TUBE-SHAPED REINFORCEMENT ELEMENT, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A REINFORCEMENT ELEMENT, GLOBAL REINFORCEMENT, USE OF A REINFORCEMENT ELEMENT AND CONCRETE COMPONENT

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a tubular reinforcement element formed in a grid-like pattern from a continuously arranged, intersecting yarn, wherein the intersecting sections of the at least one yarn are connected to one another by a cross-connection, the cross-connection of the yarn being effected by a material means, namely gluing or welding, or by a mechanical means. The invention further relates to a method for manufacturing this reinforcement element. The invention also relates to global reinforcement for a concrete component, comprising at least one reinforcement element, the use of a reinforcement element, and a concrete component.

[0002] From German patent application DE 10 2015 100 386 A1, a reinforcement element is known that is constructed as a bar and is essentially effective in one dimension. The bar has filaments embedded in a matrix material. The filaments are aligned in a tensile direction and are essentially completely surrounded by a mineral matrix material. Fine-grained concrete or a suspension containing fine-grained cement is specified as the matrix material.

[0003] The use of high-performance reinforcement elements of this type, which incorporate carbon fibers and possess tensile strengths in the range of 2000–4000 N / mm², necessitates force transfer between the reinforcement elements and the concrete matrix material. The high forces of the carbon reinforcement must be directed into the concrete in a controlled manner to efficiently utilize the potential of the carbon fibers. This also allows for short anchorage lengths when using carbon elements, ensuring cost-effectiveness.

[0004] For rods, such as carbon rods, efforts are made to improve the bond, similar to reinforcing steel, by using suitable surface profiling to ensure sufficient bond strength. Various concepts are pursued to achieve bond strength, as a ribbed structure, common in steel reinforcement elements, is either impossible or inefficient due to the anisotropy of carbon fibers. Therefore, carbon rods are, for example, coated with an additional layer of sand, which improves the adhesive and frictional bond compared to a smooth carbon rod. Other variations for carbon rods include applying a subsequent ribbed structure, for example, made of synthetic resin, wrapping individual fiber strands, varying the shape of the carbon rods during the manufacturing process to improve the bond, or milling them to create negative ribs, also known as grooves.

[0005] Various elements are used as reinforcement in carbon or textile-reinforced concrete. These can include both fabrics, such as biaxial, multiaxial, or three-dimensional fabrics, and bars. Such a fabric, which forms textile reinforcement for a concrete component from yarn free of polymer binders, is described in German patent application DE 10 2016 100 455 A1, including a method and a device for its production. A laying device is provided in which a positioning device or a laying robot is arranged to be movable two-dimensionally relative to a yarn delivery device. The laying device is designed to form a tensioned fabric from yarn free of polymer binders within a base frame. The base frame has yarn holding devices in the area of ​​the outer edges of the base frame and / or recesses, whereby the yarn holding devices simultaneously form deflection points for the yarn.

[0006] Other three-dimensional structures are known from the prior art. For example, German patent applications DE 10 2014 200 792 B4 and EP 2 530 217 B1 describe planar structures that form a textile reinforcement structure by means of a spacer structure or as a spacer fabric or knitted fabric already manufactured in three dimensions. German patent application DE 10 2016 124 226 A1 also discloses a lattice girder whose effect is likewise based on a planar textile reinforcement element formed by sets of thread- or yarn-shaped individual elements that serve as sections of a chord and struts. However, in all cases, the large-area structure is not suitable for effectively replacing discrete reinforcement elements such as reinforcing bars or reinforcement cages.

[0007] The solution described in German patent application DE 10 2012 101 498 A1 also involves a textile grid that can be easily penetrated by the matrix material. It further proposes that the textile grid, initially manufactured as a flat structure, be folded into a U-shape to create a discrete reinforcement element. However, the open U-shape exhibits lower stiffness compared to closed cross-sectional shapes.

[0008] Document WO 98 / 09042 A1 discloses a tubular reinforcement element with a grid-like structure in which the intersecting sections are connected. The tubular reinforcement element consists of thermoplastic fiber-reinforced strips joined at the intersections by spot welding. Alternatively, tubes made of fiber strands are provided, which are subsequently drawn onto a core form, laminated, and cured. Furthermore, a solution for braided, woven, or wound grid cages made of fiber strands, preferably so-called rovings, for reinforcement is disclosed (p. 4, paragraph 4). These are manufactured by braiding or winding followed by treatment with synthetic resin or by spot welding (p. 8, paragraph 2 to p. 13, line 1).However, the load is absorbed exclusively via the fiber strands in the direction of tension, provided that a load component exists in this direction; the use of other mechanical effects is not provided for.

