30, 40 and / or the separator 52 can each contain an electrolyte solution or system 50. As mentioned above, the electrolyte 50 can be a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution that may contain a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvents. Numerous conventional non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solutions can be used in the battery 20.

[0056] Suitable lithium salts generally have inert anions. A non-restrictive list of lithium salts that can be dissolved in an organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvents to form the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution includes lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl4), lithium iodide (Lil), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium thiocyanate (LiSCN), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium difluorooxalatoborate (LiBF2(C2O4)) (LiODFB), lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB(C6H5)4), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiB(C2O4)2) (LiBOB), lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (LiPF4(C2O4)) (LiFOP), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3). Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (LiTFSI) (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium fluorosulfonylimide (LiN(FSO2)2) (LiFSI) and combinations thereof.In certain variations, the lithium salt is selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (LiTFSI) (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium fluorosulfonylimide (LiN(FSO2)2) (LiFSI), lithium fluoroalkyl phosphate (LiFAP), lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) and combinations thereof.

[0057] These and other similar lithium salts can be dissolved in a variety of organic solvents, including, but not limited to, various alkyl carbonates, such as cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)), linear carbonates (e.g., dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)), aliphatic carboxylic esters (e.g., methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate), γ-lactones (e.g., γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone), chain ethers (e.g., 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxyethane), cyclic ethers (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane (DOL)), sulfur compounds (e.g., sulfolane), and combinations thereof. In various aspects, electrolyte 50 can contain a concentration of more than or equal to 1 M to less than or equal to approximately 2 M of one or more lithium salts. In certain variations, e.g.B. if the electrolyte has a lithium concentration of more than about 2 M or ionic liquids, the electrolyte 50 may contain one or more diluents, such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and / or hydrofluoroether (HFE).

[0058] In various aspects, as described above, the electrolyte 50 can be a solid-state electrolyte in which the particles constitute both the electrolyte 50 and the separator 52. The solid-state electrolyte can contain one or more solid electrolyte particles, which may include one or more polymer-based components, oxide-based particles, sulfide-based particles, halide-based particles, borate-based particles, nitride-based particles, and hydride-based particles. Such a solid-state electrolyte can be arranged in a multitude of layers, thus defining a three-dimensional structure. In various aspects, the polymer-based components can be mixed with a lithium salt, allowing them to act as a solid solvent.In certain variations, the polymer-based components may contain one or more polymer materials selected from the following group: polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and combinations thereof. In one variation, the one or more polymer materials may have an ionic conductivity of approximately 10. -4 S / cm.

[0059] In various aspects, the oxide-based particles can include one or more garnet ceramics, LISICON-type oxides, NASICON-type oxides, and perovskite-type ceramics. For example, one or more garnet ceramics can be selected from the group consisting of: Li 6,5 La3Zr 1,75 Te 0,25 O 12 , Li7La3Zr2O 12 , Li 6,2 Ga 0,3 La2,95 Rb 0,05 Zr2O 12 , Li 6,85 La 2,9 Approx 0,1 Zr 1,75 Note 0,25 O 12 , Li 6,25 Al 0,25 La3Zr2O 12 , Li 6,75 La3Zr 1,75 Note 0,25 O 12 , Li 6,75 La3Zr 1,75 Note 0,25 O 12 and combinations thereof. One or more LISICON-type oxides can be selected from the group consisting of: Li 14 Zn(GeO4)4, Li 3+x (P 1-x Si x )O4 (where 0 < x < 1), Li 3+x Ge x V 1-x O4 (where 0 < x < 1) and combinations thereof. The one or more oxides of the NASICON type can be defined by LiMM'(PO4)3, where M and M' are independently selected from Al, Ge, Ti, Sn, Hf, Zr, and La. For example, in certain variations, one or more oxides of the NASICON type can be selected from the group consisting of: Li 1+x Al x Ge 2-x(PO4)3 (LAGP) (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2), Li 1+x Al x Ti 2-x (PO4)3 (LATP) (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2), Li 1+x Y x Zr 2-x (PO4)3 (LYZP) (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2), Li 1,3 Al 0,3 Ti 1,7 (PO4)3, LiTi2(PO4)3, LiGeTi(PO4)3, LiGe2(PO4)3, LiHf2(PO4)3 and combinations thereof. One or more perovskite-type ceramics may be selected from the group consisting of Li 3,3 La 0,53 TiO3, LiSr 1,65 Zr 1,3 Ta 1,7 O9, Li 2x-y Sr 1-x Ta y Zr 1-y O3 (where x = 0.75 y and 0.60 < y < 0.75), Li 3 / 8 Sr 7 / 16 Note 3 / 4 Zr 1 / 4 O3, Li 3x La (2 / 3-x) TiO3 (where 0 < x < 0.25) and combinations thereof. In one variation, one or more of the oxide-based materials can have an ionic conductivity of approximately 10 or greater. -5 S / cm to less than or equal to approximately 10 -1 exhibit S / cm.

[0060] In various aspects, the sulfide-based particles can contain one or more sulfide-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li2S-P2S5, Li2S-P2S5-MS x (where M stands for Si, Ge and Sn and 0 ≤ x ≤ 2), Li 3,4 Si 0,4 P 0,6 S4, Li 10 GeP2S 11,7 O 0,3 , Li 9,6 P3S 12 , Li7P3S 11 , Li9P3S9O3, Li 10,35 Si 1,35 P 1,65 S 12 , Li 9,81 Sn 0,81 P 2,19 S 12 , Li 10 (Si 0,5 Ge 0,5 )P2S 12 , Li(Ge 0,5 Sn 0,5 )P2S 12 , Li(Si 0,5 Sn 0,5 )P s S 12 , Li 10 GeP2S 12 (LGPS), Li6PS5X (where X represents Cl, Br or I), Li7P2Ssl, Li 10,35 Ge 1,35 P 1,65 S 12 , Li 3,25 Ge 0,25 P 0,75 S4, Li 10 SnP2S 12 , Li 10 SiP2S 12 , Li9,54 Si 1,74 P 1,44 S 11,7 Cl 0,3 , (1-x)P₂S₅-xLi₂S (where 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) and combinations thereof. In one variation, one or more of the sulfide-based materials can have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to approximately 10 -7 S / cm to less than or equal to approximately 1 S / cm.

[0061] In various aspects, the halide-based particles can contain one or more halide-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li2CdCl4, Li2MgCl4, Li2Cdl4, Li2ZnI4, Li3OCl, Li1, Li5ZnI4, Li3OCl 1-x Br x (where 0 < x < 1) and combinations thereof. In one variation, one or more halide-based materials can have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to approximately 10 -8 S / cm to less than or equal to approximately 10 -1 exhibit S / cm.

