Protective device and slope stabilization

Description

State of the art

[0001] The invention relates to a protective device according to the preamble of claim 1, a use of the protective device according to claim 13, a method for manufacturing the protective device according to the preamble of claim 14 and a method for assembling the protective device according to claim 17.

[0002] A protective device has already been proposed that includes a mat element which is intended to be spread over a surface to be protected and which is made up at least to a large extent of a non-woven composite with a large number of fibers.

[0003] From KR 2011 0098188 A, a vegetation mat for the restoration of a forest after a forest fire is known, which has a vegetation layer with plant seeds arranged between two non-woven layers of a biodegradable material.

[0004] From KR 2014 0074582 A a slope vegetation structure is known which has a composition for slope vegetation and a net element to be arranged on the surface of an embankment that prevents the embankment from sliding down.

[0005] US 2010 / 248574 A1 describes a two-layer woven geotextile consisting of two interwoven layers of fibers, typically made of thermoplastics such as polyamide, polyimide, polyester, and other polymers. The geotextile is used to cover exposed soil layers and prevent erosion from wind and water currents. The two layers are made of different materials, and shrinkage due to temperature changes causes them to separate.

[0006] The object of the invention is, in particular, to provide a generic device with advantageous protective properties, which is also particularly environmentally friendly. This object is achieved according to the invention by the features of claims 1, 13, 14 and 17, while advantageous embodiments and further developments of the invention can be found in the dependent claims. Advantages of the invention

[0007] The invention relates to a protective device, in particular an erosion control device and / or a drainage device, preferably a geotextile, with a mat element which is at least intended to be spread over a surface to be protected, and which is formed at least to a large extent from a, in particular three-dimensional, nonwoven-like, in particular random-weave-like, composite with a plurality of fibers.

[0008] It is proposed that the fibers be designed as biodegradable plastic fibers. This allows for particularly advantageous protective properties while maintaining high environmental compatibility. Advantageously, the protective device weathers without leaving environmentally harmful and / or unnatural residues, especially free of plastic residues, particularly macro-, micro-, and / or nanoplastic residues, which are not biodegradable even on long timescales, and / or free of (heavy) metallic residues. This advantageously results in good environmental compatibility, making it particularly suitable for use in ecologically sensitive regions. Furthermore, high biocompatibility can be advantageously achieved, especially with the vegetation and / or fauna surrounding the protective device.For example, the risk of harm to organisms that ingest fibers from the protective device and / or the accumulation of microplastics in the food chain can be advantageously minimized. The mat element made from biodegradable plastic fibers has a longer lifespan under the same weathering conditions than erosion control mats made from biodegradable natural materials such as coconut fibers, reed fibers, jute fibers, or the like. This allows for erosion control to be ensured over a period of years (instead of months) while still guaranteeing high environmental compatibility. Furthermore, the mat element made from biodegradable plastic fibers has a comparable lifespan and / or durability (tear resistance, etc.) to currently used erosion control mats made of polypropylene (PP), which form micro- and nanoplastic particles when weathered.In particular, it is conceivable that the mat element has further components, especially fibers, and in particular that further components, especially fibers, are added to the composite; however, preferably the mat element is predominantly and preferably completely made of the biodegradable plastic fibers.

[0009] The protective device is intended, in particular, for the protection, especially erosion control, of sloping terrain, specifically for slope and / or bank stabilization, for example in civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, and / or road construction, and / or preferably within the framework of geotechnical stabilization structures. The protective device is specifically intended for use in bioengineering construction projects. Alternatively or additionally, the protective device is intended for the drainage of a surface, for example, soil, especially the floor of a building, or a roof, especially a flat roof of a building. In this case, the mat element forms a drainage mat. Alternatively or additionally, the protective device can be intended for use in agriculture, for example, for the protection of crops.For example, in strawberry cultivation, the protective device can be placed under the ripening strawberries on the plant as an alternative to wood wool or similar materials, so that they do not come into contact with the soil.

[0010] Alternatively or additionally, the protective device is intended to facilitate and / or enable the revegetation of a site, particularly a sloping site. In particular, the protective device, preferably at least the biodegradable plastic fibers of the protective device, is designed to have completely disappeared, in particular to have decomposed, after a period of time that can be specified, for example, after one, two, three or more growing seasons, depending in particular on the design of the plastic fibers (thickness, length, shape, number, etc.) and / or on the design of the composite (fiber density, type and / or degree of fiber entanglement, etc.).For example, a protective device designed for the rapid revegetation of an area with a fertile topsoil layer incorporates a relatively fast-decomposing mat element, which is almost completely decomposed after just one or two growing seasons. Alternatively, a protective device designed for an area with barren, infertile soils, such as stony or very steep slopes, is designed to decompose relatively slowly, only decomposing after several growing seasons, for example, four, five, six, or more. Advantageously, the decomposition time of the synthetic fibers can be adjusted by modifying the composition of the nonwoven composite and / or adapted to expected weather conditions. The protective device, particularly the geotextile, is designed specifically as an embankment mat and / or as a ground cover mat.

[0011] The term "geotextile" is understood to mean, in particular, a two-dimensional or three-dimensional textile that is water-permeable and used as a construction material in the fields of civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, and road construction, and / or for geotechnical stabilization work. Preferably, a geotextile is intended for separation, drainage, filtration, reinforcement, protection, wrapping, and / or erosion control. In particular, the geotextile is designed as a geotextile. "Intended" is understood to mean, in particular, specifically programmed, designed, and / or equipped. The fact that an object is intended for a specific function is understood to mean, in particular, that the object fulfills and / or performs this specific function in at least one application and / or operating condition.

[0012] The term "plastic fiber" is understood to mean, in particular, a fiber consisting of macromolecules whose main chemical component is at least a synthetically or semi-synthetically produced polymer with organic groups and / or regenerated cellulose. Preferably, the plastic fiber is a polymer fiber, more preferably a synthetic fiber, and / or a regenerated fiber, more preferably a viscose fiber. In particular, a plastic fiber forms a staple fiber, which is preferably extruded using a melt spinning process with the aid of screen plates. Alternatively, however, it is also conceivable that the plastic fiber forms an extruded monofilament. In particular, compared to geotextiles made of natural fibers, for example jute, reed, and / or coconut fibers, the rate of biological decomposition can be advantageously slowed. Plastic fibers are also advantageously less susceptible to mold growth.Advantageously, the plastic fibers exhibit low water absorption, which further reduces the risk of mold growth. In particular, the plastic fibers have a round, oval, trilobal, and / or angular cross-section. At least some of the plastic fibers are staple fibers, and preferably all of them are staple fibers. Alternatively or additionally, at least some of the plastic fibers can be continuous fibers.

[0013] The phrase "three-dimensional composite" used by the plastic fibers means, in particular, that individual plastic fibers among the multitude of plastic fibers are / can be oriented in different directions encompassing all three spatial dimensions, and / or that the plastic fibers, in particular, exhibit an orientation, at least partially and / or section by section, in a direction perpendicular to the planar spreading direction of the protective device. Specifically, different sections of a plastic fiber can be oriented in at least two different spatial directions, preferably in at least three different spatial directions. In particular, the entire mat element is three-dimensional. Specifically, the mat element is a planar, spreadable, three-dimensional nonwoven textile.Preferably, the protective device, due to its three-dimensional structuring, has an extension perpendicular to the planar direction of propagation, in particular a thickness that is greater than four times, preferably six times, advantageously eight times, particularly advantageously ten times, preferably twenty times, and most preferably less than one hundred times the mean diameter of the plastic fibers, in particular the mean diameter of the plastic fibers of a fiber type with the largest diameter of all fiber types. In particular, the mat element and / or the composite has cavities. In particular, the protective device, preferably the mat element and / or the composite, is not opaque. Alternatively, however, it is also conceivable that the mat element is opaque. Alternatively, it is also conceivable that the mat element is at least substantially flat, in particular extending two-dimensionally.In particular, the mat element is free of any superstructure, especially a pyramid-like superstructure. Preferably, the surfaces of the mat element, especially of the composite, are at least substantially flat and / or free of periodically, grid-like, or randomly arranged protrusions. Preferably, the mat element is water-permeable. In particular, individual plastic fibers are formed as solid bodies, which are preferably free of any materials other than the biodegradable plastic(s), possible additives for controlling biodegradability, and / or possible dyes. Alternatively, at least some of the plastic fibers can form a core-sheath structure in which a core made of at least one other material, for example, a natural fiber such as coconut or jute fiber, is surrounded by a sheath of biodegradable plastic.Such a core-sheath structure allows for advantageous control of the liquid absorption capacity of natural fibers. A "composite with a multitude of fibers" is to be understood in particular as a combination of parts, i.e., in this case predominantly fibers, into a unit, i.e., in this case, the mat element.

