Method for calibration, method for planning, method and manufacturing device for additive manufacturing of a component from a powder material, control device for such a manufacturing device and computer program

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for calibrating a manufacturing device (1) for the additive manufacturing of at least one component (3) from a powder material (5) by locally selectively irradiating a working area (15) of the manufacturing device (1) with at least one energy beam (11) in order to produce the at least one component (3) layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material (5) arranged in a layer sequence in the working area (15) in chronological succession by means of the at least one energy beam (11), wherein - at least one calibration component (17) is installed at a desired position (SP), wherein - an actual position (IP) of the at least one calibration component (17) is determined, and wherein - a calibration data set is obtained and / or the production device (1) is calibrated based on a comparison between the actual position (IP) and the target position (SP).

Description

The invention relates to methods for calibrating a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of at least one component from a powder material by locally selective irradiation of a working region of the manufacturing device with at least one energy beam, to a method for planning a locally selective irradiation of a working region with at least one energy beam, to a method for the additive manufacturing of at least one component from a powder material, to a computer program for carrying out such methods, to a control device for a manufacturing device and to a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of a component from a powder material.For the additive manufacturing of components from a powder material by means of a manufacturing device suitable for this purpose, a calibration of the manufacturing device is typically necessary, in particular if a high manufacturing accuracy and component quality is to be achieved. It is possible to calibrate the production device by generating a surface marking on a substrate plate with the at least one energy beam at a predetermined surface desired position or - temporarily, for example in the form of a luminous pattern or permanently - on a powder material layer, wherein a surface actual position of the surface marking is determined, and wherein the production device is calibrated on the basis of a comparison between the surface desired position and the surface actual position. Here, a reduced line energy of the energy beam is used, in which no re-melting of the powder material takes place in the volume, but at most a superficial melting. However, it has been found that, when the same predetermined setpoint position is controlled, on the one hand as a surface setpoint position for generating the surface marking and, on the other hand, as a volume setpoint position for remelting powder material in the volume, in particular for the actual production of a component, an offset of the resulting actual positions is produced, also referred to as a volume offset. Thus, when the calibration obtained on the basis of the surface marking is used in the real volume process, there are results in need of improvement. It has further been found that the offset may depend on a plurality of parameters, such that the results may vary depending on a current operating state of the manufacturing apparatus.The object of the invention is therefore to create a method for calibrating a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of at least one component from a powder material by locally selective irradiation of a working region of the manufacturing device with at least one energy beam, a method for planning a locally selective irradiation of a working region with at least one energy beam, a method for the additive manufacturing of at least one component from a powder material, a computer program for carrying out such methods, a control device for a manufacturing device and a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of a component from a powder material, wherein the disadvantages mentioned are at least reduced, preferably avoided.The object is achieved by providing the present technical teaching, in particular the teaching of the independent claims and the embodiments disclosed in the dependent claims and the description.According to a first aspect, the object is achieved in particular by creating a method - also referred to below as a first calibration method - for calibrating a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of at least one component from a powder material by locally selective irradiation of a working region of the manufacturing device with at least one energy beam in order to produce the at least one component layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region by means of the at least one energy beam, wherein at least one calibration component is constructed at a setpoint position - also referred to as a volume setpoint position - wherein an actual position - also referred to as a volume actual position - of the at least one calibration component is determined, and wherein a calibration data set is obtained and / or the production device is calibrated on the basis of a comparison between the actual position and the target position. By the at least one calibration component being built up at the volume setpoint position, powder material is re-melted in the volume-in particular with the regular line energy and surface power density of the at least one energy jet provided for actual additive manufacturing-and not just a surface marking is produced. Therefore, the actual volume actual position is advantageously determined with respect to the controlled volume target position, so that the calibration is very accurate, in particular since it takes place under real setup conditions.In the context of the present technical teaching, calibrating the production device is understood to mean, in particular, the ascertainment and preferably correction of a deviation-also referred to as a setpoint actual deviation-between an actuated setpoint position of the at least one energy jet and the actual position actually achieved in the process, in particular an actually achieved actual position of the powder material melted by means of the energy jet. If a plurality of energy beams is used, calibrating the production apparatus is additionally also understood, at least in embodiments, to mean registering of energy beams relative to one another, which means that the actuation of the energy beams registered with respect to one another is adapted and / or corrected in such a way that the energy beams also irradiate the same actual position when the same setpoint position is actuated.In particular, calibrating the production device is understood to mean calibrating at least one scanner device for displacing the at least one energy beam on the working area.A working region is understood in particular to mean a region, in particular a plane or surface, in which the powder material is arranged and which is irradiated locally with the energy beam in order to locally solidify the powder material. In particular, the powder material is arranged sequentially in layers in the working region and locally irradiated with the energy beam in order to produce a component layer by layer. In one embodiment, the working region is arranged on a substrate plate, in particular a replaceable substrate plate.The fact that the working area is locally acted upon by the energy beam means in particular that the energy beam is not applied to the entire working area globally-neither instantaneously nor sequentially-but that the energy beam is applied to the working area rather locally, in particular at individual, contiguous or mutually separated points, wherein the energy beam is displaced within the working area in particular by means of the scanner device. The fact that the working area is selectively acted upon by the energy beam means in particular that the working area is acted upon by the energy beam at selected, predetermined locations or locations or in selected, predetermined areas. The working region is in particular a powder material layer or a preferably contiguous region of a powder material layer which can / can be reached by the energy beam with the aid of the scanner device, that is to say it comprises in particular those locations, locations or regions of the powder material layer which can be acted upon by the energy beam.Additive or generative manufacturing or production of a component is understood in particular to mean a layer-by-layer construction of a component from powder material, in particular a powder bed-based method for producing a component in a powder bed, in particular a production method selected from a group consisting of selective laser sintering, selective laser melting (PBF), powder bed fusion (PBF), laser metal fusion (LMF), direct metal laser melting (DMLM), laser net shaping manufacturing (LNSM), selective) electron beam melting ((S)EBM) and laser engineered net shaping (LENS). The production device is accordingly configured in particular for carrying out at least one of the aforementioned additive or generative production methods.In the context of the present technical teaching, the fact that an actual position is determined generally means-regardless of whether it is a volume actual position or a surface actual position, and regardless of the specifically considered aspect of the invention-in particular that the actual position is determined, in particular measured. In one embodiment, the actual position is determined in a two-dimensional coordinate system; in another embodiment, the actual position is determined in a three-dimensional coordinate system. Alternatively or additionally, the actual position is determined on a real surface of the at least one calibration component, in particular a component surface, in particular an outer surface of the at least one calibration component. In the case of a 2D measurement, it should preferably be noted that the real surface is determined only from a predetermined limit overall height in order to ensure that sufficient powder material has been re-melted in order to be able to determine the deviation between the desired position and the actual position on the basis of the real surface. The predetermined limit overall height is preferably several millimeters, in particular 2 mm to 10 mm, in particular 3 mm to 5 mm.In one embodiment, the actual position is determined in a reference coordinate system, in particular an absolute reference coordinate system.The energy beam is selected, in particular, from a group consisting of an electromagnetic beam, in particular an optical working beam, in particular a laser beam, and a particle beam, in particular an electron beam. The energy beam can be continuous or pulsed, in particular continuous laser radiation or pulsed laser radiation. In an embodiment with a plurality of energy beams, in one configuration all energy beams are laser beams.The at least one calibration component comprises in particular a plurality of melted powder material layers, i.e. it is a volume component. In this case, more than one powder material layer, preferably at least two powder material layers, are melted one above the other at each location of the irradiation with the energy beam, such that the powder material is re-melted in volume; in addition, the component is preferably additionally produced successively by a plurality of applications of new powder material layers onto the working region and their locally selective melting.In one embodiment, a plurality of calibration components are built up at a plurality of target positions, in particular at a distance from one another, wherein an associated