[0062] In various aspects, the borate-based particles can contain one or more borate-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li₂B₄O₇, Li₂O-(B₂O₃)-(P₂O₅), and combinations thereof. In one variation, the one or more borate-based materials can have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to approximately 10⁻⁶. -7 S / cm to less than or equal to approximately 10 -2 S / cm.

[0063] In various aspects, the nitride-based particles can contain one or more nitride-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li3N, Li7PN4, LiSi2N3, LiPON, and combinations thereof. In one variation, the one or more nitride-based materials can have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to approximately 10 -9 S / cm to less than or equal to approximately 1 S / cm.

[0064] In various aspects, the hydride-based particles can contain one or more hydride-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li3AlH6, LiBH4, LiBH4-LiX (where X is one of Cl, Br, and I), LiNH2, Li2NH, LiBH4-LiNH2, and combinations thereof. In one variation, the one or more hydride-based materials can have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to approximately 10 -7 S / cm to less than or equal to approximately 10 -2 S / cm.

[0065] In further variations, electrolyte 50 can be a quasi-solid electrolyte comprising a hybrid of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution described above and solid electrolyte systems - e.g. with one or more ionic liquids and one or more metal oxide particles, such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and / or silicon dioxide (SiO2).

[0066] In various cases, the separator 52 can be a microporous polymeric separator containing a polyolefin, including those made from a homopolymer (derived from a single monomer component) or a heteropolymer (derived from more than one monomer component), which may be either linear or branched. In certain aspects, the polyolefin may be polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), a mixture of PE and PP, or multilayer structured porous films of PE and / or PP. Commercially available membranes for the porous polyolefin separator 52 include CELGARD. ® 2500 (a single-layer polypropylene separator) and CELGARD ® 2340 (a three-layer polypropylene / polyethylene / polypropylene separator), which is available from Celgard LLC.

[0067] If the separator 52 is a microporous polymeric separator, it can be a single layer or a multilayer laminate. For example, in one embodiment, a single layer of the polyolefin can form the entire microporous polymer separator 52. In other embodiments, the separator 52 can be a fibrous membrane with numerous pores extending between the opposing surfaces and having a thickness of, for example, less than one millimeter. As another example, several discrete layers of similar or dissimilar polyolefins can be assembled to form the separator 52.

[0068] The microporous polymer separator 52 can contain other polymers as an alternative or in addition to the polyolefin, such as, but not limited to, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyamide (nylons), polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyetheretherketones (PEEK), polyethersulfones (PES), polyimides (PI), polyamide imides, polyethers, polyoxymethylene (e.g., acetal), polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthenate, polybutene, polymethylpentene, polyolefin copolymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymers (ABS), polystyrene copolymers, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polysiloxane polymers (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polybenzoxazole (PBO), polyphenylenes, polyarylene etherketones, polyperfluorocyclobutanes, and polyvinylidene fluoride copolymers (e.g., PVdF-hexafluoropropylene or (PVdF-HFP)) and polyvinylidene fluoride terpolymers, polyvinyl fluoride, liquid crystalline polymers (e.g.VECTRAN™ (Hoechst AG, Germany) and ZENITE® (DuPont, Wilmington, DE)), polyaramides, polyphenylene oxide, cellulose materials, mesoporous silica or a combination thereof.

[0069] Furthermore, the separator 52 can be mixed with a ceramic material or its surface can be coated with a ceramic material. For example, a ceramic coating can contain aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), or combinations thereof. Various conventionally available polymers and commercial products for the manufacture of the separator 52 are considered, as are the many manufacturing processes that can be used to produce such a microporous polymer separator 52.

[0070] The negative electrode 30 is formed from a lithium host material capable of functioning as the negative terminal of a lithium-ion battery. For example, the negative electrode 30 can contain a lithium host material (e.g., a negative electroactive material) that can function as the negative terminal of the battery 20. In various aspects, the negative electrode 30 can be defined by a multitude of negative electroactive material particles 34. Such negative electroactive material particles 34 can be arranged in one or more layers to define the three-dimensional structure of the negative electrode 30. In certain variations, the negative electrode 30 can additionally contain the electrolyte 50, for example, a multitude of electrolyte particles (not shown).

[0071] The negative electrode 30 can contain a negative electroactive material based on lithium, comprising, for example, a lithium metal and / or a lithium alloy. In other variations, the negative electrode 30 can be a negative electroactive material based on silicon, comprising, for example, silicon, a silicon alloy, silicon oxide, or combinations thereof, and in certain cases may be further mixed with graphite. In still other variations, the negative electrode 30 can contain a negative electroactive material based on carbon, comprising one or more of graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and combinations thereof. In yet other variations, the negative electrode 30 can contain one or more lithium-accepting negative electroactive materials such as lithium titanium oxide (Li₄Ti₅O₆). 12), one or more transition metals (such as tin (Sn)), one or more metal oxides (such as vanadium oxide (V2O5)), tin oxide (SnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2)), titanium niobium oxide (Ti x Note y O z , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 24 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 64), metal alloys such as copper-tin alloy (Cu6Sn5) and one or more metal sulfides (such as iron sulfide (FeS)).

[0072] In various aspects, the negative electroactive materials in the negative electrode 30 can optionally be mixed with one or more electrically conductive materials that provide an electron-conducting path and / or at least one polymeric binder material that improves the structural integrity of the negative electrode 30. For example, the negative electroactive material can optionally be mixed with binders such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer (SEBS), styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS), lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA), sodium alginate, lithium alginate, and combinations thereof. The electrically conductive materials can include carbon-based materials, nickel powder or other metal particles, or a conductive polymer.Carbon-based materials can contain, for example, particles of carbon black, graphite, SuperP, acetylene carbon black (such as KETCHEN™ carbon black or DENKA™ carbon black), carbon fibers and nanotubes, graphene, and similar materials. Examples of conductive polymers include polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate, and similar materials.

[0073] The negative electrode 30 can contain more than or equal to approximately 50 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 97 wt.% of the negative electroactive material, optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 60 wt.% of a solid electrolyte, optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 15 wt.% of electrically conductive materials, and optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% of a binder.

[0074] In various aspects, the negative electrode 30 also contains one or more first capacitor materials 36, which are arranged on the negative electroactive material particles 34 or mixed with them in certain aspects. For example, as in Fig. As can be seen in Figure 1, the negative electrode 30 has a first region or layer 31 with the negative electroactive material particles 34 and a second region or layer 37 with one or more first capacitor materials 36. In certain aspects, the first region or layer 31 can be arranged on a surface 33 of the current collector 32 of the negative electrode. The first region or layer 31 can define an exposed surface 35. The second region or layer 37 can be arranged on the exposed surface 35.For example, the second layer 37, which contains one or more first capacitor materials 36, can have a thickness of more than or equal to about 10 nm to less than or equal to about 1 mm and in certain aspects optionally more than or equal to about 100 nm to less than or equal to about 200 µm; and the first layer 31 can have a thickness of more than or equal to about 1 µm to less than or equal to about 2000 µm.

