INDUCTION SYSTEM FOR A FUSION RECACTOR

Abstract

The invention relates to a fusion reactor (1) with an induction system having a plurality of centers (M1-Mn) each at the intersection of a space defined by the axes (x, y, z) and designed for the stable electromagnetic confinement of a plasma volume (2) in a plasma vessel (20) enclosed by a plurality of Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn). The plasma volume (2) has a central magnetic field line (m1) with radius (r1) subdivided into eight equal segments by four identical semicircular arcs (B1-B4) with four connection points (J1-J4) and four vertices (V1-V4), and defines an orbit (U1) on the surface of a virtual sphere around a central center (M1). For the arrangement of eccentric magnetic field lines (m2-mn) the magnetic field line (m1) is surrounded by concentric, tubular surfaces of a double helix (3) in a plurality of layers (L1-Ln).The Helmholtz coils (Ql-Qn) arranged concentrically to the central magnetic field line (m1) and perpendicular to a magnetic flux direction (F) at regular intervals, in functional unity with a chiasmus (X) of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) formed as endless loops, enforce equal path lengths (g,g') for particles (+,-) with spin quantum number 1 / 2 at at least one zero line (0,0') between two periods (T,T') of a ring oscillation, wherein the particles are guided in concentric layers (L1-Ln) of the magnetic field formed by a double helix (3).

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a fusion reactor with a quantum-mechanically effective induction system designed for stationary magnetic plasma confinement within a plasma vessel of the fusion reactor. In a constructive part of the invention, a technical teaching for the design of the plasma vessel as an integrated system with modularly configurable assemblies and functional elements of the fusion reactor is specified, starting from a geometric order for the magnetic field of the fusion reactor. In a theoretical part of the invention, special symmetry conditions for the spin of charged particles with quantum number 1 / 2 are defined, and the electromagnetically excited fluid dynamics of the plasma are described using a sphere model for forced ring oscillations, which enables a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of the electromagnetically induced forces within the high-energy state of a fusion plasma.Describing the laws governing fermions, which defy any visual representation, requires the combination of three geometric operations: the Lorentz transformation, translation, and rotation. This explanatory model is also known as the Poincaré group and, as a quantum field theory, provides proof of the validity of special relativity.

[0002] Within the scope of the present invention, a spherical ring oscillation within concentric magnetic field layers of a double helix can thus be explained. All magnetic field lines for the ring oscillations of particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 lie on the surface of virtual unit spheres, all of which have the same radius. In accordance with group theory, the centers of the unit spheres form a homogeneous group with an operator describable by a matrix. Following this rule, the centers of the spheres oscillate within a spherical space around the central point of the fusion reactor. The diameter of this spherical space is defined by the diameter of the plasma volume, and the number of magnetic field lines is limited by the gyration radius of the particles.In a broader sense, the double helix can also be recognized as an orbital layer model of universal spacetime in which all particles are subject to vibration in order to reach an end, which is a new beginning, from a beginning in the same state.

[0003] The fusion reactor according to the invention is designed for the stable magnetic confinement of a plasma volume within a plasma vessel enclosed by a plurality of Helmholtz coils and has a plurality of centers, each located at the intersection of a space defined by longitudinal, transverse, and vertical axes. The plasma volume has a central magnetic field line with a uniform radius, consisting of four identical semicircular arcs and subdivided into eight equal segments by four connection points and four vertices. This central magnetic field line defines an orbit around a central center point on the surface of a virtual sphere. For the arrangement of eccentric magnetic field lines, the central magnetic field line is surrounded by concentric, tubular surfaces of a double helix in a plurality of layers.The Helmholtz coils, arranged concentrically to the central magnetic field line and perpendicular to a magnetic flux direction at regular intervals, enforce, in conjunction with a chiasmus of the magnetic field lines (each configured as an endless loop), equal path lengths for particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 at at least one zero line between two periods of a ring oscillation. The particles are guided in concentric layers of the magnetic field formed by the double helix. In the fusion reactor according to the invention, the nuclei of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen—deuterium and tritium—are guided precisely along the magnetic field lines and collide with each other at speeds exceeding 1000 km / s and at temperatures of 100 to 400 million degrees Celsius, fusing to form helium and releasing large amounts of thermal energy.

[0004] According to the invention, all magnetic field lines of the magnetic field formed by the double helix—the central magnetic field line and the eccentric magnetic field lines—lie on the surface of virtual unit spheres with the same radius. While the central magnetic field line is arranged on a unit sphere with a central center point, the eccentric magnetic field lines are arranged on the surface of eccentric unit spheres around eccentric centers. While the four arcs of the central magnetic field line are formed as regular semicircular arcs with four coplanar connection points, the eccentric magnetic field lines each have four elliptical arcs with non-coplanar connection points and four vertices.The Helmholtz coils, in conjunction with the chiasmus of the magnetic field lines, ensure equal path lengths for charged particles in the mirror-image halves of the double helix within the individual tubular layers of the magnetic structure of the plasma volume. Through an interaction of the particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 and the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils, the angular momentum planes of the particles align perpendicularly and their angular momentum axes parallel to the magnetic field lines, thereby following the direction of magnetic flux.For the orbital stability of the particles, magnetic-dynamic equilibrium in the mirror-symmetrically arranged halves of the double helix is ​​crucial. This equilibrium is achieved by ensuring that the spin of particles with quantum number 1 / 2 changes four times from up-spin to down-spin in each of the four semicircular arcs. During this process, the angular momentum axes of the particles in the mirror-image halves of the magnetic field lines reverse four times on their respective orbits, with a sum of angles of 720 degrees. The four identical semicircular arcs of the central magnetic field line, arranged with a radius around the central point of the fusion reactor, form a guideline for spherical ring oscillations.While the angular momentum axes of charged particles rotate once around their axis with a sum of 360 degrees in each revolution of their respective orbit, the four reversals of the spin direction of the particles between the intersection points of the central magnetic field line ensure that the particles remain on track. This occurs because the torque of the particles in the mirror-image halves of the magnetic field lines cancels each other out, resulting in a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of magnetic forces within the plasma volume. The rapid change in the spin direction prevents the formation of gyral drift motions due to spin-induced precession of the particles, which follow the magnetic field lines precisely and return to their starting point on their respective orbits with the same spin state.The necessary magnetic field is induced by the Helmholtz coils, which generate a central magnetic field line surrounded by a multitude of eccentric magnetic field lines. Due to a force equilibrium of the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils in the mirror-image halves of the double helix, the eccentric magnetic field lines are forced to wind themselves around the central magnetic field line in a multitude of layers as endless loops. This occurs spontaneously, without any further intervention, so that the orbits in both halves of the endless loops are of equal length, and charged particles in each layer of the plasma volume orbit the center of the fusion reactor on their respective paths with equal path lengths.Since the Helmholtz coils are arranged concentrically to the central magnetic field line and follow the course of a double helix at regular intervals, the plasma vessel, in the form of a double helix, forms a housing for spherical ring oscillations. The plasma vessel itself is constructed from a plurality of identical vessel modules, which are either circular or oval in cross-section and are arranged concentrically to the central magnetic field line between an inner radius and an outer radius around the central center point. These modules can be screwed or welded together to form four arc-shaped assemblies.The magnetic field, in the form of a double helix, ensures that the plasma volume follows the cross-section of the plasma vessel at a distance from an inner shell. The Helmholtz coils are assigned to the individual vessel modules and have radial distances to the plasma vessel as well as longitudinal distances to each other, defined by sector angles of the radius around the central point. The central magnetic field line of the fusion reactor is surrounded by a plurality of concentric layers for the arrangement of eccentric magnetic field lines with analogous vertices and connection points.After the plasma is ignited, electrons and protons of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen separate from each other, starting from the central magnetic field line. Thus, the direction of the magnetic flux, as well as the orientation of the angular momentum axis and the angular momentum plane of the particles, is determined within the magnetic field formed by the double helix by the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils. The two periods of a ring oscillation are divided into two mirror-image halves by at least one zero line between opposite connection points of the central magnetic field line. The ring oscillations in the individual layers of the plasma volume differ by layer-specific frequencies, with a frequency band of 50 Hz at the outside of the plasma volume and up to several kiloHz in the region of the central magnetic field line.If the quantum-mechanically effective induction system according to the invention achieves a permanent confinement of the plasma volume by guiding charged particles with the quantum number 1 / 2 precisely and stably along the magnetic field lines, a plasma vessel diameter of only 0.30 to 0.40 meters is sufficient to produce a compact fusion reactor. The diameter of the plasma volume enclosed in the plasma vessel ranges from a minimum of 0.3 meters to a maximum of several meters. The fusion reactor, including its power supply and a conversion system, can be deployed both terrestrially and orbitally and can be integrated into a vehicle, particularly a watercraft. State of the art

