Inverter and method for an inverter

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for operating, in particular for controlling and / or regulating, an inverter (100), which is connectable in particular to a network architecture (200) and an energy supplier (300) of a network system (1000), comprising - measuring (110), by a sensor (10), a measured value of an injected active power (p_mess) which is specific for an active power injected by the inverter (100), in particular to the grid architecture (200), - transmitting (120) the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) from the sensor (10) to the control unit (ECU), - receiving (130), by the control unit (ECU), a power setpoint (p_ref), which is specified in particular by the energy supplier (300) to the inverter (100), - determining (140), by the control unit (ECU), a first manipulated variable (SG1) as a function of the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) and the power setpoint (p_ref), in particular for setting the inverter (100) [to a target variable, comprising setpoint frequency, setpoint phase, power setpoint], - determining (150), by the control unit (ECU), a second manipulated variable (SG2) as a function of the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) and at least one limit value, - determining (160), by the control unit (ECU), a third manipulated variable (SG3) as a function of the first manipulated variable (SG1) and the second manipulated variable (SG2), - controlling (170), by the control unit (ECU), the inverter (100) as a function of the third manipulated variable (SG3), in particular in order to output a final injected active power by the inverter (100) as a function of the third manipulated variable (SG3), wherein preferably a stability and / or overall performance of the grid architecture (200) is improved.

Description

The invention relates to a method having the features of the independent method claim, an inverter having the features of the independent claim relating to an inverter, a computer program product having the features of the independent claim relating to a computer program product, a computer-readable data carrier having the features of the independent claim relating to a computer-readable data carrier, a control unit having the features of the independent claim relating to a control unit and a network system having the features of the independent claim relating to a network system.Inverters are used for coupling electrical generation units, storage units or loads to an (electrical) grid architecture. For example, a solar power plant or a wind power plant can supply direct current in the megawatt range. An inverter can be configured to convert it into alternating voltage, for example at a frequency of 50 Hz. A three-phase voltage system (three-phase system) can also be generated. A suitable grid-forming regulation of the inverter can generate, from the point of view of the grid architecture, preferably a terminal behavior equivalent to a voltage source (in particular "grid-forming"), behind an impedance. A subset of these network-forming regulations has the capability of operating in parallel with further network formers or the electrical network in general. Among them, there is a class of controls which simulate the vibration equation of electric rotating machines. Conventional large power plants with inert synchronous generators have previously ensured or provided stability in the power grid. For example, these synchronous generators may (intrinsically) compensate for short term failures, voltage dips, and the like due to the inertia of their rotating masses. Since these large power plants or synchronous generators are used (stepwise) less frequently, in particular on account of an increasing proportion of solar and / or wind energy, this stabilizing property is at least partly eliminated.The existing prior art has disadvantages. Thus, known inverters provide injected active power to a grid architecture, such as a sub-distribution grid. However, a network-related regulation, for example in order to maintain the stability and / or synchronism in a similar manner to the large power plants, does not have these stability or only to an extent which is in need of improvement. There are grid-forming inverters which can limit their power, but which can only implement self-protection and / or cannot ensure grid diversity, in particular no preservation of synchronism. As described above, corresponding (power) inverters may behave substantially like a voltage source behind an impedance. Accordingly, it may be that these inverters (disadvantageously) react like such a voltage source even in the event of faults. Known inverters can also have insufficient limiting of the (maximum) current and / or active power flow. Damage to the semiconductor components (of the inverter) can thereby arise, which requires in particular increased maintenance and / or costs. Overloads can occur in this case without the terminal voltage dropping significantly, which is why overcurrent limitations are not effective in particular (for these cases). The energy supplier (e.g. wind power plant) or primary process can provide a minimum technical active power which must not be undershot for the operation of the plant. For bidirectional primary processes (e.g. electrical battery storage), a direction-independent limitation of the maximum current and active power flow may be necessary.It is therefore an object of the present invention to at least partially overcome at least one of the disadvantages described above. In particular, it is the object of the invention to provide an improvement in the network density and / or synchronism, so that in particular an injected active power, or an (alternating) voltage generating it, can be provided as synchronously as possible and / or synchronously in phase (e.g. to a network architecture). Furthermore, it may be an object to provide improved stability and / or robustness, in particular with respect to interference, voltage changes, voltage dips, excessive load, oscillation behavior, loss of synchronism, angle jumps, angle elevations, and / or frequency interference (such as frequency gradients). This can be explained by a winding (windup) of the first integrator, which is contained in particular in the class of grid-forming inverter controls considered here and which is used in particular for implementing the oscillation equation on the basis of the manipulated variable restriction as a result of the way in which the power restriction is converted with the point of application behind this integrator. Furthermore, it may be an object to increase safety. In particular, it may be an object to reduce or prevent an overload and / or underload, in particular of the inverter. It may further