[0014] The three-dimensionality of the composite material is specifically designed to ensure that, during sowing, plant seeds become trapped within the structure and thus remain in place even on sloping terrain, preventing them from being washed away by rain or similar factors. Furthermore, seeds trapped in the three-dimensional structure are advantageously exposed to favorable germination conditions, particularly by being protected from excessively moist and / or dry conditions that could hinder successful germination. For example, the seeds are kept away from overly damp substrates such as puddles (preventing rotting) while simultaneously being supplied with sufficient moisture through dew formation on the large surface areas of the plastic fibers (promoting germination). Additionally, the three-dimensionality of the composite material effectively stabilizes the soil, especially by providing the mat element with a beneficially high degree of sliding friction.

[0015] The requirement that at least the plastic fibers are biodegradable means, in particular, that the plastic fibers are made of a biodegradable plastic. Preferably, all plastic fibers of the mat element and / or at least of the composite are biodegradable. In particular, the biodegradable plastic fibers are free of oxo-degradable plastics. Specifically, the biodegradable plastic fibers are free of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, and / or polypropylene.

[0016] The term "biodegradable" is understood to mean, in particular, biodegradable and / or biodegradable. Specifically, a biodegradable plastic fiber is designed to decompose largely into carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and sieveable residues of low, preferably negligible, ecotoxicity within an ecologically acceptable timeframe. Preferably, at least 90% of the organic components of the plastic fiber decompose into CO₂ and / or H₂O within the ecologically acceptable timeframe. In particular, the decomposition of the biodegradable plastic fibers occurs, at least to a large extent, through microorganisms and / or water, or with the aid of water. In particular, the decomposition of the biodegradable plastic fiber leads to a preferably complete conversion of the biodegradable plastic fiber into CO₂, H₂O, and / or biomass.Preferably, 90% of the remaining portion of the plastic fiber that has not been converted to CO₂ can be sieved through a sieve with a maximum sieve hole diameter of 2 mm after the ecologically acceptable period has elapsed. The ecologically acceptable period is, in particular, at least one year, preferably at least 1.5 years, advantageously at least two years, more preferably at least three years, and most preferably at least five years. Furthermore, the ecologically acceptable period is, in particular, at most 50 years, more preferably at most 35 years, more advantageously at most 25 years, more advantageously at most 15 years, more preferably at most 10 years, and most preferably 5 years.In particular, the residues of the plastic fiber show no concentrations of the elements zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, molybdenum, selenium, arsenic, and fluorine, or only low concentrations of these elements that do not exceed the limits specified in the standard DIN EN 13432:2000. Preferably, the residues of the plastic fiber, especially in contrast to residues of polyvinyl chloride, show no concentrations of hydrogen chloride. In particular, the plastic fibers do not produce any negative effects on a natural composting process. In particular, test fibers identically formed to the plastic fibers meet at least the aforementioned conditions for ecotoxicity, sieving, and conversion to CO₂ within an ecologically acceptable timeframe when the test fibers undergo a test trial under the conditions specified in the standard. DIN ENThe material is subjected to the composting conditions specified in ISO 14855:2004-10. Preferably, the biodegradable plastic fibers are made at least largely, and preferably entirely, from bio-based, particularly non-fossil, raw materials. In particular, the biodegradable plastic fibers are completely metabolizable to biomass by organisms, especially microorganisms. Advantageously, the service life of the mat element depends on the presence and / or concentration of microorganisms. This advantageously allows weathering to occur significantly faster at an installation site with abundant vegetation, i.e., many microorganisms, compared to a site with little vegetation and few microorganisms (deserts, etc.).In areas with vegetation, after the biological decomposition of the mat element, the vegetation takes over the protective effect, especially the erosion effect, while in areas with little vegetation, the protective effect can be advantageously generated by the mat element for a long time.

[0017] The term "nonwoven composite" refers specifically to a composite forming a nonwoven fabric. Specifically, a nonwoven composite is understood to be a structure made of fibers of limited length, filaments, and / or cut yarns that have been joined together in some way to form a nonwoven (a layer of fibers) and bonded together in some way, excluding the interlacing and / or entanglement of yarns, as occurs in weaving, knitting, crocheting, lacemaking, braiding, and the production of tufted goods. In particular, a nonwoven composite is a nonwoven, non-knitted, non-woven, and non-braided structure. A nonwoven fabric, in particular, is a flexible textile structure whose main structural elements are fibers.In particular, a nonwoven fabric has a comparatively small thickness relative to its length and width. In particular, the nonwoven fabric differs from film-like structures. In particular, the nonwoven fabric differs from fiber-reinforced plastic structures. In particular, the nonwoven fabric differs from paper. In particular, a nonwoven fabric can be formed as a felt, especially a needle-punched felt. Preferably, the term "nonwoven fabric" in this document shall be understood according to the definition in the standard DIN EN ISO 9092:2012-01, more preferably according to the definition in the standard DIN EN ISO 9092:2019-08. A "randomly woven composite" shall be understood to mean, in particular, a nonwoven composite that forms a randomly woven nonwoven, especially a randomly woven nonwoven.In particular, the random web is designed as an anisotropic nonwoven, preferably a carded nonwoven, which has a preferred fiber orientation. Specifically, the carded nonwoven consists at least predominantly of fibers exhibiting a common preferred direction, in particular a preferred surface direction and / or a preferred spatial direction. Alternatively, it is conceivable that the random web is designed as an isotropic nonwoven, which is preferably free of a preferred fiber orientation. In this case, the random web would consist at least predominantly, preferably entirely, of fibers exhibiting any desired surface direction, preferably any desired spatial direction.Furthermore, the nonwoven fabric would consist at least largely, preferably entirely, of fibers that are distributed relatively evenly in all directions of the nonwoven, preferably in any plane direction, and preferably in all spatial directions. In particular, the nonwoven fabric, preferably the nonwoven fabric with random lay, can be designed, and especially manufactured, as a needle-punched nonwoven.

[0018] If the fibers comprise a biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) plastic, or preferably are made from and / or manufactured from biodegradable PLA plastic, a protective device with advantageous protective properties and high environmental compatibility can be achieved. Advantageously, PLA plastic has at least a substantially neutral CO2 balance, as it can be advantageously obtained from renewable raw materials, thereby avoiding negative impacts on the climate and thus on the frequency of extreme weather events. Furthermore, PLA fibers advantageously exhibit particularly stable, and especially consistent, tensile strength even after significant weathering. In addition, PLA fibers exhibit advantageously high UV resistance, particularly even without added UV stabilizers.This allows for a longer service life than natural fibers such as coconut, reed, or jute fibers. Advantageously, a service life comparable to PP fibers can be achieved, with the added benefit of biodegradability. PLA fibers are also advantageously more hydrophobic, at least compared to PP fibers. Furthermore, PLA fibers are advantageously spinnable and / or extrudable. PLA fibers are also advantageously flame-retardant. Preferably, all plastic fibers are at least partially composed of PLA. Preferably, all plastic fibers are entirely composed of PLA.

