COMPONENT, IN PARTICULAR GRADIENT COMPONENT, WITH FLUIDLY CONNECTED CAVES

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a component, preferably a gradient component, made of mineral material (e.g., concrete, reinforced concrete, mortar and / or clay), with at least one reinforcement and a plurality of cavities.

[0002] Conventional solid structural components made of materials such as concrete, mortar, or clay are characterized by a homogeneous material composition within the component. Although it is known that these components exhibit highly inhomogeneous internal stress distribution under static and / or dynamic loads, with parts of the material in the interior subjected to only low stress or not required for the transfer of these stresses, there are currently few approaches to structuring the interior of the component through the targeted creation of cavities in such a way as to reduce the component's weight and, consequently, the resource consumption, the energy required for its production, and the emissions released during its manufacture.

[0003] German patent DE 20 2006 002 540 U1 describes a device by which solid structural components, in particular concrete components, can be manufactured by inserting hollow plastic bodies into a formwork. These components have cavities within their interior. The device is characterized by the fact that it allows no or only very limited adjustment of the cavity sizes and densities within the component. The basic concept is to reduce weight by placing identically sized hollow bodies in a single layer and in an equidistant arrangement relative to each other in plan view. However, this only partially exploits the potential for weight reduction in the components.

[0004] Furthermore, the hollow plastic bodies disclosed in DE 20 2006 002 540 U1 are ballasted with special reinforcement for securing their position before and during concreting, as well as for preventing buoyancy during concreting, and / or are connected to the reinforcement of the concrete component in such a way that removing the hollow plastic bodies, e.g., for recycling after the component's service life, is only possible with very high effort or virtually impossible. The special reinforcement is typically designed as a downward-opening reinforcement cage.

[0005] This allows for the insertion of any necessary upper and lower reinforcement within the component. However, lightweight reinforcement systems require reinforcing bars that are guided in varying heights, i.e., reinforcing bars bent in the vertical plane or bent in a Z-shape. Due to the geometry of the reinforcement cages, these cannot be incorporated in the teaching disclosed in DE 20 2006 002 540 U1, or only with disproportionate effort.

[0006] The teaching disclosed in DE 10 2011 102 337 A1 is based on the approach of grading the properties of a component, particularly a solid one, in at least one of the component's three spatial directions. The devices and methods described therein allow the production of components with properties that continuously change in at least one of the component's three spatial directions. This gradation of properties can be achieved, in particular, by creating, for example, pores and / or incorporating lightweight aggregates. Significant weight savings can be realized with this technique.

[0007] The technique described as "mesogradation" in "Schmeer, D., Sobek, W.: Gradient Concrete. In: Concrete Calendar 2019. Ernst und Sohn, Berlin, 2019" involves placing spherical mineral hollow bodies, usually made of a special mortar, into the formwork for the solid / concrete components. By appropriately selecting the sphere diameters and arrangement, a finely graduated distribution of the internal spaces within the solid / concrete component can be achieved, resulting in a significant weight reduction. Simultaneously, the use of a mineral material for the hollow bodies solves the recycling problem.

[0008] One object of the invention is to provide a component, preferably a gradient component, with which the greatest possible weight reduction can be achieved, but preferably also advantageously enables indoor building temperature control, indoor building ventilation and / or indoor building exhaust. The component should preferably also be, for example, recyclable.

[0009] The problem can be solved by the features of the independent claim. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the dependent claims or will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention.

[0010] The invention relates to a component, preferably a gradient component.

[0011] The component can be a solid component (e.g., especially graded or mesograded).

[0012] The component is made of mineral material (suitable building material), in particular concrete, reinforced concrete, mortar and / or clay.

[0013] The component can be, for example, a building wall, a building ceiling or a building floor.

[0014] The component has at least some reinforcement (e.g. reinforcing bars, reinforcement cages, reinforcement grids, etc.) and a large number of cavities.

[0015] The multitude of cavities is formed by a multitude of hollow bodies, the hollow bodies being expediently integrated into the interior of the component.

