Method for producing an assembly comprising a shaft and a component

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for producing an assembly comprising an axially extending shaft (1) and a component (2) joined to the shaft radially outside the shaft (1). Reduced scrap and higher assembly quality are achieved by determining deviations of a radial outer surface (3) of the shaft (1) from an ideal outer surface (4), wherein the shaft (1) and the component (2) are moved radially relative to one another depending on the determined deviations when guiding the shaft (1) through a joining opening (5) of the component (2). The invention further relates to a system (100) for producing the assembly in this way.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for producing an assembly comprising a shaft and a component joined to the shaft radially outside the shaft. The invention also relates to a system for producing such an assembly.

[0002] A shaft rotating around an axial axis during operation is used in a wide variety of applications. Typically, at least one component is joined to the shaft radially on the outside to fulfill a function in the associated application during the shaft's rotation. To join the component to the shaft, the component usually has an opening through which the shaft is guided axially.

[0003] Such a method is known from DE 10 2021 213 755 A1. To produce an assembly comprising a shaft and a component having a radial outer surface with a draft angle, the component is held by at least three clamping elements. The clamping elements are aligned or can be aligned in such a way that they each hold the component only at a point.

[0004] The present invention addresses the problem of providing improved or at least different embodiments of a method for producing an assembly comprising a shaft and a component, as well as of a system for producing such an assembly. In particular, the present invention addresses the problem of providing embodiments of the method and the system that are characterized by reduced scrap and / or increased quality of the manufactured assemblies.

[0005] This object is achieved according to the invention by the subject matter of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are the subject matter of the dependent claims.

[0006] The present invention is therefore based on the fundamental idea of ​​taking into account radial deviations of an outer surface of the shaft from an ideal shape when inserting a shaft into a joining opening of a component. The shaft and the component are moved relative to one another to compensate for said deviations. This prevents collisions between the shaft and the component when inserting the shaft into the component. This avoids or at least reduces surface changes, in particular the formation of score marks and scratches, on the outer surface of the shaft and an associated inner surface of the joining opening. The result is, on the one hand, the avoidance of damage caused by such collisions, which leads to rejection.On the other hand, avoiding or at least reducing surface changes leads to a reliable and stable relative positioning of the component to the shaft and thus to an increased quality of the manufactured assembly.

[0007] According to the inventive concept, the shaft and the component are provided in a method for producing the assembly. The shaft extends axially and has an outer surface, which is also referred to below as the actual outer surface. The component has an opening for inserting the shaft, which is also referred to below as the joining opening. The joining opening has an inner surface. To join the component to the shaft, the shaft is moved axially relative to the component so that the shaft is guided through the joining opening. In the process, a deviation of the actual outer surface of the shaft from a predetermined ideal outer surface is determined. Depending on the deviation determined, the shaft and the component are moved radially towards one another during the axial movement. This radial movement occurs in such a way that the shaft is guided axially through the joining opening without contact with the inner surface of the joining opening.

[0008] The relative radial movement depending on the deviation is preferably carried out in such a way that the radial movement is executed when a predetermined deviation limit is exceeded. This avoids unnecessary relative radial movements and consequently simplifies the manufacturing of the assembly.

[0009] Preferably, the ideal outer surface and the inner surface are dimensioned such that when the shaft is guided through the joining opening, a radial joining gap is provided between the ideal outer surface and the inner surface.

[0010] The joint gap appropriately accommodates deviations in the radial outer diameter of the shaft within a tolerance range. The inventive consideration of the deviation in the outer surface of the shaft allows, in particular, a smaller joint gap to be selected. This smaller joint gap, in turn, leads to increased quality of the manufactured assembly. The unused overlap amount due to the reduction in the joint gap can, on the other hand, also be used to increase the maximum joint overlap. Thus, the transmission of a higher torque and / or a higher axial displacement force is enabled via this joint connection.

[0011] Deviations between the actual outer surface and the ideal outer surface occur particularly due to production-related factors, i.e., during the manufacture of the shaft. In particular, such deviations become increasingly apparent with increasing axial extension of the shaft. The solution according to the invention therefore also allows, in particular, the production of assemblies with such dimensioned shafts with reduced scrap and increased quality.

[0012] The ideal outer surface corresponds, for example, to that of a cylinder, in particular a circular cylinder.

[0013] The directions specified here refer to the axis of rotation around which the shaft rotates during operation. The axis of rotation runs axially. Accordingly, "axial" means parallel or coaxial to the axis of rotation. Furthermore, "radial" means perpendicular to the axis of rotation and thus perpendicular to axial. The "circumferential direction" also runs around the axis of rotation, or "axially."