[0019] Furthermore, if at least a substantial portion of all fibers of the composite, preferably all fibers of the composite, are stretched, particularly pre-stretched, the protective properties of the protective device can be advantageously improved. This can also advantageously increase durability, particularly service life. Additionally, this can advantageously increase the tensile strength of the fibers. The term "pre-stretched" is understood to mean, in particular, before insertion into the nonwoven fabric and / or before assembly into the nonwoven fabric. A "substantial portion" of the fibers is understood to mean, in particular, at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, advantageously at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least a large proportion of all fibers of the composite. A "large proportion" is understood to mean, in particular, 51%, preferably 66%, advantageously 75%, most advantageously 85%, and preferably 95%.Particularly preferred are all fibers of the composite stretched, especially pre-stretched. Stretching, in particular, leads to a change in the material properties of the fiber, including partial crystallization, and especially at least an increase in the partially crystallized fraction, of the originally predominantly amorphous PLA plastic. In particular, by designing the mat element as a nonwoven fabric and / or by pre-stretching the fibers, it is advantageous to avoid using other types of plastic besides PLA, while simultaneously achieving sufficiently high stability and / or usability, especially compared to previous mat elements.Nevertheless, it is conceivable that at least some of the fibers comprise or are formed from another biocompatible and / or biodegradable plastic, such as a plastic from the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) group, such as polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHBV), a polycaprolactone (PCL) plastic, a polybutylene succinate (PBS) plastic, a polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) plastic, and / or a blend, particularly a spinnable blend, of at least two of the aforementioned biodegradable plastics. For further properties of the aforementioned plastics, reference is made in particular to the German patent application with application number 10 2018 123 477.5.

[0020] Furthermore, if at least a substantial portion of all fibers in the composite, preferably all fibers, are pre-deformed and / or pre-corrugated, the protective properties of the protective device can be advantageously improved. Improved cohesion of the composite can be advantageously achieved, particularly through higher frictional forces and / or a higher degree of interlocking. This can advantageously result in increased tensile strength of the mat element. In particular, pre-deformed and / or pre-corrugated fibers are odd in their initial state, preferably before being added to or joined to the composite. Specifically, the pre-deformed and / or pre-corrugated fibers are each bent multiple times in their initial state, preferably in different directions. However, it is also conceivable that the fibers are neither pre-deformed nor pre-corrugated.

[0021] Furthermore, it is proposed that the mat element have a basis weight of less than 400 g / m², preferably less than 350 g / m², and more preferably less than 300 g / m², particularly with a thickness of at least 0.5 cm, preferably at least 1 cm, more preferably at least 2 cm, more preferably at least 3 cm, and most preferably at least 4 cm. This advantageously keeps the weight of the protective device low. It also advantageously facilitates installation, particularly in rough and / or sloping terrain, thereby significantly reducing the workload for installation personnel and / or significantly increasing their safety. In addition, material costs can be advantageously kept low.Advantageously, by stretching and / or pre-deforming the fibers, an increase in the strength and / or stability of the mat element can be achieved, so that the basis weight, especially compared to a mat element with unstretched and / or non-pre-deformed fibers, can be reduced without resulting in a reduction in stability and / or strength.

[0022] In particular, it is also conceivable that the mat element has a basis weight of less than 499 g / m².

[0023] Furthermore, it is proposed that at least a substantial portion of all fibers, preferably all fibers of the composite, have a specific gravity, in particular a density, that is greater than the specific gravity, in particular the density, of water, especially under standard conditions. This advantageously enhances the protective effect, preferably an erosion control effect, of the protective device. In particular, it advantageously improves the contact of the protective mat with the surface to be protected. It can also be advantageously achieved that even in heavy rainfall and / or flooding, the mat element does not float, unlike, for example, PP fibers, which have a lower specific gravity than water and would therefore float.Specific gravity is understood to mean, in particular, a unit weight that preferably describes the ratio of the weight of a body, especially a fiber, to a volume of the body, especially the fiber. Specific gravity is specifically assigned the SI unit Nm⁻³. In particular, the specific gravity of one of the PLA fibers is approximately 12.2 kNm⁻³. In particular, the specific gravity of water is approximately 9.8 kNm⁻³. In particular, the specific gravity of a PP fiber is approximately 9.3 kNm⁻³. In particular, at least a substantial proportion of all fibers, preferably all fibers of the composite, have a specific gravity, in particular a density, which is greater than the specific gravity, in particular the density, of PP fibers, especially under standard conditions. "Standard conditions" are understood to mean, in particular, normal physical conditions (temperature = 273.15 K, pressure = 1.01325 bar).

[0024] It is further proposed that the fibers, in particular at least one type of fiber, have an average length of at most 20 cm, preferably at most 15 cm, and more preferably at most 10 cm. This allows for a particularly advantageous balance between the highest possible tensile strength of the mat element and the simplicity and / or efficiency of the manufacturing process for the fibers and / or the bonding with the fibers. In particular, the average length of the fibers is at most 30 times, preferably at most 20 times, and more preferably 15 times the average thickness of the mat element. In particular, the average length of the fibers is at least 2 cm, preferably at least 3 cm, more preferably at least 4 cm, and most preferably at least 6 cm.

[0025] It is further proposed that at least a substantial portion of all fibers of the composite, preferably all fibers of the composite, contain, in particular specifically added, color pigments which are, in particular, completely biocompatible and / or biodegradable. This advantageously allows for a particularly high level of environmental compatibility, especially by ensuring that as many, preferably all, components of the protective device, particularly the mat element, are completely biocompatible and / or biodegradable. Preferably, the color pigments are natural pigments. Alternatively, however, the color pigments can also be biocompatible and / or biodegradable synthetic pigments. In particular, the color pigments are an integral component of the fibers. Specifically, the color pigments are added to the PLA plastic during the fiber production process.Alternatively, it is also conceivable that the fibers are at least largely covered on a surface by a layer of paint containing the color pigments or by a layer consisting of the color pigments. In In this case, the fibers, or at least a portion of them, are painted and / or coated. Preferably, the fibers are pre-colored, particularly pre-painted and / or pre-coated, especially before being added to the composite and / or before being assembled into the composite. Preferably, the color pigments give the fibers a natural color, one that occurs frequently in nature, such as a brown tone (earth), a green tone (vegetation), a gray tone (rock), a yellow tone (sand), and / or a mixture thereof. Advantageously, the color of the mat element can be flexibly adapted to the color of the surroundings at an installation site.

[0026] Furthermore, it is proposed that at least a substantial portion of all fibers, in particular all fibers forming the composite, have a diameter of less than 2 mm, preferably less than 1 mm. This advantageously allows the weight of the protective device to be kept low. Advantageously, this facilitates assembly, particularly in rough and / or sloping terrain, thereby significantly reducing the workload for assembly personnel and / or significantly increasing their safety. Advantageously, stretching and / or pre-deforming the fibers can increase the strength and / or stability of the mat element, allowing the fiber diameter to be reduced, especially compared to a mat element with unstretched and / or unstretched fibers, without compromising stability and / or strength.Furthermore, a highly advantageous flexibility of the mat element can be achieved, which allows it to adapt particularly well to the topography of the surface to be protected. In particular, at least a substantial portion of all fibers, preferably all fibers forming the composite, have a fineness of less than 350 dtex, preferably less than 300 dtex, advantageously less than 250 dtex, particularly advantageously less than 200 dtex, preferably less than 150 dtex, and most preferably less than 100 dtex. It is also conceivable that at least some of the fibers, for example, fibers of a specific fiber type, have a fineness of less than 50 dtex, preferably less than 31 dtex.