be an object to provide improved parallel operability and / or replication of the vibration equation of electric machines. In addition, it may be an object to reduce downtime, maintenance, and / or costs.The above object is achieved by a method having the features of the independent method claim, an inverter having the features of the independent claim relating to an inverter, a computer program product having the features of the independent claim relating to a computer program product, a computer-readable data carrier having the features of the independent claim relating to a computer-readable data carrier, a control unit having the features of the independent claim relating to a control unit and a network system having the features of the independent claim relating to a network system. Further features and details of the invention are evident from the dependent claims, the description and the drawings. Features and details which are described in connection with the method according to the invention naturally also apply in connection with the inverter according to the invention and / or in connection with the computer program product according to the invention and / or in connection with the computer-readable data carrier according to the invention and / or in connection with the control unit according to the invention and / or in connection with the network system according to the invention and vice versa, so that with regard to the disclosure with respect to the individual aspects of the invention, reference is or can always be made reciprocally. In particular, advantages which are described within the scope of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and / or sixth aspect also apply in each case to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and / or sixth aspect.The above object is achieved according to a first aspect by a method for operating, in particular for controlling and / or regulating, an inverter, which is connectable or connected in particular to a grid architecture and an energy supplier of a grid systemmeasuring, by a sensor, a measured value of an injected active power, which is specific to an active power injected by the inverter, in particular to the network architecture,transmitting the measured value of the injected active power from the sensor to the control unit, in particular via a data connection,receiving, by the control unit, a power setpoint value which is specified in particular by the energy supplier to the inverter,determining, by the control unit, a first control variable as a function of the measured value of the injected active power and the power setpoint value, in particular for adjusting the inverter, e.g. to a target variable comprising setpoint frequency, setpoint phase, and / or power setpoint value (for an injected active power),determining, by the control unit, a second control variable as a function of the measured value of the injected active power and at least one limit value,determining, by the control unit, a third manipulated variable as a function of the first manipulated variable and the second manipulated variable,controlling, by the control unit, the inverter as a function of the third manipulated variable, in particular in order to output a final injected active power by the inverter as a function of the third manipulated variable, wherein a stability and / or total power of the grid architecture is preferably improved, and as a result of which the injected active power is preferably limited.In this case, a network system can have an inverter, a network architecture and / or an energy supplier (see below).In this case, the inverter can be configured for powers in the megawatt range. For example, an inverter for a wind power plant is conceivable which converts direct current produced by the wind power plant into alternating current (for example at 50 Hz) and / or three-phase current. It can therefore be a power inverter. In this case, the inverter can have a control unit which carries out an operation, in particular an (on) control and / or regulation of the inverter. For this purpose, a data exchange can be provided between the control unit and the inverter (in particular the transformer), for example via a data connection.The method can be computer-implemented. Preferably, the method steps are carried out in the sequence shown. It can be provided to change the sequence, in particular insofar as technically expedient. Furthermore, it can be provided that the method is carried out repeatedly and / or continuously. The method, the control unit and / or the inverter can preferably be configured to emulate (or simulate) the behavior of an (electric) synchronous machine and / or to provide a replica of the vibration equation(s) of an electric machine. This can be done by a calculation, in particular by the control unit, of a (virtual) rotor frequency (reference) and / or a phase angle (reference), for example by one or two integrators. This allows a particularly high stability and / or synchronism to be provided. The method can be carried out by the control unit, in particular by an (internal) control loop of the control unit. The method or the control loop can be implemented (at least partially) in software (in particular non-physically).In this case, in particular initially, the method can comprise: controlling, by a control unit, the inverter for generating an active power, in particular injected into the grid system, by the inverter. Accordingly, it can already be provided at the beginning that the inverter provides an injected active power. In other words, the method may be applied during operation of the inverter.The measurement, by a sensor, of a measurement value of an injected active power, which is specific to an active power injected by the inverter, in particular to the grid architecture, can be effected by a sensor of the inverter, the grid architecture and / or a sensor arranged between them. For this purpose, the sensor can be controlled by the control unit, as a result of which in particular the sensor can be caused to carry out (repeated) measurement of the injected active power in order in particular to obtain a measurement value of the injected active power. The sensor can be configured to measure a power, a voltage and / or a current. In this case, for example, the power can be calculated, in particular by the control unit, as a function of a voltage and a current.The measured value of the injected active power can be transmitted from the sensor via a data connection to the control unit.The control unit can receive a power setpoint value via a data connection between the control unit and an energy supplier (e.g. a wind power plant), which can be electrically connected in particular to the inverter. In this case, the power