[0009] The object of the present invention is therefore to offer a tubular reinforcement element which is designed in a grid shape using at least one continuously arranged, intersecting yarn and which enables an improved load reserve in case of overload.

[0010] The problem is solved by a tubular reinforcement element according to claim 1. The diameter of the reinforcement element along its length can be constant or variable. According to the invention, at least one continuously arranged, intersecting yarn is provided, from which the grid is formed. Alternatively, several yarns are used, which are fed from separate spools during the manufacture of the reinforcement element, with each yarn forming a "grid bar" of the grid that constitutes the outer surface of the tubular reinforcement element. A further alternative provides for the use of only one yarn from a single spool, which is redirected and laid down in such a way as to also form the grid shape. In this case, the yarn intersects itself in different positions.A curable material, for example a resin, gives stability to the tubular reinforcement element after the production of the grid according to a preferred embodiment.

[0011] The intersecting sections of the yarn are connected at their intersection point in such a way that the shear elasticity of the cross connection, the elasticity during the opposing rotary pivoting movement of the intersecting sections around their intersection point in the cross connection, determines the extensibility of the reinforcement element in the direction of a longitudinal axis, with higher elasticity resulting in higher extensibility.

[0012] According to the invention, the cross-connection of the yarn is effected by a material or mechanical means, wherein the means adjusts the shear elasticity of the cross-connection, the elasticity during the opposing rotary pivoting movement of the intersecting sections about their intersection point in the cross-connection, and thus determines the extensibility of the reinforcement element in the direction of a longitudinal axis, with higher shear elasticity resulting in higher extensibility.

[0013] The cross-connection exhibits such shear elasticity that the reinforcement element is designed for a specified elongation both along the longitudinal axis and transversely. Shear elasticity describes the elasticity during the opposing rotational or pivoting movement of the intersecting yarns or yarn sections around the intersection point in the cross-connection. Higher shear elasticity leads to greater elongation of the reinforcement element, with deformation occurring along the longitudinal axis and, in the sense of necking, simultaneously transversely. When the reinforcement element is installed in a structural component, its defined elongation ensures advantageous ductile behavior of the component, which is associated with a high degree of additional safety.

[0014] The grid form is preferably woven, braided, laid, or wound, although other factors also contribute to the ultimately effective elongation or stiffness. As a result, even under overload, the concrete structure modules remain intact. The matrix material in which the reinforcement element is embedded and filled is also among the influencing factors. Furthermore, the dimensions of the reinforcement element are important.

[0015] According to the invention, the intersecting sections of the yarn in the area of ​​the grid intersections are connected by material means, such as gluing or welding, or by mechanical means, such as sewing. The properties of these connections, in particular their shear strength against torsion or pivoting of the intersecting yarn sections relative to each other, fundamentally and substantially determine the shear strength and, consequently, the elongation or stiffness of the reinforcement element.

[0016] Bonding the grid intersections, stabilizing the overall tube shape, and transferring the load to the inner fibers can be achieved in various ways. According to a first embodiment of the inventive method, stabilization is achieved by fixing the yarn with a curable resin. This resin can be applied after yarn deposition and the production of the tube shape, or the yarn can be impregnated with the curable resin before deposition. Impregnation can take place immediately before yarn deposition, or the yarn can be supplied already impregnated, in which case the resin must be protected from undesirable, premature curing.

[0017] Preferentially suitable as curable matrix materials are reactive resins, such as epoxy resin, or aqueous dispersions, e.g. based on acrylate or styrene butadiene.

[0018] According to a second embodiment of the inventive method, the yarn is a hybrid yarn provided, in addition to the load-bearing fibers, with thermoplastic and thus thermally activatable synthetic fibers. These can be activated by heat by melting and, after hardening, ensure that the load-bearing fibers of the yarn are bonded together, so that the same effects are achieved as when using a curable resin.

[0019] One embodiment of the reinforcement element according to the invention provides that a matrix material is provided inside the reinforcement element and that a further longitudinal reinforcement, at least one electrical conductor, at least one fluid conductor and / or a conduit, into which one of the aforementioned conductors or the longitudinal reinforcement can subsequently be inserted with or without prestressing, are embedded in this matrix material.