[0005] Under the extreme pressure of gravity, protons fuse hydrogen into helium in the sun and in stars that emit light through space and time. If nuclear fusion could be replicated on Earth, enough energy would be available for the further cultural and industrial development of humanity. The fusion of protons holds the promise of providing unlimited amounts of energy in the future to satisfy the world's energy needs without harming the climate. Comparing the "power plant of the sun" with a fusion reactor reveals the fascinating properties of plasma, which obeys both the laws of gas dynamics and the physical laws of electromagnetism.While in the Sun, which has a diameter of 700,000 kilometers, the high pressure resulting from gravity allows for the spontaneous fusion of divalent hydrogen at temperatures as low as 15 million degrees, on Earth temperatures of 100 to 200 million degrees are required to ignite a plasma for nuclear fusion at a comparatively low pressure of only 5 to 6 bar. With a particle density of only 10 to the power of 20 particles, the plasma is comparable to a high vacuum compared to air, which has a particle density of 10 to the power of 26 particles. Hydrogen exists in three forms. Pure hydrogen consists of one nucleus and two electrons, while heavy hydrogen consists of one nucleus, two electrons, and one neutron and is very rare, comprising only 0.01 percent of the total hydrogen.Even rarer is superheavy hydrogen, whose nucleus is surrounded by three electrons and one neutron. It decays as a radioactive isotope and therefore does not occur naturally on Earth. Hydrogen and its isotopes are chemically equivalent. In an atom, the nucleus consists of protons and neutrons and has a diameter of 10 to the power of minus 15 meters, while the electron shell is unimaginably much larger, with a diameter of 10 to the power of minus 10 meters, where the number of electrons is equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. A unit that describes the forces holding an atom together is the electronvolt. One electronvolt is the force required to accelerate an electron. The forces holding the atomic nucleus together act over short distances and have a magnitude of one million electronvolts.The ionized protons are bound by the strong electromagnetic interaction, which only acts over short distances. Therefore, in nuclear fusion, the protons of two protons with the same charge must be in contact. Two methods are known to release these strong binding forces: either the protons of the heavier elements can be split, or the protons of the lighter elements can be fused. The energy released in fusion is a million times greater than the energy obtainable in a chemical reaction, such as the combustion of coal. The fusion of deuterium and tritium produces a helium nucleus, a neutron, and large amounts of usable energy. The protons of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen—deuterium and tritium—are preferentially fused to form helium under high pressure and heat in an ionized gas in which electrons and protons have separated.The exothermic energy released from one gram of hydrogen corresponds to the heat of combustion of eleven tons of coal. A mass difference between two fusion partners, present as atomic protons, and the fusion products is a prerequisite for the conversion of matter into energy, according to Einstein's equation E = mc². 2The mass of the two fused protons must be greater than the mass of the resulting protons and electrically charged particles. This mass difference is particularly large between the heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, and the helium produced in the fusion. Another advantage of hydrogen isotopes is that the electrical repulsion that must be overcome for fusion is very low between these two fusion partners, since they each carry only a single elementary charge. The so-called Coulomb barrier, which describes the electrical repulsion of the positively charged atomic protons, must be overcome before the fusion process can begin. Beyond this barrier, the distance between the protons is so small that the attraction predominates, and the protons fuse together through the strong interaction.A mixture of equal proportions of deuterium and tritium is therefore very suitable as a fusion fuel. Fusion reactors with electromagnetic plasma confinement are classified as either tokamaks or stellarators. Due to its ohmic heating with inductively driven current, a tokamak can only operate in pulsed intervals, whereas a stellarator allows for steady-state operation by heating the plasma with microwave tubes located outside the plasma vessel. These microwave tubes can be configured as gyrotrons or klystrons, which transfer their energy directly to the charged particles in the plasma via high-frequency oscillation. These particles then collide with other electrically charged particles, thus increasing the plasma temperature.Both designs utilize a ring-shaped, evacuated plasma vessel containing several cubic meters of gas. Within this vessel, the gas is heated to 100 to 150 million degrees Celsius to separate electrons and protons, subsequently igniting an electrically conductive plasma. Superconducting coils are arranged around the ring-shaped plasma vessel and generate a magnetic field of up to 12 Tesla, confining the plasma along magnetic field lines at a distance from the inner wall. Contact between the plasma and the inner wall of the plasma vessel must be strictly avoided, as the rapidly cooling plasma would halt the fusion process. The nuclear reaction is highly exothermic and is triggered by the collision of ionized deuterium and tritium protons. The released neutrons transfer their energy as heat to the inner shell of the plasma vessel, which can then be used to generate electricity.In a suitably doped inner shell, tritium can be produced as a reaction product for the chain reaction fusion process. After electrons and protons have separated within the plasma, which is comparable to a high vacuum, the plasma ignites at a temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius. The ionized protons of deuterium and tritium fuse to form helium, releasing unimaginably large amounts of thermal energy. However, to generate energy on a power plant scale, a very large number of electrically charged particles must fuse in a chain reaction without any additional external energy input. Unfortunately, this leads to undesirable convection currents within the plasma, meaning the fusion temperature can only be maintained for a few seconds.A problem that occurs in tokamak and stellarator fusion reactors concerns instabilities within the plasma volume. These instabilities are caused by different coil arrangements of the magnetic confinement and manifest as irregularities in the layer structure and sensitive disturbances in the temperature and density of the plasma volume. This triggers uncontrolled convective currents within the plasma volume perpendicular to the magnetic flux direction, resulting in insufficient energy confinement time. Consequently, the reactor, which is still in the experimental stage, must be shut down before the excess energy from nuclear fusion can be harvested. The Lawson criterion describes the boundary between the energy required to ignite the plasma and the energy generated within the ignited plasma.To utilize nuclear fusion as a future energy source, this limit must be overcome so that the product of particle density, plasma temperature, and energy confinement time lies beyond this limit. To maintain the nuclear fusion chain reaction, an injection system is required to continuously inject new fuel into the plasma vessel to replace fuel already used. Advantageously, the chain reaction terminates automatically when the fuel supply ceases, meaning that, unlike nuclear fission in a nuclear power plant, a fusion reactor poses no danger. Accidents such as explosions or meltdowns do not occur in fusion. As early as 1915, Albert Einstein and the Dutch physicist Wander Johannes de Haas demonstrated experimentally that an iron rod enclosed by an electrical coil acquires angular momentum when an electric current is applied.This so-called Einstein-de Haas effect is considered the first evidence of spin. At the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Institut Néel of the CNRS Grenoble, this effect was demonstrated in 2016 using a single molecule as an example and reformulated as the "quantum Einstein-de Haas effect".

[0006] In 1928, the English physicist Paul Dirac summarized the properties and behavior of a fundamental fermion, such as an electron or quark with nuclear spin quantum number 1 / 2, in a mathematical formula that, unlike the Schrödinger equation, fulfills the requirements of special relativity. Stephen Hawking, in his book "A Brief History of Time," offers the following explanation for spin: "A particle with spin 0 is a point: it looks the same from all directions. A particle with spin 1, on the other hand, is like an arrow: it looks different from different directions. Only after a complete rotation (360 degrees) does the particle look the same again. A particle with spin 2 is like an arrow with a point at each end. It looks the same again after half a rotation (180 degrees). Similarly, particles with higher spin look the same again when rotations of smaller fractions of a complete rotation are made."Furthermore, there are particles that do not look the same after just one rotation: two complete rotations are required! The spin of such particles is given as 1 / 2. Although charged particles in both a tokamak and a state-of-the-art stellarator orbit a center point on spirally twisted paths, the angular momentum axis of charged particles with a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 does not change its polar orientation. In physics and engineering, phase relationship refers to the interaction of oscillations whose phase angles are shifted relative to each other such that their periods coincide, but the times of their zero crossings do not. The French physicist Jules Antoine Lissajous (1822–1880) is credited with discovering two-dimensional curves that arise from the superposition of two harmonic oscillations of different frequencies that are perpendicular to each other.In physics lessons at the Gottlieb Daimler Gymnasium in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, an oscilloscope was already being used in 1968 to explain alternating currents using the example of a Lissajous figure. "Project Matterhorn" was the code name for controllable thermonuclear processes initiated by Lyman Spitzer at Princeton University during the Cold War. As early as 1951, Spitzer outlined the basic concept for developing a stellarator, a device for confining and heating ionized hydrogen gas to release fusion energy for electricity generation. With support from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Princeton University, Project Matterhorn was launched in 1951. Spitzer's fusion research was housed on the Forrestal Campus in Princeton, where Princeton physicist John Wheeler was conducting nuclear weapons research. Spitzer's research was codenamed "Matterhorn S" and Wheeler's "Matterhorn B."Project Matterhorn made crucial contributions to the development of the hydrogen bomb. When nuclear weapons research was halted in 1958, the project was decommissioned and transformed into the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in 1961, which still exists today. After the Wendelstein 7X stellarator set a world record in 2023 with an energy confinement time of eight minutes, fusion research has moved significantly closer to the goal of harnessing and utilizing solar energy on Earth. Despite decades of research, fusion reactors capable of generating electricity on a power plant scale—electricity urgently needed worldwide to combat the looming climate catastrophe—are still not available. References: - Paul Dirac: The principles of quantum mechanics, Oxford 1958, ISBN 0-19-85211-5, - Stephen Hawking (ed.): A Brief History of Time (translated from the English by Hainer Kober), 23rd ed. Hamburg 2018, - GS Goudsmit, GE Uhlenbeck: Spinning Electrons and the Structure of Spectra, in: Nature. Vol. 117, 1926, pp. 264-265, - Max Jammer: The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York 1966, p. 150, - Lyman Spitzer Jr: The Stellarator Concept, in: Physics of Fluids, 1958, Volume 1, Issue 4, p.253-264, - Marc Ganzhorn / Svetlana Klyatskaya / Mario Ruben / Wolfgang Wernsdorfer: Quantum Einstein-de Haas effect, in: Nature Communications, Vol.7, Art.No.11443, 2016 - Hartmut Zohm: Big Bang, Universe and Life, published March 5, 2023, YouTube link: https: / / www.youtube.com / watch?v=19bEPuPYPgo - S. Krause, G. Herzog, A. Schlenhoff, A. Sonntag, and R. Wiesendanger: Joule Heating and Spin-Transfer Torque Investigated on the Atomic Scale Using a Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Phys. Rev. Lett.107, 186601 - Published 27 2011, - Henri Poincaré: Sur la dynamique de l'electron. In: Rendiconti del Circolo matematico di Palermo. Volume 21, 1906, pp. 129-176, - Hans Joos: On the representation theory of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group as a basis for quantum mechanical kinematics. In: Fortschritte der Physik. Volume 10, No. 3, 1962, pp. 65-146, Apostol, Tom M.: Modular functions and Dirichlet series in number theory. Springer-Verlag, New York 1976, ISBN 0-387-90185-X, p. 9. Task