[0075] Although the first layer 31 and the second layer 37 are not shown, as is clear to those skilled in the art, they may not form separate layers but may contain mixed particles with different concentrations of the negative electroactive materials 34 and one or more first capacitor materials 36, such that a gradient of different particles can be formed within the negative electrode 30. For example, the concentration of the negative electroactive material particles 34 may be highest near the surface 33 of the current collector 32 of the negative electrode, and the concentration of the first capacitor material particles 36 may be highest near the separator 52. Various embodiments of such gradients are described in more detail below by way of example.

[0076] The first capacitor material 36 can contain one or more capacitor materials, such as one or more metal oxides (MO₂). x, where M is one of cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), niobium (Nb), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo) and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.5), for example one or more metal oxides selected from cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2) and vanadium oxide (V2O5); metal sulfides, for example one or more metal sulfides selected from titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS) and iron sulfide (FeS); Carbon-based materials, for example one or more carbon-containing materials selected from activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels and activated carbon fiber fabrics;and polymer-based materials, for example one or more polymers selected from polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate).;

[0077] In this way, the first capacitor material 36 can contain one or more capacitor materials selected from the group consisting of: cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS), iron sulfide (FeS), activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogel, activated carbon fiber fabric, polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) and combinations thereof.

[0078] In various aspects, the negative electrode 30 can contain more than or equal to approximately 50 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 97 wt.% of the negative electroactive material; optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 60 wt.% of a solid electrolyte; optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 15 wt.% of electrically conductive materials; optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% of a binder; and optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% of the first capacitor material particles 36. The integration of such first capacitor material particles 36 can improve the pulsed high-performance capability, such as the ventilation performance, of the battery 20.

[0079] The positive electrode 40 contains a positive electroactive lithium-based material capable of undergoing lithium insertion and removal, alloying and peeling, or plating and stripping while acting as the positive terminal of the capacitor bank 20. In various aspects, the positive electrode 40 can be formed by a variety of electroactive material particles 44. Such positive electroactive material particles 44 can be arranged in one or more layers to define the three-dimensional structure of the positive electrode 40. In certain variations, the positive electrode 40 can additionally contain the electrolyte 50, e.g., a variety of electrolyte particles (not shown).

[0080] The positive electrode 40 can be a layered oxide cathode, a spinel cathode, an olivine cathode, a tavorite cathode, a borate cathode, or a silicate cathode. For example, layered oxide cathodes (e.g., rock salt layered oxides) comprise one or more positive electroactive lithium-based materials selected from LiNi. x Mn y Co 1-x-y O2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1), LiNi x Mn 1-x O2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1), Li 1+x MO2 (where M is one of Mn, Ni, Co and Al and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (e.g. LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiNi 0,5 Mn 0,5 O2, NMC111, NMC523, NMC622, NMC721, NMC811, NMC165, NMC174, NCA). Spinel cathodes contain one or more positive electroactive lithium-based materials selected from LiMn2O4 (LMO) and LiNi. 0,5 Mn 1,5O4. Olivine-type cathodes contain one or more positive lithium-based electroactive materials, such as LiV₂(PO₄)₃, LiFePO₄, LiCoPO₄, and LiMnPO₄. Tavorite-type cathodes comprise positive lithium-based electroactive materials, such as LiVPO₄F. Borate-type cathodes comprise, for example, one or more positive lithium-based electroactive materials selected from LiFeBO₃, LiCoBO₃, and LiMnBO₃. Silicate-type cathodes comprise, for example, one or more positive lithium-based electroactive materials selected from Li₂FeSiO₄, Li₂MnSiO₄, and LiMnSiO₄F. In further variations, the positive electrode 40 may contain one or more other positive lithium-based electroactive materials, such as one or more dilithium(2,5-dilithiooxy) terephthalates. In various aspects, the positive electroactive material can optionally be coated (e.g., with LiNbO3 and / or Al2O3) and / or doped (e.g.,by magnesium (Mg), zirconium (Zr) and / or fluorine (F).

[0081] In various aspects, the positive electrode 40 can optionally be mixed with one or more electrically conductive materials that provide an electron-conducting path and / or at least one polymeric binder material that improves the structural integrity of the positive electrode 40. For example, the positive electrode 40 can optionally be mixed with binders such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer (SEBS), styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS), lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA), sodium alginate, lithium alginate, and combinations thereof. Electrically conductive materials can include carbon-based materials, nickel powder or other metal particles, or a conductive polymer. Carbon-based materials can include, for example,Contains particles of carbon black, graphite, acetylene carbon black (such as KETCHEN™ carbon black or DENKA™ carbon black), carbon fibers and nanotubes, graphene, and similar materials. Examples of conductive polymers include polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and the like.

[0082] The positive electrode 40 may contain more than or equal to approximately 50 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 97 wt.% of the positive electroactive material, optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 60 wt.% of a solid electrolyte, optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 15 wt.% of electrically conductive materials, and optionally greater than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% of a binder. For example, in certain aspects, the positive electrode 40 may contain approximately 95 wt.% of the positive electroactive material, approximately 3 wt.% of the electrically conductive materials, and approximately 2 wt.% of the binder.

[0083] In various aspects, the positive electrode 40 also contains one or more secondary capacitor materials, which are arranged on the positive electroactive material particles 44 or mixed with them in certain aspects. For example, as in Fig. As can be seen in Figure 1, the positive electrode 40 has a first region or layer 41 with the positive electroactive material particles 44 and a second region or layer 47 with one or more second capacitor materials 46. In certain aspects, the first region or layer 41 can be arranged on a surface 43 of the current collector 42 of the positive electrode. The first region or layer 41 can define an exposed surface 45. The second region or layer 47 can be arranged on the exposed surface 45.For example, the second layer 47, which comprises the one or more second capacitor materials 46, can have a thickness of more than or equal to about 10 nm to less than or equal to about 1 mm and in certain aspects optionally more than or equal to about 200 nm to less than or equal to about 200 µm; and the second layer 47 can have a thickness of more than or equal to about 1 µm to less than or equal to about 2000 µm.

[0084] Although the first layer 41 and the second layer 47 are not shown, as is clear to those skilled in the art, they may not form separate layers but may contain mixed particles with different concentrations of the positive electroactive materials 44 and one or more second capacitor materials 46, such that a gradient of different particles can be formed within the positive electrode 40. For example, the concentration of the positive electroactive materials 44 may be highest near the surface 43 of the current collector 42 of the positive electrode, and the particles comprising the second capacitor materials 46 may have a concentration that is highest near the separator 52. Various embodiments of such gradients are described in more detail below by way of example.

