Electrolyte membranes for batteries that cycle lithium ions, and methods for their manufacture

Abstract

An electrolyte membrane for a lithium-ion cycling battery contains a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, a polymer binder, an inorganic filler, an inorganic lithium salt, and an ionic liquid. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte contains lithium sulfide (Li₂S) and at least one element from the group consisting of phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), boron (B), gallium (Ga), and aluminum (Al). The ionic liquid contains substantially equimolar amounts of a cation and an anion. The cation comprises a complex of lithium (Li⁺) and an ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, an imidazolium ion, a piperidinium ion, a pyrrolidinium ion, an ammonium ion, a phosphonium ion, or a combination thereof. The anion comprises an arsenate ion, a phosphate ion, a sulfonylimide ion, a borate ion, a chlorate ion, or a combination thereof.

Description

INITIATIONThe information included in this section serves to generally illustrate the context of the disclosure. Work of the present inventors, insofar as described in this section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise belong to the prior art at the time of filing, will not be expressly or silently recognized as prior art over the present disclosure.The present disclosure relates to electrolytes for batteries that cycle lithium ions, and more particularly to electrolyte membranes that include a sulfide-based solid electrolyte and an ionic liquid.Batteries that cycle lithium ions generally include a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte that provides a medium for conducting lithium ions between the negative and positive electrodes. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes are promising candidates because they are capable of making tight interfacial contact with electrode materials and have excellent ion conductivity at room temperature.SUMMARYAn electrolyte membrane for a battery that cycles lithium ions is disclosed. The electrolyte membrane includes a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, a polymer binder, an inorganic filler, an inorganic lithium salt, and an ionic liquid. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte includes lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), boron (B), gallium (Ga), and aluminum (Al). The ionic liquid contains substantially equimolar amounts of a cation and an anion. The cation includes a complex of lithium (Li +) and an ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, an imidazolium ion, a piperidinium ion, a pyrrolidinium ion, an ammonium ion, a phosphonium ion, or a combination thereof. The anion includes an arsenate ion, a phosphate ion, a sulfonylimide ion, a borate ion, a chlorate ion, or a combination thereof.The cation in the ionic liquid may include a complex of lithium (Li +) and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether; a complex of lithium (Li +) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,2-dimethyl-3-butylimidazolium; 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,3-diallylimidazolium; 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium; 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium; 1-cyanomethyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,3-dicyanomethylimidazolium; 1-propyl-1-methylpiperidinium; 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium; 1-methyl-1-ethylpyrrolidinium; 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium; 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium; methyl-methylcarboxymethylpyrrolidinium; tetramethylammonium; tetraethylammonium; tributylmethylammonium; diallyldimethylammonium; N-N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium; N,N-diethyl-N-(2-methacryloylethyl)-N-methylammonium; trimethylisobutylphosphonium; triisobutylmethylphosphonium; tributylmethylphosphonium; diethylmethylisobutylphosphonium; trihexdecylphosphonium; trihexyltetradecylphosphonium; or a combination thereof.The anion in the ionic liquid may comprise hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, cyclodifluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, bis(oxalato)borate, difluorooxalatoborate, bis(fluoromalonate)borate, or a combination thereof.The ionic liquid may further comprise a diluent selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, toluene, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, and combinations thereof.The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may include lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one additional inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), germanium sulfide (GeS 2), boron sulfide (B 2 S 3), gallium sulfide (Ga 2 S 3), aluminum sulfide (Al2S3), lithium oxide (Li2O), The phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5), includes lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 5) and manganese sulfide (MnS).The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may include a binary sulfide including lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one additional sulfide selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), germanium sulfide (GeS 2), boron sulfide (B 2 S 3), gallium sulfide (Ga 2 S 3) and aluminum sulfide (Al2S3).The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may include a ternary sulfide including lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least two additional inorganic compounds selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), germanium sulfide (GeS 2), aluminum sulfide (Al 2 S 3), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O5), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), Lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI) and arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 5), may be mentioned.The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may include a quaternary sulfide including lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least three additional inorganic compounds selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium iodide (LiI), and manganese sulfide (MnS).The polymeric binder may include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polystyrene block poly(ethylene-ran-butylene) block polystyrene (SEBS), or a combination thereof.The inorganic filler may include alumina (Al 2 O 3), silica (SiO 2) or a combination thereof.The inorganic lithium salt may include lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF 3 SO 2)2), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiN(FSO 2)2) ( LiFSI), or a combination thereof.In some cases, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may comprise lithium phosphorus sulfur chloride (Li 6 PS 5 Cl), the polymer binder may comprise polyethylene oxide, the inorganic filler comprises aluminum oxide, the inorganic lithium salt may comprise lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, and the ionic liquid may comprise substantially equimolar amounts of (i) a complex of lithium (Li +) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and (ii) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.The electrolyte membrane may have a thickness of greater than or equal to about 5 micrometers and less than or equal to about 500 micrometers.A battery that cycles lithium ions is disclosed. The battery includes a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode electroactive material, a positive electrode spaced from the negative electrode and comprising a positive electrode electroactive material, and an electrolyte membrane disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode and providing a medium for conducting lithium ions between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. The electrolyte membrane includes a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, a polymer binder, an inorganic filler, an inorganic lithium salt, and an ionic liquid. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte includes lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), boron (B), gallium (Ga), and aluminum (Al). The ionic liquid contains substantially equimolar amounts of a cation and an anion. The cation includes a complex of lithium (Li +) and an ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, an imidazolium ion, a piperidinium ion, a pyrrolidinium ion, an ammonium ion, a phosphonium ion, or a combination thereof. The anion includes an arsenate ion, a phosphate ion, a sulfonylimide ion, a borate ion, a chlorate ion, or a combination thereof.The ionic liquid may be a complex of lithium (Li +) and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether; a complex of lithium (Li +) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,2-dimethyl-3-butylimidazolium; 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,3-diallylimidazolium; 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium; 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium; 1-cyanomethyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,3-dicyanomethylimidazolium; 1-propyl-1-methylpiperidinium; 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium; 1-methyl-1-ethylpyrrolidinium; 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium; 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium; The agents may include methyl-methylcarboxymethylpyrrolidinium; tetramethylammonium; tetraethylammonium; tributylmethylammonium; diallyldimethylammonium; N-N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium; N,N-diethyl-N-(2-methacryloylethyl)-N-methylammonium; trimethylisobutylphosphonium; triisobutylmethylphosphonium; tributylmethylphosphonium; diethylmethylisobutylphosphonium; trihexdecylphosphonium; trihexyltetradecylphosphonium; or a combination thereof.The anion in the ionic liquid may comprise hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, cyclodifluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, bis(oxalato)borate, difluorooxalatoborate, bis(fluoromalonate)borate, or a combination thereof.The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may include lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one additional inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), germanium sulfide (GeS 2), boron sulfide (B 2 S 3), gallium sulfide (Ga 2 S 3), aluminum sulfide (Al2S3), lithium oxide (Li2O), The phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5), includes lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 5) and manganese sulfide (MnS).The polymeric binder may include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polystyrene block poly(ethyleneran-butylene) block polystyrene (SEBS), or a combination thereof.The inorganic filler may include alumina (Al 2 O 3), silica (SiO 2) or a combination thereof.The inorganic lithium salt may include lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF 3 SO 2)2), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiN(FSO 2)2) ( LiFSI), or a combination thereof.A method of manufacturing an electrolyte membrane for a battery that cycles lithium ions is disclosed. In this method, a precursor mixture is prepared and deposited onto a substrate to form a precursor layer. The precursor mixture comprises a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, a polymer binder, an inorganic filler, an inorganic lithium salt, an ionic liquid, and a solvent. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte includes lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), boron (B), gallium (Ga), and aluminum (Al). The ionic liquid comprises substantially equimolar amounts of a cation and an anion. The cation includes a complex of lithium (Li +) and an ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, an imidazolium ion, a piperidinium ion, a pyrrolidinium ion, an ammonium ion, a phosphonium ion, or a combination thereof. The anion includes an arsenate ion, a phosphate ion, a sulfonylimide ion, a borate ion, a chlorate ion, or a combination thereof. After the precursor mixture is deposited on the substrate to form the precursor layer, the solvent is removed from the precursor layer to form the electrolyte membrane.Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, claims and drawings. The detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an automobile powered by a battery pack having multiple battery modules. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of one of the battery modules of FIG. 1, the battery module including multiple electrochemical cells or batteries that cycle lithium ions. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery that cycles lithium ions, the battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. FIG. 4 is a detailed view of the electrolyte membrane of FIG. 3.In the drawings, reference numerals may be used repeatedly to identify similar and / or identical elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe electrolyte membranes disclosed herein are designed for use in batteries that cycle lithium ions, and include a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, a polymer binder, an inorganic filler, an inorganic lithium salt, and an ionic liquid. The inclusion of the ionic liquid in the electrolyte membrane increases the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte membrane without changing the chemical composition or crystal structure of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte.FIG. 1 illustrates a motor vehicle 2 powered by an electric motor 4 that draws current from a battery pack 6 having one or more battery modules 8. The battery modules 8 may be electrically connected in series and / or in parallel to meet the desired capacity and power requirements of the electric motor 4. The vehicle 2 may be a pure electric vehicle and may be propelled solely by the electric motor 4, or the vehicle 2 may be a hybrid electric vehicle and may be propelled by the electric motor 4 and an internal combustion