actual position is determined for each target position of the plurality of target positions. In this case, the desired position is preferably arranged distributed over the working region. Advantageously, in this way a calibration with high accuracy depending on the location can be obtained. In one embodiment, at least ten, in particular at least fifteen, in particular at least twenty or more calibration components are built up at respectively assigned setpoint positions.In an embodiment in which the method is carried out with a plurality of energy beams, it is possible for different energy beams to be assigned to different calibration components. In this case in particular, it is possible, in addition to the calibration of the energy beams, that is to say in particular of the scanner devices assigned to the energy beams, also to determine a registration of energy beams with respect to one another.Furthermore, in one embodiment, it is also possible for a calibration component to be constructed by means of a plurality of energy beams.In one embodiment, the calibration data set is obtained. In the context of the present technical teaching, a calibration data set is understood to mean, in particular, a data set with which the production device can be calibrated, that is to say, in particular, the desired actual deviation can be compensated or corrected, and / or different energy beams can / can be registered relative to one another.In one embodiment, the calibration data set is applied directly before or during the construction of a component to be produced in the production device, in particular in a control device of the production device. Alternatively or additionally, the calibration data set can be used in an upstream method step in the definition and / or for the adaptation of radiation vectors for the component to be produced, in particular also on a computing device separate from the production device, in particular a planning device according to the invention or a planning device according to one or more of the embodiments described below.Alternatively or additionally, the production device is calibrated directly. This can be done on the one hand by applying the calibration data set obtained or on the other hand by implicit calibration. An implicit calibration is understood here to mean the setting up and use of at least one rule for controlling the production device, in particular the at least one scanner device, in which the calibration is implicitly taken into account without the rule or the plurality of rules being present in the form of a separate calibration data set.In one embodiment, the method is repeated a plurality of times, wherein in particular in each repetition the last obtained calibration data set or the last obtained implicit calibration-that is to say generally the last obtained calibration-is applied. Advantageously, an iterative improvement of the calibration is obtained in this way, i.e. with each repetition a new, improved calibration is obtained, whether as a calibration data set or as an implicit calibration. The method can be repeated until a predetermined termination criterion is reached. The predetermined termination criterion can comprise, for example, that an improvement in the obtained calibration to the previously obtained result falls below a predetermined improvement limit value.The desired-actual deviation to be corrected by means of calibration can vary depending on location on the working area, i.e. be locally different, in particular due to locally respectively different conditions on the working area, for example a locally varying protective gas flow or a locally varying deflection angle of the at least one energy beam, which can be taken radially outwards in particular starting from a base point of the associated scanner device, which is typically arranged centrally on the working area.In one embodiment, the calibration data set is given by an affine transformation, in particular a transformation matrix, wherein the transformation can be selected in one embodiment from a group consisting of a scaling, a rotation, a shearing, a translation, and a combination of at least two of the aforementioned transformations. Alternatively or additionally, the calibration data set is selected from a group consisting of an affine coordinate transformation model, in particular a 3-parameter model, a physical correction model, a parameterized correction model, a phenomenological correction table, and a combination of the mentioned correction models.According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the actual position of the at least one calibration component is determined inside the production device or outside the production device, in particular by means of a separate measuring device. Advantageously, very precise measurements of the actual position can be carried out in both ways.In one embodiment, the actual position of the at least one calibration component is determined within the production device. This advantageously represents a particularly simple configuration, since the calibration components to be measured and in particular the substrate plate do not have to be moved from the production device into a separate measuring device. In one embodiment, the actual position within the production device is determined by means of at least one energy beam camera assigned to the at least one energy beam. In the context of the present technical teaching, this is understood to mean, in particular, a radiation-sensitive sensor, the viewing beam of which is decoupled from a beam path of the associated energy beam, such that radiation can be observed by means of the sensor, said radiation arising exactly at the location at which the associated energy beam impinges on the working region, for example scattered radiation, thermal radiation, or another type of radiation which arises on account of the interaction of the associated energy beam with the working region, in particular with the powder material or component arranged there. In order to obtain an image of the working region by means of such an energy beam camera, the working region is scanned at least in regions with the assigned energy beam, in particular with reduced power, wherein the intensity of the radiation is detected point by point in the sensor. Advantageously, in this way, the actual position can be detected directly in the coordinate system of a scanner device deflecting the energy beam.In another embodiment, alternatively or additionally, the actual position of the at least one calibration component is determined outside the production device. Advantageously, a highly accurate measurement can thus also be carried out outside the coordinate system of the scanner device.In one embodiment, the actual position of the at least one calibration component is determined outside the production device by means of a separate measuring device. Advantageously, a measuring device particularly suitable for the respective deployment wake can thus be selected, in particular with regard to the measuring method and measurement accuracy. The separate measuring device can be selected from a group consisting of a gantry measuring machine, a coordinate measuring system, a strip light projection system, a tactile measuring arm, an optical measuring arm, or a combination of at least two of the mentioned measuring devices.In particular, for the separate measurement outside the production device, a substrate plate on which the at least one calibration component is built is removed from the production device and arranged in the separate measurement device.According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the at least one calibration component is built up on a substrate plate. In the context of the present technical teaching, this means in particular that the at least one calibration component is constructed directly on the substrate plate, in particular not on a preform.In one embodiment of the method, in a first method step, a substrate plate is arranged in the production device, in particular in a construction chamber, and aligned relative to a focal plane of the at least one energy beam. In a second method step, the at least one calibration component is built up at its assigned desired position with the assigned at least one energy beam. In a third method step, the actual position of the at least one calibration component is determined. In a fourth method step, the actual position determined in this way is compared with the desired position. In a fifth method step, the calibration data set is obtained and / or the production device is calibrated, wherein in one embodiment a position correction of the scanner device assigned to the at least one energy beam is determined. Optionally, the second to fifth method steps are repeated until the desired improvement limit value or a desired calibration accuracy is reached.As an alternative to the construction of the at least one calibration component directly on the substrate plate, it is provided in one embodiment that the at least one calibration component is constructed on an assigned preform. The desired actual deviation is advantageously determined directly on the basis of a structure of a component on the preform, so that even previously unidentified error sources or deviation contributions can also be included in the compensation. The preform can in turn be arranged on a substrate plate, it is thus possible for the at least one calibration component to be indirectly built up on the substrate plate, mediated via the preform. If a plurality of calibration components are constructed, each calibration component is preferably assigned a preform separately and unambiguously.In one embodiment, the at least one preform has a simple geometry, for example the preform is a cuboid, a cube or a cylinder. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one preform is cylindrical.In one embodiment of the method, in a first method step, surface markings are additionally applied to a substrate plate with preforms arranged thereon. It is possible for the substrate plate prepared in this way to be measured in a measuring device separately from the production device. Alternatively, the substrate plate can be measured in the production device itself. Further alternatively, it is possible for the substrate plate with the preforms to be introduced or measured firmly defined in a reference coordinate system fixed to the production device, in particular without the surface markings. If not already done, the substrate plate is arranged in the production device in a second method step; optionally, the surface markings are measured again in the production device, preferably using the at least one energy beam camera, or generated there and then measured. In a third method step, the predetermined desired positions are aligned on the basis of the measured positions of the surface markings, and the calibration components are built up on the preforms at the aligned desired positions. In a fourth method step, the actual positions of the calibration components are determined. In a fifth method step, the actual positions determined in this way are compared with the aligned desired positions. In a sixth method step, the calibration data set is obtained and / or the production device is calibrated, wherein in one embodiment a position correction of the scanner device assigned to the at least one energy beam is determined.According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that an orientation marking is arranged or formed on the at least one calibration component. In particular in this way, the actual position can preferably be determined in an absolute reference coordinate system on the basis of the orientation marking. If a plurality of calibration components is constructed, an orientation marking is preferably each uniquely assigned to a sub-number of calibration components, wherein the sub-number is greater than one and at most as large as the plurality of calibration components, preferably smaller than the plurality of calibration components. The orientation marking, in particular the subset of orientation markings, advantageously spans a reference coordinate system or defines the reference coordinate system. It is possible for the at least one orientation marking to be arranged at the origin of the reference coordinate system, wherein in one configuration the origin is selected such that no desired actual deviation occurs at the origin of the reference coordinate system or the desired actual deviation becomes less than a predetermined limit deviation. In particular, the origin can be a center or center point of the substrate plate or a base point of a scanner device assigned to the at least one energy beam on the work area.In one embodiment, the at least one actual position is determined in the reference coordinate system. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one desired position is predefined in the reference coordinate system.Alternatively or in addition to the arrangement or formation of the at least one orientation marking, it is possible for the substrate plate to be arranged in a defined manner in a reference coordinate system fixed to the production device or to be measured into this reference coordinate system. The substrate plate is then always seated at the same, exactly the same and defined position within the production device.According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that, in addition to the construction of the at least one calibration component with the at least one energy beam, at least one surface marking is generated at at least one surface desired position, wherein an actual surface position of the at least one surface marking is determined, and wherein the calibration data set is expanded or an expanded calibration data set is obtained on the basis of the surface desired position, the actual surface position, the desired position and the actual position of the at least one calibration component, and / or the production device is calibrated. Advantageously, in this way, the contribution of the desired-actual deviation, which is due to the difference between the generation of a surface marking and the re-melting of the powder material in the volume, i.e. the volume offset, can be determined and taken into account. As explained at the beginning, calibration solely by means of surface markings does not allow for consideration of this volume offset. If, on the other hand, the calibration takes place solely via the construction of calibration components, a global calibration is obtained which takes into account all contributions of the desired actual deviations, but does not allow separation of these contributions; for example, a thermal effect or a not correctly adjusted scanner device just as well as the volume offset takes place here, without a division or separate determination of these effects being possible. If, on the other hand, calibration is carried out both on the basis of surface markings and on the basis of calibration components, the volume offset can be considered and optionally treated separately from other deviation contributions. This is particularly advantageous since the volume offset can be very different locally on the working area and is thus location-dependent in a particular manner.The at least one surface marking can be generated in parallel with respect to time-that is to say simultaneously with-the construction of the at least one calibration component-or before or after the construction of the at least one calibration component.In the context of the present technical teaching, a surface marking is understood to mean, in particular, a marking which is produced in such a way that no remelting of powder material takes place in the volume. In one configuration, the at least one surface marking is produced directly on the substrate plate. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one surface marking can be produced on a powder material layer, wherein however only a superficial melting of the powder material is carried out and no melting in volume, i.e. at most one powder material layer is melted or the powder material is only sintered on; in particular, the at least one energy beam with line energy reduced compared to the line energy used for constructing a component is used for this purpose.The fact that the calibration data set is expanded means in particular that additional data are added to the calibration data set, for example to increase the accuracy, or to correct or adapt the calibration data set to a predetermined reference coordinate system. Data are preferably added to the calibration data set, which separately take into account the volume offset in delimitation from the other deviation contributions.The fact that an extended calibration data set is obtained means in particular that another calibration data set comprising the additionally obtained information is obtained. This extended calibration data set can be obtained in addition to the calibration data set or instead of the calibration data set; in particular, it is obtained instead of the calibration data set when the at least one surface marking is included in the calibration from the beginning.According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the method is carried out with exactly one energy beam or with a plurality of energy beams, wherein optionally the plurality of energy beams-in particular the respective scanner devices-are registered with respect to one another. In particular, the energy beams are registered in pairs with respect to one another. In one embodiment, it is possible that all energy beams can be displaced over the entire working range. However, it is also possible for specific energy beams of the plurality of energy beams to be assigned in each case specific partial displacement regions on the working region within which they can be displaced, wherein these energy beams cannot be displaced in particular in other partial displacement regions. In particular, in the case of larger production apparatuses or larger working areas, it is possible that specific energy beams cannot reach specific partial displacement areas of the working area due to the design. In one embodiment, only those energy beams are registered in pairs with respect to one another which can be used simultaneously or alternatively to one another in at least one overlap region of the working region, or which can be displaced in directly adjoining partial displacement regions, such that an offset could occur at a boundary of the partial displacement regions if the energy beams were not registered with respect to one another. Alternatively or additionally, two energy beams, the partial displacement regions of which each border or overlap a partial displacement region of a third energy beam, are registered relative to the third energy beam. Alternatively or additionally, all energy beams are registered relative to a common additional, predetermined coordinate system.According to a second aspect, the object is achieved in particular by providing a method - also referred to below as a second calibration method - for calibrating a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of at least one component from a powder material by locally selective irradiation of a working region of the manufacturing device with at least one energy beam in order to produce the at least one component layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region by means of the at least one energy beam, wherein at least one surface marking is generated with the at least one energy beam at at least one surface setpoint position, wherein an actual surface position of the at least one surface marking is determined, wherein a first calibration of the manufacturing device is obtained on the basis of a comparison between the surface setpoint position and the actual surface position, and wherein the first calibration is adapted on the basis of at least one correction data set and / or on the basis of at least one correction model, wherein preferably a second calibration of the production apparatus is obtained. In connection with the second calibration method, in particular, those advantages result which have already been explained above in connection with the first calibration method. The method advantageously also enables a rapid and thus not least also cost-effective calibration, since the additional construction of the at least one calibration component can be dispensed with. Rather, the volume offset can be taken into account by the at least one correction data set and / or the at least one correction model, that is to say in particular purely computationally or information-theoretical.In particular, no calibration component is built up within the scope of the second calibration method.Accordingly, the at least one correction data set and / or the at least one correction model is designed such that it takes into account, in particular compensates or corrects, the volume offset.In one configuration, the at least one correction data set and / or the at least one correction model is applied directly before or during the construction of a component to be produced in the production device, in particular in a control device of the production device. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one correction data set and / or the at least one correction model can be applied in a preceding method step in the definition and / or for the adaptation of radiation vectors for the component to be produced, in particular also on a computing device separate from the production device, in particular a planning device according to the invention or a planning device according to one or more of the embodiments described below.In one embodiment, the first calibration is obtained in the form of a first calibration data set or as a first implicit calibration. Alternatively or additionally, the second calibration is obtained in the form of a second calibration data set or as a second implicit calibration.In particular, the second calibration is obtained by adapting the first calibration on the basis of the at least one correction data set and / or on the basis of the at least one correction model.If a plurality of energy beams is used, a calibration of the production apparatus is also understood here to mean additionally, at least in embodiments, registering of energy beams relative to one another.According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the at least one correction data set is selected from a group consisting of a calibration data set obtained by a first calibration method according to the invention or a calibration method according to one or more of the embodiments described above, a phenomenological correction table, and a combination of the mentioned correction data sets.In the context of the present technical teaching, a phenomenonological correction table is understood to mean, in particular, a parameter-free correction data set with correction instructions which can be called up or looked up as a function of predetermined conditions, in particular a so-called look-up table.In one embodiment, the correction data set is obtained in particular as a calibration data set by an embodiment of the first calibration method in which, in addition to the construction of the at least one calibration component with the at least one energy beam, at least one surface marking is generated at at least one surface desired position, wherein an actual surface position of the at least one surface marking is determined, and wherein the calibration data set is expanded or obtained as an expanded calibration data set on the basis of the surface desired position, the actual surface position, the