setpoint value can comprise, for example, a (current or future) power of the energy supplier. It can be provided that the energy supplier has a further (separate or dedicated) control unit which provides the power setpoint value (to the control unit). In this case, the further control unit can be configured for operating the energy supplier.In this case, the third, fourth and / or fifth manipulated variable (see below) can be configured to improve the grid density, to prevent an overload of the inverter, to optimize the stability and / or overall power of the grid architecture and / or of the grid system and / or to limit an (active) power of the inverter. Particularly preferably, the inverter can compensate for (short-term) failures, disturbances, voltage and / or current changes by actuating. Preferably, the inverter can simulate, emulate and / or preset the behavior of a (electric) synchronous machine at least partially, in particular by control and / or regulation by the control unit. As a result, the network system and / or the network architecture can be stabilized, in particular in the event of faults, in particular in a similar manner to that which would be provided in (electric) synchronous machines or by basic load power plants. The inverter can preferably be operated in the stationary, non-stationary state and / or in the event of a fault, in particular advantageously controlled. The inverter may be configured to provide inertial support and / or improved damping (e.g. by a first, second and / or third coupling path), in particular under transient conditions, preferably by driving. The inverter can be configured to enable driving without (detailed) information and / or communication with a network architecture, which has an advantageous, nevertheless optimizing effect on the network architecture, for example by improving the stability. The inverter, the control unit and / or the method can be configured to enable driving (comparatively) quickly and / or with low latency, in order advantageously to provide a (comparatively fast) reaction to changes (such as disturbances) in or in the network architecture.Within the scope of the invention, it can be advantageous that ascertaining, by the control unit, a first manipulated variable as a function of the measured value of the injected active power and the power setpoint value comprises calculating a difference between the measured value of the injected active power and the power setpoint value in order to obtain the first manipulated variable, wherein in particular the first manipulated variable has a power difference.The measured value of the injected active power and / or the power setpoint value can have a (time-averaged) power. These can be determined, for example (in each case) via a voltage and / or a current. The power setpoint value preferably comprises or is based on a direct current and / or a direct voltage. The injected active power and / or the measured value of the injected active power preferably comprises or is based on an alternating current and / or an alternating voltage, and can be calculated from these in particular.The calculation can be carried out by a first calculation element, in particular a comparator. For this purpose, the control unit, in particular the control loop, can have a first calculation element, in particular a comparator, which receives in particular the measured value of the injected active power and the power setpoint value as input variables. By calculating a difference, the first manipulated variable can be determined. This can accordingly have a power difference.The control unit, in particular an (inner) control loop of the control unit, can have at least one of the following features:a first calculation element, in particular a comparator,a frequency-forming integrator, which is connected in particular to the first computing element (or the second and / or third computing element), preferably configured to receive a first, second and / or third manipulated variable, wherein in particular the frequency-forming integrator can have a factor which is preferably configured to determine a contribution to the (fictitious) mass inertia, wherein for example the factor can be equal to 1 / Td, wherein Td can comprise a lead-in time constant,a second computing element (in particular connected to the first and third computing elements) for providing a first computing variable as a function of the first computing variable and a first coupling variable of a first coupling path (which is in particular arranged between the output of the frequency-forming integrator and the second computing element),a third computing element (in particular connected to the second computing element and the frequency-forming integrator) for providing the third manipulated variable (to the frequency-forming integrator) as a function of the first manipulated variable, in particular the first computing variable, and the second manipulated variable,a phase angle-forming integrator, which is connected in particular to the frequency-forming integrator, in particular to the (intermediate) fourth actuator and the fifth actuator, preferably configured to receive a fourth actuating variable,a fourth computing element (in particular connected to the frequency-forming and phase angle-forming integrator) for providing a second computing variable as a function of the fourth manipulated variable and a second coupling variable of a second coupling path (which is in particular arranged between the output of the second computing element and the fourth computing element), a limiter which in particular carries out a determination of a second manipulated variable as a function of the measured value of the injected active power and at least one limit value and / or limits an (actually output) injected active power of the inverter, in particular as quickly as possible, while preferably simultaneously carrying out a realization of the abovementioned advantages, in particular the stabilization of the network architecture, wherein in particular the method or the control loop limits the active power but nevertheless (further) computes with the (unchanged) values for a control and / or regulation, whereby in particular the network stability can be improved, wherein the limiter can be connected to the frequency-forming integrator, in particular to the third computing element, in order to provide the second manipulated variable,a (first) coupling path which, in particular in parallel and / or in reverse, returns an output of the frequency-forming integrator to the input and / or the second computing element again, and in particular influences the second manipulated variable,a (second) coupling path which in particular feeds the input of the frequency-forming integrator or the second