engine (not shown).As shown in FIG. 2, each battery module 8 includes one or more electrochemical cells or batteries 10 that cycle lithium ions. In practice, the batteries 10 in the battery module 8 are often assembled as a stack of layers including negative electrode layers 12, negative electrode current collectors 13, positive electrode layers 14, positive electrode current collectors 15, and separator layers 16. In practice, the separator layer 16 may be infiltrated with an electrolyte that provides a medium for conducting lithium ions between the negative electrode layer 12 and the positive electrode layer 14, or the separator layer 16 itself may function as an electrolyte. The negative electrode layers 12 are disposed on and in electrical communication with the negative electrode current collectors 13, and the positive electrode layers 14 are disposed on and in electrical communication with the positive electrode current collectors 15. As shown in FIG. 2, for efficiency, the layers may be stacked such that some of the negative and positive electrode current collectors 13, 15 are double-sided and include negative or positive electrode layer layers 12, 14 on both sides thereof. In this arrangement, adjacent negative electrode layers 12 and positive electrode layers 14 share a single negative or positive current collector 13, 15.FIG. 3 illustrates an electrochemical cell or battery 20 that cycles lithium ions. The battery 20 may generate an electric current during discharge that may be used to supply power to a load device (e.g., an electric motor 4), and may be charged by connecting to a power source. Like the batteries 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the battery 20 may be used to power an electric motor 4 of a motor vehicle 2. Additionally or alternatively, the battery 20 may also be used in other transportation applications (e.g., motorcycle, boat, tractor, bus, motorcycle, recreational vehicle, recreational vehicle, tank and plane) and used to power stationary and / or portable electronic devices, components and devices used in a variety of other industries and applications, such as industrial, residential and commercial buildings, consumer goods, industrial plants and machinery, agricultural machinery and agricultural equipment, as well as heavy machinery, without being limited to these examples.The battery 20 includes a negative electrode 22, a positive electrode 24, and an electrolyte membrane 26 disposed between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 and having a first side 38 and an opposing second side 40. The negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 have opposing surfaces 42, 44, with the surface 42 of the negative electrode 22 being in physical contact with the first side 38 of the electrolyte membrane 26 and the surface 44 of the positive electrode 24 being in physical contact with the second side 40 of the electrolyte membrane 26. The negative electrode 22 is disposed on a negative electrode current collector 30, and the positive electrode 24 is disposed on a positive electrode current collector 32.In practice, the negative electrode current collector 30 and the positive electrode current collector 32 are electrically connected to a power source or load 34 (e.g., the electric motor 12) via an external circuit 36. The negative and the positive electrodes 22, 24 are designed such that an electrochemical potential difference is established between the negative and the positive electrodes 22, 24 when the battery 20 is at least partially charged. During discharge of the battery 20, the electrochemical potential established between the negative and positive electrodes 22, 24 results in spontaneous reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions within the battery 20 and the release of lithium ions and electrons at the negative electrode 22, the released lithium ions migrating from the negative electrode 22 to the positive electrode 24 through the separator 26 and the electrolyte membrane 26, while the electrons migrate from the negative electrode 22 to the positive electrode 24 via the external electric circuit 36 that generates an electric current. After the lithium in the negative electrode 22 is partially or fully depleted, the battery 20 may be charged by connecting the negative and positive electrodes 22, 24 to the power source 34, causing non-spontaneous redox reactions within the battery 20 and the release of the lithium ions and electrons from the positive electrode 24. The repeated discharging and charging of the battery 20 may be referred to herein as "cycling," where a full charging operation followed by a full discharging operation is considered a full cycle.The electrolyte membrane 26 extends between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 from the end surface 42 of the negative electrode 22 to the end surface 44 of the positive electrode 24. the electrolyte membrane 26 may have a thickness of greater than or equal to about 5 micrometers (μm), or optionally greater than or equal to about 20 μm and less than or equal to about 500 μm, or optionally less than or equal to about 200 μm. The electrolyte membrane 26 is ionically conductive and provides a medium for conducting lithium ions through the battery 20 between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24. In embodiments, the electrolyte membrane 26 may function as a separator and physically separate and electrically isolate the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 from each other while allowing lithium ions to pass through. The electrolyte membrane 26 may have an ionic conductivity at room temperature (e.g., about 25° C.) of greater than or equal to about 0.1 milliSie per centimeter (mS / cm), optionally greater than or equal to about 0.2 mS / cm, or optionally greater than or equal to about 0.5 mS / cm, and less than or equal to about 20 mS / cm. For example, in some cases, the electrolyte membrane 26 may have an ionic conductivity of greater than or equal to about 0.51 mS / cm at room temperature. As best shown in FIG. 4, the electrolyte membrane 26 includes a sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46, a polymer binder 48, an inorganic filler 50, an inorganic lithium salt 52, and an ionic liquid 54.The sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 is formulated such that the electrolyte membrane 26 has high ionic conductivity and good interfacial contact with the surfaces 42, 44 of the negative and positive electrodes 22, 24. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 is at least partially crystalline, and includes lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), boron (B), gallium (Ga), and aluminum (Al). In some cases, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may include Li 2 S and at least one additional inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), germanium sulfide (GeS 2), boron sulfide (B 2 S 3), gallium sulfide (Ga 2 S 3), aluminum sulfide (Al2S3), lithium oxide (Li2O), Phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 5) and manganese sulfide (MnS).The sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may include a binary sulfide, a ternary sulfide, a quaternary sulfide, or a combination thereof. In some cases where the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 comprises a binary sulfide, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may comprise lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one additional sulfide selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), germanium sulfide (GeS 2), boron sulfide (B 2 S 3), Gallium sulfide (Ga 2 S 3) and aluminum sulfide (Al 2 S 3). The sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may be, for example, a binary sulfide of Li 2 S-P 2 S 5( e.g., Li 3 PS 4, Li 7 P 3 S 11 and Li 9,6 P 3 S12), Li2S-SnS2 (e.g., Li4SnS4), Li 2 S-SiS 2, Li 2 S-GeS 2, Li 2 S-B 2 S 3, Li 2 S-Ga 2 S 3, Li2S-P2S3, Li2S-Al2S3, or a combination thereof. In cases where the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 includes a ternary sulfide, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may include lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least two additional inorganic compounds selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), germanium sulfide (GeS 2), aluminum sulfide (Al 2 S 3), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O5), Lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI) and arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 5) are also preferred. For example, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may be a ternary sulfide of Li 2 O-Li 2 S-P 2 S 5, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- P 2 O 5, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- GeS 2( e.g., Li 3,25 Ge 0,25 P 0,75 S 4 and / or Li 10 GeP 2 S12), Li2S-P2S5-LiX (where X is at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I) (e.g., Li6PS5Br, Li 6 PS 5 Cl, L 7 P 2 S 8 I, and / or Li 4 PS 4 I), Li 2 S-As 2 S 5- SnS2(e.g. Li3,833Sn0,833As0,166S4), Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- Al 2 S 3, Li 2 S-LiX-SiS 2( where X is at least one of F, Cl, Br, and I), 0.4Li·0.6Li 4 SnS 4, Li 11 Si2PS12, or a combination thereof. In cases where the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 includes a quaternary sulfide, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may include lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least three additional inorganic compounds selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium iodide (LiI), and manganese sulfide (MnS). The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may include, for example, a quaternary sulfide of Li 2 O-Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- P 2 O 5, Li 9,54 Si 1,74 P 1,44 S 11,7 Cl0,3, Li7P2,9Mn0,1S10,7I0,3, Li 10,35[ Sn 0,27 S 1,08] P 1,65 S 12 or a combination thereof. In some cases, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may include lithium phosphorus sulfur chloride, Li 6 PS 5 Cl (LPSCI).The sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may be a particulate material and may include particles having an average particle diameter of greater than or equal to about 1 μm and less than or equal to about 20 μm. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 may constitute, by weight, greater than or equal to about 70%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 90%, and less than or equal to about 99%, or optionally less than or equal to about 95%, of the electrolyte membrane 26.The polymer binder 48 is formulated to hold the components of the electrolyte membrane 26 together and to impart robust mechanical properties and the ability to exist as a free-standing membrane to the electrolyte membrane 26. The polymeric binder 48 may include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polystyrene block poly(ethylene-ran-butylene) block polystyrene (SEBS), or a combination thereof. In some cases, the polymeric binder 48 comprises polyethylene oxide. The polymeric binder 48 may constitute, by weight, greater than or equal to about 3%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 4% and less than or equal to about 20%, or optionally less than or equal to about 9% of the electrolyte membrane 26.The inorganic filler 50 is formulated to decrease the crystallinity of the polymer binder 48 and increase the ionic conductivity and rate of lithium ion transport through the electrolyte membrane 26. The inorganic filler 50 may include alumina (Al 2 O 3), silica (SiO 2) or a combination thereof. In some cases, the inorganic filler 50 comprises alumina. The inorganic filler 50 may be a particulate material and may include particles having an average particle diameter of greater than or equal to about 100 nanometers (nm) and less than or equal to about 10 μm. The inorganic filler 50 may constitute, by weight, greater than or equal to 0%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 0.5%, and less than or equal to about 4%, or optionally less than or equal to about 1%, of the electrolyte membrane 26.The inorganic lithium salt 52 is formulated to increase the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte membrane 26, e.g., by creating lithium ion transport channels through the polymer binder 48. the inorganic lithium salt 52 may include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium perchlorate (LiCIO 4), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl 4), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium thiocyanate (LiSCN), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiF 4), lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB(CrH 5)4), Lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB(C 2 O 4)2) ( LiBO), lithium difluorooxalatoborate (LiF 2( C 2 O 4)), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF 3 SO 2)2), The lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide may include (LiN(FSO 2)2) ( LiFSI), Lithiumbis(trifluormethansulfonyl)azanid (LiTFSA), or a combination thereof. In some cases, the inorganic lithium salt 52 may comprise lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. The inorganic lithium salt 52 may constitute, by weight, greater than or equal to 0%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 1%, and less than or equal to about 3%, or optionally less than or equal to about 2%, of the electrolyte membrane 26.The ionic liquid 54 infiltrates pores defined inside the electrolyte membrane 26 by and between the solid components of the electrolyte membrane 26, i.e., the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46, the polymer binder 48, the inorganic filler 50, and the inorganic lithium salt 52. The ionic liquid 54 is formulated to be chemically excellently compatible with the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 and to improve the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte membrane 26 by establishing, for example, lithium ion transfer pathways or "bridges" between