[0027] Furthermore, it is proposed that the fibers comprise at least a multitude of fibers of a first fiber type and at least a multitude of fibers of a second fiber type, wherein the fibers of the first fiber type and the fibers of the second fiber type differ significantly from one another. In particular, advantageous protective properties can be achieved while maintaining high environmental compatibility. Advantageously, the physical properties (area weight, color, tensile strength, etc.) of the mat element can be adjusted by mixing the fiber types. In particular, it is conceivable that the composite comprises at least one or more additional fiber types, each with a multitude of fibers that differ significantly from the fibers of other fiber types.The phrase "substantially different" is to be understood in particular as meaning that at least one property, especially a physical or chemical one, differs between the fiber types at least measurably and / or at least recognizably with the naked eye, preferably by at least 5%, preferably by at least 10%, preferably by at least 25% and particularly preferably by at least 50%.

[0028] Furthermore, it is proposed that the fibers of the first fiber type and the fibers of the second fiber type have significantly different, particularly average, fineness. This advantageously increases the tensile strength of the mat element, especially while maintaining a low basis weight. In this context, the term "fineness" is to be defined specifically in the tex system (see DIN 60905-1:1985-12). "Significantly different finenesses" are to be understood as finenesses whose tex values ​​(preferably expressed in dtex) differ by at least a factor of 1.25, preferably by at least a factor of 1.5, advantageously by at least a factor of 2, particularly advantageously by at least a factor of 4, preferably by at least a factor of 8, and most preferably by at least a factor of 12.For example, the first fiber type can comprise fibers with a fineness of, in particular, 240 dtex, and the second fiber type can comprise fibers with a fineness of, in particular, 30 dtex. In this case, the finenesses would differ by a factor of 8. It is particularly conceivable that the fibers of the first fiber type have a fineness of, in particular, at most 60 dtex, preferably at most 45 dtex, advantageously at most 30 dtex, preferably at most 20 dtex, and most preferably at most 10 dtex. It is particularly conceivable that the fibers of the second fiber type have a fineness of, in particular, at least 150 dtex, preferably at least 200 dtex, advantageously at least 240 dtex, preferably at least 300 dtex, and most preferably at least 350 dtex.

[0029] Furthermore, it is proposed that the fibers of the higher fineness type form friction fibers to increase the tensile strength of the mat element. This advantageously increases the tensile strength of the mat element, particularly while maintaining a low basis weight. Advantageously, the high-fineness friction fibers have a larger total surface area, especially friction surface area, relative to their mass, which advantageously generates increased frictional force, particularly contributing to the cohesion of the mat element. Improved stability of the mat element can also be advantageously achieved. Higher fineness is understood to mean, in particular, a lower tex value.

[0030] Furthermore, it is proposed that the fibers of the first fiber type and the fibers of the second fiber type have significantly different, particularly average, lengths. This advantageously allows for high stability combined with a long service life and / or high tensile strength. In particular, the fibers of the higher fineness fiber type are significantly longer than the fibers of the lower fineness fiber type. "Significantly different lengths" are understood to mean, in particular, lengths that differ by at least a factor of 1.25, preferably at least a factor of 1.5, advantageously at least a factor of 2, particularly advantageously at least a factor of 3, preferably at least a factor of 5, and most preferably at least a factor of 10.In particular, the fibers of the higher fineness type, especially the fibers of the first fiber type, have a length, particularly an average length, of at least 2 cm, preferably at least 4 cm, advantageously at least 6 cm, particularly advantageously at least 9 cm, preferably at least 12 cm, and particularly preferably at least 15 cm. In particular, the fibers of the lower fineness type, especially the fibers of the second fiber type, have a length, particularly an average length, of at most 15 cm, preferably at most 12 cm, advantageously at most 9 cm, particularly advantageously at most 6 cm, preferably at most 4 cm, and particularly preferably at most 2 cm. In particular, the length of a fiber is measured in a straightened state.

[0031] If the fibers of the first fiber type have a first type and / or mixture of color pigments which gives the fibers of the first fiber type a first coloration, and if the fibers of the second fiber type have a second type and / or mixture of color pigments which gives the fibers of the second fiber type a second coloration that differs from the first coloration, in particular significantly, an advantageous color matching can be achieved in a particularly simple way, which in particular allows an adjustment of the coloration of the mat element to different conditions at different installation locations.

[0032] Furthermore, if the first and second colorations are designed to create a camouflage effect in combination, the mat element can be advantageously adapted to the environment of an installation site. This can advantageously minimize the impact on and / or impairment of local fauna. In particular, it can reduce the disruption of natural camouflage, especially cryptis, of native fauna. This can further enhance environmental compatibility. Additionally, unwanted color pollution of the environment, for example from partially decomposed remnants of a mat element, can be prevented. For instance, the fibers of the first fiber type could have brown pigments, while the fibers of the second fiber type could have green pigments. Alternatively, the fibers of the first fiber type could have pigments of a first shade of a color (e.g.,dark green) and at the same time the fibers of the second fiber type of a second shade of the same color (e.g. light green).

[0033] It is further proposed that at most 10% of the mat element, preferably at most 5%, particularly of the biodegradable fibers of the mat element, be biodegraded and / or disintegrated after a period of one year, preferably after a period of two years, under controlled composting conditions, preferably in accordance with DIN EN ISO 14855:2004-10. This advantageously allows for a longer service life than that of natural fibers (coconut, reed, jute, etc.) while simultaneously ensuring complete biodegradability. Advantageously, this can further improve the protective effect of the barrier. The composting test is preferably carried out under the composting conditions specified in DIN EN ISO 14855:2004-10 and / or those listed below.The controlled composting conditions include, in particular, mixing the biodegradable plastic fibers with an inoculum, which is preferably well-aerated compost from an aerobic composting facility and is at least substantially free of larger inert objects. The biodegradable plastic fibers are, in particular, shredded to such an extent that the total surface area of ​​individual fiber particles is less than 2 cm x 2 cm. The ratio of total dry matter to the total inoculum of the composting experiment is, in particular, between 5:10 and 5.5:10. The ratio of organic dry matter to the total inoculum of the composting experiment is, in particular, less than 1.5:10. The ratio of organic dry matter to the total dry matter of the composting experiment is, in particular, less than 3:10.The pH value of a mixture of one part inoculum and five parts deionized water is, in particular, between 7.0 and 9.0. The activity of the inoculum in the composting experiment is such that a biodegradable reference material, for example, a TLC cellulose reference film with a particle size of less than 20 µm, releases between 50 mg and 150 mg of CO₂ per gram of organic dry matter within 10 days. Specifically, the mixture of inoculum and biodegradable plastic fibers is subjected to the composting experiment in a container of the test composting system with an internal volume of at least 3 liters, the container being filled to at least two-thirds with the mixture of inoculum and biodegradable plastic fibers. The filled container of the test composting system is, in particular, exposed to a constant temperature of 58°C ± 2°C and a water-saturated atmosphere that is at least substantially CO₂-free.The container of the test composting system is shaken weekly during the composting trial. The water content of the mixture of inoculum and biodegradable plastic fibers is maintained at a constant level of at least 50%. The pH value of the mixture of inoculum and biodegradable plastic fibers remains between 7.0 and 9.0 throughout the entire composting trial.

[0034] Furthermore, it is proposed that the protective device include a reinforcing element, particularly a mesh-like one, which is connected to the mat element. This advantageously enhances the protective effect, especially the erosion protection effect, of the protective device. The reinforcing element can be made of a plastic, particularly a biodegradable plastic, and / or a metal. The reinforcing element is particularly spread over a flat surface. Specifically, the reinforcing element is arranged and / or spread at least substantially parallel to the mat element. In particular, the reinforcing element and the mat element overlap at least to a significant extent.In particular, the reinforcing element has a tensile strength that is significantly greater, in particular at least 10 times greater, preferably at least 100 times greater, preferably at least 500 times greater, and most preferably at least 1000 times greater, than the tensile strength of the mat element. In particular, the reinforcing element has a structure that is at least substantially regular. In particular, the net-like reinforcing element comprises regularly arranged and / or regularly shaped meshes. In particular, the net-like reinforcing element is braided, woven, welded, or the like.In particular, the reinforcing element is formed from longitudinal elements having a diameter, especially a mean diameter, that is at least twice, preferably at least three times, advantageously at least four times, preferably at least five times, and particularly preferably at least ten times larger than the average diameter of the fibers of the composite, especially the fibers of the fiber type with the thickest fibers. The reinforcing element can, for example, be designed as a metal or plastic grid or as a metal or plastic braid. The term "connected" is to be understood in particular as being force-fit, material-fit, and / or preferably connected by a connecting element, preferably by a seam. In particular, the reinforcing element is connected to the mat element in such a way that a movement of one of the two elements causes a movement of the other.In particular, the connection goes beyond simply placing the reinforcement element and the mat element on top of each other. However, it is also conceivable that the protective device is designed without a reinforcement element.