[0016] The hollow bodies are appropriately embedded in the material constituting the component.

[0017] The individual hollow bodies have at least one cavity opening (e.g., a hollow body hole), and the cavities are interconnected via these openings (particularly fluidically), preferably to allow a fluid (e.g., gas and / or liquid) to flow through the cavities. Advantageously, the cavities are interconnected fluidically, for example, in an open or closed system.

[0018] The individual hollow bodies can preferably have at least two cavity openings. The hollow bodies can preferably be positioned within the component according to the component's requirements and / or load profile, in order to advantageously achieve, for example, a reduction in component weight and, consequently, a reduction in resource consumption, the energy required for the component's manufacture, and the emissions released during the component's manufacture.

[0019] In the context of the invention, the hollow bodies can be used not only for weight reduction, but preferably also for functionalizing the component for building temperature control, for supplying gases (e.g., temperature-controlled gases and / or fresh air) and / or for removing gases (e.g., stale room air and / or flue gases). The gas in this context preferably refers to air.

[0020] It is possible that the individual hollow bodies have at least two cavity openings, namely at least one inlet and at least one outlet.

[0021] One or more hollow bodies can even have at least three cavity openings, namely at least one inlet and at least one outlet.

[0022] At least one hollow body can, for example, have at least one cavity opening opening towards the outside of the component (e.g., a building interior and / or a building exterior (preferably the atmosphere)), preferably to allow the outflow of a gas (e.g., air, temperature-controlled air, and / or fresh air) and / or the removal of a gas (e.g., stale room air and / or flue gases). This allows, for example, the outflow of a gas from the component and / or the removal of a gas via the component.

[0023] It is possible that the cavity openings are expediently fluidically connected to each other via a coupling structure, which is particularly integrated into the component, and preferably the coupling structure comprises at least one sleeve and / or protrusion.

[0024] The coupling structure can, for example, comprise two nested sleeves and / or protrusions.

[0025] It is possible that at least one installation line (e.g. an electrical line, a data cable, a control line, a water or sprinkler line, etc.) extends through at least some of the cavity openings.

[0026] The cavities can, for example, be of different sizes and / or have dimensions ranging from 10 mm to 250 mm, preferably from 75 mm to 250 mm. However, dimensions greater than 250 mm are possible.

[0027] It is possible that hollow bodies can be arranged expediently on top of each other and / or next to each other.

[0028] Alternatively or additionally, adjacent hollow bodies can interact with each other (especially in the design), e.g. by means of foot elements and / or bases.

[0029] For example, it is possible that the foot elements of adjacent hollow bodies are in contact with each other.

[0030] The hollow bodies can preferably be distributed in the component in at least one, at least two or three spatial directions and / or, in particular, be brought into engagement (especially in alignment) with each other by means of the foot elements.

[0031] Intervention can include, for example, (ideally pure) contacting and / or, for example, a positive fit in at least two spatial directions.

[0032] The component can be designed, in particular by means of the fluidically interconnected cavities, for example for building interior temperature control, building interior ventilation (e.g. supply of fresh air and / or tempered air) and / or building interior ventilation (e.g. removal of used air and / or flue gases) and / or form a building wall, building ceiling or building floor.

[0033] It is possible that a temperature control and / or supply system (e.g., heating and / or cooling system, overpressure system, etc.) is provided to supply the cavities with a temperature-controlled fluid (e.g., air or water), in particular to circulate it through them. Alternatively or additionally, a supply system (e.g., an extraction or overpressure system) may be provided to allow the removal of a gas (e.g., used room air and / or flue gases) through the cavity openings, preferably from an interior space of the building.

[0034] The cavities are fluidically connected to each other, particularly inside the component, e.g. preferably in at least one, at least two or three spatial directions.

[0035] The hollow bodies are preferably made of a mineral material (suitable building material), e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, mortar and / or clay.

[0036] It is possible that the individual hollow bodies include at least one foot element, or at least two, at least three, or at least four foot elements.

[0037] At least one foot element can, for example, protrude from the associated hollow body.