the particles of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46. The ionic liquid 54 comprises a cation, an anion, and optionally a diluent. The cation and anion are present in ionic liquid 54 in substantially equimolar amounts. The ionic liquid 54 may constitute, by weight, greater than or equal to about 1%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 3%, and less than or equal to about 20%, or optionally less than or equal to about 7%, of the electrolyte membrane 26.The cation of the ionic liquid 54 may include a complex of lithium (Li +) and an ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (a glyme), an imidazolium ion, a piperidinium ion, a pyrrolidinium ion, an ammonium ion, a phosphonium ion, or a combination thereof. Examples of glyme include triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme). In some cases, the cation of the ionic liquid 54 may comprise a complex of lithium (Li +) and triglyme, a complex of lithium (Li +) and tetraglyme, or a combination thereof. Examples of imidazolium ions include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Emm] +); 1- propyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Pmim] +); 1- butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Bmim] +); 1,2- dimethyl-3-butylimidazolium ([DMBim]); 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Cnmm] +), 1- allyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Amm] +); 1,3- diallylimidazolium ([Dam] +); 1- allyl-3-vinylimidazolium ([Avim] +); 1-Vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium ([Veim] +); 1- cyanomethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([MCNim] +); and 1,3-dicyanomethylimidazolium ([BCNim] +). Examples of piperidinium ions include 1-propyl-1-methylpiperidinium ([PP 13]+) and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium ([PP 14]+). Examples of pyrrolidinium ions include 1-methyl-1-ethylpyrrolidinium ([Pyr 12]+), 1- propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ([Pyr 13]+), 1- butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ([Pyr 14]+) and methyl-methylcarboxymethylpyrrolidinium ([MMMPyr] +). Examples of ammonium ions include tetramethylammonium ([N 1111]+); tetraethylammonium ([N 2222]+); tributylmethylammonium ([N 4441]+); diallyldimethylammonium ([DADMA] +); N-N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium ([DEME] +); and N,N-diethyl-N-(2-methacryloylethyl)-N-methylammonium ([DEMM] +). Examples of phosphonium ions include trimethylisobutylphosphonium ([P 111i4]+); triisobutylmethylphosphonium ([P 1i444]+); tributylmethylphosphonium ([P 1444]+); diethylmethylisobutylphosphonium ([P 1224]+); and trihexdecylphosphonium ([P 66610]+); trihexyltetradecylphosphonium ([P 66614]+). In some cases, the cation in the ionic liquid 54 comprises a complex of lithium (Li +) and tetraglyme.The anion of the ionic liquid 54 may include an arsenate ion, a phosphate ion, a sulfonylimide ion, a borate ion, a chlorate ion, or a combination thereof. An example of an arsenate ion is hexafluoroarsenate (AsF 6-). An example of a phosphate ion is hexafluorophosphate (PF 6-). Examples of sulfonylimide ions include bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (N(FSO 2)2-) ( FSI), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (N(CF 3 SO 2)2-) ( TFSI), bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (BETI -), cyclodifluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide (DMSI -) and combinations thereof. An example of a chlorate ion is perchlorate (CIO 4-). Examples of borate ions include tetrafluoroborate (BF 4-), bis(oxalato)borate (B(C 2 O 4)2-) ( BOB), difluorooxalatoborate (BF 2( C 2 O 4)-) ( DFB), bis(fluoromalonate)borate (BFMB -) and combinations thereof. In some cases, the anion of the ionic liquid 54 comprises bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.The optional diluent may be included in the ionic liquid 54 to reduce the viscosity and improve the lithium ion conductivity of the electrolyte membrane 26. The optional diluent may be a non-aqueous aprotic organic solvent. Non-limiting examples of non-aqueous aprotic organic solvents include cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and / or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)), linear carbonates (e.g., dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC)), aliphatic carboxylic esters (e.g., methyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate), γ-lactones (e.g., γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone), chain structure ethers (e.g., 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1-2-diethoxyethane, Ethoxymethoxyethane and / or 1,1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether), cyclic ethers (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran), 1,3-dioxolane), acetone, acetonitrile and toluene.In some cases, the electrolyte membrane 26 may optionally include a halide-based solid electrolyte (not shown), a hydride-based solid electrolyte (not shown), or a combination thereof. Examples of halide-based solid electrolyte include Li 3 YCI 6, Li 3 InCl 6, Li 3 YBr 6, LiI, Li 2 CdCl 4, Li 2 MgCl 4, Li2Cd4, Li2Zn4and / or Li3OCl. Examples of hydride-based solid electrolyte include LiBH 4, LiBH 4- LiX (X=Cl, Br or I), LiNH 2, Li 2 NH, LiBH 4- LiNH 2, and / or Li 3 AlH 6.The positive electrode 24 is configured to reversibly store and release lithium ions during discharge and charging of the battery 20, and may be in the form of a continuous porous layer disposed on the main surface of the positive electrode current collector 32. The positive electrode 24 includes an electrochemically active (electroactive) material (positive electrode electroactive material), a polymeric binder, and optionally an electrically conductive material. In some cases, the positive electrode electroactive material 24 may be a particulate material, and positive electrode electroactive material particles 24 may be mixed with the polymer binder and the optional electrically conductive material.The positive electrode electroactive material 24 may store and release lithium ions by undergoing a reversible redox reaction with lithium at a higher electrochemical potential than the negative electrode electrochemically active material 22, such that there is an electrochemical potential difference between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24. The positive electrode electroactive material 24 may include a material capable of depositing and de-depositing lithium or a material capable of undergoing a conversion reaction with lithium. In cases where the positive electrode electroactive material 24 comprises an intercalation host material that may undergo reversible insertion or intercalation of lithium ions, the positive electrode electroactive material 24 may comprise a layered lithium transition metal oxide represented by the formula LiMeO 2 an olivine-type lithium transition metal oxide represented by the formula LiMePO 4 a monoclinic-type lithium