[0020] According to an alternative embodiment of the reinforcement element according to the invention, an inner cavity is provided in the reinforcement element, which is kept free of matrix material of a concrete component. The insertion of a tow or another load-bearing element into the interior of the reinforcement element through the cavity enables global reinforcement that extends beyond the individual reinforced concrete structural elements and can absorb forces as additional protection in the event of failure.

[0021] In contrast to local reinforcement, global reinforcement refers specifically to a particular application of tubular reinforcement elements. Based on conventional textile-reinforced concrete technology, reinforcement structures provide local base reinforcement, ensuring that the stresses under the relevant service load conditions, for example, for a specific reinforced concrete structural element, can be reliably absorbed. Additionally, higher-level global reinforcement strands, such as tows with a net-like covering that can be wound, braided, woven, or laid, provide high load reserves under extreme conditions. They are designed with very high elongation, resulting in high component ductility when activated. Thus, the global reinforcement ensures that the cohesion of the entire load-bearing structure is maintained even after a potential failure of the local base reinforcement due to extreme loading.Global reinforcement lies along the load paths of the local reinforcement and acts as an additional safety element in case of overload. Under normal load conditions, global reinforcement increases the stiffness of the concrete component.

[0022] For certain applications, it has proven advantageous for the wall of the conduit or cavity within the tubular reinforcement element to be airtight and watertight, allowing gases or liquids to be transported or conveyed through it. In such cases, further sealing of the pipe wall is unnecessary. Additional functional coatings are available as options. For instance, an inner and / or outer coating can be applied to control, partially prevent, or alternatively, improve the bonding to a surrounding matrix material. This allows the stiffness of the reinforcement, and thus that of the component, to be adjusted as required. Stiffness is highest with stronger bonding, particularly when the matrix material can completely enclose the yarn.

[0023] In an advantageous embodiment of a reinforcement element not according to the invention, the element itself is electrically conductive due to the electrical properties of the material used, as is the case, for example, with carbon fibers. Electrical energy or electrical signals can then be transmitted directly through the reinforcement element. Electrical heating can also be achieved via the electrical conductors thus formed, particularly with a suitably adjusted resistance. To control the heating, the interior of the reinforcement element can also be filled with a matrix material that has a temperature-dependent variable electrical resistance. Furthermore, according to an advantageous embodiment, the interior of the reinforcement element is filled with an electrolyte to achieve short-term energy storage through a capacitor effect.The electrical properties are also adjusted, controlled or changed by the electrically conductive coating according to the invention.

[0024] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a reinforcement element according to claim 8. The manufacturing process involves weaving, braiding, or winding the grid structure from a yarn, preferably from several yarns. According to the invention, the intersections of the at least one yarn are fixed by gluing, welding, or sewing. This allows the movement of the intersecting yarns relative to each other to be restricted in a defined manner, thus controlling or adjusting the overall mechanical properties, in particular the shear elasticity, of the reinforcement element.

[0025] One embodiment of the method according to the invention provides for the creation of a cavity inside the reinforcement element embedded in the matrix material. In particular, the cavity is created by inserting an airtight tube into the interior of the reinforcement element and expanding the tube to a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the cavity to be created by applying fluid pressure. The matrix material, in particular concrete, is then applied, and after the matrix material has hardened, the fluid pressure in the tube is released. The method according to the invention is not limited to a tube with a circular cross-section; rather, any cross-sectional shape that corresponds to the desired internal geometry is suitable.

[0026] A further embodiment of the method according to the invention serves to maintain a load reserve. The interior of the reinforcement element is initially filled with a hardened matrix material. If this material breaks under overload and the fracture surface stretches, a constriction forms, and the reinforcement element simultaneously activates a load reserve by exhibiting ductile load-bearing properties. The stretching and the associated movement of the structure provide a warning of structural failure, as required in civil engineering, by exceeding the load-bearing capacity.

[0027] The object of the invention is also achieved by a global reinforcement for a concrete component, comprising at least one reinforcement element as previously described. According to the invention, the at least one reinforcement element is connected directly or at a distance to local reinforcement, such as a reinforcing mesh, or to another reinforcement element as described above, by means of at least one connecting element. An element for force transmission across the component is guided through the conduit or cavity in the reinforcement element, so that the concrete component is force-conductingly connected to another concrete component. The connecting element is advantageously designed as a strap loop or spiral, preferably including an insertion hook for easier assembly of the spiral connecting element.