[0085] The particles containing the second capacitor material 46 can be the same or different from the particles containing the first capacitor material 36. For example, the particles containing the second capacitor material 46 comprise one or more capacitor materials, such as one or more metal oxides (MO). x, where M is one of cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), niobium (Nb), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo) and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.5), for example one or more metal oxides selected from cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2) and vanadium oxide (V2O5); metal sulfides, for example one or more metal sulfides selected from titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS) and iron sulfide (FeS); Carbon-based materials, for example one or more carbon-containing materials selected from activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels and activated carbon fiber fabrics;and polymer-based materials, for example one or more polymers selected from polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate).;

[0086] In this way, the second capacitor material 46 can contain one or more capacitor materials selected from the group consisting of: cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS), iron sulfide (FeS), activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogel, activated carbon fiber fabric, polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) and combinations thereof.

[0087] The positive electrode 40 can contain more than or equal to about 50 wt.% to less than or equal to about 97 wt.% of the positive electroactive material 44, optionally greater than or equal to about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 60 wt.% of a solid electrolyte, optionally greater than or equal to about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 15 wt.% of electrically conductive materials, optionally greater than or equal to about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 10 wt.% of a binder, and optionally greater than or equal to about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 10 wt.% of the second capacitor materials 46.

[0088] In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, one or more of the Fig. The negative and positive electrodes 30, 40 shown in Figure 1 have a gradient structure comprising one or more electroactive material layers with different concentrations of one or more electroactive materials, e.g. as in Figure 1. Fig. 2A-2D representation. Fig. Figures 2A-2D are exemplary and schematic representations of capacitance-supported gradient electrodes.

[0089] The in Fig. Electrode 200 shown in Figure 2A comprises at least two electroactive materials 202, 204 arranged in electrical connection with a current collector 210. For example, the electrode 200 may contain more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 100 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally greater than or equal to about 40 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% of a first electroactive material 202; and greater than about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally greater than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 60 wt.% of a second electroactive material 204.

[0090] The at least two electroactive materials 202, 204 can be arranged on or next to one or more surfaces of the current collector 210 in various aspects. For example, as shown, the at least two electroactive materials 202, 204 can be arranged on or next to a first surface 211 of the current collector 210. It is clear to those skilled in the art that the at least two electroactive materials 202, 204 can also be arranged on or next to one or more other surfaces of the current collector 210 in various aspects. For example, on or next to a second surface that is opposite or parallel to the first surface 211 of the current collector 210.

[0091] The first electroactive material 202 can form a first electroactive material layer 212, and the second electroactive material 204 can form a second electroactive material layer 214. The first electroactive material layer 212 can be arranged on or near the current collector 210. The second electroactive material layer 214 can be arranged on or near an exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer 212. The first electroactive material layer 212 can have a first density, and the second electroactive material layer 214 can have a second density. In certain cases, the first density can be greater than the second density.

[0092] For example, in the case of positive electrodes, the initial compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 3 g / cm² 3to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 The second compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 2.8 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.3 g / cm² 3 In the case of negative electrodes, the initial compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 1 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 1.6 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 1.9 g / cm² 3 The second compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 1 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 1.5 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 1.8 g / cm² 3 be.

[0093] Such a density difference can increase the availability of lithium transfer channels within the electrode 200, improve the diffusion rate of lithium transport, reduce the deviation in lithium content, e.g. in the cathode during fast charging and / or high-performance braking regeneration processes, and increase the lifetime of a battery or pack with the electrode 200.

[0094] In various aspects, the first and second electroactive materials 202, 204 can each contain one or more positive electroactive materials, e.g., for the formation of a layered oxide cathode, a spinel cathode, an olivine cathode, a tavorite cathode, a borate cathode, and a silicate cathode. In certain aspects, the one or more positive electroactive materials can be selected independently from the group consisting of: LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1), LiNi xMn 1-x O2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1), Li 1+x MO2 (where M is one of Mn, Ni, Co and Al and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (for example LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiNi 0,5 Mn 0,5 O2, NMC111, NMC523, NMC622, NMC721, NMC811, NMC165, NMC174, NCA), LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiNi 0,5 Mn 1,5 O4, LiV2(PO4)3, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnPO4, LiVPO4F, LiFeBO3, LiCoBO3, LiMnBO3, Li2FeSiO4, Li2MnSiO4, LiMnSiO4F, Dilithium(2,5-dilithiooxy)terephthalate, polyimide and combinations thereof.

[0095] In various other aspects, the first and second electroactive materials 202, 204 can each comprise one or more negative electroactive materials, independently selected from the group consisting of: lithium, lithium metal, silicon, silicon oxide, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O). 12 ), Tin (Sn), Tin oxide (SnO2), Tin alloy (Cu6Sn5), Vanadium oxide (V2O5), Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Titanium niobium oxide (Ti x Notey O z , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 24 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 64), iron sulfide (FeS) and combinations thereof.

[0096] In any case, the first electroactive material 202 can have a first average reversible specific capacity and the second electroactive material 204 can have a second average reversible specific capacity. In various cases, the first average reversible specific capacity can be greater than the second average reversible specific capacity. For example, the first electroactive material 202 can contain a nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC), such as NMC532 and / or NMC165, and the second electroactive material 204 can contain a different NMC, such as NMC721, where NMC532 has a first specific capacity of about 160 mAh / g and NMC721 has a second specific capacity of about 184 mAh / g.In another non-restrictive example, the first electroactive material 202 can comprise graphite and the second electroactive material 204 can comprise graphite in combination with silicon dioxide, wherein graphite has a first specific capacity of about 350 mAh / g and the graphite-silicon dioxide combination has a second specific capacity of about 440 mAh / g.

[0097] In various aspects, it can be similar to the ones in Fig. In addition to the electrodes 30, 40 shown in Figure 1, the electrode 200 further comprises one or more capacitor materials 220, which are arranged on the at least two electroactive materials 202, 204 or mixed with them in certain aspects. For example, the electrode 200 may contain more than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to approximately 0.01 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 1 wt.% of the one or more capacitor materials 220. In various aspects, as shown, the one or more capacitor materials 220 may be arranged on or near an exposed surface of the second electroactive material layer 214, forming a capacitor material layer 216.The capacitor material layer 216 can have a thickness of more than or equal to about 10 nm to less than or equal to about 1 mm and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 50 nm to less than or equal to about 20 µm. In certain cases, the capacitor material layer 216 can contain more than or equal to about 5 wt.% to less than or equal to about 97 wt.% of one or more capacitor materials 220, optionally greater than or equal to about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 15 wt.% of a conductive material, and optionally greater than or equal to about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 40 wt.% of a binder.