[0038] At least one foot element can, for example, form a spacer and / or serve, for example, to (preferably securely and / or stably) position the hollow body in a formwork for manufacturing the component.

[0039] The base elements are particularly helpful during the manufacturing process of the component. They preferably extend downwards and laterally from the individual hollow bodies, enabling the secure and / or stable positioning of the individual hollow bodies, e.g., in a formwork for manufacturing the component. Alternatively or additionally, they allow for the convenient and precise alignment of individual hollow bodies.

[0040] The base elements on the component do not necessarily have to be oriented downwards. They can be oriented downwards, upwards, and / or laterally (e.g., essentially horizontally or at an angle) and thus protrude downwards, upwards, or laterally from the associated hollow body, depending on whether the component extends vertically, horizontally, at an angle, or in an arc, such as forming a building wall, ceiling, or floor.

[0041] It is possible that the base elements define a gap between adjacent hollow bodies and / or between hollow bodies and a component surface. These gaps are preferably filled by the material constituting the component.

[0042] It is possible that at least some reinforcement is attached to the base elements.

[0043] It is possible that the individual hollow bodies include at least one fastening device to which reinforcement is attached.

[0044] It is possible that at least one cavity opening extends through a protrusion (e.g., projecting from the associated hollow body). Alternatively or additionally, it is possible that at least one cavity opening extends through a sleeve (e.g., projecting from the associated hollow body).

[0045] At least one cavity opening, which may have at least one protrusion and / or at least one sleeve, may, for example, have a substantially round, rectangular or other suitable flow cross-section and / or may, for example, narrow in the direction of flow, in particular to achieve a nozzle effect.

[0046] The at least one protrusion and / or the at least one sleeve may preferably be made of mineral material.

[0047] The at least one protrusion and / or the at least one sleeve can, for example, extend at least to the outside of the component and preferably terminate in a component surface.

[0048] At least one protrusion can, for example, be formed integrally as a single piece on the associated hollow body.

[0049] At least one sleeve can be attached to the associated hollow body as a separate part, e.g., by being plugged in.

[0050] At least one sleeve can, for example, have a projection for contact with the associated hollow body.

[0051] It is possible that the component has at least one adjustment device (e.g., a flap, a louver mechanism, a sliding mechanism, a fan, etc.) to control fluid flow (e.g., gas and / or liquid) through at least one cavity opening, for example, to enable, prevent, and / or modify the flow (advantageously to regulate it). The adjustment device can be located, for example, inside the component, particularly within a cavity, or outside the component. The adjustment device can be mounted, for example, in or on the at least one cavity opening.

[0052] The adjustment device can be used in particular to control a fluid flow through at least one cavity opening, preferably out of the component and / or into the component.

[0053] It is possible that at least one cavity is designed, for example, essentially in the form of a Helmholtz resonator (e.g., essentially pear- or teardrop-shaped) and / or has a structured inner surface, preferably to achieve a sound-absorbing effect.

[0054] It is possible that the foot elements and / or the fastening means are formed as a single piece integral to the associated hollow body and / or are made of mineral material.

[0055] It is possible, for example, that at least one protrusion, the foot elements and / or the fastening means are manufactured together with the associated hollow body in a casting, injection or centrifugal process in particular, in order to be formed in one piece and integrally with the associated hollow body.

[0056] However, embodiments are also possible in which the foot elements and / or the fastening means are mounted as separate parts to the associated hollow body and can be made of, for example, mineral material, plastic or metal.

[0057] It is possible that reinforcement, e.g., shear reinforcement and / or a (e.g., essentially U-shaped) shear dowel, is attached to the base elements and / or fasteners. Alternatively or additionally, at least one load anchor (especially a heavy-duty anchor, suitable for supporting suspended loads) can be integrated into a hollow body.

[0058] The fastening device of the foot elements and / or the fastening means can be designed, for example, as a groove or channel, as a hole and / or by means of several projections.

[0059] The cavity openings can be designed, for example, as hollow body holes.