[0007] Based on the prior art described above, the invention aims to find a quantum mechanically effective induction system for a permanent magnetic confinement of a plasma volume in a plasma vessel, which enables the stationary operation of a fusion reactor with a significantly simplified design, so that energy from nuclear fusion can be used as an unlimited energy source as soon as possible to counteract the globally looming climate catastrophe.The invention aims to provide a scalable, modular, and serially producible construction system that enables the rapid construction of fusion power plants according to the invention at suitable locations worldwide, as well as a novel spatial integration of the individual systems of the fusion reactor, which consists of a heating system for the plasma, a cooling system for the superconductivity of the coils, a heat transfer system for transferring the heat to a utility system, a support system for the plasma vessel, and an injection system for injecting fuel. The integration of these systems follows, on the one hand, the concept of spatial separation and, on the other hand, the creation of synergies in the interaction of the systems.Finally, the object of the invention is to provide a quantum mechanically effective induction system for charged particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2, in orbital paths around the center of the fusion reactor. The application of mathematically and geometrically formulated symmetry conditions for fermions with spin quantum number 1 / 2 enables the creation of magnetic symmetry conditions for high-frequency ring oscillations with two periods, such that, within the plasma, the formation of undesired convective turbulence perpendicular to the plasma flow direction can be effectively suppressed by a regular reversal of the intrinsic angular momentum of the charged particles. These objects are achieved by the features of the main claim.

[0008] The invention relates to a quantum mechanically active induction system for a fusion reactor designed for stationary electromagnetic plasma confinement. The fusion reactor according to the invention is designed for stable magnetic confinement of a plasma volume within a plasma vessel enclosed by a plurality of Helmholtz coils and has a plurality of centers, each located at the intersection of a space defined by longitudinal, transverse, and vertical axes. The plasma volume has a central magnetic field line with a uniform radius, consisting of four identical semicircular arcs and subdivided into eight equal segments by four connection points and four vertices. This line defines an orbit around a central center point on the surface of a virtual sphere.For the arrangement of eccentric magnetic field lines, the central magnetic field line is surrounded by concentric, tubular surfaces of a double helix in a plurality of layers. The Helmholtz coils, arranged concentrically to the central magnetic field line and perpendicular to a magnetic flux direction at regular intervals, enforce, in conjunction with a chiasmus of the magnetic field lines (each configured as an endless loop), equal path lengths for particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 at at least one zero line between two periods of a ring oscillation. The particles are guided in concentric layers of the magnetic field formed by the double helix.The fusion reactor according to the invention, comprising a cooling system for the coils, a heating system for the plasma, a heat transfer system for the plasma vessel, a support system for the plasma vessel, and an injection system for the fuel formed by deuterium and tritium, enables continuous operation of the fusion reactor by causing the protons of deuterium and tritium to collide at temperatures of 100 to 400 million degrees Celsius at a speed of more than 1000 km / s after ignition of the plasma and to fuse to form helium in a chain reaction releasing large amounts of thermal energy.

[0009] Further advantageous embodiments and objects of the invention are evident from the dependent claims.

[0010] Specifically, the fusion reactor fulfills the following tasks: - Specification of a central magnetic field line consisting of four semicircular arcs, which lie on the surface of a central virtual sphere with a radius around a central center point, - Specification of an eccentric magnetic field line consisting of four elliptical arcs, all with the same radius around an eccentric center point on the surface of eccentric virtual spheres, - Use of the gyroscopic effect of particles with the quantum number 1 / 2 for orbital stability, which change their direction of rotation four times in one revolution of the two periods of a ring oscillation that are mirror images of each other at a zero line, - Specification of a plasma vessel consisting of four semicircular arcs for spherical oscillations in which the spin of particles with quantum number 1 / 2 changes four times from an up-spin to a down-spin, whereby the direction of rotation of the particles reverses four times in one revolution of the double helix with an angle sum of 720 degrees, - Specification of charged particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 that move at speeds of more than 1000 km / s on the surface of a virtual sphere and therefore fulfill the conditions for the spin of a fermion, - Specification of concentric layers of the plasma volume, whose layer thicknesses correspond to the gyration radius of the particles, - Specification of a plasma volume in a plasma vessel that, including the Helmholtz coils, can be inscribed in the shell volume of a virtual hollow sphere, - Specification of a plasma vessel composed of four identical semicircular arcs arranged with an inner and an outer radius around the central point, - Specification of a magnetic field in the form of a double helix in which the magnetic field lines wind themselves around a central magnetic field line without external intervention, - Specification of a heat transfer system for a phase-changing heat transfer fluid in a finned heat transfer helix with an upper outlet for the supply to a heat sink and with a lower inlet for the return to the heat transfer helix surrounding the plasma volume as a heat source, - Specification of a trajectory on which the virtual angular momentum axis of a particle rotates once around itself, such that, taking into account the antipodal position in the angular momentum plane of the particle, the angle sum of 720 degrees is achieved, - Specification of ring-shaped Helmholtz coils as an induction system for a magnetic field in the form of a double helix with a central magnetic field line that is wound by a multitude of eccentric magnetic field lines, - Specifying a linear relationship between the strength of the magnetic field, the spin torque, and the Joule heating, - Specification of orbital tube surfaces of the magnetic field on which charged particles move around a center point at a speed of more than 1000 km / s, - Specification of an orbital collision space for the protons of deuterium and tritium, - Specification of a plasma vessel in which a pressure of six to eight bar prevails, - Specifying a double helix as a space-time loop that fulfills the conditions of special relativity, - Specification of a unit sphere with a uniform radius for the self-organization of harmonic ring oscillations within a magnetic field arranged concentrically around a central magnetic field line in the form of a double helix, - Unification of the sphere model for fermions with an orbital model of a double helix formed by concentric layers, - Specification of a ring vibration of the plasma with two periods, - Specification of a quantum mechanically effective induction system for the permanent magnetic confinement of a plasma volume in a plasma vessel. The architecture of the arches for ring vibrations

[0011] The central magnetic field line, formed by four identical semicircular arcs around the central center point, serves as a guideline for the formation of spherical ring oscillations. Both the central magnetic field line and the eccentric magnetic field lines lie on the surface of virtual spheres with a uniform radius. While the central magnetic field line with the uniform radius is arranged around a central center point, the eccentric magnetic field lines are arranged on the surface of eccentric virtual spheres with the uniform radius around eccentric centers.The symmetry condition of equal path lengths for particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 is fulfilled by a uniform distribution of the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils in the two halves of the magnetic field lines of the magnetic field formed by a multilayer double helix, which are mirror-symmetric to each other at at least one zero line between two periods of a ring oscillation.While the symmetrical force distribution applies without further ado to the central magnetic field line, the eccentric magnetic field lines in the individual layers of the plasma volume must each come together in families of congruent curves with non-complanar connection and vertices in order to wind around the central magnetic field line with equal path lengths in both halves of the double helix, so that the symmetry condition of equal path lengths in the mirror-image halves of the magnetic field formed by a double helix also applies to the eccentric magnetic field lines.Based on the principle that equal forces in a mirror-symmetric reference frame can produce analogous effects, it can be shown that with a family of congruent curves at the surface of a group of spheres with a uniform radius, the symmetry condition of equal path lengths in both halves of the double helix can be satisfied, such that the charged particles orbit the center of the fusion reactor in a harmonic ring oscillation. The magnetic field structure exhibits a layered structure in which the central magnetic field line, consisting of four identical semicircular arcs, is surrounded by a plurality of concentric layers for the arrangement of eccentric magnetic field lines. The eccentric magnetic field lines in the individual layers of the plasma volume each have four elliptical arcs corresponding to the Jacobian functions between the connection points lying on a quadrilateral.Since all magnetic field lines lie on the surface of a group of virtual unit spheres, each with the same diameter, and the particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 move at speeds exceeding 1000 km / s on the surface of these unit spheres, it can be concluded that the particles obey the special conditions of a fundamental fermion and therefore correspond to the formula discovered by Paul Dirac in 1928. Dirac's formula thus also provides mathematical proof for the inevitable kinematics of fermions in the special case presented here: a double helix with a multilayered magnetic field. The magnetic field of the double helix

[0012] The Helmholtz coils generate a magnetic field with a central magnetic field line and surrounding eccentric magnetic field lines. Arranged concentrically and perpendicular to the central magnetic field line at a radial distance from the plasma vessel, the Helmholtz coils follow the path of a double helix at regular intervals. In the mirror-image halves of the double helix, the Helmholtz coils induce an equal Lorentz force, so that the eccentric magnetic field lines in the individual layers of the plasma volume are forced to wind around the central magnetic field line in a series of congruent curves with analogous vertices and junctions, forming continuous loops. This ensures that the orbits of particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 are of equal length in both halves of the loops and in each layer of the plasma volume.The central magnetic field line is surrounded by a plurality of concentric layers for the arrangement of eccentric magnetic field lines, each exhibiting four elliptical arcs. After the plasma is ignited, electrons and protons of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen separate from each other, starting from the central magnetic field line. Within the double helix, the direction of the magnetic flux, as well as the orientation of the angular momentum axes and planes of the particles, are determined by the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils and by the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles.Since the two periods of a ring oscillation can be divided into two mirror-image halves of the double helix by a zero line, between a first and a third and / or between a second and a fourth junction of the central magnetic field line, the Helmholtz coils, in conjunction with the chiasmus of the magnetic field lines, ensure equal path lengths for the particles in the mirror-image halves of the double helix. The ring oscillations in the individual layers of the plasma volume differ by layer-specific frequencies in a frequency band of 30–50 Hz at the outer surface of the plasma volume and up to several kiloHz in the region of the central magnetic field line. The fluid dynamic equilibrium of the plasma