manipulated variable, and / or the first computing variable, in parallel and / or forwards to the output of the frequency-forming integrator or the fourth manipulated variable and / or the fourth computing element, and in particular influences the fourth setpoint variable,a (third) coupling path which in particular feeds the input of the phase angle-forming integrator or the fourth manipulated variable and / or the second manipulated variable in parallel and / or forwards to the output of the phase angle-forming integrator or the fifth manipulated variable and / or the fifth computing element, and in particular influences the fifth setpoint variable.In this case, the first, second and / or third calculation variable can (in each case) have a manipulated variable. In this case, the first, second, third, fourth and / or fifth calculation element (in each case) can be configured for (arithmetic) summing and / or subtracting. These can (as a result) provide and / or determine the first, second and / or third billing variable.It can be provided that the control unit, when carrying out the method, in particular the control loop or limiter, compares a measured injected active power with at least one limit value, e.g. an upper limit value for the injected active power. As a result, a deviation or a (potential) power exceedance, which could damage the inverter, for example, can be detected. As a result, the control unit or the limiter can intervene, for example by the control and / or regulation being influenced, for example, via a PID controller (the control unit), and / or the power being limited. For example, a second manipulated variable can be provided by the control unit, e.g. at the output of the limiter. A third manipulated variable can be generated as a function of the second manipulated variable and the first manipulated variable. In this case, the second manipulated variable (as summand) can be summed up to the first manipulated variable. As a result, the frequency and / or the phase of the frequency-forming and / or phase-angle-forming integrator can be varied. As a result, in particular the phase of the (inner) voltage source, which is in particular the inverter (from the point of view of the grid architecture), can be changed. As a result, a (fifth) manipulated variable can be generated, which can preferably be used for controlling and / or regulating the inverter. The limiter and / or the method can make a (faster) reaction to changes such as, for example, disturbances of the network architecture. In particular, winding (e.g. wind-up) of the frequency-forming and / or phase-angle-forming integrator can be reduced and / or prevented. In other words, it can be "pre-coiled" that more injected active power is injected than actually the case, wherein preferably simultaneously an activation or a control and / or regulation is based on the (actually) injected active power.In this case, the coupling path(s) can have (additional) attenuation of the method or of the control loop and / or of the signals.Within the scope of the invention, it is conceivable that the at least one limit value is specific to the inverter, a network architecture connectable to the inverter, and / or an energy supplier connectable to the inverter.In this case, the at least one limit value can be stored in the control unit, in particular a storage unit of the control unit, for example as part of an installation of the inverter, the energy supplier and / or the network architecture. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one limit value can be transmitted from the energy supplier and / or the network architecture to the inverter, in particular the control unit, for example via a data connection.It can be provided within the scope of the invention that the determination, by the control unit, of a second manipulated variable as a function of the measured value of the injected active power and of at least one limit value, in particular of the inverter, of the grid architecture, and / or of the energy supplier comprises a comparison of the measured value of the injected active power and of the at least one limit value, wherein in particular the at least one limit value has at least one of the following features:a lower limit value for the injected active power, which is in particular specific for the inverter (e.g. for efficient conversion) and / or an energy supplier connected to the inverter (e.g. minimum possible power),an upper limit value for the injected active power, which is in particular specific for the inverter (e.g. for power electronics), a network structure connected to the inverter (e.g. maximum usable or desired power), and / or an energy supplier connected to the inverter (e.g. maximum possible power),a lower limit value for a frequency of the injected active power, in particular for a frequency of an alternating current and / or an alternating voltage of an internal voltage source of the inverter,an upper limit value for the frequency of the injected active power, in particular for a frequency of an alternating current and / or an alternating voltage of an internal voltage source of the inverter,a lower limit value for a phase angle of the injected active power, in particular for a phase angle of an alternating current and / or an alternating voltage of an internal voltage source of the inverter,an upper limit value for the phase angle of the injected active power, in particular for a phase angle of an alternating current and / or an alternating voltage of an internal voltage source of the inverter.In this case, it can be provided that the inverter has an, in particular inner, voltage source which provides an alternating voltage and / or an alternating current, preferably having a frequency and / or a phase angle. The inverter and / or the control unit (by actuating the inverter) is preferably configured to output a (final) injected active power. In this case, preferably no or only (comparatively) small difference of the frequency and / or of the phase angle (of the inner voltage source) with respect to the frequency and / or the phase angle of the voltage and / or of the current of the (outer) grid architecture can be set and / or achieved. In other words, this makes it possible to achieve (improved) synchronism.It is furthermore conceivable that the determination, by the control unit, of a third manipulated variable as a function of the first manipulated variable and the second manipulated variable comprises a summation, in particular an arithmetic summation, of the first manipulated variable and the second manipulated variable, in order to obtain the third manipulated variable.In this case, the third manipulated variable can be determined by the control unit, in particular an (inner) control loop of the control unit. The