desired position and the actual position of the at least one calibration component. In particular in this way, the correction data set can be determined in such a way that it advantageously contains only the contribution of the volume offset in order to be able to correspondingly correct or adapt the first calibration and thus to obtain the second calibration.Alternatively or additionally, it is provided that the at least one correction model is selected from a group consisting of a physical correction model, a parameterized correction model, a phenomenological correction table, and a combination of the mentioned correction models.In the context of the present technical teaching, a physical correction model is understood to mean, in particular, a model, preferably in the form of a mathematical specification or formula, in particular an affine transformation, wherein at least one physical offset parameter relevant for the volume offset is explicitly taken into account in the model. The at least one physical offset parameter can be determined beforehand in experiments by varying the at least one physical offset parameter and determining the respectively assigned volume offset. Preferably, a plurality of physical offset parameters are taken into account in the physical correction model.In one embodiment, the at least one physical offset parameter is selected from a group consisting of a deflection angle of the at least one energy jet, a line energy, power or surface power density of the at least one energy jet, a melting depth, at least one - in particular location-dependent - flow parameter for describing a protective gas flow over the working region, an - in particular location-dependent or local - temperature on the working region, and a combination of at least two of the mentioned physical offset parameters. The at least one flow parameter can in particular be selected from a group consisting of a flow speed, a flow direction and a combination of the flow parameters mentioned.Physical parameters which typically do not occur until during the actual production, such as in particular the inert gas flow or the local temperature, can be taken into account ad hocduring the production process, or they can be simulated beforehand, wherein the correction data set can then also be taken into account beforehand, in particular within the scope of a planning method according to the invention or a planning method according to one or more of the embodiments described below.In the context of the present technical teaching, a parameterized correction model is understood to mean, in particular, a model, preferably in the form of a mathematical specification or formula, which is described by at least one model parameter, the at least one model parameter having no physical meaning. In this case, the at least one model parameter can be determined heuristically.In a simple embodiment, the parameterized correction model is given by a transformation matrix, wherein the at least one model parameter is a matrix element of the transformation matrix.In a more complex embodiment, the parameterized correction model is a model which comprises a multiplicity of model parameters. In particular, it is possible that the parameterized correction model is an AI model (AI=artificial intelligence), wherein the AI representing or representing the model can be trained by means of a large number of test results for which surface markings have been generated and calibration components have been constructed and the volume offset has been evaluated.According to a development of the invention-according to the first or the second aspect-it is provided that the manufacturing device is calibrated in a plurality of operating states, wherein a calibration is obtained for each operating state of the plurality of operating states. In this way, those effects can advantageously be taken into account particularly accurately on the basis of which the volume offset depends on the specific operating state of the production device.According to a third aspect, the object is achieved in particular by creating a method-also referred to below as a third calibration method-for calibrating a manufacturing device, wherein the manufacturing device is calibrated successively, i.e. in chronological succession, in a plurality of operating states, wherein a calibration is obtained for each operating state of the plurality of operating states. The respective calibration is obtained in particular in the form of a calibration data set or as an implicit calibration. The dependence of the calibration on the current operating state of the manufacturing device is thus advantageously taken into account, so that a particularly accurate calibration is obtained depending on the respective operating state.In one embodiment, the production device is calibrated in each of the operating states according to a first or second calibration method according to the invention, or according to a first or second calibration method according to one or more of the embodiments described above, wherein the respectively assigned calibration is obtained. In conjunction with the third calibration method, in particular, those advantages are then also obtained which have already been explained above in conjunction with the first or second calibration method.In one embodiment, the calibration results obtained in this way are permanently stored in the manufacturing device and are used later in a manufacturing method carried out on the manufacturing device, in particular a manufacturing method according to the invention or a manufacturing method according to one of the embodiments described below. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible for the calibrations to be exported and made available to another, preferably similar, manufacturing device, in particular imported there, so that the other manufacturing device can be operated with the calibrations. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible for the calibration data sets to be used for planning an irradiation, in particular in a planning method according to the invention or a planning method according to one or more of the embodiments described below; for this purpose, they can be exported in particular and made available to a planning device, in particular imported there.The operating states are - here and below - preferably characterized - and in particular distinguished from one another - by at least one operating parameter which can be selected from a group consisting of a deflection angle of the at least one energy jet, a line energy, power or surface power density of the at least one energy jet, a melting depth, at least one specifically selected active energy jet of a plurality of energy jets or a group of specifically selected active energy jets, at least one - in particular location-dependent - flow parameter for describing a protective gas flow over the working region, a - in particular location-dependent or local - temperature on the working region, and a combination of at least two of the said operating parameters. The at least one flow parameter can in particular be selected from a group consisting of a flow speed, a flow direction and a combination of the flow parameters mentioned. A dependence of the calibration on the specifically selected active energy beam or a group of specifically selected active energy beams advantageously enables separate consideration of possibly different deviations of different energy beams, in particular in the case of different scanner devices. In this case, it is possible in particular for different calibrations to be used for different energy beams active on the working region at the same time. The line energy E L of the at least one energy beam can be varied in particular by varying its power P and / or displacement speed v on the working region, in particular the line energy E L is given by: E L= P / v.According to a fourth aspect, the object is also achieved by creating a method - also referred to below as an operating method - for operating a manufacturing device, wherein during operation of the manufacturing device an instantaneous operating state of the manufacturing device - in particular characterized by at least one operating parameter from the above-mentioned group of operating parameters - is determined, wherein depending on the determined operating state a calibration for the manufacturing device is selected from a plurality of predetermined calibrations, and wherein the manufacturing device is operated with the selected calibration - in particular for producing at least one component. The operating method is accordingly in particular a production method, in particular an embodiment of the production method described below. Advantageously, each operating state is assigned a calibration of the plurality of predetermined calibrations, which calibration is selected in each case when the respective operating state is determined as the current operating state. In this way, the dependence of the calibration on the current operating state of the manufacturing device is again taken into account, so that a particularly accurate calibration is obtained depending on the respective operating state. In particular, particularly accurate and high-quality components can be produced in this way.In one embodiment, the predetermined calibrations of the plurality of predetermined calibrations are present in the form of calibration data sets or as implicit calibrations.In one embodiment, the plurality of predetermined calibrations is obtained by a third calibration method according to the invention or a third calibration method according to one or more of the embodiments described above. In conjunction with the operating method, there are then also in particular those advantages which have already been explained above in conjunction with the first, second or third calibration method.In one embodiment, the operating states and the associated calibrations are loaded into a control device during initialization of the production device, in particular when the latter is switched on, and are distributed, if necessary, to subsystems of the production device, so that the operating states and calibrations are available during production in the respective volatile main memory; advantageously, any time loss due to recharging is avoided in this way. In particular, the operating states and the associated calibrations can be changed in real time during production. In one embodiment, the operating states and associated calibrations are permanently stored in an electronic permanent or read-only memory of the manufacturing device; alternatively or additionally, it is possible for the operating states and calibrations to be downloaded during initialization from a separate memory location or from a data cloud, from a service provider or from the Internet.In one embodiment, the current operating state is automatically determined, in particular by the control device of the manufacturing device. Alternatively or additionally, the current operating state is determined on the basis of inputs from an operator of the production device.The object is achieved according to a fifth aspect in particular by providing a method - also referred to below as planning method - for planning a locally selective irradiation of a working region with at least one energy beam in order to produce at least one component layer by layer by means of the at least one energy beam from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region, wherein a plurality of irradiation vectors for the irradiation of the working region with the at least one energy beam is generated and / or adapted on the basis of a calibration data set obtained in particular by means of a first, second or third calibration method according to one or more of the embodiments described above, and wherein an irradiation plan for