[0098] The one or more capacitor materials 220 comprise one or more metal oxides (MO) x, where M is one of cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), niobium (Nb), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo) and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.5), for example one or more metal oxides selected from cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2) and vanadium oxide (V2O5); metal sulfides, for example one or more metal sulfides selected from titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS) and iron sulfide (FeS); Carbon-based materials, for example one or more carbon-containing materials selected from activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels and activated carbon fiber fabrics;and polymer-based materials, for example one or more polymers selected from polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate).;

[0099] In this way, in various aspects, one or more capacitor materials 220 can be selected from the group consisting of: cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS), iron sulfide (FeS), activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogel, activated carbon fiber fabric, polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) and combinations thereof.

[0100] For example, in cases where the first electroactive material 202 contains a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), such as NMC532, and the second electroactive material 204 contains a different NMC, such as NMC721, as described above, one or more capacitor materials 220 can contain (single-walled) carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, for example, in cases where the first electroactive material 202 contains graphite and the second electroactive material 204 contains graphite in combination with silicon dioxide, as also described above, one or more capacitor materials 220 can contain graphene. The integration of one or more capacitor materials 220 in combination with the specific capacitance gradient of the electroactive materials improves safe, fast charging capabilities, increases the uniformity of lithium distribution across the electrode 200, and avoids or reduces dendrite formation.

[0101] The in Fig. Electrode 230 shown in Figure 2B comprises at least three electroactive materials 232, 234, 236 arranged in electrical connection with a current collector 240. For example, the electrode 230 may contain more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 100 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 30 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% of a first electroactive material 232; more than about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 70 wt.% of a second electroactive material 234; and more than about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 50 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 50 wt.% of a third electroactive material 236.

[0102] The at least three electroactive materials 232, 234, 236 can be arranged in various aspects on or next to one or more surfaces of the current collector 240. For example, as shown, the at least three electroactive materials 232, 234, 236 can be arranged on or next to a first surface 241 of the current collector 240. It is clear to those skilled in the art that the at least three electroactive materials 232, 234, 236 can also be arranged in various aspects on or next to one or more other surfaces of the current collector 240. For example, on or next to a second surface that is opposite or parallel to the first surface 241.

[0103] The first electroactive material 232 can form a first electroactive material layer 242, the second electroactive material 234 can form a second electroactive material layer 244, and the third electroactive material 236 can form a third electroactive material layer 246. The first electroactive material layer 232 can be arranged on or near the current collector 240. The second electroactive material layer 244 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer 242, and the third electroactive material layer 246 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the second electroactive material layer 244.

[0104] The first electroactive material layer 242 can have a first compression density, the second electroactive material layer 244 can have a second compression density, and the third electroactive material layer 246 can have a third compression density. In certain cases, the first compression density can be greater than the second compression density, and the second compression density can be greater than the third compression density.

[0105] For example, in the case of positive electrodes, the initial compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 3 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 For example, the initial compression density can be approximately 3.46 g / cm³ in certain aspects. 3 The second compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 2.9 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.3 g / cm² 3 For example, the second compression density can be approximately 3.28 g / cm³ in certain aspects. 3 The third density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 2.8 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.3 g / cm² 3 be.

[0106] For example, the third compression density can be approximately 3.1 g / cm³ in certain aspects. 3 be.

[0107] In the case of negative electrodes, the initial compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 1 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 1.6 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 1.9 g / cm² 3The second compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 1 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 1.5 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 1.8 g / cm² 3 The third density can be greater than or equal to approximately 1 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 1.5 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 1.7 g / cm² 3 be.

[0108] In various aspects, the first, second, and third electroactive materials 232, 234, and 236, respectively, can each contain one or more positive electroactive materials, e.g., for the formation of a layered oxide cathode, a spinel cathode, an olivine cathode, a tavorite cathode, a borate cathode, and a silicate cathode. In certain aspects, the one or more positive electroactive materials can be selected independently from the group consisting of: LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1), LiNi x Mn 1-x O2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1), Li 1+x MO2 (where M is one of Mn, Ni, Co and Al and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (for example LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiNi 0,5 Mn 0,5 O2, NMC111, NMC523, NMC622, NMC721, NMC811, NMC165, NMC174, NCA), LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiNi 0,5 Mn 1,5O4, LiV2(PO4)3, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnPO4, LiVPO4F, LiFeBO3, LiCoBO3, LiMnBO3, Li2FeSiO4, Li2MnSiO4, LiMnSiO4F, Dilithium(2,5-dilithiooxy)terephthalate, polyimide and combinations thereof.

[0109] In various other aspects, the first, second and third electroactive materials 232, 234 and 236 respectively can each comprise one or more negative electroactive materials that are independently selected from the group consisting of: lithium, lithium metal, silicon, silicon oxide, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O). 12 ), Tin (Sn), Tin oxide (SnO2), Tin alloy (Cu6Sn5), Vanadium oxide (V2O5), Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Titanium niobium oxide (Ti x Note y O z , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 24 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 64), iron sulfide (FeS) and combinations thereof.

[0110] In each case, the first electroactive material 232 can have a first average reversible specific capacitance, the second electroactive material 234 a second average reversible specific capacitance, and the third electroactive material 236 a third average reversible specific capacitance. In various cases, the first average reversible specific capacitance can be greater than the second average reversible specific capacitance, and the second average reversible specific capacitance can be greater than the third average reversible specific capacitance.As a non-restrictive example, the first electroactive material 232 could be a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) such as NMC 523, the second electroactive material 234 another NMC such as NMC 622, and the third electroactive material 236 yet another NMC such as NMC 721, where NMC 523 has a first specific capacity of about 160 mAh / g, NMC 622 a second specific capacity of about 175 mAh / g, and NMC 721 a third specific capacity of about 184 mAh / g. In another non-restrictive example, the first, second, and third electroactive materials 232, 234, and 236 could contain graphite with different specific capacities. For example, the first electroactive material 232 can have a first specific capacity of about 320 mAh / g, the second electroactive material 234 a second specific capacity of about 340 mAh / g, and the third electroactive material 236 a third specific capacity of about 350 mAh / g.

[0111] In various aspects, it can be similar to the ones in Fig. Electrodes 30, 40 and the one shown in 1 Fig. Electrode 200 shown in Figure 2A, and further electrode 230, may contain one or more capacitor materials 250 arranged on or mixed with the at least three electroactive materials 232, 234, 236 in certain aspects. For example, electrode 230 may contain more than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to approximately 0.01 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 1 wt.% of the one or more capacitor materials 250. In various aspects, as shown, the one or more capacitor materials 250 may be arranged on or near an exposed surface of the third electroactive material layer 246, forming a capacitor material layer 248.The capacitor material layer 248 can have a thickness of more than or equal to about 10 nm to less than or equal to about 1 mm and in certain aspects optionally more than or equal to about 100 nm to less than or equal to about 20 µm.