first manipulated variable can be determined by a first calculation element, in particular a comparator (see above).It is also conceivable for the control, by the control unit, of the inverter to have at least one, preferably all, of the following features as a function of the third manipulated variable:providing the third manipulated variable to a frequency-forming integrator, in particular in order to obtain a fourth manipulated variable which is preferably representative of a frequency, in particular a voltage and / or a current, of the injected active power, as a result of which a (virtual) rotor frequency (reference) is preferably formed, for example for the emulation of a synchronous machine,providing the third manipulated variable, in particular the fourth manipulated variable, to a phase angle-forming integrator, in particular in order to obtain a fifth manipulated variable, which is preferably representative of a phase angle, in particular of a voltage and / or of a current, of an internal voltage source of the inverter, as a result of which a (virtual) phase angle (reference) is preferably formed, for example for the emulation of a synchronous machine,operating, in particular controlling and / or regulating, the inverter, by the control unit, as a function of the third manipulated variable, fourth manipulated variable and / or fifth manipulated variable, wherein in particular as a function of the third manipulated variable, fourth manipulated variable and / or fifth manipulated variable a final injected active power is output by the inverter, wherein preferably the final injected active power has at least one of the following features i. wherein the final injected active power preferably (substantially) corresponds to the power setpoint value, ii. wherein the final injected active power is preferably greater than or equal to a lower limit value for the injected active power, which is in particular specific to the inverter and / or an energy supplier connected to the inverter, iii. wherein the final injected active power is preferably less than or equal to an upper limit value for the injected active power, which is in particular specific to the inverter, a grid structure connected to the inverter, and / or an energy supplier connected to the inverter, iv. a frequency, in particular a final frequency, which preferably corresponds to a setpoint frequency, wherein in particular the frequency is greater than or equal to a lower limit value for a frequency of an internal voltage source of the inverter and / or is less than or equal to an upper limit value for the frequency of an internal voltage source of the inverter, whereby preferably synchronism with the grid architecture is provided and / or ensured, v. a final phase angle, which preferably corresponds to a setpoint phase angle, wherein in particular the final phase angle is greater than or equal to a lower limit value for a phase angle of an internal voltage source of the inverter and / or is less than or equal to an upper limit value for the phase angle of an internal voltage source of the inverter, whereby preferably synchronism with the grid architecture is provided and / or ensured, vi. wherein the final injected active power is configured to prevent an undesired oscillation behavior and / or an at least partial loss of synchronism, in particular of a grid architecture connectable to the inverter.According to a second aspect, the above object is achieved by an inverter according to the invention, in particular a grid-forming inverter, which is preferably connectable, preferably connected, to a grid architecture and an energy supplier of a grid systema converter for transforming a primary power (which may correspond to the power setpoint value, for example) provided to the inverter, in particular by the energy supplier, into an injected active power, which is provided in particular by the inverter to a grid architecture,a sensor for detecting an (actual) measured value of the injected active power, which is specific to the (current) injected active power provided by the inverter, in particular to the grid architecture,a control unit implementing the method according to the first aspect.In this case, transforming a primary power provided to the inverter into an injected active power can comprise transforming in particular a first voltage into a second voltage, wherein for example the first voltage has a DC voltage and the second voltage has an AC voltage and / or three-phase AC voltage.Thus, with respect to an inverter according to the invention in accordance with the second aspect, the same advantages result as have already been described with respect to a method according to the invention in accordance with the first aspect.Within the scope of the invention, it can be advantageous that the inverter is configured for parallel operation with at least one further inverter, and / or for simulating an equation of oscillation of an electric machine.The above object is achieved according to a third aspect by a computer program product according to the invention, comprising instructions which, when the computer program product is executed by a computer, cause the computer program product to implement the method according to the first aspect.Thus, with respect to a computer program product according to the invention according to the third aspect, the same advantages result as have already been described with respect to a method according to the invention according to the first aspect and / or an inverter according to the invention according to the second aspect.The above object is achieved according to a fourth aspect by a computer-readable data carrier according to the invention, in which instructions are stored which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the first aspect.Thus, with respect to a computer-readable data carrier according to the invention according to the fourth aspect, the same advantages result as have already been described with respect to a method according to the invention according to the first aspect and / or an inverter according to the invention according to the second aspect and / or a computer program product according to the invention according to the third aspect.The above object is achieved according to a fifth aspect by a control unit according to the invention, having a computing unit and a memory unit in which commands are stored which, when at least partially executed by the computing unit, carries out a method according to the first aspect.Thus, with respect to a control unit according to the invention according to the fifth aspect, the same advantages result as have already been described with respect to a method according to the invention according to the first aspect and / or an inverter according to the