transition metal oxide represented by the formula Li 3 Me 2( PO 4)3 a spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide, which is represented by the formula LiMe 2 O 4 a tavorite represented by one or both of the formulae LiMeSO 4 F or LiMePO 4 F, or a combination thereof, wherein Me is a transition metal (e.g., Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Al, V, or a combination thereof). In cases where the positive electrode electroactive material 24 comprises a conversion material, the positive electrode electroactive material 24 may comprise sulfur, selenium, tellurium, iodine, a halide (e.g., a fluoride or chloride), sulfide, selenide, telluride, iodide, phosphide, nitride, oxide, oxysulfide, oxyfluoride, sulfur fluoride, sulfur oxyfluoride, or a lithium and / or metal compound thereof (e.g., a compound of iron, manganese, nickel, copper, and / or cobalt). The positive electrode electroactive material 24 may constitute, by weight, greater than or equal to about 50%, optionally greater than or equal to about 60%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 70%, and less than or equal to about 95%, optionally less than or equal to about 90%, or optionally less than or equal to about 80%, of the positive electrode 24.The polymer binder is electrochemically inactive and may be included in the positive electrode 24 to provide structural integrity to the positive electrode 24 and / or to assist the positive electrode 24 in adhering to the major surface of the positive electrode current collector 32. Examples of polymeric binders are polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer (SEBS), polyacrylates, alginates, polyacrylic acid, and combinations thereof. The polymeric binder may constitute, by weight, greater than or equal to about 1%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 5%, and less than or equal to about 10% of the positive electrode 24.The optional electrically conductive material is electrochemically inactive and may be included in the positive electrode 24 to provide sufficient electrical conductivity to the positive electrode 24 to aid in the percolation of electrons therethrough. Examples of electrically conductive materials include carbon-based materials, metals (e.g., nickel), and / or electrically conductive polymers. Examples of carbon-based electrically conductive materials are carbon black (CB) (e.g., acetylene black), graphite, graphene (e.g., graphene nanoplatelets, GNP), graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and / or carbon fibers (e.g., carbon nanofibers). Examples of electrically conductive polymers include polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene and / or polypyrrole. When included in the positive electrode 24, the optional electrically conductive material may constitute greater than 0%, optionally greater than or equal to about 1%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 5%, and less than or equal to about 10% of the positive electrode 24.In some cases, the positive electrode 24 may further include particles of LiPOS. When included in the positive electrode 24, the LiPOS may constitute greater than 0%, optionally greater than or equal to about 10%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 15%, and less than or equal to about 30%, or optionally less than or equal to about 20%, by weight of the positive electrode 24.The negative electrode 22 is configured to store and release lithium ions during charging and discharging of the battery 20, and may be in the form of a continuous material layer disposed on a main surface of the negative electrode current collector 30. The negative electrode 22 includes an electrochemically active (electroactive) material (electroactive material for the negative electrode) that can store and release lithium ions by undergoing a reversible redox reaction with lithium upon charging and discharging of the battery 20. Examples of electroactive materials for the negative electrode 22 include lithium, lithium-based materials, lithium alloys (e.g., alloys of lithium and silicon, aluminum, indium, tin, or a combination thereof), carbon-based materials (e.g., graphite, activated carbon, carbon black, hard carbon, soft carbon, and / or graphene), silicon, silicon-based materials (e.g., silicon oxide, alloys of silicon and tin, iron, aluminum, cobalt, or a combination thereof, and / or composites of silicon and / or silicon oxide and carbon), tin oxide, aluminum, indium, zinc, germanium, silicon oxide, lithium silicon oxide, lithium silicide, titanium oxide, lithium titanate, and combinations thereof. The electroactive negative electrode material 22 may constitute, by weight, greater than or equal to about 50%, optionally greater than or equal to about 60%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 70%, and less than or equal to about 95%, optionally less than or equal to about 90%, or optionally less than or equal to about 80%, of the negative electrode 22.In some cases, the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22 may be comprised of lithium, and the negative electrode 22 may be in the form of a nonporous metal film or foil, e.g., a lithium metal film or foil. In other cases, the negative electrode 22 may be porous and the electroactive material for the negative electrode 22 may be a particulate material. In cases where the electroactive negative electrode material 22 is a particulate material, particles of the electroactive negative electrode material 22 may be mixed with a polymeric binder and optionally an electrically conductive material. For the negative electrode 22, the same polymeric binders and / or electrically conductive materials as disclosed above for the positive electrode 24 may be used in substantially the same amounts.In some cases, the negative electrode 22 may further comprise particles of the LiPOS. When included in the negative electrode 22, the LiPOS may constitute greater than 0%, optionally greater than or equal to about 10%, or optionally greater than or equal to about 15%, and less than or equal to about 30%, or optionally less than or equal to about 20%, by weight of the negative electrode 22.The negative and positive electrode current collectors 30, 32 are electrically conductive and provide an electrical connection between the external circuit 36 and their respective negative and positive electrodes 22, 24. The current collectors 30, 32 of the negative and positive electrodes may be in the form of nonporous metal foils, perforated metal foils, porous metal fabrics, or a combination thereof in some cases. The negative electrode current collector 30 may be made of copper, nickel or their alloys, stainless steel, or other suitable electrically conductive material. The positive electrode current collector 32 may be made of aluminum (Al) or another suitable electrically conductive material.MethodThe electrolyte membrane 26 may be prepared by preparing a precursor mixture comprising