[0060] It is possible that the component is a gradient component, the gradation of which can be formed by the cavities and / or hollow bodies.

[0061] It is possible that the component forms a gradient concrete component or a mesogradient concrete component.

[0062] The individual hollow bodies can, for example, be essentially hollow box-shaped hollow bodies.

[0063] The individual hollow bodies are preferably displacement bodies, especially for displacing the material forming the component.

[0064] The individual hollow bodies and / or cavities can, for example, have an essentially cuboid (e.g. cubic) or essentially prismatic basic shape.

[0065] The at least one sleeve and / or the at least one protrusion can be designed, for example, as a pipe or pipe stub and / or be made of, for example, mineral material, metal or plastic.

[0066] The mineral material for the hollow body, the base elements, the fasteners, the at least one protrusion, the at least one sleeve and / or the component can be, for example, the same mineral material or a different mineral material.

[0067] It is possible that the individual hollow bodies have a hollow-body wall structure (with a number of exterior walls, if appropriate). The hollow-body wall structure can form a hollow-body shell and / or essentially enclose the at least one cavity on all sides. The hollow-body wall structure can be, for example, thin-walled relative to the associated at least one cavity.

[0068] It is possible that at least one cavity opening opens transversely (e.g. vertically or obliquely) into the associated cavity, that an opening or passage cross-section of a cavity is (at least partially) at least twice as large as a passage cross-section of an associated cavity opening, and / or that at least one cavity opening is formed in the associated hollow body wall structure.

[0069] It is possible for the hollow bodies to be fully enclosed by the component material (e.g., mineral), while being integrated into the component. However, elements such as bases, other spacers, or components with at least one sleeve and / or protrusion and / or one or more cavity openings may extend to the component surface (preferably the outside of the component) and thus do not necessarily have to be completely covered and / or enclosed by the component material. Alternatively or additionally, the space between the base elements of the individual hollow bodies can be filled with the component material (e.g., mineral). This can, for example, enable multiaxial load transfer.

[0070] At least one base element of the individual hollow bodies can, for example, extend to the component surface and / or be essentially flush with the component surface. This also includes embodiments in which the component surface, and thus the base elements, are covered with, for example, plaster, wallpaper, a panel, etc.

[0071] The component can be, for example, a building wall, building ceiling or building floor.

[0072] The component can be, for example, a beam- or wall-shaped component (e.g., for a bridge, an elevator shaft, or other load-bearing functions, etc.).

[0073] The individual hollow bodies can, for example, have a top, a bottom and / or side surfaces (e.g. a lateral surface) which can preferably define the respective cavity.

[0074] The side surfaces can be, for example, the side surfaces of a hollow body, particularly a cuboid. However, the side surfaces can also include side surfaces of a cylindrical or prismatic hollow body, or any other three-dimensional hollow body, pointing in different directions (e.g., laterally). Thus, the side surfaces can also include, for example, the side surfaces of a cylindrical hollow body and / or a hollow body with, for example, a round or generally arbitrarily shaped lateral surface.

[0075] The top and bottom surfaces can extend, for example, on opposite sides of the cavity of the individual hollow bodies, e.g. parallel or non-parallel.

[0076] The side surfaces (e.g. the lateral surface) can preferably extend between the top and bottom surfaces of the individual hollow bodies.

[0077] The at least one foot element can, for example, serve to ensure a suitable distance between the underside of the hollow body and the top of a formwork and / or the top of a hollow body that can be arranged underneath.

[0078] The at least one foot element can alternatively or additionally serve, for example, to ensure a lateral distance that must be maintained appropriately between a side surface of the hollow body and the side surface of a hollow body that can be arranged laterally next to it and / or to the side surface of a lateral formwork.

[0079] At least one foot element can, for example, protrude from the individual hollow bodies, e.g., at the bottom and / or side.

[0080] It is possible that at least one base element of the individual hollow bodies is completely enclosed by the mineral material forming the component and is integrated into the component, and thus does not extend, for example, to the component surface (preferably the outside of the component).