[0112] In various aspects, the one or more capacitor materials comprise 250 one or more metal oxides (MO₂). x, where M is one of cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), niobium (Nb), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo) and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.5), for example one or more metal oxides selected from cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2) and vanadium oxide (V2O5); metal sulfides, for example one or more metal sulfides selected from titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS) and iron sulfide (FeS); Carbon-based materials, for example one or more carbon-containing materials selected from activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels and activated carbon fiber fabrics;and polymer-based materials, for example one or more polymers selected from polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate).;

[0113] In this way, one or more capacitor materials 250 can be selected from the group consisting of: cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS), iron sulfide (FeS), activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogel, activated carbon fiber fabric, polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) and combinations thereof.

[0114] For example, in cases where the first electroactive material 232 contains a nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC), such as NMC 532, the second electroactive material 234 another NMC, such as NMC 622, and the third electroactive material 236 yet another NMC, such as NMC 721, as described above, one or more capacitor materials 250 may contain one or more of activated carbon, (single-walled) carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Furthermore, for example, in cases where the first, second, and third electroactive materials 232, 234, and 236 may contain graphite with other specific capacitances, also described above, one or more capacitor materials 250 may contain one or more of ruthenium oxide (RuO2) and graphene.

[0115] The in Fig. Electrode 260, as shown in Figure 2C, comprises at least three electroactive materials 262, 264, 266 with different specific capacitances, arranged in electrical connection with a current collector 270. For example, the electrode 260 may contain more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 100 wt.%, and optionally in certain aspects greater than or equal to about 40 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% of a first electroactive material 262; greater than or equal to about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.%, and optionally in certain aspects greater than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% of a second electroactive material 264; and greater than or equal to about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 50 wt.%, and optionally in certain aspects greater than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 50 wt.% of a third electroactive material 266.

[0116] The at least three electroactive materials 262, 264, 266 can be arranged on or next to one or more surfaces of the current collector 270 in various aspects. For example, as shown, the at least three electroactive materials 262, 264, 266 can be arranged on or next to a first surface 271 of the current collector 270. It is clear to those skilled in the art that the at least three electroactive materials 262, 264, 266 can also be arranged on or next to one or more other surfaces of the current collector 270 in various aspects. For example, on or next to a second surface that is opposite or parallel to the first surface 271 of the current collector 270.

[0117] The first electroactive material 262 can form a first electroactive layer 272 with a first density. The first electroactive layer 272 can be arranged on or near the current collector 270. The second electroactive material 264 can form a second electroactive layer 274 with a second density. The second electroactive layer 274 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the first electroactive layer 272. The third electroactive material 266 can form a third electroactive layer 276 with a third density. The third electroactive layer 276 can be arranged on or near a second exposed surface of the second electroactive layer 274.

[0118] The second and third electroactive layers 274, 276 can each contain one or more of the first, second, and third electroactive materials 262, 264, 266 in various aspects. In certain aspects, the first electroactive layer 272 has a first average reversible specific capacitance, the second electroactive layer 274 has a second average reversible specific capacitance, and the third electroactive layer 276 has a third average reversible specific capacitance. The second average reversible specific capacitance can be greater than the third average reversible specific capacitance. The first average reversible specific capacitance can be greater than the second average reversible specific capacitance.

[0119] In various aspects, the electrode 260 can also contain one or more capacitor materials 280, which are arranged on one or more of the at least three electroactive materials 262, 264, 266 or mixed with them in certain aspects. For example, as shown, the one or more capacitor materials 280 can be arranged on or near an exposed surface of the third electroactive material layer 276, forming a capacitor material layer 278.

[0120] The one or more capacitor materials 280 comprise one or more metal oxides (MO) x, where M is one of cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), niobium (Nb), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo) and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.5), for example one or more metal oxides selected from cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2) and vanadium oxide (V2O5); metal sulfides, for example one or more metal sulfides selected from titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS) and iron sulfide (FeS); Carbon-based materials, for example one or more carbon-containing materials selected from activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels and activated carbon fiber fabrics;and polymer-based materials, for example one or more polymers selected from polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate).;

[0121] In this way, in various aspects, one or more capacitor materials 280 can be selected from the group consisting of: cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS), iron sulfide (FeS), activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogel, activated carbon fiber fabric, polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) and combinations thereof.

[0122] In various cases, as in Fig. The 2D figure shows that one or more capacitor materials 310 are mixed with a third electroactive material layer 306, which is furthest from the current collector. The electrode 290 comprises at least three electroactive materials 292, 294, 296 with different specific capacitances, which are arranged in electrical connection with a current collector 300. For example, the at least three electroactive materials 292, 294, 296 can be arranged on or next to a first surface 301 of the current collector 300.

[0123] A first electroactive material 292 can form a first electroactive material layer 302 with a first density. A second electroactive material 294 can form a second electroactive material layer 304 with a second density. A third electroactive material 296 can form a third electroactive material layer 306 with a third density. The first electroactive material layer 302 can be arranged on or near the current collector 300. The second electroactive material layer 304 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer 302, and the third electroactive material layer 306 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the second electroactive material layer 304. In certain cases, the first density can be greater than the second density, and the second density can be greater than the third density.

[0124] The embodiments shown are representative in various aspects, but not necessarily limiting, to capacitor-supported gradient electrodes and / or electrochemical cells that incorporate capacitor-supported gradient electrodes in accordance with the present teachings. Electrode gradients and / or capacitor materials can be employed in a variety of other design configurations to provide electrochemical cells with improved regeneration. Thus, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the features relating to the Fig. 1 shown battery 20 and / or the one in Fig. The details explained in Figures 2A-D, specifically regarding electrodes 200, 230, 260, and 290, can be applied to various other electrochemical components and structures, for example, in cells with additional layers and / or electrodes and / or composite materials. Furthermore, it is clear to experts that details explained in Figures 2A-D are not intended to be applied to the following topics. Fig. The principles explained in sections 1 and 2A-2D are also applicable to various stacked and / or wound roll configurations. For example, an electrochemical cell can, in various respects, integrate one or more capacitor materials into one or both of the positive and negative electrodes. For instance, one or more capacitor materials can be incorporated into a positive electrode (rather than a negative electrode) to reduce degradation at high charge rates, which can be particularly beneficial for silicon-containing negative electrodes. For example, the Fig. 3 represents an exemplary battery 400 in which the two electrodes 430, 440 have gradient structures and one or more capacitor materials 464, 466.

[0125] The battery 400 comprises a negative electrode 430, a positive electrode 440, and a separator 452 located between the electrodes 430 and 440. The negative and positive electrodes 430 and 440, and / or the separator 452, may each contain an electrolyte solution or system 450. A current collector 432 for the negative electrode may be positioned at or near the negative electrode 430, and a current collector 442 for the positive electrode may be positioned at or near the positive electrode 440. The current collector 432 for the negative electrode and the current collector 442 for the positive electrode each collect free electrons and move them to and from an external circuit 422.For example, an interruptible external circuit 422 and a load device 424 can connect the negative electrode 430 (via the current collector 432 of the negative electrode) and the positive electrode 440 (via the current collector 442 of the positive electrode).