the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46, the polymer binder 48, the inorganic filler 50, the inorganic lithium salt 52, the ionic liquid 54, the optional halide-based solid electrolyte, and the optional hydride-based solid electrolyte, depositing the precursor mixture on a substrate to form a precursor layer, and then removing the solvent from the precursor layer to form the electrolyte membrane 26. The substrate may comprise fused silica, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or a combination thereof. The solvent may be a nonaqueous aprotic organic solvent. The solvent may be, for example, toluene, anisole, benzene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, heptane, dimethyl carbonate, or a combination thereof. The solvent may constitute by weight greater than or equal to about 5% and less than or equal to about 90% of the precursor mixture. The precursor mixture can be deposited on the substrate, for example, by means of a strip casting technique using a doctor blade. The solvent may be removed from the precursor layer, for example, by drying the precursor layer at a temperature of about 60 degrees Celsius to evaporate the solvent therefrom. After the electrolyte membrane 26 is formed, the electrolyte membrane 26 may be removed from the substrate, for example, by peeling the electrolyte membrane 26 off the substrate. Thereafter, the electrolyte membrane 26 may be incorporated into the battery 20.In some cases, the precursor mixture may be prepared by preparing a solution comprising the polymeric binder 48, the inorganic filler 50, and the inorganic lithium salt 52, and then incorporating the sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46 and the ionic liquid 54 into the solution. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte 46, the polymer binder 48, the inorganic filler 50, the inorganic lithium salt 52, the ionic liquid 54, the optional halide-based solid electrolyte, and the optional hydride-based solid electrolyte may be mixed together for about 2 hours prior to depositing the precursor mixture onto the substrate to form the precursor mixture.The foregoing description is for illustrative purposes only and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. The broad teachings of the disclosure may be practiced in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes specific examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited as other modifications will become apparent upon studying the drawings, specification, and the following claims. It should be appreciated that one or more steps within a method may be performed in different order (or simultaneously) without altering the principles of the present disclosure. Although each of the above-described embodiments has particular features, one or more of these features described with respect to any embodiment of the disclosure may be implemented in and / or combined with features of any other embodiments, even if this combination is not expressly described. In other words, the described embodiments are not mutually exclusive, and permutations of one or more embodiments with one another remain within the scope of this disclosure.The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing example embodiments only and is not to be taken as limiting. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" may also include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms "comprises," "comprising," "including," and "having" are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, elements, compositions, steps, integers, operations, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof. Although the open terms "comprises," "comprising," "including," and "having" are to be understood as non-limiting terms that serve to describe and claim various embodiments set forth herein, in certain instances, the terms may alternatively be understood as more limiting and restrictive terms, such as "consisting of" or "consisting essentially of.". Therefore, for any given embodiment that specifies compositions, materials, components, elements, ingredients, features, integers, operations, and / or process steps, the present disclosure expressly also includes embodiments that consist of or consist essentially of such specified compositions, materials, components, elements, ingredients, features, integers, operations, and / or process steps. In the case of "consisting of", the alternative embodiment excludes any additional compositions, materials, components, elements, ingredients, features, integers, operations, and / or process steps, while in the case of "consisting essentially of", any additional compositions, materials, components, elements, ingredients, features, integers, operations, and / or process steps that significantly impact the basic and novel characteristics are excluded from such an embodiment, but any compositions, materials, components, elements, ingredients, features, integers, operations, and / or process steps that do not significantly impact the basic and novel characteristics may be included in the embodiment.All method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring execution in the order discussed or illustrated, unless expressly characterized as the order of execution. It will also be appreciated that additional or alternative steps may be employed, unless otherwise indicated.Although the terms "first," "second," "third," etc. may be used herein to describe various steps, elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections, these steps, elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections should not be limited by these terms unless otherwise specified. These terms may be used only to distinguish one step, element, component, region, layer, or portion from another step, element, component, region, layer, or portion. Terms such as "first / r", "second / r", and other numerical terms, when used herein, do not imply a sequence or order unless the context clearly indicates. Thus, a first step, element, component, region, layer, or portion discussed below could be referred to as a second step, element, component, region, layer, or portion without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.Throughout this disclosure, the numerical values represent approximate dimensions or limits for ranges and include minor deviations from the stated values and embodiments, such as those having the stated value, as well as those having exactly the stated value. Unlike the working examples at the end of the detailed description, all numerical values of parameters (e.g., amounts or conditions) in this specification are to be understood as being modified by the term "about" in all cases, regardless of whether or not "about" actually appears before the numerical value. Numerical values of parameters in the appended claims are to be understood as modified by the term "about" only if this term appears before the numerical value. "about" means that the numerical value indicated permits