invention according to the second aspect and / or a computer program product according to the invention according to the third aspect and / or a computer-readable data carrier according to the invention according to the fourth aspect.The above object is achieved according to a sixth aspect by a network system according to the inventionan inverter according to the second aspect,a network architecture which is connectable, in particular connected, to the inverter, wherein, for example, the network architecture has a distribution network, a transmission network, and / or a first energy store (e.g. accumulator),an energy supplier which is connectable, in particular connected, to the inverter and provides a primary power to the inverter, wherein, for example, the energy supplier has an energy generator (e.g. wind power plant) and / or a second energy store (e.g. accumulator),wherein the inverter provides a (final) injected active power to the grid architecture, in particular by implementing the method according to the first aspect, wherein a stability and / or overall power of the grid architecture is preferably improved.In this case, the (final) injected active power can be provided to the grid architecture, wherein said active power is (electrically) fed into the grid architecture by the inverter.Thus, with respect to a network system according to the invention according to the sixth aspect, the same advantages result as have already been described with respect to a method according to the invention according to the first aspect and / or an inverter according to the invention according to the second aspect and / or a computer program product according to the third aspect and / or a computer-readable data carrier according to the invention according to the fourth aspect and / or a control unit according to the invention according to the fifth aspect.Further advantages, features and details of the invention will become apparent from the following description, in which a plurality of exemplary embodiments of the invention are described in detail with reference to the drawings. The features mentioned in the claims and in the description can be essential to the invention individually or in any combination. This shows FIG. 1 shows a control unit, in particular a control circuit 30 FIG. 2 shows a power supplier, an inverter and a network architecture FIG. 3 shows a methodIn the following figures, the identical reference numerals are used for the same technical features, also of different exemplary embodiments.FIG. 1 shows a control unit ECU or a control circuit 30, which can be implemented by the control unit ECU, for example. The control unit ECU can receive a measurement value for an injected power p_mess and / or a power setpoint p_ref. In this case, the measured value for an injected power p_mess can compare, in particular via a first calculation element 31.1, in particular a comparator, with the power setpoint value p_ref, in particular by forming the difference. As a result, a power difference delta_p (of p_mess and p_ref) can be determined. Depending on the power difference delta_p, a first manipulated variable SG 1 can be determined (wherein these can be identical). Furthermore, the measured value for an injected power p_mess, in particular from a limiter 32, can be compared with at least one limit value, for example an upper limit value for the injected active power p_max. As a result, a second manipulated variable SG 2 can be ascertained as a function of the measured value for an injected power p_mess and the at least one limit value. A third manipulated variable SG 3 can then be ascertained as a function of the first manipulated variable SG 1, in particular a first calculation variable VG 1 (which is provided by a second calculation element 31.2 as a function of the first manipulated variable SG 1 and a first coupling variable S 34 of the first coupling path 34) and the second manipulated variable SG 2. Preferably, the second manipulated variable SG 2 can be summed to the first manipulated variable SG 1, in particular the first calculation variable VG 1, in order to obtain the third manipulated variable SG 3, for example by a third calculation element 31.3. The first, second, third, fourth and / or fifth calculation element 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4, 31.5 can be configured for subtraction and / or addition (summing, e.g. arithmetic summing). The third manipulated variable SG 3 can be fed into a frequency-forming integrator 35 (as input / input). Depending on the third manipulated variable SG 3, said control variable can output a fourth manipulated variable SG 4, which is preferably representative of a frequency f, in particular a voltage and / or a current, of the injected active power and / or of the internal voltage source of the inverter 100. The fourth manipulated variable SG 4 can be provided to a phase angle-forming integrator 38. In this case, the fourth manipulated variable SG 4 can be provided (beforehand) to a fourth calculation element 31.4, and in particular can be calculated with a second coupling variable S 36, in order preferably to obtain a second calculation variable VG 2, which is provided in particular to the phase angle-forming integrator 38. The phase angle-forming integrator 38 can output a fifth manipulated variable SG 5 as a function of the fourth manipulated variable SG 4, in particular the second calculation variable VG 2, which is used in particular for actuating 170, preferably controlling and / or regulating the inverter 100, advantageously in order to limit the (final) injected active power and / or feed it in in in a stabilizing or network-forming manner. In this case, the fifth manipulated variable SG 5 can be obtained by a fifth calculation element 31.5, which is preferably provided with a third calculation variable VG 3 (output by the phase angle-forming integrator 38) and a third coupling variable S 37. The third, fourth and / or fifth manipulated variable SG 3, SG 4, SG 5 can preferably be used to output a (final) injected active power by the inverter 100. It can be provided that a (first) coupling path 34 is provided, which allows coupling, in particular parallel and / or backward, for example from an output of the frequency-forming integrator 35 to a first setpoint variable SG 1, in particular via provision of a first coupling variable S 34. It can be provided that a (second) coupling path 36 is provided, which allows a coupling, in particular a parallel and / or forward coupling, for example from a first manipulated variable SG 1 to a fourth manipulated variable SG 4, in particular via a provision of a second coupling variable S 36. It can be provided that a (third) coupling path 37 is provided, which allows a coupling, in particular a parallel and / or