[0014] In the context of the present invention, radial movement therefore means a movement transverse to the shaft's axis of rotation. Thus, the radial movements occur, in particular, translationally in a plane with a normal parallel to the axis of rotation.

[0015] In principle, the shaft and the component can be joined together in any way.

[0016] Advantageously, the shaft and the component are thermally joined, whereby the component is heated. The solution according to the invention allows for less heating of the component. This leads, on the one hand, to a reduction in the energy required and thus to more efficient production of the assembly. On the other hand, the reduced heat input into the component prevents or at least reduces structural changes in the component that occur due to the heat input. This leads to an increase in the quality of the component in the assembly and thus to an increase in the quality of the assembly.

[0017] The relative axial movement of the shaft and the component to each other can occur in any way.

[0018] A simplified manufacture of the assembly can be achieved by ensuring that the component is axially fixed and the shaft is moved axially for the relative axial movement of the shaft and the component to each other.

[0019] The shaft and the component can be moved radially relative to each other in any way.

[0020] For the relative radial movement of the shaft and the component, it is advantageous to clamp the shaft radially and move it radially relative to the component via this clamping, while the component itself is also clamped radially and axially. This simplifies the production of the assembly.

[0021] In principle, the assembly can be used in any application. In particular, the component can have any external contour.

[0022] The assembly can be used, for example, in an electrical machine.

[0023] The assembly can, in particular, be a component of a camshaft. The component can have a non-circular outer surface. In particular, the component can be a cam.

[0024] The assembly is advantageously manufactured using a system.

[0025] The system preferably comprises a device for determining the deviation of the actual outer surface from the ideal outer surface, which is also referred to below as the measuring device. The measuring device is designed accordingly. The system also comprises a device for the relative radial movement of the component and the shaft to one another, which is also referred to below as the correction device. The correction device is designed accordingly. The system also comprises a control device, which is connected to the measuring device and the correction device and is designed such that the system produces the assembly according to the invention.

[0026] The system advantageously also includes a device for the relative axial movement of the shaft and the component, which is also referred to below as a sliding device. The sliding device is designed accordingly.

[0027] To manufacture the assembly in the system, the component is moved radially relative to the shaft depending on the deviation determined by the measuring device. Preferably, the shaft is guided axially through the joining opening of the component using the sliding device.

[0028] The measuring device advantageously includes a probe for determining the deviation. The shaft slides along the probe during axial movement, allowing the measuring device to determine the deviation using the probe. This allows for easy determination of the deviation and simultaneously avoids or at least reduces changes to the outer surface of the shaft. Consequently, this simplifies production while simultaneously increasing the quality of the assembly.

[0029] Alternatively or additionally, the measuring device may include at least one distance sensor for contactless determination of the deviation. The respective contactless distance sensor may, for example, be laser-based, eddy current-based, and / or capacitive.

[0030] In advantageous embodiments, the system has a joining support on which the component is positioned for joining to the shaft. For joining, the shaft is guided through the joining opening and through the joining support.

[0031] The joining support can, for example, be arranged on a joining table.

[0032] The correction device preferably has at least one actuator, which adjusts the joining support during operation such that the at least one actuator moves the component radially relative to the shaft during operation. The actuator is also referred to below as a support actuator. Thus, the relative radial movement of the component to the shaft occurs via the joining support, so that there is no direct contact between the correction device and the component. This results in simplified manufacture of the component. Furthermore, systems according to the prior art can thus be easily upgraded / converted to systems according to the invention. The joining support is preferably mounted in the system so that it can be radially displaced.

[0033] The correction device preferably has at least two such support actuators, which are spaced apart from one another along the circumferential direction. The respective support actuator adjusts the joining support linearly during operation. This leads to a simplified design of the support actuators and a simplified implementation of the relative radial movement.

[0034] In particular, the support actuators are arranged equidistantly from each other in the circumferential direction.

[0035] For example, the correction device has three or four such support actuators.

[0036] Alternatively or additionally, the system can have at least one clamping element for clamping the component radially outward. The at least one clamping element serves, in particular, the purpose of positioning the component in the circumferential direction and / or preventing rotation of the component during joining.

[0037] The at least one clamping element can, for example, be part of a joining gripper for gripping the component radially outward.

[0038] The correction device preferably has an associated actuator for at least one of the at least one clamping elements, which actuator adjusts the associated clamping element during operation such that the at least one actuator moves the component radially relative to the shaft. The actuator is also referred to below as a clamping actuator. Thus, the component is moved radially via the at least one clamping element. This leads to simple implementation of the component's manufacture. Furthermore, in this way, systems according to the prior art can be easily upgraded / converted to systems according to the invention. The respective clamping element is preferably mounted so as to be displaceable within the system.