[0081] It is possible that the individual hollow bodies have, for example, a top, a bottom, and at least three or four side surfaces pointing in different directions, and include at least one base element to ensure, for example, a lateral distance to the at least three or four side surfaces. It is also possible that the at least one base element is designed to ensure a lateral distance between the at least three or four side surfaces and the side surfaces of hollow bodies that can be arranged next to them.

[0082] The individual hollow bodies can, for example, comprise at least two, at least three, or at least four foot elements to ensure a lateral distance to the at least three or four side surfaces. However, embodiments are also possible in which, for example, a single foot element is provided to ensure a lateral distance to at least two, at least three, or four side surfaces.

[0083] The at least one foot element can, for example, be expediently or directly or indirectly protrude from the associated hollow body and / or from the at least three or four side surfaces.

[0084] The lateral surfaces, pointing in different directions, can be, for example, the lateral surfaces of a hollow body, particularly a cuboid. However, they can also include, for example, lateral surfaces pointing in different directions of a cylindrical or prismatic hollow body, or any other three-dimensional hollow body. Thus, the lateral surfaces can also include, for example, the lateral surfaces of a cylindrical hollow body and / or a hollow body with, for example, a round or generally arbitrarily shaped surface.

[0085] It is possible that the at least one foot element projects, for example, only laterally from the associated hollow body and preferably not downwards. Alternatively or additionally, an underside of the hollow body and an underside of the at least one foot element can be oriented essentially flush with each other (e.g., essentially parallel), in particular such that the mineral material forming the component cannot penetrate under the underside of the hollow body. An underside of the hollow body can thus be designed, for example, to extend to a component surface and / or to be essentially flush with a component surface. This also includes, for example, embodiments in which the component surface, and thus the underside of the hollow body, is provided with, for example, plaster, wallpaper, a panel, etc.

[0086] The individual hollow bodies can, for example, comprise several (preferably only laterally projecting) base elements, between which a space can be defined. This space is preferably located outside the individual hollow bodies and / or serves in particular to accommodate a mineral material forming the component.

[0087] It is possible that the individual hollow bodies are formed from at least two shell components that can preferably be mounted together, e.g. at least two side parts or e.g. a top and a bottom part.

[0088] It is possible that the individual hollow bodies include at least one foot element and that at least one foot element protrudes from the associated hollow body (e.g. downwards and / or laterally) and forms, for example, a spacer.

[0089] Interlocking foot elements can, in particular, define a lateral distance (e.g. spaces) between hollow bodies arranged side by side.

[0090] It is possible that between interlocking hollow bodies and spaced-apart hollow bodies, e.g., between hollow bodies arranged in interlocking positions above one another and / or expediently side by side, elongated spaces (e.g., elongated gaps or spaces) are formed.

[0091] The spaces can, for example, intersect each other at intersection points and extend in at least two different spatial directions, e.g., in the length and width direction of the building component.

[0092] The spaces can be filled, in particular, with a mineral material forming the component, in order to create an internal (e.g., two- or three-dimensional), especially lattice-shaped, load-bearing rib structure for the purpose of biaxial load transfer. The biaxial load transfer preferably occurs along at least two spatial directions.

[0093] Preferably, all spaces can be filled with the mineral material forming the component.

[0094] If hollow bodies are arranged side by side, for example, in only one layer with a lateral separation, a particularly two-dimensional lattice-shaped supporting rib structure can be created.

[0095] If hollow bodies are arranged next to each other with appropriate lateral spacing and in two or more than two layers spaced apart above each other, a lattice-shaped supporting rib structure, in particular three-dimensional and / or designed as a spatial support structure, can be created.

[0096] The suitably grid-shaped supporting rib structure can include any grid shapes, e.g., with spaces intersecting at right angles, at non-right angles and / or diagonally, etc.

[0097] It is possible that the supporting rib structure includes an externally surrounding frame structure formed by the mineral material that constitutes the component. The supporting rib structure can, for example, be structurally connected to the frame structure.

[0098] The frame support structure is preferably closed in its circumferential direction and / or forms an outer edge frame for the supporting rib structure.