[0028] The global reinforcement comprises the reinforcement element according to the invention, designed as a net-like, braided, woven, wound, or woven tube, particularly based on carbon fibers, as well as the integrated longitudinal reinforcement made of carbon rods or tows. The global reinforcement is preferably located on the inner surfaces of the concrete layers, thus within the component. An alternative arrangement of the global reinforcement is a position alternating from the inner to the outer surface and / or vice versa. For this purpose, the reinforcement element is connected to the local reinforcement via connecting elements, for example, designed as a band loop or spiral, and is filled during concreting with a stretchable, flexible, and subsequently removable material, as described above. The tubes are completely encased in concrete during manufacturing.

[0029] Subsequently, after the concrete has been poured and the elements manufactured, the filler material can be removed from the tubes. After the elements are assembled and connected, the carbon rods or tows are pulled through the cavities, thus activating the global reinforcement. Finally, the remaining cavities can be grouted with a grout, creating a bond between the carbon rod or tow and the concrete base layer and improving the overall load-bearing capacity of the system. The bond between the carbon tows and the braided tube surrounded by fine concrete, the reinforcement element according to the invention, significantly influences the load-bearing capacity.

[0030] While carbon fiber tows exhibit inherently high stiffness, strength, and brittleness, the reinforcement element according to the invention, designed as a braided, woven, wound, or laid tube, particularly made of carbon fibers, is comparatively soft and extensible. The interaction of the two reinforcements—local reinforcement and global reinforcement—ensures the required ductility of the composite material and guarantees the warning of structural failure required in civil engineering when the load-bearing capacity is exceeded. Maximum utilization of the material's load-bearing reserve is accompanied by large deformations, which indicate the overload and thus foreshadow impending complete structural failure.

[0031] A particularly advantageous application of the reinforcement element according to the invention arises when an element for force introduction and, in particular, force transmission across the component, for example a bound or unbound bar, roving, tow, or strand, is guided through the conduit or cavity as global reinforcement. This allows the concrete component to be connected to another concrete component, creating global reinforcement as described above.

[0032] Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a reinforcement element, as previously described, as a guide channel for supplementary reinforcement, in particular global reinforcement, but also as a prestressing channel, ductility reinforcement, as a fluid line, or as a guide channel for a fluid line, a power line, or a line for other electrical functions, such as a control line. The guide channel serves in particular to accommodate an internally located reinforcement element subjected to axial loads. This represents an embodiment of global reinforcement and is used in the event of failure of the concrete component or the component in question.

[0033] The reinforcement element can also accommodate prestressed reinforcement that is permanently loaded. In this case, it serves as a prestressing channel. When used as ductile reinforcement, the mechanical properties of the reinforcement element itself come into play, as it can develop a load reserve under high deformation in the event of overload. Furthermore, the internal cavity is suitable for accommodating various conduits throughout the entire concrete component, extending beyond the boundaries of the concrete structural elements.

[0034] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the description of exemplary embodiments and their illustration in the accompanying drawings. The drawings show: Fig. 1 : schematically in perspective view an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention; Fig. 2 : schematically a perspective enlarged section of an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention; Fig. 3 : schematically in lateral and cut view an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention and its embedding in a matrix material; Fig. 4 : schematically a section of intersecting yarns in an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention; Fig. 5 : schematically in perspective and side view three embodiments of reinforcement elements according to the invention, which differ in the design of the section of intersecting yarns; Fig. 6 : schematically different embodiments of the reinforcement elements according to the invention and their embedding in matrix materials; Fig. 7 : schematically in side view and front view an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention with coating; Fig. 8 : schematically in a side view an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention and the activation of a load reserve; Fig. 9 : schematically in perspective and section view two embodiments of a reinforcement element according to the invention and their inner cavity profiles; Fig. 10 : schematically the process steps for manufacturing an embodiment of a reinforcement element with a cavity according to the invention; Fig. 11 : schematically in perspective view an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention when used as global reinforcement; Fig. 12 : schematically in perspective view an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention in combination with further reinforcement elements according to the invention; Fig. 13 : schematically in perspective view and front view an embodiment of a spiral connecting element for reinforcement elements according to the invention; Fig. 14 : schematically in perspective view another embodiment of a spiral connecting element for reinforcement elements according to the invention; Fig. 15 : schematically in perspective view another embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention when used as global reinforcement; Fig. 16 : schematically in perspective view an embodiment of a reinforcement element according to the invention with varying diameter; Fig. 17 : schematically in perspective view a concrete component comprising an embodiment of reinforcement elements according to the invention and Fig. 18 : a schematic perspective representation of an embodiment of a concrete component according to the invention.