[0039] The correction device preferably has at least two such clamping actuators, which are spaced apart from one another along the circumferential direction. During operation, the respective clamping actuator adjusts the component linearly. This simplifies the implementation of the relative radial movement. Preferably, the respective clamping element is mounted in the system for linear displacement.

[0040] In particular, the clamping actuators are arranged equidistant from each other in the circumferential direction.

[0041] For example, the correction device has three or four such clamping actuators.

[0042] It is understood that the assembly may also comprise two or more such components. Preferably, the respective component is moved radially relative to the shaft as described, depending on the deviation.

[0043] Further important features and advantages of the invention emerge from the subclaims, from the drawings and from the associated description of the figures based on the drawings.

[0044] It is understood that the features mentioned above and those to be explained below can be used not only in the combination specified in each case, but also in other combinations or on their own, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0045] Preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings and are explained in more detail in the following description, wherein the same reference numerals refer to the same or similar or functionally identical components.

[0046] They show, schematically Fig. 1 a highly simplified sectional view of the production of an assembly with a shaft and a component in a plant, Fig. 2 a plan view of a joining support of the system with the component in another embodiment of the system, Fig. 3 the view of the Fig. 2 in another embodiment, Fig. 4 a plan view of clamping elements of the system with the component in another embodiment of the system, Fig. 5 the view from Fig. 4 in another embodiment.

[0047] An assembly comprises a component that is only Fig. 1 shown shaft 1 and at least one component 2 which is joined to the shaft 1 radially outside of the shaft 1. As Fig. As can be seen from Figure 1, the shaft 1 extends axially and has a radial outer surface 3, which is also referred to below as the actual outer surface 3. A method for manufacturing the assembly is explained below using a single component 2. It is clear that the explanations can be applied analogously to the other components 2.

[0048] The directions specified here refer to an intended rotational axis R of the shaft 1 during operation. Here, "axial" or coaxial, in the illustrated embodiments, coaxial, runs to the rotational axis R. Furthermore, "radial" runs transversely to axial and thus transversely to the rotational axis R. Furthermore, the circumferential direction U runs around the rotational axis R.

[0049] The real outer surface 3 of the shaft 1 can be Fig. 1, which is also referred to below as the ideal outer surface 4. In the illustrated embodiment, the ideal outer surface 4 corresponds to that of a circular cylinder. Fig. 1, the real outer surface 3 is shown in extreme form in order to better illustrate the deviation from the ideal outer surface 4. The deviation is shown in Fig. 1 is also indicated by an odd course of a longitudinal central axis L of the shaft 1, which ideally runs coaxially to the rotation axis R.

[0050] In the assembly, as stated above, the shaft 1 and the component 2 are joined to one another, wherein the component 2 is joined to the shaft 1 radially outside the shaft 1. For this purpose, the component 2 has an opening 5 with an inner circumferential surface 6. The opening 5 is also referred to below as joining opening 5. The joining opening 5 can, for example, be realized as a bore 7 of the component 2. In order to join the component 2 to the shaft 1, the shaft 1 is moved axially relative to the component 2, so that the shaft 1 is guided through the joining opening 2. This axial movement is in Fig. 1 indicated by an arrow.

[0051] In the embodiments shown, the component 2 is purely an example of a cam 8, such as the Fig. 2 to 5. In the exemplary embodiments shown, the assembly is therefore in particular a camshaft (not shown) or a component of a camshaft.

[0052] As explained below, during assembly production, the deviations of the actual outer surface 3 from the ideal outer surface 4 are taken into account and compensated for. For this purpose, the radial deviation of the actual outer surface 3 from the ideal outer surface 4 is determined. In addition, during the axial movement, depending on the determined deviation, a relative radial movement of the shaft 1 and the component 2 relative to one another occurs such that the shaft 1 is guided axially through the joining opening 5 to the inner surface 6 of the joining opening 5 without contact. In particular, a relative radial movement of the component 2 relative to the shaft 1 is carried out if the deviation exceeds a predetermined limit value. Thus, collisions between the shaft 1 and the inner surface 6 are avoided or at least reduced. This leads both to reduced scrap during assembly production and to increased quality of the manufactured assembly.

[0053] In the illustrated embodiments, the inner circumferential surface 6 and the ideal outer circumferential surface 4 are dimensioned such that, when the shaft 1 is guided axially through the joining opening 5, a radial joining gap (not shown) is provided between the ideal outer circumferential surface 4 and the inner circumferential surface 6. In this way, tolerances are permitted during the manufacture of the shaft 1 and the component 2. With the method according to the invention, which provides a relative radial movement between the shaft and the component 2 depending on the deviation, the joining gap can be selected to be smaller while maintaining the same permissible tolerances.