[0035] Furthermore, it is proposed that the reinforcing element be arranged above and / or below the mat element. This advantageously enhances the protective effect, particularly the erosion protection effect, of the protective device. Preferably, the reinforcing element is arranged above the mat element. Preferably, in an assembled state, the mat element is positioned between the surface to be protected and the reinforcing element. Alternatively, however, it is also conceivable that the reinforcing element is integrated into the mat element and / or that the reinforcing element is woven around the mat element.

[0036] Additionally, it is proposed that the protective device include at least one connecting element designed to join the mat element and the reinforcement element. This advantageously ensures a reliable connection between the components of the protective device. This, in turn, further enhances the protective effect of the device. In particular, the connecting element is made of a biocompatible material. This advantageously ensures a particularly high level of environmental compatibility. Specifically, the connecting element is designed as a clamp, a clip, or one or more threads, such as a seam, a loop, and / or a knot. The connecting element can be either rigid or flexible.Preferably, the protective device comprises a plurality of connecting elements, which are distributed, in particular, at regular or irregular intervals over a surface area of ​​the protective device. In particular, the connecting element is designed to provide a relatively loose connection between the mat element and the reinforcement element. Preferably, the connecting element allows some play, in particular movement, of the mat element relative to the reinforcement element in the direction of the reinforcement element. In particular, the mat element, when attached to the reinforcement element by the connecting element, is at least partially spaced away from the reinforcement element. In particular, the mat element is suspended from the reinforcement element by the connecting element at a distance which is, in particular, at least 1 cm, preferably at least 2 cm, advantageously at least 3 cm, more preferably at least 4 cm, and most preferably at least 5 cm.In particular, the mat element, when attached to the reinforcement element by the connecting element, hangs freely below the reinforcement element without touching it. This advantageously allows the mat element to conform as freely and / or as closely as possible to the surface to be protected after installation, especially if the surface to be protected is uneven.

[0037] Furthermore, if the connecting element is biodegradable, a particularly high level of environmental compatibility can be advantageously ensured. For example, the connecting element can be made at least partially or entirely of PLA plastic. Preferably, however, the connecting element is made of a different material than the mat element. It is conceivable that the connecting element has a comparable, a longer, or a shorter service life under identical environmental conditions than the mat element. Preferably, the connecting element has a significantly shorter service life than the mat element. Preferably, a connection created by the connecting element between the mat element and the reinforcing element deteriorates under weathering conditions within a few days, a few weeks, or a few months.

[0038] Furthermore, it is proposed that the connecting element be designed to dissolve upon exposure to the elements, particularly water (e.g., rainwater) and / or sunlight (e.g., UV radiation). This advantageously enhances the protective effect of the barrier. Specifically, after installation on the surface to be protected, the mat element advantageously separates from the reinforcing element, ensuring a particularly tight fit of the mat element to the surface and, at the same time, simple installation using the easily laid, stiffer, and more stable reinforcing element. A high level of erosion protection can be advantageously achieved by the mat element lying directly and tightly on the surface. Simultaneously, additional protection against rockfall or similar effects can be advantageously achieved by the stable reinforcing element stretched across the surface.In particular, the connecting element is made of a water-soluble and / or UV-degradable material, especially plastic. For example, the connecting element can be a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thread. It is particularly conceivable that, after the protective device has been installed on a surface, the connecting element is deliberately sprayed with water to accelerate and / or cause the mat element to detach from the reinforcing element.

[0039] If the reinforcement element, especially with the connecting element, is sewn to the mat element, a simple, especially easy-to-manufacture, and reliable connection between the mat element and the reinforcement element can be advantageously achieved.

[0040] Furthermore, if the reinforcing element is designed as a wire mesh, a particularly high stability of the protective device and thus a particularly high level of protection can be advantageously achieved. The protective device with the wire mesh advantageously exhibits high strength and / or stability. The wire mesh is advantageously designed to retain the soil and / or rock of the area to be protected. This advantageously ensures a high level of safety. In particular, the wire mesh has a regular mesh shape. Alternatively, the mesh shape of individual meshes can differ from other meshes and / or the wire mesh can have an irregular mesh shape. In particular, the wire mesh has a rhomboid mesh shape, especially a regular one. This advantageously allows even smaller rock fragments to be reliably contained.Alternatively, the wire mesh can also have a different mesh shape, for example, a square mesh, a hexagonal mesh, and / or a round mesh. In particular, the wire of the wire mesh has a thickness of, for example, approximately 1 mm, approximately 2 mm, approximately 3 mm, approximately 4 mm, approximately 5 mm, approximately 6 mm, approximately 7 mm, or more or less, or a diameter of an intermediate value. Larger, and especially significantly larger, diameters are also conceivable if the longitudinal element comprises several components, in particular several wires, as in the case of a wire rope, a strand, a wire bundle, or the like. In particular, the wire of the wire mesh has a corrosion protection layer, for example, a zinc layer applied by hot-dip galvanizing, an Al / Zn corrosion protection layer, an Al / Zn / Mg corrosion protection layer, or the like.Alternatively, the wire is made of corrosion-resistant and / or stainless steel. In particular, the corrosion protection layer has a mass per unit area of ​​at least 110 g / m², preferably at least 150 g / m², more preferably at least 200 g / m², and most preferably at least 250 g / m². The wire mesh is particularly planar. Preferably, the wire mesh extends over at least a large part of the total planar extent of the protective device, in particular the mat element. Preferably, the wire mesh extends completely over the total planar extent of the protective device, in particular the mat element.

[0041] Furthermore, it is proposed that the wire mesh be formed at least from interwoven helical longitudinal elements. This allows, in particular, the creation of an advantageously structured wire mesh. Advantageously, such a wire mesh exhibits high tensile strength. Advantageously, such a wire mesh, with its protective device, in particular the tangled weave or the nonwoven structure, is designed to be rollable. This advantageously facilitates assembly and / or transport. In particular, a longitudinal element has a longitudinal extent that is at least 10 times, preferably at least 50 times, and preferably at least 100 times greater than a maximum transverse extent perpendicular to the longitudinal extent.In particular, at least one of the helical longitudinal elements, preferably all helical longitudinal elements, is made from at least one single wire, a wire bundle, a strand of wire, a wire rope, and / or another longitudinal element with at least one wire. In particular, the longitudinal elements have the form of a flat, especially flattened, spiral. The helical longitudinal elements have, in particular, at least one first leg, at least one second leg, and at least one bend connecting the first leg and the second leg. Advantageously, adjacent, interwoven helical longitudinal elements are connected via their bends. It is particularly advantageous to connect two bends of different helical longitudinal elements to each other, in particular by hooking them together. In particular, the helical longitudinal elements of the wire mesh have the same direction of rotation.Advantageously, two helical longitudinal elements are knotted together, in particular at one of their first ends and / or at a second end opposite the first ends.

[0042] If the wire mesh comprises at least one wire which is at least partially made of high-strength steel, in particular with a tensile strength of at least 500 N / mm², preferably at least 750 N / mm², advantageously at least 1000 N / mm², particularly advantageously at least 1770 N / mm², preferably at least 2500 N / mm², and most preferably at most 3000 N / mm², a particularly high stability of the protective device can be advantageously achieved, preferably with the lowest possible weight. In particular, this allows for a high level of safety.