[0035] Fig. 1 Figure 1 schematically shows in perspective an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention, which consists of spirally laid yarns 2 intertwined, for example, in a woven pattern. The spiral arrangement of the individual yarns 2 in different directions results in intersecting sections 3 between the yarns 2.

[0036] In the preferred embodiment, different yarns are interlaced, each taken from its own spool. Alternatively, it is also provided that only one yarn is taken from a single spool and arranged in the desired manner (see Figure 1). Fig. 5 ) is wound. In this case, the yarn 2 crosses itself in the crossing sections 3.

[0037] Fig. 2 Figure 1 schematically shows a perspective section of an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention, wherein the intertwined yarns 2 and the formation of the intersecting sections 3 are shown, framed in a box (see also Figure 1). Fig. 4 (with an enlarged view of this area), are more clearly visible.

[0038] Fig. 3 Figure 1 schematically shows in lateral and cut view an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention, comprising yarns 2, and its embedding in a matrix material 4 of a concrete component, which also fills the interior of the reinforcement element 1.

[0039] Fig. 4 Figure 3 schematically shows and enlarges a section 3 of intersecting yarns 2 of an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention. In section 3, the movement of the yarns 2 when the reinforcement element 1 is subjected to tension or compression is indicated by arrows. Depending on the type and, in particular, the stiffness of the connection in section 3 (see Figure 3), the following applies: Fig. 5 ) the reinforcement element 1 offers a higher or lower resistance to tension or compression.

[0040] Fig. 5 Figure 1 schematically shows, in perspective and side views, three embodiments of the reinforcement elements 1 according to the invention, which differ in the design of section 3 with the intersecting yarns 2. The illustration under letter a) shows, as also in the Figuren 1 bis 3 The illustration shows a reinforcement element 1 manufactured in the manner of a fabric. The individual yarn 2 lies alternately once over and once under the yarn 2 laid spirally in the opposite direction.

[0041] In the winding technique as shown in the illustration under letter b), all yarns 2 of the first winding direction lie beneath the yarns 2 of the second winding direction. The stability corresponding to the effect of a woven fabric according to embodiment a) is not present; the intersecting sections 3 must therefore be secured in another way, in particular materially (for example, chemically by bonding).

[0042] The same winding method as described in letter b) is also shown in the embodiment described in letter c), but here supplemented by a connection of sections 3' by stitching. This is therefore a mechanical connection of sections 3'. However, this connection can be supplemented by a material bond. In any case, the type of connection, in particular its strength and stiffness, influences the elongation of the reinforcing element 1.

[0043] Fig. 6 Figure 1 schematically shows various embodiments of the reinforcement elements 1 according to the invention and their embedding in matrix materials 4 and 6, respectively. Controlling the connection between the reinforcement element 1 and the surrounding matrix material 4 plays a crucial role. This control is achieved in particular by a coating 5 (see also Figure 1). Fig. 7 ), which forms a separating layer between the reinforcement element 1 or the yarn 2 on the one hand and the matrix material 4 or 6 on the other. The matrix material 4 of the concrete component (compare variants c and a) or a separate matrix material 6 (compare variants d, b and, derived from these, variants e, f and g) can be used as the inner matrix material.

[0044] The coating 5 described above is used in the variants shown under letters c) and d). In addition to controlling the strength of the connection or the force transmission, other effects can also be achieved with it, for example, improving or achieving electrical conductivity or preventing aging of the yarns 2 used, caused by contact with the matrix material 4 or 6.

[0045] The use of the inner matrix material 6 also allows for the integration of further functions, such as those described under letters e) to g) (but not limited to these). This includes the installation of flexible conduits for liquids, gases, or electricity, or data lines. Furthermore, additional elements for force transmission can be embedded within it, thus creating global reinforcement. These additional elements can include bars, rovings, cables, or strands, with or without prestressing, bound or unbound.

[0046] Fig. 7 Figure 1 schematically shows, in side and front views, an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention with a coating 5, which can be used in particular to control the connection and force transmission between the reinforcement element 1 and a matrix material. However, other functions can also be implemented (see explanations regarding...). Fig. 6 ).