the irradiation is preferably obtained. In connection with the planning method, in particular, those advantages result which have already been explained above in connection with the first, second or third calibration method or the operating method. The planning method can advantageously be carried out on the production device itself-possibly before actual production or also during production in real time-or-in particular in a step preceding the actual production-on a separate control device or computing device designed as a planning device.In the context of the present technical teaching, an irradiation plan is understood to mean, in particular, a chronological sequence of the irradiation of irradiation regions on the work region. If the irradiation with a plurality of energy beams is planned, the irradiation plan in one configuration also comprises an assignment of the energy beams to the irradiation regions, that is to say information about which irradiation region of the plurality of irradiation regions is irradiated by which energy beam of the plurality of energy beams. It is also possible here for an irradiation region to be irradiated by more than one energy beam. The irradiation plan can comprise further information, in particular at least one energy beam parameter of the - optionally assigned - energy beam selected from a group consisting of: an energy beam power; an expansion of the energy beam on the working region; a shape of the energy beam on the working region; an energy or power distribution of the energy beam on the working region; a displacement speed of the energy beam over the working region; and a combination of at least two of the said energy beam parameters.In one configuration, the irradiation plan comprises a command list for at least one scanner device assigned to the at least one energy beam, which is configured to displace the at least one energy beam over the work area.In the context of the present technical teaching, an irradiation region is understood to mean, in particular, a region which is irradiated with an energy beam completely, in particular systematically, in particular with a defined displacement direction of the energy beam, in particular in a lump, in particular without the energy beam being displaced in the meantime to another irradiation region. If an irradiation region is completely irradiated, the energy beam jumps in particular to a next irradiation region, which is then systematically irradiated with the energy beam before the energy beam jumps again to a further irradiation region. An irradiation region is thus in particular a contiguous region on the working region which is processed with the energy beam in particular without interruption. In one configuration, such an irradiation region comprises at least two irradiation vectors which are irradiated with the energy beam, i.e. processed by the energy beam, in particular immediately one after the other in time. In one configuration, such an irradiation region can be formed as a strip of irradiation vectors aligned parallel to one another and arranged next to one another perpendicular to their alignment. Different irradiation regions can be assigned to the same component or different components.An irradiation vector is understood to mean, in particular, a continuous, in particular linear, displacement of the energy beam over a specific distance with a specific displacement direction. The irradiation vector includes, in particular, the direction and orientation of the displacement, i.e. the vector orientation. The irradiation vector does not have to be designed as a straight line section; rather, an irradiation vector can also follow a line or curve which is curved at least in regions.In the context of the present technical teaching, irradiation or processing of an irradiation vector is understood in particular to mean that irradiation of the powder material in the working region is carried out in accordance with the definition given by the irradiation vector.In particular, within the scope of the planning method, a locally selective irradiation of a working region with a plurality of energy beams can be planned in order to produce one component or a plurality of components layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers of a powder material arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region by means of the plurality of energy beams. In one embodiment, it is possible that all energy beams can be displaced over the entire working range. However, it is also possible for specific energy beams of the plurality of energy beams to be assigned in each case specific partial displacement regions on the working region within which they can be displaced, wherein these energy beams cannot be displaced in particular in other partial displacement regions. In particular, in the case of larger production apparatuses or larger working areas, it is possible that specific energy beams cannot reach specific partial displacement areas of the working area due to the design.In one embodiment, the irradiation vectors are first generated and then adapted on the basis of the calibration data set.In another embodiment, the calibration data set is already taken into account when generating the irradiation vectors, such that the irradiation vectors are generated directly on the basis of the calibration data set.According to a sixth aspect, the object is achieved in particular by providing a method - also referred to below as a manufacturing method - for the additive manufacturing of at least one component from a powder material, having the following steps: providing a calibration obtained with the aid of a first, second or third calibration method according to the invention or a first, second or third calibration method according to one or more of the embodiments described above, or providing an irradiation plan obtained in particular with the aid of a planning method according to the invention or a planning method according to one or more of the embodiments described above - for a manufacturing device for the locally selective irradiation of a working region with at least one energy beam, in order to produce the component by means of the at least one energy beam layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region, or calibrating the manufacturing device by means of a first according to the invention, second or third calibration method or a first, second or third calibration method according to one or more of the embodiments described above, and manufacturing the at least one component with the manufacturing device, in particular according to the irradiation plan and / or using the provided calibration. In connection with the production method, in particular those advantages result which have already been explained above in connection with the first, second or third calibration method, the operating method or the planning method.In one embodiment, the method comprises in particular the following steps: providing a calibration obtained with the aid of a first, second or third calibration method according to the invention or a first, second or third calibration method according to one or more of the embodiments described above for a production device for locally selective irradiation of a working region with at least one energy beam, in order to produce the component by means of the at least one energy beam layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region, and producing the at least one component with the production device using the provided calibration.In another embodiment, the method comprises in particular the following steps: providing an irradiation plan, obtained in particular with the aid of a planning method according to the invention or a planning method according to one or more of the embodiments described above, for a production device for locally selective irradiation of a working region with at least one energy beam, in order to produce the component by means of the at least one energy beam layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region, and producing the at least one component with the production device according to the irradiation plan.In a further embodiment, the method comprises in particular the following steps: calibrating the production device by means of a first, second or third calibration method according to the invention or a first, second or third calibration method according to one or more of the embodiments described above, and producing the at least one component with the production device.As the at least one energy beam, a laser beam or an electron beam is preferably used. It is possible that a plurality of-identical or different-energy beams are used.The component is preferably produced by selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, powder bed fusion and / or selective laser melting.As the powder material, a metallic or ceramic powder can be preferably used in particular.According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that an instantaneous operating state of the manufacturing device is determined, wherein depending on the determined operating state a calibration for the manufacturing device is selected from a plurality of predetermined calibrations, and wherein the manufacturing device is calibrated with the selected calibration.Calibrating the manufacturing device with the selected calibration includes applying the selected calibration to the manufacturing device, or, in other words, operating the manufacturing device with the selected calibration.In one embodiment, the plurality of predetermined calibrations preferably respectively assigned to the operating states is obtained by one of the previously described embodiments of the first, second or third calibration method, in which the manufacturing device is calibrated in a plurality of operating states, wherein one calibration is respectively obtained for each operating state of the plurality of operating states.According to a seventh aspect, the object is achieved in particular by a computer program being created, comprising - machine-readable instructions on the basis of which a first, second or third calibration method, planning method and / or production method according to the invention, or a method of this kind according to one or more of the embodiments described above, is carried out when the computer program runs on a computing device, in particular a control device according to the invention or a control device according to one or more of the embodiments described below. In conjunction with the computer program, in particular, those advantages result which have already been explained above in conjunction with the first, second or third calibration method, the operating method, the planning method or the production method.According to an eighth aspect, the object is achieved in particular by providing an electronic storage device comprising a computer program according to the invention or a computer program according to one or more of the embodiments described above. In conjunction with the electronic storage device, in particular, those advantages result which have already been explained above in conjunction with the first, second or third calibration method, the operating method, the planning method, the production method or the computer program.According to a ninth aspect, the object is achieved in particular by providing a control device, wherein the control device is configured to carry out a first, second or third calibration method, planning method and / or production method according to the invention, or such a method according to one or more of the embodiments described above. In conjunction with the control device, in particular, those advantages result which have already been explained above in conjunction with the first, second or third calibration method, the operating method, the planning method, the