[0043] Furthermore, it is proposed that the wire mesh have a three-dimensional, mattress-like structure. This advantageously allows for a high degree of flexibility in the protective device, particularly the wire mesh, with respect to loads in a direction perpendicular to the main plane of extension of the wire mesh. For example, this makes the protective device, especially during installation, advantageously walkable and / or drivable to a limited extent. A "mattress-like structure" is understood to mean, in particular, a three-dimensional planar structure that exhibits a spring capacity in a direction perpendicular to the planar extension of the structure.

[0044] Furthermore, slope stabilization with a protective device is proposed. This allows for the advantageous provision of slope stabilization with a high degree of environmental compatibility.

[0045] Furthermore, the use of this protective device is proposed for the initial planting and / or revegetation of surfaces, particularly those on slopes and / or at risk of erosion. This can facilitate efficient revegetation, especially through favorable germination conditions and / or by preventing the erosion of dispersed seeds during heavy rainfall. Additionally, its use as an erosion control mat for unvegetated slopes, as a drainage mat in or on soil or on building roofs, and / or for protecting agricultural products, such as fruit, directly at the growing site is proposed.

[0046] Furthermore, a method for manufacturing the protective device, in particular the erosion control device and / or the drainage device, preferably the geotextile, is proposed, in which a mat element, which is at least intended to be spread over a surface to be protected, is produced as a, in particular three-dimensional, nonwoven-like, especially random-weave, composite made of a multitude of biodegradable plastic fibers. This allows, in particular, the production of a protective device with the aforementioned advantageous properties.

[0047] Furthermore, it is proposed that the biodegradable plastic fibers be stretched, in particular pre-stretched, before the production of the nonwoven composite. This can advantageously further improve the protective properties of the protective device. In addition, this can advantageously increase durability, especially service life. Furthermore, this can advantageously increase the tensile strength of the fibers.

[0048] It is further proposed that the biodegradable plastic fibers be pre-formed, in particular pre-crimped, before the production of the nonwoven composite. This advantageously allows for further improvement of the protective properties of the protective device. Improved cohesion of the composite can be advantageously achieved, particularly through higher frictional forces and / or a higher degree of interlocking. This advantageously results in increased tensile strength of the mat element. It is also proposed that the mat element be connected, in particular by sewing, to a reinforcing element, especially a mesh-like one. This advantageously provides a simple, and in particular easily manufactured, and reliable connection between the mat element and the reinforcing element.

[0049] Furthermore, a method for assembling the protective device, in particular the erosion control device and / or the drainage device, preferably the geotextile, is proposed. The mat element, connected to the reinforcing element by a connecting element, is installed on the surface to be protected in such a way that the mat element is positioned between the surface to be protected and the reinforcing element. After installation, the connecting element is dissolved by weathering, so that the mat element separates from the reinforcing element and lies as tightly as possible over the surface to be protected. Advantageously, this allows for a high level of erosion control due to the mat element lying directly and tightly on the surface. At the same time, additional protection against rockfall or the like can be advantageously achieved by the stable reinforcing element stretched across the surface.

[0050] The protective device, the slope stabilization system, and / or the methods according to the invention are not intended to be limited to the application and embodiment described above. In particular, the protective device, the slope stabilization system, and / or the methods according to the invention may, to achieve a functionality described herein, comprise a different number of individual elements, components, process steps, and units than the number specified herein. Drawings

[0051] Further advantages become apparent from the following description of the drawings. The drawings illustrate two exemplary embodiments of the invention. The drawings, the description, and the claims contain numerous features in combination. A person skilled in the art will expediently consider the features individually and combine them into meaningful further combinations.

[0052] They show: Fig. 1a a schematic side section through a slope stabilization system with a protective device and a proposed use of the protective device, Fig. 1b a schematic representation of an alternative use of the protective device, Fig. 2 a schematic top view of a mat element of the protective device, Fig. 3 a schematic side view of the mat element, Fig. 4 an enlarged detail view of a section of the mat element, Fig. 5 a schematic representation of fibers of different fiber types of the mat element, Fig. 6 a schematic flowchart of a method for manufacturing the protective device, Fig. 7 a schematic illustration of a stretching effect on one of the fibers, Fig. 8 a schematic top view of an alternative protective device with a mat element and with a reinforcing element, Fig. 9 a schematic side view of the alternative protective device, Fig.Fig. 10 a flowchart of a method for manufacturing the alternative protective device, Fig. 11 a schematic representation of a manufacturing device for manufacturing the alternative protective device, Fig. 12 a schematic side section through a slope stabilization system with the alternative protective device immediately after installation of the slope stabilization system, Fig. 13 a flowchart of a method for installing the alternative protective device, and Fig. 14 the schematic side section through the slope stabilization system after weathering. Description of the exemplary implementations

[0053] The Fig. 1aFigure 1 shows a lateral section through a slope stabilization device 32a and the underlying soil and / or rock. The slope stabilization device 32a is designed to protect a slope against erosion. It is also designed to protect the slope against landslides and / or the washing away of slope material. Alternatively or additionally, the slope stabilization device 32a can also be designed for drainage. The slope stabilization device 32a includes a protective device 34a. The protective device 34a is designed as an erosion control device. Alternatively or additionally, it can also be designed as a drainage device. The protective device 34a is designed as a geotextile. The protective device 34a has a mat element 10a. The protective device 34a, and in particular at least the mat element 10a, is designed to be spread over a surface 12a to be protected.The protective device 34a, in particular at least the mat element 10a, is designed to cover a surface 12a of the embankment. The protective device 34a, in particular at least the mat element 10a, is designed in a strip-like form and can be rolled up for transport. To cover the surface 12a to be protected, strips of the protective device 34a, in particular at least the mat element 10a, are unrolled on the surface 12a, connected to each other at the side edges of individual strips, and spread and fastened on the surface 12a to be protected by means of tension cables and anchoring elements 36a. Fig. 1a Figure 34a shows the use of the protective device, in particular the mat element 10a, for the initial planting and / or revegetation of surface 12a. Use as an erosion control mat for unvegetated sloping surfaces or as a drainage mat in or on soil is also conceivable. Fig. 1bshows an alternative use of a protective device 34'a for the protection of agricultural products, in this case fruits 72a, in which the protective device 34'a is placed directly at a growing site between the fruits 72a and the ground, so that the fruits 72a do not lie directly on the moist and / or dirty ground.

[0054] The Fig. 2 shows a schematic top view of mat element 10a. The one in the Fig. 2 The exemplary mat element 10a has a basis weight of less than 400 g / m². The mat element 10a comprises a multitude of fibers 16a. The multitude of fibers 16a forms a composite 14a. The composite 14a with the multitude of fibers 16a is three-dimensionally extended (cf. Fig. 3 The composite 14a with the multitude of fibers 16a has a thickness of 38a. The example in Fig. 3The thickness 38a shown is approximately 4 cm. The composite 14a with the multitude of fibers 16a is nonwoven. The composite 14a with the multitude of fibers 16a forms a nonwoven fabric. The composite 14a with the multitude of fibers 16a is randomly oriented. The composite 14a with the multitude of fibers 16a forms a randomly oriented nonwoven fabric. The mat element 10a is formed from the nonwoven composite 14a of the multitude of fibers 16a.

[0055] The fibers 16a of composite 14a are designed as biodegradable fibers 16a. The fibers 16a of composite 14a are designed as plastic fibers 16a. The fibers 16a of composite 14a are designed as biodegradable plastic fibers 16a. The biodegradation of the biodegradable plastic fibers 16a proceeds more slowly than the biodegradation of natural fibers such as reed fibers, jute fibers, or coconut fibers. A maximum of 10% of the mat element 10a, in particular the fibers 16a, is / are biodegraded and / or disintegrated within a period of one year under controlled composting conditions (according to DIN EN ISO 14855:2004-10). The fibers 16a of composite 14a comprise a biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) plastic. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a are made of biodegradable PLA plastic. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a have a specific gravity greater than that of water. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a are stretched.The fibers 16a of the composite 14a are pre-stretched. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a contain specifically added color pigments (not shown). The color pigments are biocompatible. The color pigments are biodegradable.