[0126] In various aspects, the negative electrode 430 can contain at least three electroactive materials 434, 436, 438 arranged in electrical connection with a current collector 432. For example, the at least three electroactive materials 434, 436, 438 can be arranged on or adjacent to a first surface of the current collector 432. The negative electrode 430 can contain more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 100 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 30 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% of a first electroactive material 434; more than about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 70 wt.% of a second electroactive material 436; and more than about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 50 wt.% of a second electroactive material 436.-% and in certain aspects optionally contain more than or equal to approximately 20 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 50 wt.% of a third electroactive material 438. The at least three electroactive materials 434, 436, 438 may each be independently selected from the group consisting of: lithium, lithium metal, silicon, silicon oxide, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O). 12 ), Tin (Sn), Tin oxide (SnO2), Tin alloy (Cu6Sn5), Vanadium oxide (V2O5), Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Titanium niobium oxide (Ti x Note y O z , where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 24 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 64), iron sulfide (FeS) and combinations thereof.

[0127] In various aspects, the first electroactive material 434 can have a first average reversible specific capacitance, the second electroactive material 436 a second average reversible specific capacitance, and the third electroactive material 438 a third average reversible specific capacitance. In various cases, the first average reversible specific capacitance can be greater than the second average reversible specific capacitance, and the second average reversible specific capacitance can be greater than the third average reversible specific capacitance. In certain aspects, the first electroactive material 434 can form a first electroactive material layer 435, the second electroactive material 436 a second electroactive material layer 437, and the third electroactive material 438 a third electroactive material layer 439.The first electroactive material layer 435 can be arranged on or near the current collector 432 of the negative electrode. The second electroactive material layer 437 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer 435, and the third electroactive material layer 439 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the second electroactive material layer 437.

[0128] The first electroactive material layer 435 can have a first compression density, the second electroactive material layer 437 can have a second compression density, and the third electroactive material layer 439 can have a third compression density. In certain cases, the first compression density can be greater than the second compression density, and the second compression density can be greater than the third compression density.

[0129] For example, in the case of positive electrodes, the initial compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 3 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 The second compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 2.9 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.3 g / cm² 3 The third density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 2.8 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.3 g / cm² 3 be.

[0130] In the case of negative electrodes, the initial compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 1 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm²3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 1.6 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 1.9 g / cm² 3 The second compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 1 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 1.5 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 1.8 g / cm² 3 The third density can be greater than or equal to approximately 1 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 1.5 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 1.7 g / cm² 3 be.

[0131] In various aspects, it can be similar to the ones in Fig. The electrodes 30, 40 shown in Figure 1, the negative electrode 430, further comprise one or more capacitor materials 464, which are arranged on the at least three electroactive materials 434, 436, 438 or mixed with them in certain aspects. For example, the negative electrode 430 may contain more than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to approximately 0.01 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 1 wt.% of the one or more capacitor materials 464.

[0132] The one or more capacitor materials 464 comprise one or more metal oxides (MO) x, where M is one of cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), niobium (Nb), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo) and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.5), for example one or more metal oxides selected from cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2) and vanadium oxide (V2O5); metal sulfides, for example one or more metal sulfides selected from titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS) and iron sulfide (FeS); Carbon-based materials, for example one or more carbon-containing materials selected from activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels and activated carbon fiber fabrics;and polymer-based materials, for example one or more polymers selected from polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate).;

[0133] In this way, in various aspects, one or more capacitor materials 464 can be selected from the group consisting of: cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS), iron sulfide (FeS), activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogel, activated carbon fiber fabric, polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) and combinations thereof.

[0134] In various aspects, as shown, one or more capacitor materials 464 can be arranged on or near an exposed surface of the third electroactive material layer 439, forming a capacitor material layer 431. The capacitor material layer 431 can have a thickness of more than or equal to about 10 nm to less than or equal to about 1 mm and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 100 nm to less than or equal to about 20 µm.

[0135] In various aspects, the positive electrode 440 can contain at least three electroactive materials 444, 446, 448 arranged in electrical connection with a current collector 442. For example, the at least three electroactive materials 444, 446, 448 can be arranged on or adjacent to a first surface of the current collector 442. The positive electrode 440 can contain more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 100 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 30 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% of a first electroactive material 444; more than about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 80 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to about 20 wt.% to less than or equal to about 70 wt.% of a second electroactive material 446; and more than about 0 wt.% to less than or equal to about 50 wt.% of a second electroactive material 446.-% and, in certain aspects, optionally contain more than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 50 wt.% of a third electroactive material 448. The at least three electroactive materials 444, 446, 448 may each be independently selected from the group consisting of: LiNi. x Mn y Co 1-x-y O2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1), LiNi x Mn 1-x O2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1), Li 1+x MO2 (where M is one of Mn, Ni, Co and Al and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (for example LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiNi 0,5 Mn 0,5 O2, NMC111, NMC523, NMC622, NMC721, NMC811, NMC165, NMC174, NCA), LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiNi 0,5 Mn 1,5 O4, LiV2(PO4)3, LiFePO4, LiCoPO4, LiMnPO4, LiVPO4F, LiFeBO3, LiCoBO3, LiMnBO3, Li2FeSiO4, Li2MnSiO4, LiMnSiO4F and combinations thereof.

[0136] In various aspects, the first electroactive material 444 can have a first average reversible specific capacitance, the second electroactive material 446 a second average reversible specific capacitance, and the third electroactive material 448 a third average reversible specific capacitance. In various cases, the first average reversible specific capacitance can be smaller than the second average reversible specific capacitance, and the second average reversible specific capacitance can be smaller than the third average reversible specific capacitance. In certain aspects, the first electroactive material 444 can form a first electroactive material layer 445, the second electroactive material 446 a second electroactive material layer 447, and the third electroactive material 448 a third electroactive material layer 449.The first electroactive material layer 445 can be arranged on or near the current collector 442 of the positive electrode. The second electroactive material layer 447 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer 445, and the third electroactive material layer 449 can be arranged on or near a first exposed surface of the second electroactive material layer 447.

[0137] The first electroactive material layer 445 can have a first density, the second electroactive material layer 447 can have a second density, and the third electroactive material layer 449 can have a third density. In certain cases, the first density can be greater than the second density, and the second density can be greater than the third density. For example, the first density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 3 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 The second compression density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 2.9 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.3 g / cm² 3 The third density can be greater than or equal to approximately 2 g / cm³. 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.5 g / cm² 3 and in certain aspects optionally greater than or equal to approximately 2.8 g / cm² 3 to less than or equal to approximately 3.3 g / cm² 3 be.