[0047] Fig. 8 Figure 1 schematically shows a lateral view of an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention and the effect of the global reinforcement. The reinforcement element 1 (letter a), which is provided with an internal matrix material 6, is overloaded (letter b), and an internal fracture point 22, not visible from the outside in the illustration, is created. Subsequently, a tensile force acting on the reinforcement element 1 causes the area of ​​the fracture point 22 to elongate and simultaneously constrict in the transverse direction (see letters c) and d). If the constriction 23 is sufficiently pronounced and the fracture point is correspondingly elongated, the effect of the global or ductility reinforcement occurs, which has activated a load reserve and simultaneously exhibits a high degree of deformation. The deformation indicates impending structural failure.

[0048] The embodiment of global reinforcement shown does not require an additional element, such as a tow arranged inside the reinforcement element 1, and also exhibits a desirable high ductility.

[0049] Fig. 9 Figure 1 schematically shows, in perspective and section view, two embodiments of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention and their profiles that can be inserted inside, the tubes 18, 18' and the rubber profiles 24, 24', each of which forms a cavity 17 with a corresponding cross-section (compare Figure 1). Fig. 10 ) during the introduction of a matrix material.

[0050] The illustration according to letter a) shows the possibilities of producing a profiled cavity inside the reinforcement element 1 according to the invention. This is done either by means of a rubber profile 24' or by means of a hose 18' which can be pressurized internally by means of a fluid (see also the process sequence as described in section a). Fig. 10 (as described).

[0051] The illustration under letter b) shows the same, but there a cavity with a circular cross-section is produced. A hose 18 with a corresponding circular cross-section or a rubber profile 24 with a similar cross-section are used for this purpose.

[0052] Fig. 10 Figure 1 schematically shows the process steps for manufacturing an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 with a cavity 17 according to the invention. As shown in section a), the reinforcement element 1 is attached to a local reinforcement 19, for example a flat reinforcement mat, by means of a strap loop 13. As shown in section b), the hose 18 is inserted into the interior of the reinforcement element 1. This hose is pressurized internally, for example with atmospheric pressure (see illustration in section c), and the matrix material 4, in particular concrete, is applied immediately thereafter. The internal pressure in the hose 18 ensures that the cavity 17 remains intact despite the load from the matrix material 4.After the matrix material 4 has hardened, the pressure in the hose 18 is reduced and the hose 18 itself can also be removed from the now created cavity 17 if it is not to be used for other purposes, for example for sealing or use as a fluid line.

[0053] Fig. 11 Figure 1 schematically shows a perspective view of an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention, particularly when used for global reinforcement. Global reinforcement, in contrast to local reinforcement, refers to a specific application of the tubular reinforcement element 1 as shown in the illustration. For this purpose, the reinforcement element 1 is first connected to local reinforcement 19, here a flat reinforcement mat, by means of a spiral connecting element 12. The reinforcement mat can also be three-dimensionally formed in a freeform shape.

[0054] For the production of global reinforcement to ensure high load reserves under extreme conditions and overloads, overarching global reinforcement strands, such as tows with a net-like covering that can be wound, braided, woven, or laid, are inserted into the finished concrete component assembled from concrete structural modules. The continuous cavity in reinforcement element 1 serves this purpose. Due to its very high elongation, this reinforcement results in high component ductility upon activation. Thus, the global reinforcement ensures that the cohesion of the entire load-bearing structure is maintained even after a potential failure of the local base reinforcement due to extreme loading.

[0055] The global reinforcement consists of tows, i.e., very thick carbon fiber strands with fiber strand diameters of, for example, 15 mm² (> 3000 kN), which span the entire structure according to the load path. In the event of a sudden overload and failure of the primary reinforcement, the local reinforcement, or the base reinforcement, the tensile forces to be absorbed are transferred to the global reinforcement (or secondary reinforcement), which then ensures the load-bearing capacity of the entire structure.

[0056] As an alternative to running global reinforcement strands through the reinforcement element, the reinforcement element itself can also be designed to extend continuously through the concrete structure modules and be cast into the concrete. Global reinforcement is also achieved in this way.

[0057] To provide early warning of potential structural failure through a clearly perceptible increase in deformation, the global reinforcement is surrounded by a textile structure in the form of a tubular, braided, or otherwise manufactured reinforcement element according to the invention with axially integrated rovings, hereinafter also referred to as ductility reinforcement, which absorbs the loads on the supporting structure with a significant increase in deformation. By utilizing the high energy absorption capacity of the ductility reinforcement at large deformations, high efficiency can be achieved with low resource consumption, so that significantly smaller yarn cross-sections (< 5 mm²) are required compared to global reinforcement, which also requires separate additional elements such as tows inserted into the reinforcement element according to the invention.