[0056] The Fig. 4Figure 1 shows a detailed view of a section of mat element 10a. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a, which forms mat element 10a, comprise a first fiber type 18a with a portion of all fibers 16a. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a, which forms mat element 10a, comprise a second fiber type 40a with a further portion of all fibers 16a. The fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a and the fibers 16a of the second fiber type 40a differ significantly from each other. The fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a and the fibers 16a of the second fiber type 40a exhibit significantly different fineness. The fibers 16a of fiber types 18a and 40a with the higher fineness form friction fibers to increase the tensile strength of mat element 10a. The fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a exhibit a significantly higher fineness. In the illustrated case, the fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a form the friction fibers.

[0057] In the Fig. 5As examples, one fiber 16a of the first fiber type 18a and one fiber 16a of the second fiber type 40a are shown. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a are pre-deformed. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a are pre-crimped. The fibers 16a have an average length 20a, 42a of at most 20 cm. The fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a and the fibers 16a of the second fiber type 40a have significantly different average lengths 20a, 42a. In the Fig. 5 In the exemplary case shown, the fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a have an average length 20a of 15 cm. In the Fig. 5 In the exemplary case shown, the fibers 16a of the second fiber type 40a have an average length 42a of 7 cm. The fibers 16a of the composite 14a have an average diameter 22a, 44a of less than 2 mm. In the Fig. 5In the exemplary case shown, the fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a have an average diameter 22a of approximately 0.2 mm. The fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a thus form the friction fibers. In the Fig. 5In the example shown, the fibers 16a of the second fiber type 40a have an average diameter 44a of approximately 1 mm. The fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a have a first type and / or mixture of color pigments, which gives the fibers 16a of the first fiber type 18a a first coloration (indicated by a first hatching). The fibers 16a of the second fiber type 40a have a second type and / or mixture of color pigments, which gives the fibers 16a of the second fiber type 40a a second coloration (indicated by a second hatching). The first coloration differs significantly from the second coloration. The first coloration is, for example, a shade of brown. The second coloration is, for example, a shade of green. The different first and second colorations are intended to create a camouflage effect when combined.

[0058] The Fig. 6Figure 1 shows a flowchart of a process for manufacturing the protective device 34a, in which the mat element 10a is produced as the nonwoven composite 14a from the plurality of biodegradable plastic fibers 16a. In at least one process step 46a, the fibers 16a, in particular the fibers 16a of both fiber types 18a, 40a, are produced from the biodegradable plastic (e.g. PLA), preferably by spinning and / or extrusion. In at least one further process step 48a, the biodegradable plastic fibers 16a are drawn. The fibers 16a are drawn in process step 48a before the nonwoven composite 14a is produced. During the stretching of the fibers 16a, polymer chains inside the fibers 16a partially align, resulting in partial crystallization of the fiber material, in particular an increase in the partially crystallized proportion of the fiber material and thus a strengthening of the fibers 16a (cf.also the illustration of stretching in . Fig. 7In at least one further optional process step 50a, the biodegradable plastic fibers 16a are deformed and / or corrugated. In process step 50a, the fibers 16a are pre-deformed and / or pre-corrugated before the production of the nonwoven composite 14a. In at least one further process step 52a, the biodegradable plastic fibers 16a are cut to defined lengths 20a, 42a. In at least one further process step 54a, the nonwoven composite 14a, in particular the nonwoven fabric, is produced from the fibers 16a, in particular the fibers 16a of the two fiber types 18a, 40a. The nonwoven composite 14a, in particular the nonwoven fabric, is produced in process step 54a, for example, by needling. Alternatively or additionally, other known (mechanical, chemical and thermal) processes for producing the nonwoven fabric from the fibers 16a are also conceivable (e.g. calendering, hydroentanglement, stitching, etc.).

[0059] In the Fig. 7 The stretching effect is illustrated in the upper drawing of Fig. 7 An unstretched fiber 16a, whose polymer chains are essentially disordered and / or undirected, is shown in the lower drawing of Fig. 7 A stretched fiber 16a, whose polymer chains are essentially straightened and / or aligned, can be seen. Straightening the polymer chains increases the proportion of partially crystallized fibers 16a and thus strengthens the fiber 16a.

[0060] In the Figures 8 to 14A further embodiment of the invention is shown. The following descriptions and drawings are essentially limited to the differences between the embodiments, whereby, with regard to identically designated components, in particular components with the same reference numerals, reference is also generally made to the drawings and / or the description of the other embodiments, in particular the Figures 1 to 7 , can be referenced. To distinguish the embodiments, the letter a is the reference numeral of the embodiment in the Figures 1 to 7 recreated. In the exemplary embodiments of the Figures 8 to 14 The letter a is replaced by the letter b.

[0061] The Fig. 8Figure 1 shows a top view of an alternative protective device 34b. The alternative protective device 34b has a mat element 10b. The mat element 10b is formed from a nonwoven composite 14b with a plurality of fibers 16b, wherein the fibers 16b are biodegradable plastic fibers 16b. The alternative protective device 34b has a reinforcing element 24b. The reinforcing element 24b has a net-like form. The reinforcing element 24b is arranged above the mat element 10b. The reinforcing element 24b is formed as a wire mesh 28b. The wire mesh 28b comprises a wire 30b, which is made entirely of high-strength steel. The wire mesh 28b has a three-dimensional, mattress-like structure. The wire mesh 28b is formed from intertwined flat helixes, which form diamond-shaped or square meshes.

[0062] The Fig. 9Figure 1 shows a side view of the alternative protective device 34b with the reinforcing element 24b. The reinforcing element 24b is connected to the mat element 10b. The reinforcing element 24b is sewn to the mat element 10b. The alternative protective device 34b includes a connecting element 26b. The alternative protective device 34b comprises a plurality of connecting elements 26b that are at least substantially identical in construction. The connecting element 26b is designed to connect the mat element 10b and the reinforcing element 24b. The reinforcing element 24b is sewn to the mat element 10b by means of the connecting element 26b. In a horizontal orientation, as exemplified in Figure 26b, the reinforcing element 24b is sewn to the mat element 10b. Fig. 9As shown, the mat element 10b is suspended from the connecting elements 26b below the reinforcing element 24b. The mat element 10b and the reinforcing element 24b do not touch each other. The mat element 10b and the reinforcing element 24b are spaced apart. The connecting element 26b is biodegradable. The connecting element 26b is biocompatible. The connecting element 26b is designed to disintegrate upon exposure to the elements. The mat element 10b is designed to detach from the reinforcing element 24b after the connecting element 26b has disintegrated. The mat element 10b is designed to spread out closely over a surface 12b to be protected after detaching from the reinforcing element 24b.

[0063] The Fig. 10Figure 34b shows a flowchart of a process for manufacturing the alternative protective device. In at least one process step 56b, the mat element 10b is manufactured as described in the document relating to Fig. 6 The disclosed process is described. In at least one further process step 58b, the mat element 10b is connected to the reinforcement element 24b. In process step 58b, the mat element 10b is sewn to the reinforcement element 24b. In process step 58b, the mat element 10b is sewn to the reinforcement element 24b.

[0064] The Fig. 11Figure 6 shows a significantly simplified schematic representation of a manufacturing device 60b for producing the alternative protective device 34b. The manufacturing device 60b is designed as a type of sewing machine. The manufacturing device 60b comprises a dispensing device 62b with a rolled-up mat element 10b and a dispensing device 64b with a rolled-up reinforcement element 24b. The mat element 10b and the reinforcement element 24b are synchronously dispensed from the dispensing devices 62b and 64b and fed to a sewing device 66b of the manufacturing device 60b. The sewing device 66b is designed to sew the mat element 10b and the reinforcement element 24b together, in particular to join them by means of the connecting element 26b.