[0013] The quantum mechanically effective induction system is realized whenever the angular momentum of particles with the quantum number 1 / 2 reverses four times in the two periods of the ring oscillation. The mirror-symmetric halves of the double helix form two periods of a harmonic ring oscillation. At the zero line, the two periods of the ring oscillation are mirror images of each other, so that each of the magnetic field lines forms an endless loop. In the magnetic field of the double helix, particles with the spin quantum number 1 / 2 interact with the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils in such a way that their planes of angular momentum align perpendicularly and their axes of angular momentum align parallel to the magnetic field lines, so that the particles follow the direction of magnetic flux.For a permanent magnetic plasma confinement, the orbital stability of the particles is achieved with a magnetic-dynamic equilibrium in the mirror-symmetrically arranged halves of the double helix. This is accomplished by having the spin of particles with quantum number 1 / 2 change four times from an up-spin to a down-spin in each of the four semicircular arcs. The angular momentum axes of the particles in the mirror-image halves of the magnetic field lines reverse four times on their respective orbits with an angle sum of 720 degrees. In each revolution, the angular momentum axes of the particles rotate once around their own axis with an angle sum of 360 degrees. Taking into account the antipodal position of the particles in the plane of angular momentum, the angle sum in the case of the intrinsic rotation of the angular momentum axis is also 720 degrees. The tracking accuracy of the particles

[0014] The particles' tracking stability results from the fourfold reversal of the spin direction between opposing junctions of the central magnetic field line. This reversal also causes the particles' torque to cancel each other out between two periods of harmonic ring oscillations in each half of all magnetic field lines. In this way, a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of magnetic forces is achieved within the double helix, which is divided into two halves. The rapid change in the direction of spin prevents the formation of gyral drift motions due to spin-induced precession, ensuring that the particles follow the magnetic field lines precisely and return to their starting point on their respective orbits with the same spin state. The stability of the particles' orbits is crucial for sustained plasma confinement.The invention proposes utilizing the fourfold reversal of the rotation direction of particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2, occurring between two periods of ring oscillations, to establish orbital stability. Unlike a ring-shaped plasma, where the particles are given ample time to develop gyral drift motions in order to leave the predetermined path of the magnetic field lines, the invention utilizes the gyroscopic effect of the particles to establish their orbital stability. Within the helical magnetic field generated by the Helmholtz coils, the particles behave as quantum objects like spinning tops, reversing their rotation direction four times within two periods of ring oscillations on their orbital paths, each formed by four arcs.This ensures that the opposing angular momenta of the particles in both halves of the double helix cancel each other out, preventing disturbances in the layered structure of the magnetic field and allowing the energy confinement time, as required by the Lawson criterion, to be achieved with a comparatively small cross-section of the plasma volume. At rotational frequencies from 50 to several kiloHz, the particles are not given time to deviate from the path defined by the magnetic field lines due to gyral drift. Therefore, the double helix of the magnetic field, as intended, functions as a quantum mechanically effective induction system for establishing a permanent plasma confinement within the plasma vessel of a fusion reactor. The heat transfer system of the plasma vessel

[0015] The plasma vessel of the fusion reactor according to the invention has a double-shelled double helix and is designed as an endless loop. The respective size of the plasma vessel can be defined by specifying the radius of the central magnetic field line around the center of the fusion reactor, as well as by specifying an outer and an inner radius of the plasma vessel. A plurality of magnetic field lines defines the orbit and the magnetic flux direction of the plasma volume, which orbits the center of the fusion reactor at a constant radial distance from the center and at a distance from the concave inner shell of the plasma vessel. In a first embodiment of the invention, the central magnetic field line of the plasma volume is always equidistant from the center and can therefore lie as an endless loop on the surface of a virtual sphere. The cross-section of the plasma vessel can be either circular or oval.The Helmholtz coils are arranged radially from the plasma vessel and perpendicular to a circle tangent of the inner and outer circumferences of the plasma vessel. With a magnetically induced distance to the inner shell, the plasma volume follows the respective cross-section of the plasma chamber in its orbit. For the transfer of the heat energy released from nuclear fusion to a heat transfer fluid, the double-shell, finned heat transfer helix is ​​designed with an inner shell and an outer shell. A circulating system for a two-phase heat transfer fluid, e.g., water, is provided between a heat source formed by the finned heat transfer helix and a heat sink formed by a user system. The two shells of the finned heat transfer helix are connected to each other by radial flange connections, ensuring rigidity against bending, shear, and torsional forces.In the return flow from a heat sink, water is directed at a lower inlet of the heat transfer helix to a heat source facing the plasma volume, formed by the inner shell of the plasma vessel. It then exits the heat transfer helix as pressurized water at an upper outlet to, for example, form the feed line of a superheated steam turbine, which acts as a heat sink. The vessel modules of the finned heat transfer helix feature steam- and watertight openings for an injection system. This system is designed for the continuous supply of the deuterium-tritium fuel for the fusion reactor and also serves to heat the plasma by injecting neutral fuel. The inner and outer shells, together with the longitudinal fins of the heat transfer helix, transfer the heat radiated from the heat source—the plasma volume—to the plasma vessel to the heat transfer fluid.The longitudinal ribs between the inner and outer shells of the plasma vessel can be twisted, guiding the heat transfer fluid in a spiral from the lower inlet to the upper outlet. This maximizes the surface area of ​​the heat transfer helix for the convective transfer of heat from the fusion process to the heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer helix has no gap between the heat-emitting inner shell and the heat-absorbing fluid. Therefore, the temperature gradient between the surface temperature of the plasma vessel and the temperature of the cooling water depends directly on the thermal conductivity λ [W / (m·K)] and the thickness of the inner shell of the plasma vessel. The increased surface area of ​​the heat transfer helix on the inner side facilitates heat transfer to the water.Identical vessel modules, stiffened by longitudinal ribs and bolted or welded with flanges, can be connected in a way that is rigid against bending, shear, and torsional forces, as well as pressure and steam. For power generation on a power plant scale, the heat sink consists of a steam turbine and a cooling tower, while for district heating of an urban area, the superheated steam condenses in heating coils, allowing the heat generated in nuclear fusion to be fed directly into a district heating network. Steel alloys characterized by their lack of magnetism, high strength, and resistance to corrosion, particularly seawater, are known as submarine steel and are therefore also a suitable material for manufacturing the double-shell plasma vessel. The comparatively low thermal conductivity of only 15 W / (m·K) of austenitic steel can be significantly improved by alloying it with aluminum.The alloying of iron, chromium, and aluminum as an electrothermal alloy increases the temperature coefficient and thus reduces the thermal resistance of the steel alloy. A nanostructured surface on the inner shell of the plasma vessel, facing the plasma volume, increases the absorption rate of the thermal radiation emitted by the plasma. The invention proposes doping the inner shell of the plasma vessel with lithium in combination with a high-temperature-resistant coating of black powder coating, black enamel, or a ceramic coating with silicon carbide, so that the neutron emission of the plasma can be used for the breeding of radioactive tritium. The heating system for the plasma volume

[0016] Heating the plasma and maintaining the high temperature necessary for nuclear fusion requires the coordinated interaction of the following subsystems of the fusion reactor. First and foremost are the Helmholtz coils, whose magnetic field causes magnetic compression, increasing the pressure and temperature within the plasma volume. The plasma vessel, preferably circular in cross-section, with its double-walled structure, is particularly well-suited to withstand this pressure, thus compressing the plasma along the central magnetic field line. This plasma compression reduces the distance between the deuterium and tritium protons, thereby helping to overcome the electrical repulsion between the protons, the so-called Coulomb barrier.The protons follow the magnetic field lines formed by endless loops, mirroring the magnetic flux direction of the plasma, and are accelerated to a speed of 1000 km / s. However, this temperature increase is insufficient to raise the plasma volume to the minimum temperature of one hundred million degrees Celsius required for plasma ignition. A number of different microwave tubes form an external heating system for the fusion reactor, with the microwave tubes contributing ten to twenty megawatts of heating power and radio wave tubes adding another four to eight megawatts, thus further increasing the gas temperature.The lion's share of the heating power is supplied by the neutral fuel injection system, which, depending on the size of the fusion reactor, contributes between twenty and forty megawatts to the heating power required to reach the ignition temperature and also provides the fuel for an unlimited chain reaction with a continuous supply of neutral particles. Alternatively to the embodiment of the invention shown in the figures, a plurality of microwave tubes, whose longitudinal axes are aligned between the Helmholtz coils with the center of the fusion reactor, can be arranged between an outer space frame of a support system formed by a double helix. The term oscillator refers to a gyrotron for radio waves in the frequency range of 140 GHz as well as a klystron, which denotes a vacuum tube in high-frequency technology.These oscillators, collectively referred to as microwave tubes, transmit high-frequency electromagnetic waves generated outside the plasma vessel through a window in the double-walled plasma vessel to the electrically charged particles of the plasma. The collision of the different particles increases the temperature in the plasma volume, regardless of whether the energy is initially transferred to the positively or negatively charged particles of the plasma. The heating system of the fusion reactor according to the invention comprises a plurality of microwave tubes, each with a tubular support profile and a longitudinal axis aligned with the center point. These tubes can be connected in a redundant number between the Helmholtz coils and a module of the plasma vessel.The tubular support profile is securely anchored within the double-walled plasma vessel and features a silicone oil-cooled insulating glass window at its end facing the plasma volume. This allows the electromagnetic energy of the microwaves to be transferred directly to the plasma volume enclosed within the vessel, which is to be heated. With this arrangement centered on the core of the fusion reactor, a large number of microwave tubes can be connected to the plasma vessel. Alternating operation of these microwave tubes accelerates the heating of the plasma until it reaches the ignition temperature. The cooling system for the superconductivity of the Helmholtz coils