slight imprecision (with some approximation to the accuracy of the value, approximately or rather close to the value, fast). Where the imprecision given by "about" is not otherwise understood by this common meaning in the art, then "about" as used herein means at least modifications that may result from common methods of measuring and using such parameters. For example, "about" may comprise a deviation of less than or equal to 5%, optionally less than or equal to 4%, optionally less than or equal to 3%, optionally less than or equal to 2%, optionally less than or equal to 1%, optionally less than or equal to 0.5%, and in certain cases optionally less than or equal to 0.1%. Moreover, the disclosure of ranges includes the disclosure of all values and further divided ranges within the entire range, including the endpoints and the sub-ranges indicated for the ranges.As used herein, the terms "composition" and "material" are used interchangeably to refer generally to a substance that contains at least the preferred chemical components, elements or compounds, but which may also contain additional elements, compounds or substances, including traces of impurities, unless otherwise specified. An "X-based" composition or material generally refers to compositions or materials wherein "X" is the largest single component of the composition or material in weight percent (%). This may include both compositions or materials having a weight fraction of greater than 50% X and compositions or materials having a weight fraction of less than 50% X, as long as X is the largest single component of the composition or material based on its total weight. When a composition or material is referred to as being "substantially free" of a substance, the composition or material may contain less than 5%, optionally less than 3%, optionally less than 1%, or optionally less than 0.1% of the substance.As used herein, the term "metal" may refer to a pure elemental metal or an alloy of an elemental metal and one or more other metal or non-metal elements (referred to as "alloying elements"). The alloying elements can be selected to impart certain desirable properties to the alloy that the parent metal element does not have.

Claims

A battery that cycles lithium ions, the battery comprising: a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode electroactive material; a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode and comprising a positive electrode electroactive material; and an electrolyte membrane disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode and providing a medium for conducting lithium ions between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the electrolyte membrane comprising: a sulfide-based solid electrolyte comprising lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), boron (B), gallium (Ga), and aluminum (Al); a polymeric binder; an inorganic filler; an inorganic lithium salt; and an ionic liquid comprising substantially equimolar amounts of a cation and an anion, wherein the cation comprises a complex of lithium (Li +) and an ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, an imidazolium ion, a piperidinium ion, a pyrrolidinium ion, an ammonium ion, a phosphonium ion, or a combination thereof, and the anion comprises an arsenate ion, a phosphate ion, a sulfonylimide ion, a borate ion, a chlorate ion, or a combination thereof.The battery of claim 1, wherein the cation in the ionic liquid comprises a complex of lithium (Li +) and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether; a complex of lithium (Li +) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,2-dimethyl-3-butylimidazolium; 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,3-diallylimidazolium; 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium; 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium; 1-cyanomethyl-3-methylimidazolium; 1,3-dicyanomethylimidazolium; 1-propyl-1-methylpiperidinium; 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium; 1-methyl-1-ethylpyrrolidinium; 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium; 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium; methyl-methylcarboxymethylpyrrolidinium; tetramethylammonium; tetraethylammonium; tributylmethylammonium; diallyldimethylammonium; N-N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium; N,N-diethyl-N-(2-methacryloylethyl)-N-methylammonium; trimethylisobutylphosphonium; triisobutylmethylphosphonium; tributylmethylphosphonium; diethylmethylisobutylphosphonium; trihexdecylphosphonium; trihexyltetradecylphosphonium; or a combination thereof.The battery of claim 1, wherein the anion in the ionic liquid comprises hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, cyclodifluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, bis(oxalato)borate, difluorooxalatoborate, bis(fluoromalonate)borate, or a combination thereof.The battery of claim 1, wherein the ionic liquid further comprises a diluent selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, toluene, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethylene-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, and combinations thereof.The battery of claim 1, wherein the sulfide-based solid electrolyte comprises lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and at least one additional inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of phosphorus sulfide (P 2 S 5), tin sulfide (SnS 2), silicon sulfide (SiS 2), germanium sulfide (GeS 2), boron sulfide (B 2 S 3), gallium sulfide (Ga 2 S 3), aluminum sulfide (Al2S3), The following are examples of lithium oxide (Li 2 O), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 5) and manganese sulfide (MnS).The battery of claim 1, wherein the polymer binder comprises polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polystyrene block poly(ethylene-ran-butylene) block polystyrene (SEBS), or a combination thereof.The battery of claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler comprises alumina (Al 2 O 3), silica (SiO 2) or a combination thereof.The battery of claim 1, wherein the inorganic lithium salt comprises lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF 3 SO 2)2), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiN(FSO 2)2) ( LiFSI), or a combination thereof.The battery of claim 1, wherein the sulfide-based solid electrolyte comprises lithium phosphorus sulfur chloride (Li 6 PS 5 Cl), the polymer binder comprises polyethylene oxide, the inorganic filler comprises aluminum oxide, the inorganic lithium salt comprises lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, and the ionic liquid comprises substantially equimolar amounts of (i) a complex of lithium (Li +) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and (ii) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte membrane has a thickness of greater than or equal to about 5 micrometers and less than or equal to about 500 micrometers.

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