[0138] In various aspects, it can be similar to the ones in Fig. The electrodes 30, 40 shown in Figure 1, the positive electrode 440, further comprise one or more capacitor materials 466, which are arranged on the at least three electroactive materials 444, 446, 448 or mixed with them in certain aspects. For example, the positive electrode 440 may contain more than or equal to approximately 0 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 10 wt.% and, in certain aspects, optionally more than or equal to approximately 0.01 wt.% to less than or equal to approximately 1 wt.% of the one or more capacitor materials 466. The one or more capacitor materials 466 comprise one or more metal oxides (MOs). x, where M is one of cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), niobium (Nb), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo) and 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.5), for example one or more metal oxides selected from cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2) and vanadium oxide (V2O5); metal sulfides, for example one or more metal sulfides selected from titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS) and iron sulfide (FeS); Carbon-based materials, for example one or more carbon-containing materials selected from activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels and activated carbon fiber fabrics;and polymer-based materials, for example one or more polymers selected from polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate).;

[0139] In this way, in various aspects, one or more capacitor materials 466 can be selected from the group consisting of: cobalt oxide (Co3O4), manganese oxide (MnO2), iridium oxide (IrO2), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), ruthenium oxide (RuO2), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), titanium disulfide (TiS2), copper sulfide (CuS), iron sulfide (FeS), activated carbon, graphene, graphite, mesoporous carbon, macroporous carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogel, activated carbon fiber fabric, polyaniline, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(4-styrenesulfonate) and combinations thereof.

[0140] In various aspects, as shown, one or more capacitor materials 466 can be arranged on or near an exposed surface of the third electroactive material layer 449, forming a capacitor material layer 451. The capacitor material layer 451 can have a thickness of approximately 10 nm to approximately 1 mm and, in certain aspects, optionally approximately 100 nm to approximately 20 µm.

[0141] Experts are aware that the Battery 400 can have different structures in various aspects, e.g., cells with additional layers and / or electrodes and / or composite materials, as well as positive and negative electrodes with different layer densities and charging capacities.

[0142] In various aspects, the present disclosure presents a method for fabricating a capacitance-supported gradient electrode, such as the one described in the Fig.The capacitance-supported gradient electrodes 200, 230, 260, 290 shown in Figures 2A-2D are available. The method involves applying one or more first electroactive materials to an exposed surface of a current collector. For example, in various cases, the one or more first electroactive materials can be applied, e.g., by die coating or dry powder pressing. In certain aspects, the one or more capacitor materials are provided with the one or more first electroactive materials. The method may include drying the one or more applied first electroactive materials and / or capacitor materials, e.g.,by heating one or more arranged first electroactive materials to a temperature of more than or equal to approximately 100 °C to less than or equal to approximately 300 °C for a duration of more than or equal to approximately 1 minute to less than or equal to approximately 60 minutes. Pressing can then be applied to the one or more arranged first electroactive materials to compact a first electroactive material layer.

[0143] The process may further include the application of one or more second electroactive materials to an exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer, for example, using a die-coating process. In certain aspects, the one or more capacitor materials are coated with the one or more second electroactive materials. The process may include drying the one or more arranged second electroactive materials, for example, by heating the one or more arranged first electroactive materials to a temperature of more than or equal to approximately 100 °C to less than or equal to approximately 300 °C for a period of more than or equal to approximately 1 minute to less than or equal to approximately 60 minutes. The arranged second electroactive materials may then be pressed to densify a second electroactive material layer.In certain aspects, one or more capacitor materials can be arranged on one or more exposed surfaces of the first or several electroactive materials and / or the second or several electroactive materials. Experts understand that varying numbers of disposal, heating, and pressing steps can be performed to obtain the desired electrode configuration.

[0144] The foregoing description of the embodiments serves for illustration and description purposes. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not restricted to that particular embodiment, but are optionally interchangeable and may be used in a selected embodiment, even if they are not specifically shown or described. The embodiment may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be considered outside the scope of the disclosure, and all such modifications are to be included within the scope of protection of the disclosure.

Claims

[1] Capacitor-supported electrode (200) for an electrochemical cell (20) that cyclically moves lithium ions, comprising: at least two electroactive materials (202, 204) arranged on one or more surfaces of a current collector (210), wherein a first electroactive material (202) of the at least two electroactive materials (202, 204) has a first reversible specific capacitance and a second electroactive material (204) of the at least two electroactive materials (202, 204) has a second reversible specific capacitance and the second reversible specific capacitance differs from the first reversible specific capacitance; and one or more capacitor materials (220) arranged on or mixed with one or more of the at least two electroactive materials (202, 204); wherein the first electroactive material (202) forms a first electroactive material layer (212) which is arranged next to one or more surfaces of the current collector (210) and defines a first exposed surface, and the second electroactive material (204) forms a second electroactive material layer (214) which is arranged next to the first exposed surface of the first electroactive material layer (212); wherein the first electroactive material layer (212) has a first pressing density, the second electroactive material layer (214) has a second pressing density, and the second pressing density is greater than the first pressing density; and where the second reversible specific capacity is greater than the first reversible specific capacity. [2] Capacitor-supported electrode (200) according to claim 1, wherein the second electroactive material layer (214) defines a second exposed surface and the at least two electroactive materials (202, 204) further comprise a third electroactive material (236) with a third reversible specific capacitance, and the third electroactive material (236) forms a third electroactive material layer (246) arranged adjacent to the second exposed surface of the second electroactive material layer (214). [3] Capacitor-supported electrode (200) according to claim 2, wherein the first electroactive material layer (212) has a first pressing density, the second electroactive material layer (214) has a second pressing density, the third electroactive material layer (246) has a third pressing density, and the third pressing density is less than or equal to the second pressing density and the second pressing density is less than or equal to the first pressing density. [4] Capacitor-supported electrode (200) according to claim 2, wherein the first compression density, the second compression density and the third compression density are each independently greater than or equal to 2.0 g / cm³ 3 up to or less than 3.5 g / cm² 3 are. [5] Capacitor-supported electrode (200) according to claim 2, wherein the first compression density, the second compression density and the third compression density are each independently greater than or equal to 1.0 g / cm³ 3 up to or less than 2.0 g / cm² 3 are. [6] Capacitor-supported electrode (200) according to claim 2, wherein the third reversible specific capacitance is greater than the second reversible specific capacitance and the second reversible specific capacitance is greater than the first reversible specific capacitance. [7] Capacitor-supported electrode (200) according to claim 2, wherein the one or more capacitor materials (220) are mixed with the third electroactive material (236) to form the third electroactive material layer (246). [8] Capacitor-supported electrode (200) according to claim 2, wherein the one or more capacitor materials (220) form a capacitor material layer (216) which is arranged next to a third exposed surface of the third electroactive material layer (246).

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