a forward coupling, for example from a fourth manipulated variable SG 4 or an input of the phase angle-forming integrator 37 to a fifth manipulated variable SG 5, in particular via a provision of a third coupling variable S 37.FIG. 2 shows an energy supplier 300, e.g. a wind power plant, which is (electrically) connected to an inverter 100 in order to transmit in particular a primary power from the energy supplier 300 to the inverter 100. The inverter 100 comprises a converter 50, which can transform a direct current / a direct voltage of the energy supplier 300 into an alternating current / an alternating voltage, for example. The inverter 100 is (electrically) connected to a grid architecture 200, in particular via a grid connection point 201. Accordingly, the inverter 100 can feed an injected active power into the grid architecture 200. A sensor 10 of the inverter 100 can determine a measured value for the injected active power p_mess, which can preferably be transmitted (via a data connection) to a control unit ECU (in particular of the inverter 100). The control unit ECU can have a computing unit CU and a storage unit MU. The control unit ECU, in particular the arithmetic unit CU, can receive and / or further process the measured value for the injected active power p_mess, for example in a control loop 30. the control unit ECU, in particular the arithmetic unit CU, can receive and / or further process a power setpoint value p_ref from the energy supplier 300, for example in a control loop 30. the control unit ECU (in particular the arithmetic unit CU) can actuate the inverter 100 (in particular the transformer 50) via a data connection, and can preferably set it thereby.FIG. 3 shows a method for operating, in particular for controlling and / or regulating, an inverter 100, which is connectable in particular to a grid architecture 200 and an energy supplier 300 of a grid system 1000 (e.g. according to FIG. 2 ) comprisingmeasuring 110 by a sensor 10 a measured value of an injected active power p_mess that is specific to an active power injected by the inverter 100, in particular to the network architecture 200,transmitting 120 the measured value of the injected active power p_mess from the sensor 10 to the control unit ECU,receiving 130, by the control unit ECU, a power setpoint value p_ref, which is specified in particular by the energy supplier 300 to the inverter 100,determining 140, by the control unit ECU, a first manipulated variable SG 1 as a function of the measured value of the injected active power p_mess and the power setpoint value p_ref, in particular for setting the inverter 100,determining 150, by the control unit ECU, a second manipulated variable SG 2 as a function of the measured value of the injected active power p_mess and at least one limit value,determining 160 by the control unit ECU a third manipulated variable SG 3 as a function of the first manipulated variable SG 1 and the second manipulated variable SG 2,controlling 170, by the control unit ECU, the inverter 100 as a function of the third manipulated variable SG 3, in particular in order to determine a final injected active power as a function of the third manipulated variable SG 3.The power inverter 100 may improve stability and / or overall performance of the network architecture 200.List of reference characters10 Sensor 50 Converter 30 Control loop 31.1 First computing element, in particular comparator 31.2 Second computing element 31.3 Third computing element 31.4 Fourth computing element 31.5 Fifth computing element 32 Limiter 34 (first) Coupling path (parallel, reverse) 35 Frequency-forming integrator 36 (second) Coupling path (parallel, forward) 37 (third) Coupling path (parallel, forward), BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Reference Publication No. BACKGROUND ART Feedforward) 38 Phase angle-forming integrator ECU Control unit CU Arithmetic unit MU Memory unit 100 Inverter 200 Grid architecture 201 Grid connection point 300 Energy supplier 1000 Grid system 110 Measuring by a sensor 120 Transmitting the measured value 130 Receiving a power setpoint 140 Ascertaining a first manipulated variable 150 Ascertaining a second manipulated variable 160 Ascertaining a third manipulated variable 170 Controlling the inverter p_measMeasured value of an injected active power p_ref Power setpoint delta_p Power difference between p_measand p_ref p_max Upper limit value for the injected active power p_min Lower limit value for the injected active power f Frequency of the internal voltage source of the inverter (in particular virtual rotor frequency) theta Phase angle of the internal voltage source of the inverter (in particular virtual rotor angle) SG 1 First manipulated variable SG 2 Second manipulated variable sg 3 third manipulated variable SG 4 fourth manipulated variable SG 5 fifth manipulated variable VG 1 first calculated variable VG 2 second calculated variable VG 3 third calculated variable S 34 first coupled variable S 36 second coupled variable S 37 third coupled variable

Claims

Method for operating, in particular for controlling and / or regulating, an inverter (100) which can be connected in particular to a grid architecture (200) and an energy supplier (300) of a grid system (1000), having - measuring (110), by a sensor (10), a measurement value of an injected active power (p_mess) which is specific to an active power injected by the inverter (100), in particular to the grid architecture (200), - transmitting (120) the measurement value of the injected active power (p_mess) from the sensor (10) to the control unit (ECU), - receiving (130), by the control unit (ECU), a power setpoint value (p_ref) which is predefined in particular by the energy supplier (300) to the inverter (100), - determining (140), by the control unit (ECU), a first manipulated variable (SG 1) as a function of the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) and the power setpoint value (p_ref), in particular for setting the inverter (100), - ascertaining (150), by the control unit (ECU), a second manipulated variable (SG 2) as a function of the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) and at least one limit value, - ascertaining (160), by the control unit (ECU), a third manipulated variable (SG 3) as a function of the first manipulated variable (SG 1) and the second manipulated variable (SG 2), - actuating (170), by the control unit (ECU), the inverter (100) as a function of the third manipulated variable (SG 3), In particular, in order to output a final injected active power by the inverter (100) as a function of the third manipulated variable (SG 3), wherein a stability and / or overall power of the network architecture (200) is preferably improved.Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the control unit (ECU) determines (140) a first manipulated variable (SG1) as a function of the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) and the power setpoint value (p_ref) comprises calculating a difference between the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) and the power setpoint value (p_ref) in order to obtain the first manipulated variable (SG1), wherein in particular the first manipulated variable (SG1) has a power difference (delta_p).Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the at least one limit value is specific to the inverter (100), a network architecture (200) which can be connected to the inverter (100), and / or an energy supplier (300) which can be connected to the inverter (100).Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the determination (150), by the control unit (ECU), of a second manipulated variable (SG2) as a function of the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) and at least one limit value, in particular of the inverter (100), comprises a comparison of the measured value of the injected active power (p_mess) and of the at least one limit value, wherein in particular the at least one limit value has at least one of the following features: - a lower limit value for the injected active power (p_min), which is in particular specific to the inverter (100) and / or an energy supplier (300) connected to the inverter (100), - an upper limit value for the injected active power (p_max), which is in particular specific to the inverter (100), a network structure (200) connected to the inverter (100), and / or an energy supplier (300) connected to the inverter (100).Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the determination (160), by the control unit (ECU), of a third manipulated variable (SG3) as a function of the first manipulated variable (SG1) and the second manipulated variable (SG2) comprises summing, in particular arithmetic summing, the first manipulated variable (SG1) and the second manipulated variable (SG2) in order to obtain the third manipulated variable (SG3).Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the control (170), by the control unit (ECU), of the inverter (100) as a function of the third manipulated variable (SG3) has at least one of the following features: - a provision of the third manipulated variable (SG3) to a frequency-forming integrator (35), in particular in order to obtain a fourth manipulated variable (SG4), which is preferably representative of a frequency (f), in particular a voltage and / or a current, of the injected active power, - a provision of the third manipulated variable (SG3), in particular of the fourth manipulated variable (SG4), to a phase-angle-forming integrator (38), in particular in order to obtain a fifth manipulated variable (SG5), which is preferably representative of a phase angle (theta), in particular a voltage and / or a current, an internal voltage source of the inverter (100), - operating, in particular controlling and / or regulating, the inverter (100) by the control unit (ECU), as a function of the third manipulated variable (SG3), fourth manipulated variable (SG4) and / or fifth manipulated variable (SG5), wherein, in particular as a function of the third manipulated variable (SG3), fourth manipulated variable (SG4) and / or fifth manipulated variable (SG5), a final injected active power is output by the inverter (100), wherein the final injected active power preferably has at least one of the following features i. wherein the final injected active power preferably corresponds to the power setpoint value (p_ref), ii. wherein the final injected active power is preferably greater than or equal to a lower limit value for the injected active power (p_min), which is specific in particular for the inverter (100) and / or an energy supplier (300) connected to the inverter (100), iii. wherein the final injected active power is preferably less than or equal to an upper limit value for the injected active power (p_max), which is specific in particular for the inverter (100), a grid structure (200) connected to the inverter (100), and / or an energy supplier (300), iv connected to the inverter (100), wherein the final injected active power is configured to prevent an undesired oscillation behavior and / or an at least partial loss of synchronism, in particular of a grid architecture (200) connectable to the inverter (100).Inverter (100), in particular a grid-forming inverter, which can preferably be connected to a grid architecture (200) and an energy supplier (300) of a grid system (1000), having - a converter (50) for transforming a primary power provided to the inverter (100), in particular by the energy supplier (300), into an injected active power, which is provided in particular by the inverter (100) to a grid architecture (200), - a sensor (10) for detecting a measurement value of the injected active power (p_mess), which is specific to the injected active power provided by the inverter (100), in particular to the grid architecture (200), - a control unit (ECU) which implements the method according to one of the preceding claims.Inverter (100) according to the preceding claim, wherein the inverter (100) is configured for parallel operation with at least one further inverter, and / or for simulating an equation of oscillation of an electric machine.A computer program product comprising instructions which, when the computer program product is executed by a computer, cause the computer program product to implement the method of any preceding claim.Computer-readable data medium in which instructions are stored which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to one of the preceding claims.Control unit (ECU), having a computing unit (CU) and a memory unit (MU) in which commands are stored which, when at least partially executed by the computing unit (CU), carries out a method according to one of the preceding claims.Network system (1000) comprising - an inverter (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, - a network architecture (200) connectable to the inverter (100), wherein for example the network architecture (200) comprises a distribution network, a transmission network and / or a first energy store, - an energy supplier (300) connectable to the inverter (100) and providing a primary power to the inverter (100), wherein for example the energy supplier (300) comprises an energy generator and / or a second energy store, - wherein the inverter (100) provides an injected active power to the network architecture (200), in particular by implementing the method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein preferably a stability and / or overall power of the network architecture (200) is improved.

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