production method, the computer program or the electronic storage device.In one embodiment, the control device is configured to control a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of components from a powder material by means of locally selective irradiation of a working region with at least one energy beam, in order to produce at least one component from a powder material arranged in the working region by means of the at least one energy beam, in particular a manufacturing device according to the invention or a manufacturing device according to one or more of the embodiments described below.Alternatively or additionally, the control device is designed as a planning device, which in one configuration can be provided separately from a manufacturing device and is configured to carry out a planning method according to the invention or a planning method according to one or more of the embodiments described above. However, it is also possible for the control device designed as a control device for controlling a manufacturing device to also be designed as a planning device or to have the function of a planning device.In particular, the control device configured as a planning device can be configured to plan the locally selective irradiation of the work area with a plurality of energy beams.In one embodiment, the control device is designed as a device selected from a group consisting of a computer, in particular a personal computer (PC), a plug-in card or control card, and an FPGA board. In one embodiment, the planning device is an RTC4 or RTC6 control card from SCANLAB GmbH, in particular in the configuration currently available on the day determining the time rank of the present protection right.In particular, the planning device can be provided externally or separately from a production device, wherein the planning device preferably creates a data record which is then transmitted in a suitable manner, for example by means of a data carrier or via a network, in particular via the Internet, or via another suitable wireless or cable-bound transmission form, to a production device, in particular a control device of a production device. For example, it is possible for the planning device to generate CAM data from CAD data, that is to say in particular a command sequence, in particular an NC program, for controlling the production device, wherein this command sequence is then transmitted to the production device for controlling the latter. It is also possible for CAD data of a component to be transferred to the planning device, wherein the planning device generates the command sequence for the production device from this. However, the planning device can also be integrated into a production device. In particular, the planning device can be integrated into the control device of the manufacturing device, or the control device of the manufacturing device can be designed as a planning device, in particular by providing a suitable hardware component and / or by implementing a suitable computer program product, in particular software. For example, it is possible for the production device to then be given CAD data of a component to be produced, wherein the production device itself, in particular the planning device implemented in the control device, generates corresponding CAM data or a command sequence for controlling the production device from the CAD data. However, it is also possible for the planning device to comprise a plurality of computing devices, wherein it is designed in particular to be physically distributed. The planning device then preferably comprises a plurality of computing devices networked together. In particular, the planning device can be designed as a data cloud or so-called cloud, or the planning device is part of a data cloud or cloud. In a preferred embodiment, it is also possible for the planning device to comprise, on the one hand, at least one computing device external to the manufacturing device and, on the other hand, the manufacturing device, in particular the control device of the manufacturing device, wherein steps carried out by the planning device are then carried out partially on the external computing device and partially on the manufacturing device, in particular on the control device. In particular, it is also possible that the planning device does not take over the complete planning of the locally selective irradiation of the work area, but only parts thereof; in particular, it is possible that the planning device takes over only that part of the planning of the locally selective irradiation of the work area which relates to the steps and / or definitions described above. Other parts of the planning of the locally selective irradiation can, on the other hand, be carried out in other computing devices, in particular in a computing device external to the production device, or else in the production device itself, in particular its control device, or else in a data cloud or cloud. In particular, it is possible for the planning device to change, adjust or correct CAM data generated by another computing device or a command sequence, in particular an NC program.According to a tenth aspect, the object is achieved in particular by providing a manufacturing device for the additive manufacturing of components from a powder material, wherein the manufacturing device comprises at least one beam generating device which is configured to generate at least one energy beam, wherein the manufacturing device additionally comprises at least one scanner device which is configured to irradiate a working region locally selectively with the at least one energy beam in order to produce at least one component from the powder material arranged in the working region by means of the at least one energy beam, and wherein the manufacturing device additionally comprises a control device which is operatively connected to the at least one scanner device and is configured to actuate the at least one scanner device, wherein the control device is configured to carry out a first, second or third calibration method, planning method and / or manufacturing method according to the invention, or such a method according to one or more of the embodiments described above. In conjunction with the production device, in particular, those advantages result which have already been explained above in conjunction with the first, second or third calibration method, the operating method, the planning method, the production method, the computer program, the electronic storage device or the control device.In one embodiment, the beam generating device is configured to generate a plurality of energy beams, and / or the production device has a plurality of beam generating devices for generating a plurality of energy beams. It is possible that a plurality of scanner devices are provided for the plurality of energy beams. However, it is also possible for the scanner device to be configured to displace a plurality of energy beams-in particular independently of one another-on the work area. In particular, the scanner device can have a plurality of separately controllable scanners, in particular scanner mirrors, for this purpose.The at least one scanner device preferably has at least one scanner, in particular a galvanometer scanner, piezo scanner, polygon scanner, MEMS scanner, and / or a working head or processing head that can be displaced relative to the working region. The scanner devices proposed here are particularly suitable for displacing the energy beam within the working region between a plurality of irradiation positions.A working head or processing head that can be displaced relative to the working area is understood here in particular to mean an integrated component of the production device, which has at least one radiation outlet for at least one energy beam, wherein the integrated component, i.e. the working head, can be displaced as a whole relative to the working area along at least one displacement direction, preferably along two displacement directions that are perpendicular to one another. Such a working head can be designed in particular in a portal construction or can be guided by a robot. In particular, the working head can be designed as a robot hand of a robot.The control device is preferably selected from a group consisting of a computer, in particular a personal computer (PC), a plug-in card or control card, and an FPGA board. In a preferred embodiment, the control device is an RTC4 or RTC6 control card from SCANLAB GmbH, in particular in the currently available embodiment on the day determining the time rank of the present protection right.The at least one beam generating device preferably has at least one laser. The at least one energy beam is thus advantageously generated as an intensive beam of coherent electromagnetic radiation, in particular coherent light. Irradiation in this respect preferably means exposure.The production device is preferably configured for selective laser sintering. Alternatively or additionally, the production device is configured for selective laser melting. Alternatively or additionally, the production device is configured for selective laser melting and / or powder bed fusing. These embodiments of the manufacturing device have proven to be particularly advantageous.According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the production device has a protective gas device-as a source of a protective gas flow-which is configured to generate a protective gas flow with a defined flow direction and / or defined flow speed at least locally over the working region.The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings. The following are shown: FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a production device with an exemplary embodiment of a control device; FIG. 2 shows schematic representations of basic principles of calibration methods; FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of a first exemplary embodiment of a calibration method; FIG. 4 shows schematic representations of two configurations of a second exemplary embodiment of a calibration method; FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of a third exemplary embodiment of a calibration method; FIG. 6 shows a schematic illustration of a fourth exemplary embodiment of a calibration method, and FIG. 7 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of an operating method of the production apparatus according to FIG. 1 or of a production method.FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a production apparatus 1 for the additive production of a component 3 from a powder material 5 with an exemplary embodiment of a control apparatus 7.The production device 1 has at least one beam generating device 9, preferably designed as a laser, which is configured to generate at least one energy beam 11, in particular a laser beam, and also at least one scanner device 13, which is configured to locally selectively irradiate a working region 15 with the at least one energy beam 11 in order to produce the component 3 from the powder material 5 arranged in the working region 15 by means of the at least one energy beam 11. In particular, the beam generating device 9 generates more than one energy beam 11, or the production device 1 has more than one beam generating device 9 for generating a plurality of energy beams 11; in FIG. 1, a first beam generating device 9.1 for generating a first energy beam 11.1 and a second beam generating device 9.2 for generating a second energy beam 11.2 are specifically shown. The production device 1 preferably has a separate scanner device 13 for each energy beam 11, namely a first scanner device 13.1 for the first energy beam 11.1 and a second scanner device 13.2 for the second energy beam 11.2. The production device 1 furthermore has the control device 7, which is in particular designed as a planning device and