[0058] Fig. 12 Figure 1 schematically shows in perspective an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention in combination with further reinforcement elements 1 according to the invention, wherein (see also Figure 1) Fig. 11 ) the spiral connecting element 12 is used. The reinforcement elements 1 can run parallel, as shown, or have a different orientation.

[0059] Fig. 13 Figure 1 schematically shows, in perspective and front views, an embodiment of a spiral connecting element 12 for attaching reinforcement elements 1 according to the invention. The dimensions of the spiral connecting element 12, such as its length, spiral diameter, or spiral pitch, are determined based on the requirements. An insertion hook 14 offers additional advantages, facilitating easier insertion of the connecting element 12 into local reinforcement, such as a reinforcing mesh, into another reinforcement element 1, or into a different reinforcement element in three dimensions.

[0060] The movements required for the installation of the connecting element 12 are further described by reference numerals 15 for the rotational movement and the resulting longitudinal movement 16 in the screwing direction by means of arrows.

[0061] Fig. 14 Figure 1 schematically shows in perspective a further embodiment of a spiral connecting element 12' for reinforcement elements 1 according to the invention. Here, a diameter of the spiral connecting element 12' is provided that varies over its length, which enables a predetermined distance between the reinforcement element 1 and the local reinforcement 19 during assembly.

[0062] Fig. 15 Figure 1 schematically shows in perspective view a further embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention for use as global reinforcement, wherein the connection with the local reinforcement 19 is made in a simple way by means of strap loops 13.

[0063] Fig. 16 Figure 1 schematically shows in perspective an embodiment of a reinforcement element 1 according to the invention, in which the yarn 2 is laid, wound or, in this specific case, woven with a diameter varying over the length of the reinforcement element 1.

[0064] Fig. 17 Figure 1 schematically shows in perspective an embodiment of a concrete component 20 comprising an embodiment of reinforcement elements 1 according to the invention. The concrete component 20 is composed of several concrete structure modules 21, the connection of which to each other is made by an edge connection 40 not specifically designated here (see Figure 1). Fig. 18 ), optionally made possible additionally by the global reinforcement. This can be achieved, for example, by the reinforcement element 1 with introduced reinforcement, in particular a strand 9 (see also Fig. 18 ). The strand 9 combines several concrete structure modules 21 and provides additional stability to the concrete component 20.

[0065] An alternative embodiment of the concrete component 20 according to the invention provides that the reinforcement element 1 itself combines several concrete structure modules 21. For this, it is necessary to cast the individual concrete structure modules 21 together after assembly, with the reinforcement element 1, which extends over several concrete structure modules 21, being cast in the concrete at the same time. It thus connects the concrete structure modules 21 to each other in addition to the edge connections 40. Additional securing is still possible.

[0066] Fig. 18 Figure 1 shows a schematic perspective view of an embodiment of a concrete component 20 according to the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, this component is depicted as a sandwich element, such that the concrete structure modules 21 of the two shells are each connected to the adjacent concrete structure module 21 by means of a separate edge connection 40. The area of ​​local reinforcement 19 shown without concrete cover illustrates the interlocking of the yarn loops 34, each belonging to the local reinforcement 19 of the two adjacent concrete structure modules 21.

[0067] Furthermore, a shear reinforcement 36, a box-shaped reinforcement made of a textile grid-like structure, is shown, which engages both in the two shells of the sandwich element and also represents the connection and spacing structure between the two shells.

[0068] Furthermore, the tubular reinforcement element 1 is provided, which enables the introduction and dissipation of high forces in the intended direction. The reinforcement element 1 can also dissipate forces across several concrete structure modules 21. For this purpose, a strand 9 is inserted into the interior of the reinforcement element 1. The strand 9 connects several concrete structure modules 21 to one another and can absorb forces globally across the concrete structure modules 21 or the concrete component 20, for example in the event of failure of the edge connection 40, thus ensuring the function of global reinforcement. Bezugszeichenliste

[0069] 1 Reinforcement element 2 Yarn 3, 3' Crossing section 4 Matrix material (concrete component) 5 Coating 6 Inner matrix material 7 Conduit 8 Longitudinal reinforcement 9 Strand 10 Fluid line 11 Electrical line 12, 12' Spiral connecting element 13 Webbing loop 14 Insertion hook 15 Rotational movement 16 Longitudinal movement 17 Cavity 18 Hose 19 Local reinforcement 20 Concrete component 21 Concrete structural module 22 Failure point 23 Necking 24 Rubber profile 34 Yarn loop 36 Shear reinforcement 40 Edge connection