[0054] In the illustrated embodiments, the joining of component 2 to shaft 1 is performed thermally, whereby component 2 is heated. By taking this deviation into account, the expansion of the joining opening achieved by heating can be reduced. This not only reduces the heat input required to heat component 2 and thus reduces energy consumption, but also at least reduces structural changes to component 2 due to the heat input. This means that, in addition to reduced manufacturing costs, an increased quality of the assembly is achieved.

[0055] The assembly is manufactured in the embodiments shown by means of a system 100 shown in the figures. The system 100 comprises a Fig. 1 shown device 101 for determining the deviation, which is also referred to as measuring device 101 below. How Fig. As can be seen from Figure 1, the measuring device 101 in the illustrated embodiment has a probe 102. The shaft 1 slides along the probe 102 during the axial movement, so that the deviation is determined based on the radial movement of the probe 102. In the illustrated embodiments, the system 100 also has a joining support 103, which in the illustrated embodiments is arranged on a joining table 104 of the system 100.

[0056] The component 2 is positioned on the joining support 103 for joining with the shaft 1. As the Fig. 2 to 5, the system 100 in the exemplary embodiments shown has at least one clamping element 107, which clamps the component 2 radially outward. The at least one clamping element 107 can be a component of a joining gripper, not otherwise shown, of the system 100. The at least one clamping element 107 serves in particular the purpose of preventing or at least reducing a rotation of the component 2 during joining and / or positioning the component 2 in the circumferential direction U. In the exemplary embodiments shown, the system 100 has at least three such clamping elements 107, which are spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction. In the exemplary embodiments of the Fig. 2 and Fig. 4, the system 100 has three such clamping elements 107 and in the embodiments of the Fig. 3 and Fig. 5 has four such clamping elements 107.

[0057] During production, the shaft 1, such as from Fig. 1 can be removed, is guided axially through the joining opening 5 and through the joining support 103. In the exemplary embodiments shown, the relative axial movement between the component 2 and the shaft 1 occurs because the component 2 is axially fixed and the shaft 1 is moved. Accordingly, the joining support 103 and / or the at least one joining gripper are also axially fixed when the shaft 1 is guided through the joining opening 5.

[0058] The system 100 also has a device 105 for the relative radial movement of the component 2 to the shaft 1, which is also referred to below as correction device 105. The correction device 105 is thus designed such that it moves the component 2 radially relative to the shaft 1. The system 100 also has a only in Fig. 1, which is connected to the measuring device 101 and the correction device 105. The control device 106 is designed to carry out the method for producing the assembly. In particular, the control device 106 is designed such that, as described above and below, it moves the shaft 1 and the component 2 radially relative to one another during the axial movement depending on the deviation such that the shaft 1 is guided axially through the joining opening 5 to the inner circumferential surface 6 of the joining opening 5 without contact. In the exemplary embodiments shown, the relative radial movement between the component 2 and the shaft 1 occurs in that the component 2 is moved radially and the shaft 1 is radially fixed.

[0059] For this purpose, the examples of Fig. 1 to 3, the joining support 103 is moved radially by means of the correction device 105, so that the correction device 105 moves the component 2 radially over the joining support 103. In this case, the joining support 103, as only in Fig. 1, mounted radially displaceably on the joining table 104. In the embodiments of the Fig. 1 to 3, the correction device 105 has at least one actuator 108 for this purpose, which adjusts the joining support 103 and thus radially moves the component 2. The actuator 108 is also referred to below as the support actuator 108. In the illustrated embodiments, the respective support actuator 108 is arranged radially outside the joining support 103.

[0060] In the Fig. In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the relative radial movement is effected by means of at least one support actuator 108.

[0061] In the examples of the Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the correction device 105 has at least two such support actuators 108, which are spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction U. In these exemplary embodiments, the correction device 105 has, purely by way of example, three such support actuators 108, which are arranged equidistant from one another in the circumferential direction U. The respective support actuator 108 adjusts the joining support 103 linearly during operation.