is operatively connected to the scanner devices 13 and preferably also to the beam generating devices 9 and is configured to actuate the scanner devices 13 and optionally the beam generating devices 9.The control device 7 is configured to carry out methods described in more detail below, in particular a calibration method for calibrating the production device 1, a planning method for planning the locally selective irradiation of the working region 15 with the energy beam 11, and / or a production method for additively producing the at least one component 3 from the powder material 5.In an embodiment not shown here, it is also possible for the planning method to be executed on a planning device provided separately from the manufacturing device 1.The production device 1 is configured in particular to build up the component 3 layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region 15. For this purpose, the working region 15, in particular in the form of a powder bed, is arranged on a construction platform which, in the course of the provision of the powder material layers following one another in time, is lowered stepwise counter to a vertical direction in the working region 15. The powder material 5 forming a next powder material layer is conveyed from the region of a supply cylinder into the working region 15 by means of a coating element, which is in particular configured as a wiper or slide, and is smoothed there by the coating element, so that the respectively current powder material layer is provided. By successively selectively solidifying the powder material 5 layer of powder material by layer of powder material in this way by means of the energy beam 11 in the working region 15, the component 3 is built up layer by layer, i.e. in layers.The component 3 is shown here in dashed lines in order to indicate that it is preferably not produced simultaneously with calibration components 17 which are also shown, but typically downstream of the calibration method in the production method.In the calibration method, at least one calibration component 17 is constructed at a respectively assigned desired position; four calibration components 17 are shown in FIG. 1. In addition, for each of the four calibration components 17 an orientation marking 19 is shown, which is arranged or formed on the respective calibration component 17. Finally, in the calibration method, at least one surface marking 21 is preferably produced at an associated surface desired position, wherein four such surface markings 21 are shown in FIG. 1.FIG. 2 shows schematic representations of the basic principles of calibration methods.Identical and functionally identical elements are provided with identical reference symbols in all figures, so that reference is made to the preceding description in each case in this respect.At a), one of the surface markings 21 and the other a melting track 23 of powder material 5 remelted in volume-in plan view of the working area 15-is schematically shown, which are produced on the working area 15 with the same energy beam 11 at the same desired position-in the image plane of FIG. 2a) in the vertical direction. To generate the surface marking 21 and the melting track 23, the same scanner device 13 is driven to the same target position, which is vertical in the image plane here-i.e. the surface target position of the surface marking 21 corresponds with respect to the vertical coordinate to the volume target position of the melting track 23-for the same energy beam 11. Apart from the different extension in - in the image plane of FIG. 2 a ) - horizontal direction, which is not important here and serves merely for the simpler illustration, the only difference in the conditions of generating on the one hand the surface marking 21 and on the other hand the melting track 23 is the line energy and / or surface power density of the energy beam 11, which is reduced in the case of the surface marking 21 relative to the case of the melting track 23. The volume offset V, which is thereby obtained for the respective actual positions, i.e. the surface actual position of the surface marking 21 and the volume actual position of the melting track 23, can be clearly seen.At b), the corresponding offset V is shown in a side view-perpendicular to the viewing direction at a)-which results when, after a calibration, one of the calibration components 17 is built up on a preform 25 exclusively via the surface markings 21.The preform 25 is in turn arranged on a substrate plate 27. Within the scope of the calibration method, it is also possible for the calibration components 17 to be constructed directly on the substrate plate 27.FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of a first exemplary embodiment of a calibration method.In this first exemplary embodiment, in a first step S1.1, calibration components 15 are built up at setpoint positions SP, which are spaced apart from one another, directly on the substrate plate 27 or on respectively assigned preforms 25. In a second step S1.2, the actual positions IP of the calibration components 15 are determined, wherein this can take place inside the production device 1, in particular by means of an energy beam camera, or outside the production device 1 by means of a separate measuring device.As illustrated by dashed boxes and arrows, it is possible in one embodiment for surface markings 21 to be optionally additionally generated at surface desired positions OSP at spaced apart from one another, in particular parallel in time, for the actual positions of the calibration components 15 to be established and determined in a first additional step S1.01, wherein the respectively associated surface actual positions OIP are subsequently determined in a second additional step S1.02.In a third step S1.3, a comparison is made between the desired positions SP and the associated actual positions IP, and optionally between the desired surface positions OSP and the associated actual surface positions OIP. Finally, in a fourth step S1.4, a calibration data set is obtained on the basis of the comparison, optionally an extended calibration data set in the case of additional comparison of the surface setpoint positions OSP with the associated surface actual positions OIP.Optionally, an orientation marking 19 is arranged or formed on at least one of the calibration components 15, in particular in order to be able to measure the actual positions IP into a reference coordinate system, preferably an absolute reference coordinate system, determined by the at least one orientation marking 19.FIG. 4 shows schematic representations of two configurations of a second exemplary embodiment of a calibration method.A first embodiment of the second exemplary embodiment is shown in a): in a first step S2.1, calibration components 15 are built up at setpoint positions SP, which are spaced apart from one another, directly on the substrate plate 27 or on respectively associated preforms 25. In a second step S2.2, the actual positions IP of the calibration components 15 are determined, wherein this can take place inside the production device 1, in particular by means of an energy beam camera, or outside the production device 1 by means of a separate measuring device. In a third step S2.3, a comparison of the desired positions SP with the assigned actual positions IP is carried out. Based on the comparison, a calibration data set is finally obtained in a fourth step S2.4. In a fifth step S2.5, surface markings 21 are then produced at surface desired positions OSP spaced apart from one another, and the respective surface actual positions OIP are then determined in a sixth step S2.6. Subsequently, in a seventh step S2.7, the desired positions SP are compared with the associated actual positions IP and the surface desired positions OSP are compared with the associated surface actual positions OIP. In an eighth step S2.8, an expanded calibration data set is obtained from this.A second embodiment of the second exemplary embodiment is shown at b), wherein here the sequence of the construction of the calibration components 15 and the generation of the surface markings 21 is interchanged in comparison with the first embodiment: in the first step S2.1, the surface markings 21 are now generated at the spaced-apart surface desired positions OSP, and subsequently in the second step S2.2, the respective surface actual positions OIP are determined. In the third step S2.3, a comparison of the surface setpoint positions OSP with the associated surface actual positions OIP is carried out. On the basis of this comparison, the calibration data set is obtained in the fourth step S2.4. In the fifth step S2.5, calibration components 15 are then built up at setpoint positions SP spaced apart from one another-directly on the substrate plate 27 or on respectively associated preforms 25. In the sixth step S2.6, the actual positions IP of the calibration components 15 are determined, wherein this can take place inside the production device 1, in particular by means of an energy beam camera, or outside the production device 1 by means of a separate measuring device. Subsequently, in the seventh step S2.7, the desired positions SP are compared with the associated actual positions IP and the surface desired positions OSP are compared with the associated surface actual positions OIP. In the eighth step S2.8, the extended calibration data set is obtained from this.FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of a third exemplary embodiment of a calibration method.In this exemplary embodiment, in a first step S3.1, surface markings 21 are produced at the spaced-apart surface desired positions OSP, and subsequently, in a second step S3.2, respective surface actual positions OIP are determined. In a third step S3.3, a comparison of the surface setpoint positions OSP with the associated surface actual positions OIP is carried out. On the basis of this comparison, a first calibration, for example in the form of a calibration data set, is obtained in a fourth step S3.4.This first calibration is adjusted in a fifth step S3.5 on the basis of at least one correction data set or correction model. A second calibration is obtained from this in a sixth step S3.6.In particular, within the scope of this embodiment, no calibration component 15 is constructed. The at least one correction data set and / or the at least one correction model are designed such that the volume offset is taken into account, in particular compensated or corrected.The at least one correction data set is preferably selected from a group consisting of a calibration data set obtained by one of the calibration methods described above, a phenomenological correction table, and a combination of the said correction data sets. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one correction model is selected from a group consisting of a physical correction model, a parameterized correction model, a phenomenological correction table, and a combination of the mentioned correction models. In a simple embodiment, the parameterized correction model is given by a transformation matrix, wherein the at least one model parameter is a matrix element of the transformation matrix. In a more complex embodiment, the parameterized correction model is a model which comprises a multiplicity of model parameters. In particular, it is possible that the parameterized correction model is an AI model, wherein the AI representing the model can be trained by means of a large number of test results for which surface markings have been generated and calibration components have been constructed and the volume offset has been evaluated.FIG. 6 shows a schematic illustration of a fourth exemplary embodiment of a calibration method.The method starts in a first step S4.1. A loop is then carried out over a plurality of operating states, wherein the production apparatus 1 is operated and calibrated in a second step S4.2 in a specific operating state designated by an operating state index n. In a third step S4.3, a calibration for the specific operating state n is obtained. In a fourth step S4.4, it is checked whether all the intended operating states have already been passed through and therefore the method is to be ended; if this is not the case, the operating state index is incremented in a fifth step S4.5, and the method is continued in the second step S4.2 for the operating state corresponding to the incremented operating state index; otherwise the method is ended in a sixth step S4.6.FIG. 7 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of an operating method of the production apparatus 1 according to FIG. 1 or of a production method.The operation process is started in a first step SB 1. Subsequently, in a second step SB 2, a present operating state BZ of the manufacturing device 1 is determined, and in a third step SB 3, a calibration K(BZ) assigned to the determined operating state BZ is selected, in particular from the calibrations determined for the various operating states in the fourth exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 6. In a fourth step SB 4, the production device 1 is then operated with the selected calibration K(BZ), wherein in particular the at least one component 3 is produced.The second to fourth steps SB 2 to SB 4 are preferably continuously repeated during the operation of the production device 1 and in particular during the production of the at least one component 3, as long as it is established in a fifth step SB 5 that the operation of the production device 1 ends-e.g. due to completion of the at least one component 3-or the method has to be ended for other reasons. If this is the case, the method is ended in a sixth step SB 6.Within the scope of the planning method which is likewise to be carried out by the control device 7, the locally selective irradiation of the working region 15 with the at least one energy beam 11 is planned in order to produce the at least one component 3 layer by layer from the plurality of powder material layers of the powder material 5 arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region 15 by means of the at least one energy beam 11.In this case, on the basis of a calibration data set obtained in particular by means of one of the calibration methods described above, a plurality of irradiation vectors for the irradiation of the working region 15 with the at least one energy beam 11 is generated and / or adapted, wherein an irradiation plan for the irradiation is preferably obtained.Within the scope of the manufacturing method likewise to be carried out by the control device 7, a calibration obtained with the aid of one of the previously described calibration methods or an irradiation plan obtained in particular with the aid of the previously described planning method is provided for the manufacturing device 1, or the manufacturing device 1 is calibrated with the aid of one of the previously described calibration methods, and the at least one component 3 is manufactured with the manufacturing device 1, in particular according to the provided irradiation plan and / or using the provided calibration.In one embodiment, the manufacturing method comprises in particular the following steps: providing a calibration obtained with the aid of one of the calibration methods described above, and manufacturing the at least one component 3 with the manufacturing device 1 using the provided calibration.In another embodiment, the method comprises in particular the following steps: providing an irradiation plan obtained in particular with the aid of the planning method described above, and manufacturing the at least one component 3 with the manufacturing device 1 according to the irradiation plan.In a further embodiment, the method comprises in particular the following steps: calibrating the production device 1 by means of one of the calibration methods described above, and producing the at least one component 3 with the production device 1.

Claims

Method for calibrating a manufacturing device (1) for the additive manufacturing of at least one component (3) from a powder material (5) by locally selective irradiation of a working region (15) of the manufacturing device (1) with at least one energy beam (11) in order to produce the at least one component (3) layer by layer by means of the at least one energy beam (11) from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material (5) arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region (15), wherein - at least one calibration component (17) is built up at a desired position (SP), wherein - an actual position (IP) of the at least one calibration component (17) is determined, and wherein - on the basis of a comparison between the actual position (IP) and the desired position (SP), a calibration data set is obtained and / or the production device (1) is calibrated.Method according to Claim 1, wherein the actual position (IP) of the at least one calibration component (17) is determined outside the production device (1), in particular by means of a separate measuring device, or inside the production device (1).Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one calibration component (17) is built up on a substrate plate (27) or on a preform (25).Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein an orientation marking (19) is arranged or formed on the at least one calibration component (17).Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in addition at least one surface marking (21) is generated at at least one surface desired position (OSP) by means of the at least one energy beam (11), wherein an actual surface position (OIP) of the at least one surface marking (21) is determined, and wherein the calibration data set is expanded or an expanded calibration data set is obtained on the basis of the surface desired position (OSP), the actual surface position (OIP), the desired position (SP) and the actual position (IP) of the at least one calibration component, and / or the production device (1) is calibrated.Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the method is carried out with exactly one energy beam (11) or with a plurality of energy beams (11), wherein optionally the plurality of energy beams (11) are registered with respect to one another.Method for calibrating a manufacturing device (1) for the additive manufacturing of at least one component (3) from a powder material (5) by locally selective irradiation of a working region (15) of the manufacturing device (1) with at least one energy beam (11) in order to produce the at least one component (3) layer by layer from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material (5) arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region (15) by means of the at least one energy beam (11) at at least one surface setpoint position (OSP), at least one surface marking (21) being generated, wherein - an actual surface position (OIP) of the at least one surface marking (21) is determined, wherein - a first calibration of the production device (1) is obtained on the basis of a comparison between the surface setpoint position (OSP) and the surface actual position (OIP), and wherein - the first calibration is adjusted on the basis of at least one correction data set and / or on the basis of at least one correction model, wherein preferably a second calibration of the production device (1) is obtained.Method according to claim 7, wherein - the at least one correction data set is selected from a group consisting of a calibration data set obtained by a method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, a phenomenological correction table, and a combination of said correction data sets, and / or wherein - the at least one correction model is selected from a group consisting of a physical correction model, a parameterized correction model, a phenomenological correction table, and a combination of said correction models.Method according to one of Claims 1 to 8, wherein the production device (1) is calibrated in a plurality of operating states, wherein a calibration is respectively obtained for each operating state of the plurality of operating states.Method for planning a locally selective irradiation of a working region (15) with at least one energy beam (11) in order to produce at least one component (3) layer by layer by means of the at least one energy beam (11) from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material (5) arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region (15), wherein a plurality of irradiation vectors for the irradiation of the working region (15) with the at least one energy beam (11) is generated and / or adapted on the basis of a calibration data set obtained in particular by means of a method according to one of Claims 1 to 9, and wherein preferably an irradiation plan for the irradiation is obtained.Method for the additive manufacturing of at least one component (3) from a powder material (5), having the following steps: providing a calibration - obtained in particular with the aid of a method according to one of Claims 1 to 9 - or providing an irradiation plan - obtained in particular with the aid of a method according to Claim 10 - for a manufacturing device (1) for the locally selective irradiation of a working region (15) with at least one energy beam (11), in order to produce the component (3) by means of the at least one energy beam (11) in layers from a plurality of powder material layers of the powder material (5) arranged in a layer sequence in chronological succession in the working region (15), or calibrating the manufacturing device (1) with the aid of a method according to one of Claims 1 to 9, and manufacturing the at least one component (3) with the manufacturing device (1), in particular according to the irradiation plan and / or using the calibration provided.Method according to claim 11, wherein a current operating state of the manufacturing device (1) is determined, wherein depending on the determined operating state a calibration for the manufacturing device (1) is selected from a plurality of predetermined calibrations, and wherein the manufacturing device (1) is operated with the selected calibration.Computer program comprising instructions on the basis of which a method according to one of Claims 1 to 12 is carried out when the computer program runs on a computing device, in particular a control device (7) according to Claim 14.Control device (7), in particular for a manufacturing device (1) for the additive manufacturing of components (3) from a powder material (5) by means of locally selective irradiation of a working region (15) with at least one energy beam (11), in order to produce at least one component (3) from a powder material (5) arranged in the working region (15) by means of the at least one energy beam (11), wherein the control device (7) is configured to carry out a method according to one of claims 1 to 12.Production device (1) for the additive production of components (3) from a powder material (5), having - at least one beam generating device (9) which is configured to generate at least one energy beam (11), - at least one scanner device (13) which is configured to locally selectively irradiate a working region (15) with the at least one energy beam (11) in order to produce at least one component (3) from the powder material (5) arranged in the working region (15) by means of the at least one energy beam (11), and having - a control device (7) which is operatively connected to the at least one scanner device (13) and is configured to actuate the at least one scanner device (13), wherein - the control device (7) is configured to carry out a method according to one of Claims 1 to 12.

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