[0099] It is possible that the supporting rib structure and / or the frame structure is reinforced. The reinforcement strengthening the supporting rib structure and / or the frame structure can, for example, include shear reinforcement and / or shear dowels, and alternatively or additionally, a variety of reinforcing elements, in particular reinforcing bars. The reinforcing elements can, for example, extend completely or at least partially in a straight line, horizontally, and / or at least partially in an arc. The reinforcing elements can, in particular, be designed as reinforcing bars.

[0100] The reinforcement strengthening the supporting rib structure can, for example, be completely encased by the mineral material forming the component to at least substantially 85%, at least substantially 90%, at least substantially 94% or at least substantially 96% of its surface area.

[0101] Alternatively or additionally, the reinforcement reinforcing the supporting rib structure can be supported, for example, for a maximum of substantially 15%, 10%, 6%, or 4% of its length (e.g., by means of the base elements, fastening devices, and / or fasteners, in particular bearing structures with a bearing length of preferably a maximum of substantially 5 cm). Furthermore, the reinforcement reinforcing the supporting rib structure can, for example, be substantially completely encased and embedded in the mineral material forming the component.

[0102] The reinforcement strengthening the supporting rib structure can extend, for example, in the longitudinal direction of the individual rooms and / or in the longitudinal direction of individual supporting ribs of the supporting rib structure.

[0103] It is possible that the spaces containing the reinforcement strengthening the supporting rib structure and / or the individual supporting ribs of the supporting rib structure are arranged in columns and rows. In the context of the invention, the columns can, for example, be oriented substantially perpendicular to the rows. However, embodiments are also possible in which the columns are oriented, for example, obliquely, diagonally, and / or not perpendicularly to the rows.

[0104] The rows can, for example, extend essentially parallel or diagonally to each other.

[0105] The columns can, for example, extend essentially parallel or diagonally to each other.

[0106] The columns and rows preferably extend in the same plane.

[0107] It is possible that the reinforcement (e.g., reinforcing bars) strengthening the load-bearing rib structure intersects itself at intersections of the spaces (e.g., in contact or at intervals), preferably below a median plane of the component extending parallel to the component, e.g., in the lower third or lower quarter of the component. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible that the reinforcement (e.g., reinforcing bars) strengthening the load-bearing rib structure intersects itself at intersections of the spaces (e.g., in contact or at intervals), preferably above a median plane of the component extending parallel to the component, e.g., in the upper third or upper quarter of the component.

[0108] It is possible that the spaces are arranged in columns and rows, and that the spaces within the columns and rows have a spatial extent (e.g., a vertical extent) within and / or outside the intersections, which, for example, in the thickness direction of the component, can expediently amount to at least 90% or 100% of the component's thickness, at least in certain sections, and which can be defined, for example, by the mineral material forming the component. The spatial extent thus preferably extends in the thickness direction of the component, e.g., perpendicular to the two different spatial directions, in particular perpendicular to the component's longitudinal and lateral directions.

[0109] Thus, embodiments are possible in which the spaces of the rows and / or the gaps (advantageously at least section by section along their longitudinal extent) have a spatial extent that can be substantially 100% of the thickness of the component, so that the spaces of the rows and / or gaps can, for example, completely penetrate the component in its thickness direction, at least section by section. The spatial extent can, for example, extend perpendicularly from one component surface to another.

[0110] The at least one base element, the fastening device, and / or the at least one fastening means of the individual hollow bodies can, for example, have a bearing structure (e.g., one or more projections) for the reinforcement reinforcing the supporting rib structure, with a bearing length of preferably a maximum of substantially 6 cm, a maximum of substantially 5 cm, or a maximum of substantially 4 cm, so that the reinforcement can advantageously be supported over a length of preferably only a maximum of substantially 6 cm, a maximum of substantially 5 cm, or a maximum of substantially 4 cm. This preferably allows for complete encasing, particularly over the greatest possible length, and thus advantageously enables efficient anchoring of the reinforcement in a mineral material forming the component.