[0017] Two to six superconducting Helmholtz coils are arranged transversely and concentrically to the central magnetic field line at regular intervals and assigned to the individual vessel modules. The spacing of the coils can be defined by a regular subdivision of the central magnetic field line, as well as by radii and corresponding installation angles relative to the center of the fusion reactor. Niobium-titanium conductors are cooled to a temperature of -270 degrees Celsius using liquid helium. At this low temperature, the conductors are superconducting, allowing direct current at a high voltage of 130 kilovolts to flow through the coils with virtually no resistance.The coils are surrounded on all sides by a cryostat and isolated from the outer shell of the plasma vessel by a high vacuum, thus enabling the immediate spatial proximity of temperatures near absolute zero on the side of the coils and temperatures of 100-400 million degrees Celsius within the plasma enclosed in the plasma vessel. The support system of the fusion reactor

[0018] The self-supporting support system of the fusion reactor utilizes the load-bearing capacity of the individual system components, such as the double-shell heat transfer helix of the plasma vessel, acting as a ring support, and the radially oriented support profiles of the microwave tubes, positioned towards the center of the fusion reactor, as compression and tension members for a space frame. This allows the loads to be concentrated on a central hollow spherical node and central supports, and then transferred via a machine foundation into a load-bearing subsoil. The concept of a modular construction system for assembling the fusion reactor is reflected in a double helix (not shown in detail), in which the double-shell plasma vessel is connected to an outer and an inner lattice shell via the support profiles of the microwave tubes, thus forming a multi-layered double helix. An outer lattice shell serves as a mounting frame for modular components of the Helmholtz coil cooling system.The modular design is a prerequisite for the globally feasible assembly and rapid commissioning of corresponding fusion power plants at suitable locations. Industrial prefabrication with standardized connection points between the prefabricated elements and assemblies characterizes the construction and assembly of the proposed building system. Injection and extraction at the fusion reactor

[0019] The injection of atoms or molecules into a preheated, magnetically confined plasma is called neutral ion injection. Within the plasma, the atoms are ionized, following the magnetic field lines generated by the Helmholtz coils along the endless loops. Because the ionized atoms and molecules constantly collide with the positively and negatively charged particles already present in the plasma, the plasma heats up further, allowing the nuclear fusion chain reaction to continue as long as there are enough collision partners in the plasma. The elegant aspect of this injection method is that the neutral ions consist of deuterium and tritium atoms, which, through their ionization, heat the plasma and, as positively charged protons, supply the fuel for nuclear fusion just in time.An injection method in which so-called pellets contain a deep-frozen mixture of deuterium and tritium and can be injected into the plasma vessel at a speed of 1000 m / s during nuclear fusion. The pellets have a mass of only 1 mg and are accelerated to 1000 km / s by means of a centrifuge or a gas gun. Since each of the four assemblies of the fusion reactor according to the invention can be connected to an injection system, the spatial distribution and respective density of the plasma can be precisely controlled and regulated by this method via the speed and location of the injection. The helium formed in the fusion of the deuterium and tritium nuclei is extracted at the lower end of the plasma vessel and collected in an external gas container. The construction system and applications for the fusion reactor

[0020] For the serial production and assembly of the fusion reactor, a scalable construction system is proposed, consisting of identical vessel segments for the plasma vessel, a modular cooling system for the Helmholtz coils, a heating system for the plasma consisting of microwave tubes, a heat transfer system for transferring heat from the plasma to a utility system, a support system for the plasma vessel, and an injection system for deuterium as fuel for nuclear fusion. The diameter of the plasma vessel can range from a minimum of 0.5 meters to a maximum of several meters, allowing the fusion reactor, including its power supply system and a turbine-based conversion system, to be deployed both terrestrially and orbitally, and also to be configured as a propulsion unit for a vehicle, particularly a watercraft.With the quantum-mechanically effective induction system according to the invention, a fluid-dynamic equilibrium can be established within the magnetic field of a fusion reactor, so that protons of deuterium and tritium collide at temperatures of 100 to 400 million degrees Celsius at a speed of more than 1000 km / s, and with a continuous supply of fuel, can fuse to form helium in a self-sustaining chain reaction without time limit, releasing one million times more thermal energy compared to an exothermic chemical reaction.

[0021] Further advantageous embodiments and features of the invention are shown in the figures.

[0022] They show: Fig. 1. Top: the fusion reactor in a perspective view; in the middle: the plasma volume in cross-section and a two-period ring oscillation in the unfolded view; below: a top view of the plasma volume showing the zero line for the ring oscillations in the top view. Fig. 2 the plasma volume of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1, above, showing a first possibility of arranging the zero line between two mirror-symmetric halves of the plasma volume; below, showing a second possibility of arranging the zero line between two mirror-symmetric halves of the plasma volume, each in a sectional perspective. Fig. 3 the plasma volume of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-2, above with five exemplary magnetic field lines in schematic cross-section, below two periods of the ring oscillations of five exemplary magnetic field lines in perspective view, Fig. 4 the ring vibrations of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-3, on the right with four exemplary layers of the plasma volume in schematic cross-section, on the left four layer-specific periods of the ring vibrations in the unfolding, Fig. 5 above the plasma volume after Fig. 1-4 showing an exemplary magnetic field line on the outer surface in perspective, below the fusion reactor with a representation of the individual assemblies and systems in a perspective section view, Fig. 6 an exemplary vessel module of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-5 in a perspective overview section, Fig. 7 the heat transfer helix of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-6, top and bottom each in a sectional view, Fig. 8 the plasma volume of the fusion reactor according to Fig. 1-7, above with a schematic representation of electrons and protons and below with five exemplary magnetic field lines in perspective view, Fig. 9 the fusion reactor Fig. 1-8 showing twisted eccentric magnetic field lines of the plasma volume in a section view, Fig. 10 explains the sphere model of the double helix, above in an overview isometry and below in a schematic cross-section showing the same radii of virtual spheres for the arrangement of the magnetic field lines in the schematic sectional view. Detailed character description

[0023] Fig. Figure 1 above shows the fusion reactor 1 for a stationary magnetic confinement of a plasma volume 2 in a magnetic field formed by a double helix 3 with magnetic field lines m1-mn, with a plasma vessel 20 formed by a heat transfer helix 21, with the central magnetic field line m1 of the plasma volume 2, with a heating system 4 for the plasma volume 2, with a cooling system 5 for a plurality of Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn arranged transversely to the magnetic flux direction F of the plasma volume 2, with a hydraulic structure 6 for transferring heat from a heat source 60 to a heat sink, with a support system 7 for the plasma vessel 20, and with an injection system 8 for supplying deuterium and tritium as fuel for nuclear fusion. In the center left, the layered structure of the plasma volume 2 is shown in a schematic cross-section with five exemplary layers L1-L5.In the center right is the development of a spherical ring oscillation with two periods T,T' of the magnetic field line m1 in the hot center of plasma volume 2. The ring oscillation has an elongation E, an amplitude A, and a frequency f1 in the frequency band of several kiloHz on the time axis t, which also forms the zero line 0 of the ring oscillation. The top view below shows the chiasmus X of the magnetic field lines m1 with radius r1 around the center point M1 in the hot center of plasma volume 2, and the chiasmus X of a magnetic field line m5 at the outer surface of plasma volume 2, which is arranged with radius r1 around the eccentric center point M5. The zero line 0 of the ring oscillations lies between the connection points J1 and J3 of the central magnetic field line m1, which is composed of four semicircular arcs B1-B4 and is arranged with radius r1 around the center point M1 of the fusion reactor 1.On the outside of plasma volume 2, the magnetic field line m5, eccentric with respect to the central magnetic field line m1, is shown as an example from a family of congruent arcs B'. As a spherical ring oscillation with two periods T,T', the magnetic field line m5 orbits the center M of the fusion reactor 1 in an orbital path U, switching from the outside to the inside of plasma volume 2 and vice versa at the connection points J1-J4, so that equal path lengths g,g' result in both halves of the spherical ring oscillations for the nuclei of deuterium and tritium and for free electrons, where the in . Fig. Figure 8 shows the angular momentum axis α of the aforementioned charged particles (+,-) with spin quantum number 1 / 2, which is aligned parallel to the exemplary magnetic field lines m1,m5 and with a fourfold reversal of the direction of rotation of the particles, as Fig. As shown in Figures 8-10, a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of forces can be established in plasma volume 2, which enables orbital stability for the particles (+,-). This is shown in Fig. The heat transfer system 6, shown in more detail in Figures 5-7, has a circuit for a two-phase heat transfer fluid 22, preferably consisting of water. In the return flow from a heat sink, the fluid is introduced at a lower inlet 61 of the heat transfer helix 21 as condensate enriched with fresh water into the finned heat transfer helix 21, which is arranged between the inner and outer shells 23, 24 of the plasma vessel 20. At an upper outlet 62, the fluid exits the heat transfer helix 21 and flows to a heat sink formed by a steam turbine with a cooling tower. The water continuously dissipates the heat radiated from the plasma volume 2 (heat source 60) onto the inner shell 23 of the plasma vessel 2 and supplies it to a useful system as a heat sink. Condensed water then recirculates at the lower inlet 61 to the finned heat transfer helix 21, which completely surrounds the plasma volume 2 (heat source 60). flows.