[0062] In the examples of the Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, the clamping element 107 is moved for the radial movement of the component 2 relative to the shaft 1. In these embodiments, the radially displaceable mounting of the joining support 103 can be omitted. For the radial movement of the component 2 by means of the clamping element 107, the correction device 105 has an associated actuator 109 for at least one of the clamping elements 107, which is also referred to below as clamping actuator 109. As can also be seen from the figures, the correction device 105 in the embodiments shown has an associated clamping actuator 109 for the respective clamping element 107. This means that the correction device 105 in the embodiment of the Fig. 4 three such clamping element clamping actuators 109 and in the embodiment of the Fig. 5 has four such clamping element clamping actuators 109. The clamping actuators 109 are arranged in the illustrated embodiments, analogous to the clamping elements 107, spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction U. The respective clamping actuator 109 adjusts the associated clamping element 107 during operation, such that the at least one clamping element clamping actuator 109 moves the component 2 radially relative to the shaft 1 via the at least one clamping element 107. In this case, the respective clamping actuator 109 adjusts the associated clamping element 107 linearly during operation. Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, the respective clamping element 107 is mounted for linear displacement in the system 100. For this purpose, an associated guide 110 is provided for the respective clamping element 107 in the illustrated embodiments, which guide 110 is designed as a guide rail 111 in the illustrated embodiments. QUOTES CONTAINED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents submitted by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the convenience of the reader. This list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] DE 10 2021 213 755 A1

[0003]

Claims

[1] Method for producing an assembly with a shaft (1) and a component (2) joined to the shaft (1) radially outside the shaft (1), - wherein the shaft (1) extends axially and has a radial real outer surface (3), - wherein the component (2) has a joining opening (5) with an inner surface (6), - wherein, for joining the component (2) to the shaft (1), the shaft (1) and the component (2) are moved axially relative to each other so that the shaft (1) is guided through the joining opening (5), characterized by , - that a radial deviation of the real outer surface (3) of the shaft (1) from a predetermined ideal outer surface (4) is determined, - that the shaft (1) and the component (2) are moved radially relative to one another during the axial movement depending on the deviation in such a way that the shaft (1) is guided through the joining opening (5) to the inner circumferential surface (6) of the joining opening (5) without contact. [2] Method according to claim 1, characterized by that the ideal outer surface (4) and the inner surface (6) are dimensioned such that when the shaft (1) is guided through the joining opening (5) a radial joining gap is provided between the ideal outer surface (4) and the inner surface (6). [3] Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by that the shaft (1) and the component (2) are thermally joined, whereby the component (2) is heated. [4] Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by that for the relative axial movement of the shaft (1) and the component (2) to each other, the component (2) is axially fixed and the shaft (1) is moved axially. [5] Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by that for the relative radial movement of the shaft (1) and the component (2) to each other, the shaft (1) is radially fixed and the component (2) is moved radially. [6] Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by that a cam (8) is provided as component (2). [7] Plant (100) for producing an assembly according to the method according to one of the preceding claims - with a measuring device (101) which is designed in such a way that it determines the deviation during operation, - with a correction device (105) which is designed such that it moves the component (2) and the shaft (1) radially relative to each other during operation, - with a control device (106) which is connected to the measuring device (101) and the correction device (105) and is designed such that the system produces the assembly according to the method according to one of the preceding claims. [8] Plant according to claim 7, characterized by that the measuring device (101) has a sensor (102) for determining the deviation, along which the shaft (1) slides during the axial movement. [9] Installation according to claim 7 or 8, characterized by that the measuring device (101) has at least one contactless distance sensor for determining the deviation. [10] Installation according to one of claims 7 to 9, characterized by , - that the system (100) has a joining support (103) on which the component (2) is positioned for joining to the shaft (1), - that the correction device (105) has at least one support actuator (108) which adjusts the joining support (103) during operation in such a way that the at least one support actuator (108) moves the component (2) radially relative to the shaft (1) during operation. [11] Plant according to claim 10, characterized by , - that the correction device (105) has at least two such support actuators (108) which are spaced apart from one another along a circumferential direction (U), - that the respective support actuator (108) adjusts the joining support (103) linearly during operation. [12] Installation according to claim 10 or 11, characterized by that the joining support (103) is mounted radially displaceably in the system (100). [13] Installation according to one of claims 7 to 12, characterized by , - that the system (100) has at least one clamping element (107) for clamping the component (1) radially outward, - that the correction device (105) for at least one of the at least one clamping element (107) has an associated clamping actuator (109) which, during operation, adjusts the associated clamping element (107) such that the at least one clamping actuator (109) moves the component (2) radially relative to the shaft (1). [14] Plant according to claim 13, characterized by , - that the correction device (105) has at least two such clamping actuators (109) which are spaced apart from one another along a circumferential direction (U), - that the respective clamping actuator (109) adjusts the component (2) linearly during operation. [15] Installation according to claim 13 or 14, characterized by that the respective clamping element (107) is mounted in the system (100) so as to be linearly displaceable.

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