[0065] The Fig. 12 shows one to the Fig. 1acomparable lateral section through an alternative slope protection 32b with the alternative protective device 34b immediately after the alternative protective device 34b has been installed on the surface 12b. The mat element 10b is still connected to the reinforcement element 24b by means of the connecting element 26b.

[0066] The Fig. 13Figure 68b shows a flowchart of a process for assembling the alternative protective device 34b. In at least one process step 68b, the mat element 10b, connected to the reinforcement element 24b by the connecting element 26b, is installed on the surface 12b to be protected by means of anchoring elements 36b. In process step 68b, the alternative protective device 34b is installed such that the mat element 10b is positioned between the surface 12b to be protected and the reinforcement element 24b. In at least one process step 70b, which can occur spontaneously, for example by rainfall or similar events, or be triggered by external forces, the connecting element 26b is dissolved by water and / or UV radiation after installation. In process step 70b, the mat element 10b is separated from the reinforcement element 24b and sinks to the bottom.In most common installation positions, the mat element 10b will automatically lie as close as possible over the surface 12b to be protected.

[0067] The Fig. 14 shows the one in the Fig. 12 The lateral section shown through an alternative slope stabilization system 32b after the connecting elements 26b have disintegrated. The mat element 10b is no longer connected to the reinforcement element 24b. The mat element 10b rests on the surface 12b. The flexible mat element 10b conforms to the surface 12b. In the section shown in the Fig. 14 In the shown state, the mat element 10b unfolds its maximum erosion protection effect, while the reinforcement element 24b mainly serves to protect against rockfall and / or larger landslides. Reference sign

[0068] 10 Mat element 12 Surface 14 Composite 16 Fiber 18 First fiber type 20 Length 22 Diameter 24 Reinforcement element 26 Connecting element 28 Wire mesh 30 Wire 32 Slope stabilization 34 Protective device 36 Anchoring element 38 Thickness 40 Second fiber type 42 Length 44 Diameter 46 Process step 48 Process step 50 Process step 52 Process step 54 Process step 56 Process step 58 Process step 60 Manufacturing device 62 Unwinding device 64 Unwinding device 66 Sewing device 68 Process step 70 Process step 72 Fruit

Claims

1. Protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) comprising a mat element (10a-b) which is at least intended to be spread out flat over a surface (12a-b) to be protected and to cover this surface to be protected, and which is at least largely formed from a nonwoven composite (14a-b) with a plurality of fibers (16a-b), wherein the fibers (16a-b) are formed as biodegradable plastic fibers, characterized in that at least 90% of the organic components of the plastic fiber decompose into CO2 and / or H2O within an ecologically acceptable period of no more than 50 years, and that no more than 10% of the mat element is biodegraded and / or disintegrated after a period of one year under controlled composting conditions in accordance with the DIN EN ISO 14855:2004-10 standard.

2. Protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers (16a-b) comprise a biodegradable polylactide plastic (PLA).

3. Protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least a substantial portion of all fibers (16a-b) of the composite (14a-b) are preformed and / or pre-curled by stretching.

4. Protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least a substantial portion of all fibers (16a-b) of the composite (14a-b) has color pigments that are biodegradable.

5. Protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least a substantial portion of all fibers (16a-b), in particular all fibers (16a-b) forming the composite (14a-b), have a diameter (22a-b) of less than 2 mm, wherein the protective device has a thickness perpendicular to the direction of flat spreading out, due to a three-dimensional structure, which is greater than 10 times the average diameter of the plastic fibers.

6. Protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fibers (16a-b) comprise at least a plurality of fibers (16a-b) of a first fiber type (18a-b) and at least a plurality of fibers (16a-b) of a second fiber type (40), wherein the fibers (16a-b) of the first fiber type (18a-b) and the second fiber type (40a-b) differ significantly from one another, in particular in that the fibers (16a-b) of the first fiber type (18a-b) and the fibers (16a-b) of the second fiber type (40a-b) have substantially different finenesses, and preferably the fibers (16a-b) of the fiber type (18a-b, 40a-b) with the higher fineness form friction fibers to increase the tensile strength of the mat element (10a-b).

7. Protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) according to claim 6, characterized in that the fibers (16a-b) of the first fiber type (18a-b) and the fibers (16a-b) of the second fiber type (40a-b) have substantially different average lengths (20a-b, 42a-b).

8. Protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the fibers (16a-b) of the first fiber type (18a-b) have a first type and / or mixture of color pigments which give the fibers (16a-b) of the first fiber type (18a-b) a first color, and that the fibers (16a-b) of the second fiber type (40a-b) have a second type and / or mixture of color pigments, which give the fibers (16a-b) of the second fiber type (40a-b) a second coloration that differs from the first coloration.

9. Protective device (34b) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a reinforcing element (24b), in particular a net-like reinforcing element, such as a wire mesh, which is connected to the mat element (10b), wherein the reinforcing element (24b) is arranged above and / or below the mat element (10b), wherein at least one preferably biodegradable connecting element (26b) is further provided, which is intended to connect the mat element (10b) and the reinforcing element (24b) to each other.

10. Protective device (34b) according to claim 9, characterized in that the reinforcing element (24b) is sewn onto the mat element (10b).

11. Protective device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least 51% of the plastic fiber decomposes within an ecologically acceptable period of at least one year and at most 50 years into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and sievable residues of low ecotoxicity that do not contain concentrations of the elements zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, molybdenum, selenium, arsenic, and fluorine, or only low concentrations of the aforementioned elements that do not exceed the limit values specified in DIN EN 13432:2000.

12. Protective device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least some of the plastic fibers form a core-sheath structure in which a core made of at least one different material, for example a natural fiber such as coconut or jute fiber, is surrounded by a sheath made of biodegradable plastic.

13. Use of the protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b) according to one of claims 1 to 12 for revegetation and / or re-vegetation of a surface, in particular a sloping surface and / or a surface at risk of erosion, surface (12a-b), as an erosion protection mat for an unvegetated sloping surface (12a-b), as a drainage mat in or on soil or on a building roof, and / or for protecting agricultural products, for example fruit (72a-b), directly at a cultivation site.

14. Method for manufacturing a protective device (34a; 34'a; 34b), characterized in that a mat element (10a-b), which is at least intended to be spread flat over a surface (12a-b) to be protected and to cover this surface to be supported, is manufactured as a fleece-like composite (14a-b) made of a plurality of biodegradable plastic fibers (16a-b), wherein biodegradable means that at least 90% of the organic components of the plastic fiber decompose into CO2 and / or H2O within an ecologically acceptable period of no more than 50 years, and that no more than 10% of the mat element is biodegraded and / or disintegrated after a period of one year under controlled composting conditions in accordance with the DIN EN ISO 14855:2004-10 standard.

15. Method according to claim 14, characterized in that the biodegradable plastic fibers (16a-b) are stretched and / or preformed, in particular pre-curled, prior to the production of the nonwoven composite (14a-b).

16. method according to one of claims 14 or 15, characterized in that the mat element (10b) is connected, in particular sewn, to a reinforcing element (24b), in particular a net-like reinforcing element.

17. Method for installing a protective device (34b) according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein a mat element (10b) connected to a reinforcing element (24b) by a connecting element (26b) (10b) connected to a reinforcing element (24b) by a connecting element (26b) is installed on a surface (12b) to be protected in such a way that the mat element (10b) is arranged between the surface (12b) to be protected and the reinforcing element (24b), and wherein the connecting element (26b) is dissolved by weathering after installation, so that the mat element (10b) is separated from the reinforcing element (24b) and lies as closely as possible over the surface (12b) to be protected.