[0024] Fig. Figure 2 shows two alternative positions for zero lines 0,0' within a spherical ring oscillation with two periods T,T', each dividing the plasma volume 2 into two mirror-image halves. The top view shows the zero line 0 between the connection points J1 and J3 of the central magnetic field line m1, while the bottom view shows the zero line 0' between the connection points J2 and J4. The central magnetic field line m1 is arranged with radius r1 around the center point M of the fusion reactor 1 and is subdivided into equal path lengths for the particles (+,-) by means of the four vertices V1-V4 and the four connection points J1-J4.The formation of two zero lines 0,0' would mean a shift of the zero crossings of the two periods of a ring oscillation by half a period length each, so that with two zero lines 0,0' and a four-part plasma volume 2 phase-shifted sine-cosine ring oscillations can be represented.

[0025] Fig. Figure 3 above shows the plasma volume 2 after Fig. Figures 1-2 show four exemplary magnetic field lines m5 in a schematic cross-section and below in a perspective view showing the four exemplary magnetic field lines m5 at the outer surface of the plasma volume 2. The zero line 0 separates the two periods T, T' of the electrically charged particles (+, -) guided on the magnetic field lines m5. Each of the four depicted magnetic field lines m5 has an endless loop and, with its mirror-symmetric halves, fulfills the symmetry condition of equal path lengths g, g' in both halves of the double helix 3.Between the junctions J1-J4 and the vertices V1-V4 of the magnetic field lines m1-mn formed by four semicircular arcs B1-B4, the spin s, s' regularly changes from an up-spin to a down-spin, so that in a spherical ring oscillation with two periods T, T', the intrinsic angular momentum of the particles (+,-) reverses four times, and the particles (+,-) on the magnetic field lines m5 each time switch from the outside to the inside of the plasma volume 2. This rapid change in the direction of rotation establishes the tracking of the particles (+,-) and, together with a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces in both orbital halves of the double helix 3, creates the prerequisite for a permanent plasma confinement. As in . Fig. As shown in Figure 8, the angular momentum axis α of the particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2 is arranged parallel to the magnetic field lines m1-mn and rotates twice around itself in one revolution of the particles (+,-), whereby the spin s, s' changes four times from an upspin to a downspin, so that the ionized nuclei of deuterium and tritium, as illustrated by the example of the magnetic field lines m5, orbit the center M of the fusion reactor 1 on the orbit U in a ring oscillation with two periods T, T', in order to assume the same spin state again at the starting point of the ring oscillation. As in Fig. 1 and Fig. As shown in Figure 5, the magnetic field emanating from thirty-two Helmholtz coils Q1-Q32 causes the ionized nuclei of deuterium and tritium to react as quantum objects like magnets, whose direction of rotation reverses instantaneously within two periods T,T' of the ring oscillation on their orbits U1,U5, which are formed by endless loops, in continuous wave motions. The effect of the Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn becomes clear using the example of the four magnetic field lines m5 on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2, which, in the sense of equal path lengths within the two periods T,T' of the ring oscillation, cause the twisting of the magnetic field lines m5. At the vertices V1-V4, the ring oscillations reach their maximum elongation E5 and, as in Figure 5, fulfill the following characteristics: Fig. 4. Using the example of exemplary layers L2-L5 of the plasma volume 2, the symmetry condition of the same path lengths g,g' in both halves of the endless loops is shown.

[0026] Fig. Figure 4 shows spherical ring vibrations of the plasma volume 2 of a fusion reactor 1 according to Fig. Figures 1-10. On the right is a schematic cross-section of the plasma volume of the double helix, while on the left, a development of the ring vibration with two periods is shown along a time axis t. The time axis t shows an exponential increase in the number of ring vibrations from top to bottom, with the ring vibration exhibiting at least two periods T,T' at the outer surface of the plasma volume 2 shown above, with frequency f2. The frequency and number of ring vibrations increase with increasing proximity to the central magnetic field line m1 in the center of the plasma volume 2. Four vertices V1-V4 and four connection points J1-J4 each identify a ring vibration as a harmonic oscillation. The individual development shows the same path lengths g,g' in the two periods T,T' of a ring vibration, with the spin s,s' changing its direction of rotation twice within each period T,T'.In the vertical columns, the ring vibrations are characterized by a constant radius r1, constant elongations E, amplitudes A, and wavelengths λ in the individual layers L1-Ln of the plasma volume. The diameter r2 of the plasma volume 2 defines a space for the varying arrangement of the respective center point MN of the ring vibrations in each layer L1-Ln of the plasma volume 2. Since all ring vibrations lie on the surface of a virtual sphere with radius r1, the presented orbital model of a double helix fulfills the mathematical, geometric, and topological requirements imposed on particles with spin quantum number 1 / 2. With frequencies f2-fn increasing from the outside to the inside, the charged particles are not given time to deviate from their orbits U5-U2, which are defined by the magnetic field lines m5-m2, for example, due to drift motions caused by their gyroscopic effect.As frequencies f5-f2 increase, the charged particles are not given time to deviate from their orbits U defined by the magnetic field lines m5-m2, for example under the influence of their gyroscopic effect through drift motions.

[0027] Fig. Figure 5 shows the fusion reactor 1. Fig. Figure 1, above, shows the central magnetic field line m1 and an exemplary magnetic field line m5 at the outer surface of plasma volume 2. Two zero lines 0, 0', at which two periods T, T' of a sine / cosine oscillation can optionally be combined to form a ring oscillation, also represent a phase shift of the sine / cosine oscillations in the concentric layers L1-Ln of plasma volume 2, each by half a period. As in Fig. As shown in Figure 2, a zero line 0,0' of the ring oscillations can be formed either between the connection points J1 and J3 or between the connection points J2 and J4. The central magnetic field line m1 is composed of four circular arcs B1-B4, each joined at connection points J1-J4 to form an endless loop. Each of the four semicircular arcs B1-B4 has vertices V1-V4. Both the connection points J1-J4 and the vertices V1-V4 lie on a radius r1 of the central magnetic field line m1 around the center point M of the fusion reactor 1. The inset perspective below shows the plasma vessel 20, composed of sixteen vessel modules C1-C16, which is surrounded by thirty-two Helmholtz coils Q1-Q32, each radially aligned with the center point M of the fusion reactor 1. The incision into the double-shell plasma vessel 20 shows the inner shell 23 and the outer shell 24 of a heat transfer helix 21, through which a heat transfer fluid 22 flows.The heat transfer helix 21 is part of a hydraulic structure 6 with a lower inlet 61 and an upper outlet 62 for the heat transfer fluid 22. As part of the support system 7, sixteen microwave tubes 40 with a support profile 41 are connected to the heat transfer helix 21 with the central hollow sphere node 71 and form a self-supporting space frame 70, which is connected to the base plate of a reactor building (not shown) by means of supports 72.

[0028] Fig. Figure 6 shows the section of one of the sixteen vessel modules C1-C16. Fig. 1, with passageways for the heat transfer fluid 22 flowing between the inner and outer shells 23, 24 and with bolted flange connections 26 for the heat transfer helix 21. Two Helmholtz coils Q1-Q2, spaced apart by a longitudinal distance d'', are assigned to the vessel module C1. These coils are cooled to a temperature of minus 173° Celsius by a cooling system 5 for liquid helium to enable superconductivity. The vessel module C1 is connected to the hollow node 71, arranged around the central center point M, by means of a microwave tube 40. The microwave tube 40 has a steel support profile 41 with a longitudinal center axis q and forms a truss member within the space frame 70, which is formed by the heat transfer helix 21, the microwave tubes 40, and the hollow node 71.The orbit U1 of the plasma volume 2, arranged concentrically around the center M with radius r1 relative to the central magnetic field line m1, is defined by the radius r1 of the central magnetic field line m1. The cross-section through the vessel module C1 shows the double-layered, finned heat transfer helix 21, which forms a working space for the two-phase heat transfer fluid 22 formed by water. As in . Fig. 1 and Fig. As shown in Figure 5, the heat transfer fluid 22, as cool water returning from a heat sink, enters the heat transfer helix 21 at the lower inlet 61 in the supply line to the heat source 60 formed by the inner shell 23, and exits the heat transfer helix 21 at the upper outlet 62, again in the supply line 61 to the heat sink. The inner and outer shells 23, 24 of the heat transfer helix 21, which are connected to each other by longitudinal fins 25, absorb the thermal radiation emitted by the heat source 60 – the plasma volume 2. The heat transfer fluid 22 transports the heat absorbed by convection and conduction from the heat source 60 to a heat sink. With the twisted longitudinal ribs 25, it is possible to involve both the inner shell 23 and the outer shell 24 of the finned heat transfer helix 21 in the heat transfer to the two-phase heat transfer fluid 22 formed by water.

[0029] Fig. Figure 7 shows a plasma vessel 20, whose vessel modules C1-Cn are interconnected by bolted flange connections 26. The view above shows the joint of the flange connection 26 with a depiction of a hydraulic structure 6 formed by elongated holes for the passage of the heat transfer fluid 22. A sealing ring 27 ensures a heat-resistant, steam- and water-resistant seal between the individual vessel modules C1-Cn. The thickness of a plurality of layers L1-Ln of the plasma volume 2 decreases with increasing proximity to the central magnetic field line m1, which can be explained by the increase in pressure and temperature in the plasma volume 2. The schematic cross-section shows a radial distance d' between the heat transfer helix 21 and the superconducting Helmholtz coils Q1-Qn, which are insulated from the heat transfer helix 21 by a vacuum N.The schematic cross-section also shows a microwave tube 40, whose longitudinal central axis q is radially aligned with the central magnetic field line m1 of the plasma volume 2 and which has a support profile 41 and a window 42 to the plasma volume 2. A further penetration through the heat transfer helix 21 relates to the injection system 8, shown schematically.