[0111] The at least one foot element, the fastening device and / or the at least one fastening means may, but does not necessarily have to, have a maximum length of essentially 6cm, a maximum of essentially 5cm or a maximum of essentially 4cm, but may, for example, also be longer or shorter.

[0112] The bearing structure can, for example, have an inclined and / or concave surface to secure the position of the reinforcement.

[0113] The reinforcement strengthening the supporting rib structure can, for example, be supported by bearing structures, each with a bearing length of a maximum of 5 cm, so that, advantageously, the reinforcement strengthening the supporting rib structure can be supported by bearing structures with a bearing length of preferably only a maximum of substantially 5 cm. Furthermore, the reinforcement strengthening the supporting rib structure can, for example, preferably be substantially completely encased and embedded in the mineral material forming the component.

[0114] The bearing structures can be conveniently provided, for example, on the base elements, the fastening devices and / or the fastening means.

[0115] It is possible that the reinforcement reinforcing the supporting rib structure is fixed in its position and / or course (e.g. supported) in particular by means of the base elements, the fastening devices and / or the fasteners, e.g. in such a way that at least 90% of its surface is completely covered by the mineral material forming the component, and / or it is supported for a maximum of 10% of its length.

[0116] It is possible that the component includes hollow bodies that are completely enclosed by the mineral material forming the component and integrated into the component, so that, for example, their underside, top and side surfaces and optionally at least one foot element can be embedded in the mineral material forming the component.

[0117] The component can also include, for example, hollow bodies, whose hollow body wall structures and / or their undersides, tops, side surfaces and / or at least one base element (preferably base elements), e.g. preferably extend from the mineral material forming the component to the component surface, terminate essentially flush (e.g., essentially plane-parallel) with the component surface, terminate essentially flush (e.g., essentially plane-parallel) with the mineral material forming the component, and / or are not covered by the mineral material forming the component.

[0118] This allows, for example, the creation of a suitably flat component surface, which can be formed in particular by the mineral material forming the component and additionally by the hollow body wall structures, undersides, tops, side surfaces and / or foot elements of the hollow bodies.

[0119] This includes, for example, embodiments in which the component surface and thus the hollow body wall structures and / or the undersides, tops, side surfaces and / or foot elements are provided with, for example, plaster, wallpaper, a panel, etc.

[0120] The component can, for example, comprise hollow bodies, between whose (e.g. laterally projecting and / or mutually interlocking) foot elements an intermediate space can be formed, which is created, for example, by the preferably mutually interlocking foot elements, is filled by the mineral material forming the component and / or preferably extends between the foot elements, which are particularly mutually interlocking, to the component surface.

[0121] It is possible that, for example, the component is designed for preferably biaxial load transfer.

[0122] The at least one foot element, the fastening device and / or the at least one fastening means is preferably designed to fix the reinforcement (e.g. reinforcing bars) reinforcing the supporting rib structure in its position and / or its course so that it can maintain this position during the manufacturing process of the component (e.g. during the supply of the mineral material forming the component).

[0123] As previously explained, at least one base element is particularly helpful during the manufacturing process of the component. This base element preferably extends downwards and / or laterally from the individual hollow bodies, advantageously enabling the secure and / or stable positioning of the individual hollow bodies, e.g., in a formwork for manufacturing the component. Alternatively or additionally, it allows for the convenient and precise alignment of individual hollow bodies.

[0124] The base elements and / or the undersides of the component do not necessarily have to be oriented downwards.

[0125] The base elements and / or undersides can be oriented on the component, e.g., downwards, upwards and / or laterally (e.g., essentially horizontally, obliquely and / or vertically), e.g., depending on the stress on the component (e.g., the reinforcement placement and / or grading of the component by the hollow bodies) and / or depending on the orientation of the component, in particular depending on whether the component extends vertically, horizontally, obliquely or in an arc, e.g., forms a building wall, a building ceiling or a building floor, etc.

[0126] For example, the foot elements of the component can preferably protrude downwards, upwards and / or laterally from the hollow bodies.