Claims

1. Tubular reinforcement element (1) formed in a grid-like manner from a continuously arranged, intersecting yarn (2), wherein the intersecting sections (3) of the at least one yarn (2) are connected to each other by a cross-connection, wherein the cross-connection of the yarn (2) is effected by a material means, namely bonding or welding, or by a mechanical means, wherein the means determines the shear elasticity of the cross connection, the elasticity during the counter-rotational swivel movement of the intersecting sections (3) about their intersection point in the cross connection, wherein the properties of these connections determine the shear strength of the cross connection against swiveling of the intersecting sections (3) relative to each other and thus the extensibility of the reinforcement element (1) in the direction of a longitudinal axis, wherein higher shear elasticity is accompanied by higher extensibility, characterized in that the reinforcement element (1) is provided with an electrically conductive coating.

2. Reinforcement element according to claim 1, wherein the interior of the reinforcement element (1) is at least partially filled with a cured matrix material (6) which breaks when a component in which the reinforcement element is inserted is overloaded beyond a nominal load and below a reserve load, and wherein the reinforcement element (1) is stretched at the point of breakage and, due to a tensile force acting on the reinforcement element (1), forms a constriction so that the area of the breakage point elongates and at the same time constricts in the transverse direction, and simultaneously activates a load reserve by developing a ductile load-bearing property based on the shear elasticity of the cross connections and holding the component together until the reserve load is exceeded, whereby the bonding is at least partially prevented by applying an inner and / or outer coating which controls the bonding of the yarn (2) to a surrounding matrix material (6).

3. Reinforcement element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a matrix material (6) is provided inside the reinforcement element (1) and a further longitudinal reinforcement (8), at least one electrical conductor (11), at least one fluid conduit (10) and / or an empty conduit (7) are embedded therein.

4. Reinforcement element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein an inner cavity (17) of the reinforcement element (1) is kept free of matrix material (4) of a concrete component (20).

5. Reinforcement element according to claim 3, wherein the wall of the empty pipe (7) is designed to be airtight and watertight, or according to claim 4, wherein the wall of the cavity (17) is designed to be airtight and watertight.

6. Reinforcement element according to one of the preceding claims, comprising an inner and / or outer coating (5), whereby a connection to a surrounding matrix material (4) can be controlled.

7. Reinforcement element according to one of the preceding claims, which is electrically conductive.

8. Method for manufacturing a reinforcement element according to one of claims 1 to 7 by weaving, braiding, laying, or winding the grid structure from a yarn (2), wherein the intersecting sections (3) of the woven and braided yarn (2) are cross-linked by bonding, welding, or sewing, or by heating and cooling a hybrid yarn, characterized in that the properties of these connections determine the shear strength of the cross connection against pivoting of the intersecting sections (3) relative to each other and thus the elasticity of the reinforcing element (1) in the direction of a longitudinal axis, whereby higher shear elasticity is accompanied by higher elasticity.

9. Method according to claim 8, wherein a cavity (17) is created inside the reinforcing element (1) embedded in the matrix material (4).

10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the cavity (17) is created in such a way that an airtight tube (18) is inserted into the interior of the reinforcement element (1), the tube (18) is expanded by applying fluid pressure to a diameter or cross-sectional shape corresponding to the diameter or cross-sectional shape of the cavity (17) to be created, the matrix material (4) is applied, and after the matrix material has cured (4) the fluid pressure is released.

11. Global reinforcement for a concrete component, comprising at least one reinforcement element according to one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that the at least one reinforcement element (1) is connected by means of at least one connecting element (12, 12', 13) to a local reinforcement (19) or to a further reinforcement element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 7, directly or at a distance, wherein the empty tube (7) according to claim 3 or the cavity (17) according to claim 5, so that the concrete component (20) is connected to at least one other adjacent concrete component (20) in a force-conducting manner.

12. Global reinforcement according to claim 11, wherein the connecting element is designed as a strap loop (13) or spiral-shaped connecting element (12, 12').

13. Use of a reinforcement element according to one of claims 1 to 7 as confinement reinforcement, prestressing duct, ductility reinforcement, fluid conduit, power conduit, or for electrical functions.

14. Concrete component consisting of concrete structure modules (72) comprising yarn loops (34) connected to the concrete component (70) by means of at least one edge connector (40), at least one transverse force reinforcement (36) and / or at least one tubular reinforcement element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 7.