[0030] Fig. Figure 8 shows, using the example of the central magnetic field line m1 (shown as a dashed line) and the four exemplary eccentric magnetic field lines m5 at the outer surface of the plasma volume 2, the double helix 3 of the plasma volume 2, which is formed as an endless loop. As shown above, the Lorentz force emanating from the Helmholtz coils, together with the chiasmus X of the magnetic field lines m1-mn, causes the particles (+,-) in both halves of the double helix 3, which are mirror images of each other at the zero line 0, to travel the same path lengths g, g' in the flux direction F of the plasma volume 2 within their respective layers. As shown in Fig. As shown in Figure 7, the radius r2 of the plasma volume 2 and the gyration radius r7 of the particles (+,-) determine the number of magnetic field lines m1-mn and the layer thickness in the tubular helical layers L1-Ln of the plasma volume. A charged particle (+,-) is shown as an example on magnetic field line m1, representing all electrons and protons on all magnetic field lines m1-mn. This particle, whether an electron (-) or a significantly larger positively charged nucleus (+) of deuterium or tritium, has a spin quantum number of 1 / 2 and possesses an angular momentum axis α with an angular momentum plane β. Due to the Lorentz force, the angular momentum axis α of the particle is aligned parallel to the magnetic field lines m1-mn on the depicted orbits U1, U5 and passes through them, as shown in Figure 7. Fig. Figure 9 shows four semicircular arcs B1-B4 within which the angular momentum of the particles reverses four times, and the angular momentum axis α rotates twice around itself by an angle of 360 degrees each time. Between the connection points J1-J4 and the vertices V1-V4, the torque of the particles in the angular momentum plane β reverses regularly, so that a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces in the plasma volume 2 is established with the two periods T, T' of the spherical ring vibration, which are mirror images of each other at the zero line 0. Thus, every orbit U1-Un of a particle fulfills the laws of spin formulated by Paul Dirac in his famous equation, which must be fulfilled for a particle to return to its starting point in the same spin state after one orbit. While the electron shell of an atom can be described by a spherical surface, the Fig. The helical, tube-shaped surfaces presented in Figures 1-7 analogously correspond to the probabilities of finding an electron in the electron shell, which have been thoroughly investigated in the case of an atom. The spin s, s' of the particles, excited by the Lorentz force, contributes significantly to the heating of the plasma and, through the fourfold change in its torque, strengthens the orbital stability of the particles with quantum number 1 / 2.

[0031] Fig. Figure 9 shows the plasma volume 2 of fusion reactor 1 after Fig. 1-8, in which the central magnetic field line m1 has four semicircular arcs B1-B4 with radius r1, while the eccentric magnetic field line m2-mn has a set of twisted, elliptical arcs (B'1-B'4) on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2, which are of equal length in both halves of the double helix 3. Since the induced Lorentz force is the same in the mirror-image halves of the double helix 3, the twisting of the eccentric magnetic field lines m2-mn occurs spontaneously without any further intervention, so that a magnetic-dynamic equilibrium of the plasma volume 2 with flux direction F can be established in both halves of the double helix 3.Four connection points J1-J4 divide the magnetic field line m1 into four equal arcs (B1-B4), while the eccentric magnetic field lines are also divided into four equally long elliptical arcs (B'1-B'4) by analogous connection points, in which the spin s, s' changes from an up-spin to a down-spin. This fourfold reversal of the particles' intrinsic angular momentum is used to maintain their orbital stability. With this quantum-mechanically effective induction system for the magnetic field of a fusion reactor, the formation of gas dynamic irregularities in the layered structure of plasma volume 2, which shorten the energy confinement time due to undesirable heat transport perpendicular to the magnetic flux direction F, can be prevented. Therefore, it does not appear necessary to increase the size of plasma volume 2 for the sake of improved thermal insulation.Even with a plasma vessel diameter of forty centimeters, a plasma can be ignited and the fusion process can be initiated as a chain reaction.

[0032] Fig. 10 shows with reference to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 the geometric order of the magnetic field formed by a double helix 3 with representation of five representative magnetic field lines m1,m5 each lying on a virtual sphere with radius r1.

[0033] While the central magnetic field line m1 is arranged with radius r1 around the central center point M1, four representative magnetic field lines m5 are arranged on the outer surface of the plasma volume 2, each with radius r1 around four eccentric centers M5. The magnetic field line m1 is subdivided into eight equal segments and four equal arcs B1-B4 by the connection points J1-J4 and the vertices V1-V4. The eccentric magnetic field lines m1-mn are subdivided by analogous connection points and vertices into four elliptical arcs B'1-B'4, which lie on the surface of a virtual sphere with radius r1. This applies both to the four eccentric magnetic field lines m5 shown on the outside of the plasma volume 2 and to those in Fig.The seven eccentric magnetic field lines m2-mn shown are arranged concentrically around the magnetic field line m1 in the individual layers L1-Ln of the plasma volume 2. A virtual sphere with radius r2 of the plasma volume 2 is arranged concentrically to the central center point M1 of the central magnetic field line m1, with the eccentric magnetic field lines m5 arranged on the surface of virtual spheres with radius r1 and oscillating within a virtual sphere around the central center point M1. The so-called Poincaré group, in which the Lorentz transformation as well as translational and rotational motions are combined, provides the mathematical basis for explaining the spin properties of particles with the quantum number 1 / 2, so that the oscillation of the spheres shown schematically here is compatible with the orbital model of a sphere.The magnetic field of the double helix 3, ordered in concentric shells, is therefore consistent with the precisely investigated rules of motion and regulations of fundamental fermions, which have been studied and described in great detail using the example of a sphere. Thus, it can be shown that the orbital shell model of the double helix presented here is also consistent with the difficult-to-imagine properties of fermions. Reference symbol overview 1 fusion reactor 2 Plasma volume 20 Plasma vessel 21 Heat transfer helix 22 Heat transfer fluid 23 inner shell 24 Outer shell 25 longitudinal ribs 26 Flange connection 27 sealing ring 3 Double helix 4 Heating system 40 microwave tubes 41 Support profile 42 windows 5 Cooling system 6 Heat transfer system 60 Heat source Entrance 61 62 Exit 7 Support system 70 space frame 71 Hollow Spherical Knots 72 support 8 Injection system +,- particles A1-An Amplitudes α Angular momentum axis β Angular momentum plane B,B' bows C1-Cn vascular modules d,d',d'' distance E Elongation F Flow direction f2-fn frequency g,g' path lengths J1-J4 connection points L1-Ln layers λ wavelength m1-mn magnetic field line M1-Mn midpoint N vacuum Q1-Qn Helmholtz coils q Longitudinal axis T,T' periods r1-r7 radii s,s' Spin t time axis U1-Un orbital trajectories V1-V4 vertices X Chiasmus 0.0' zero line QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited non-patent literature

[0000] Paul Dirac: The principles of quantum mechanics, Oxford 1958, ISBN 0-19-85211-5

[0006] Stephen Hawking (ed.): A Brief History of Time (translated from the English by Hainer Kober), 23rd ed. Hamburg 2018

[0006] GS Goudsmit, GE Uhlenbeck: Spinning Electrons and the Structure of Spectra, in: Nature. Vol. 117, 1926, pp. 264-265

[0006] Max Jammer: The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York 1966, p. 150

[0006] Lyman Spitzer Jr: The Stellarator Concept, in: Physics of Fluids, year 1958, Volume 1, Issue 4, p.253-264

[0006] Marc Ganzhorn / Svetlana Klyatskaya / Mario Ruben / Wolfgang Wernsdorfer: Quantum Einstein-de Haas effect, in: Nature Communications, Vol.7, Art.No.11443, 2016

[0006] Hartmut Zohm: Big Bang, Universe and Life, published 5.3.23, YouTube link: https: / / www.youtube.com / watch?v=19bEPuPYPgo

[0006] S. Krause, G. Herzog, A. Schlenhoff, A. Sonntag, and R. Wiesendanger: Joule Heating and Spin-Transfer Torque Investigated on the Atomic Scale Using a Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Phys. Rev. Lett.107, 186601 - Published 27 2011

[0006] Henri Poincaré: Sur la dynamique de l'electron. In: Rendiconti del Circolo matematico di Palermo. Volume 21, 1906, pp. 129-176

[0006] Hans Joos: On the representation theory of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group as a basis for quantum mechanical kinematics. In: Advances in Physics. Volume 10, No. 3, 1962, pp. 65-146. Apostol, Tom M.: Modular functions and Dirichlet series in number theory. Springer-Verlag, New York 1976, ISBN 0-387-90185-X, p. 9

[0006]

Claims

[1] Fusion reactor (1) with an induction system, which has a plurality of centers (M1-Mn), each at the intersection of a space defined by the axes (x, y, z) and is designed for the stable electromagnetic confinement of a plasma volume (2) in a plasma vessel (20) enclosed by a plurality of Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn), which plasma volume (2) has a central magnetic field line (m1) with radius (r1) divided into eight equal sections from four equal semicircular arcs (B1-B4) with four connecting points (J1-J4) and four vertices (V1-V4), which defines an orbit (U1) on the surface of a virtual sphere around a central center (M1) and for the arrangement of eccentric magnetic field lines (m2-mn) of concentric, tubular surfaces of a double helix (3) in a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) is surrounded,wherein the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn) arranged at regular intervals concentrically to the central magnetic field line (m1) and transversely to a magnetodynamic flow direction (F) in a functional unit with a chiasmus (X) of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) each formed as endless loops at at least one zero line (0,0') between two periods (T,T') of a ring oscillation force equal path lengths (g,g') for particles (+,-) with the spin quantum number 1 / 2, wherein the particles are each guided in concentric layers (L1-Ln) of the magnetic field formed by a double helix (3), and the fusion reactor (1) is provided with a cooling system (4) for the coils (Q1-Qn), a heating system (5) for the plasma volume 2, a heat transfer system (6) of the plasma vessel (20), a support system (7) for the plasma vessel (20), and an injection system (8) for Fuel enables continuous operation of the fusion reactor bythat the protons of deuterium and tritium collide at temperatures of 100 to 400 million degrees Celsius at a speed of more than 1000 km / s and fuse to form helium in a chain reaction. [2] Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 1, wherein the central magnetic field line (m1) and the eccentric magnetic field lines (m2-mn) are each located on the surface of virtual unit spheres with a uniform radius (r1), wherein the central magnetic field line (m1) is arranged around the central center point (M1) and the eccentric magnetic field lines (m2-mn) are arranged on the surface of eccentric unit spheres with eccentric centers (M2-Mn), and the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn) induce a Lorentz force of equal magnitude in the mirror-image opposite halves of the double helix (3), so that in the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the plasma volume (2), the eccentric magnetic field lines (m2-mn) are forced to form a family of congruent curves with analogous connecting and vertex points in winding endless loops around the central magnetic field line (m1) to wind,and each individual eccentric magnetic field line (m2-mn) has four elliptical arcs (B'1-B'4), whereby the two halves of the eccentric magnetic field lines (m2-mn) in the orbits (U2-Un) of the particles (+,-) around the eccentric centers (M2-Mn) are each of equal length. [3] Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 2, wherein the plasma vessel (20) has a double helix (3) and is designed as a ribbed heat transfer helix (21) with an inner shell (23) and an outer shell (24), wherein the shells (23, 24) and the vessel modules (C1-Cn) are connected to one another by radial flange connections (26) in a bending, shear and torsion-resistant manner and are connected in a pressure-tight and vapor-tight manner by a sealing ring (27) and receive a phase-changing heat transfer fluid (22), which is conducted at a lower inlet (61) of the heat transfer helix (21) in the return flow from a heat sink to the heat source (60) which faces the entire surface of the inner shell (23) of the plasma vessel (20) and is formed by the plasma volume (2), in order to be led again at an upper outlet (62) of the heat transfer helix (21) in the forward flow to the heat sink to be conducted,wherein vapor-tight and watertight openings of the injection system (8) are provided in the vessel modules (C1-Cn) of the support system (7) for a continuous supply of the fuel of the fusion reactor (1) formed by deuterium and tritium. [4] Fusion reactor (1) according to claim 1, wherein the heating system (4) comprises a plurality of microwave tubes (40) which have a support profile (41) with a longitudinal central axis (q) aligned with the center point (M1), and are connected between the coils (Q1-Qn) to the vessel modules (C1-Cn) in a redundant arrangement such that a window (42) of the microwave tubes (40) opens a connection to the plasma volume (2) enclosed in the plasma vessel (20) and to be heated, wherein an alternating operation of the microwave tubes (40) present in excess enables a continuously operable heating of the plasma volume (2). [5] Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn) are surrounded on all sides by a cooling system (5) concentrically to the magnetic field line (m1) and are insulated from the plasma vessel (20) by a high vacuum, wherein the modules of the cooling system (5) are designed to cool the individual windings of the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn) to minus 270° Celsius in order to enable superconductivity. [6] Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the heat transfer system (6) has a circuit for a two-phase heat transfer fluid (22) which, in the return flow, enters a finned heat transfer helix (21) formed between the inner and outer shells (23, 24) at a lower inlet (61) and, subjected to temperature and pressure, leaves the heat transfer helix (21) at an upper outlet (62) and is guided in the forward flow to a steam turbine acting as a heat sink and, as recooled condensate, returns to the heat source (60) at the lower inlet (61), wherein the inner shell (23) of the heat transfer helix (21) absorbs the heat radiated by the plasma volume (2) and the shells (23, 24) and longitudinal fins (25) of the heat transfer helix (21) transfer the heat to the water. [7] Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the individual support members of the support system (7) are formed by the modular assemblies of the fusion reactor (1) itself, wherein the microwave tubes (40) have hollow profiles (41) with longitudinal central axes (q) and are aligned as lattice bars to the center of the fusion reactor (1) and are connected on the one hand to a double-shell, inherently bending, shear and torsion-resistant ring girder formed by the heat transfer helix (21), and on the other hand to a hollow spherical node (71) arranged concentrically to the center (M1), so that a space framework (70) centered on the center (M1) is formed, which transmits the loads of the fusion reactor (1) via central supports (72) into a load-bearing subsoil. [8] Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the plasma volume (2) with a radius (r2) and the plasma vessel (20) with an inner radius (r3) and an outer radius (r4) are arranged around the central magnetic field line (m1), wherein the plasma vessel (20) is constructed from a plurality of identical vessel modules (C1-Cn) which are either circular or oval in cross-section and can be screwed or welded to form four arc-shaped assemblies, and have a distance (d) to an inner shell (23) of the plasma vessel (20), and wherein the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn) are assigned to the individual vessel modules (C1-Cn) and have a radial distance (d') to the plasma vessel (20) and longitudinal distances (d'') to one another which can be defined by sector angles of the uniform radius (r1) around the central center point (M1). [9] Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the central magnetic field line (m1) is surrounded by a plurality of concentric layers (L1-Ln) for the arrangement of the eccentric magnetic field lines (m2-mn), wherein after ignition of the plasma, electrons and protons of the heavy isotopes of hydrogen separate from each other starting from the central magnetic field line (m1), so that within the double helix (3) with the Lorenz force caused by the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn) and with an intrinsic angular momentum of the particles (+,-), both the magnetodynamic flow direction (F) and the orientation of the angular momentum axis (α) and the angular momentum plane (β) of the particles (+,-) are determined and the two periods (T,T') of a ring oscillation are divided by a zero line (0,0'), either between the connecting points (J1, J3) and / or between the connecting points (J2, J4), into two mutually mirror-image halves are divisible,and wherein the ring oscillations in the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the plasma volume (2) are each distinguished by layer-specific frequencies (f2-fn) with a frequency band of 50 Hz on the outside of the plasma volume (2) and up to several kiloHz in the region of the central magnetic field line (m1). [10] Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn) in functional unity with the chiasmus (X) of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) cause equal path lengths (g, g') for charged particles (+, -) in the mirror-image opposite halves of the double helix (3), wherein particles (+, -) with the spin quantum number 1 / 2 interact with the Lorentz force induced by the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn) within the magnetic field formed by the double helix (3) in such a way that their angular momentum planes (β) are oriented perpendicularly and their angular momentum axes (α) are oriented parallel to the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) and the particles (+, -) follow the magnetic flux direction (F) and the spin (s, s') of particles (+, -) with the quantum number 1 / 2 in each of the four Semicircular arcs (B1-B4) of the central magnetic field line (m1) and in each of the four elliptical arcs (B'1-B'4) of the eccentric magnetic field lines (m2-mn) changes four times from an up-spin to a down-spin,where the angular momentum axis (α) of the particles (+,-) in the mirror-symmetrically opposite halves of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) on their respective orbits (U1-Un) reverses four times with a sum of angles of 720 degrees, and at the same time in one orbit of the particles the angular momentum axis (α) rotates once with a sum of angles of 360 degrees, so that with a magnetodynamic equilibrium in the mirror-symmetrically arranged halves of the double helix (3) the orbital stability of the particles (+,-) can be established. [11] Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the magnetic field line (m1) formed by four equal semicircular arcs (B1-B4) around the central center (M1) forms a guideline for the formation of spherical ring oscillations, wherein the angular momentum axes (α) of the particles (+,-) rotate once around themselves with an angle sum of 360 degrees and with the four-fold reversal of the spin rotation direction of the particles (+,-) between opposite connection points (J1-J4) of the central magnetic field line (m1), the tracking accuracy of the particles (+,-) is ensured by the torque of the particles between the two periods of the ring oscillation in the two halves of the magnetic field lines (m1-mn) canceling each other out, so that a fluid-dynamic equilibrium of the magnetic forces is brought about, wherein the rapid change of the direction of rotation prevents the formation of gyral drift movements due to a precession of the particles caused by the spin (s,s'). (+,-) is prevented and the particles (+,-) exactly follow the magnetic field lines (m2-mn) and return with the same spin state to a starting point on the respective orbit (U1-Un). [12] Fusion reactor (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which has a scalable construction system which is formed by identical vessel segments (C1-Cn) for the plasma vessel (20), by a modular cooling system (4) for the Helmholtz coils (Q1-Qn), by a heating system (5) for the plasma consisting of microwave tubes (40), by a heat transfer system (6) for transferring the heat from the plasma to a useful system, by a support system (7) for the plasma vessel (20) and by an injection system (8) for deuterium as fuel for nuclear fusion, wherein the diameter of the plasma volume (2) enclosed in the plasma vessel (20) is at least 0.3 to a maximum of several meters, so that the fusion reactor (1), including its energy supply system and a conversion system formed by a turbine, can be stationed both terrestrially and orbitally, and can also be designed as a drive unit for a vehicle and in particular for a watercraft.

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