[0127] The preferred embodiments and features of the invention described above can be combined with one another. Advantageous further developments of the invention are disclosed in the dependent claims or will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. These show: Figure 1 shows a side view of a hollow body, Figure 2 shows a side view of the hollow body of the Figure 1with reinforcement detail, Figure 3 shows a perspective view of another hollow body, Figure 4 shows a top view of several hollow bodies, Figure 5 shows a vertical section through two hollow bodies, Figure 6 shows a vertical section through a hollow body, Figure 7 shows a vertical section through two hollow bodies, Figure 8 shows a vertical section through a hollow body, Figure 9 shows a vertical section through another hollow body, Figure 10 shows a perspective view of a hollow body with reinforcement, Figure 11 shows a perspective view of a hollow body with reinforcement, Figure 12A shows a top view without the top surface of a hollow body, Figure 12B shows a section along line AA of the Figure 12A with a heavy-duty anchor integrated in the hollow body, Figure 13A shows an exploded view of an exemplary coupling construction for connecting the cavities of two hollow bodies, Figure 13B shows the coupling construction of the Figure 13AIn the assembled state, Figure 14 shows a section of a horizontally oriented component with a plurality of hollow bodies, Figure 15 shows a section of a vertically oriented component with a plurality of hollow bodies, Figure 16 shows a schematic top view of a component, particularly one oriented horizontally, Figure 17 shows a schematic side view of the component. Figure 16 Figure 18 shows a schematic view, in particular of a base element with reinforcement; Figure 19 shows a schematic partial side view, in particular of two hollow bodies; and Figure 20 shows a schematic partial top view of the two hollow bodies of the Figure 19 .

[0128] The drawings are only schematic representations. It should be understood that the feet are in the Figures 4 , 5 , 7 , 14 and 15 They are in contact with each other and there is no continuous gap between their feet.

[0129] The embodiments of the invention described with reference to the figures are partially identical, with similar or identical parts being provided with the same reference numerals, and reference may also be made to the descriptions of other embodiments for their explanation. For illustrative purposes, not all parts in all figures are provided with reference numerals.

[0130] Figure 1 shows a side view of a hollow body 100, wherein Figure 2 shows the hollow body 100 with reinforcement.

[0131] The hollow body 100 serves for integration into a component 10 (e.g. Figure 14 ), in particular a solid component preferably made of concrete, especially reinforced concrete.

[0132] The Figure 1 and 2Figure 1 shows, by way of example, only a single hollow body 100 in a formwork (mold) 401 for the production of component 10, specifically before the actual component 10 is completed. However, a large number of additional hollow bodies 100 are expediently placed in the formwork 401. After all the hollow bodies 100 have been placed, the formwork 401 can be filled with the component 10 constituting the part. Figure 1 The material M, as represented symbolically, is filled, in particular in such a way that the hollow bodies 100 are completely enclosed by the material M and integrated into the component 10.

[0133] The component 10 thus comprises a multitude of hollow bodies 100 and therefore represents a particularly graded, preferably mesograded component 10, e.g. a building ceiling, a building floor or a building wall.

[0134] The hollow bodies 100 are preferably positioned according to the requirements and / or load profile of the component 10 in order to advantageously achieve, for example, a reduction in the component weight and thus a reduction in resource consumption, a reduction in the energy required to manufacture the component 10 and a reduction in the emissions released during the manufacture of the component 10.

[0135] The hollow body 100 is made of a mineral material (e.g., a mineral building material) and comprises a cavity 1, but can also comprise several cavities 1 and thus form a multi-chamber hollow body. The cavity 1 serves to create at least one hollow volume (preferably a cavity) in the component 10.

[0136] The hollow body 100 is preferably designed in a substantially box-like shape. The hollow body 100 and / or the cavity 1 exemplarily has a substantially cuboid basic shape, but in the context of the invention can have any other suitable basic shape or geometry.

[0137] The hollow body 100 comprises a suitable hollow body wall structure with, in particular, a plurality of outer walls. The hollow body wall structure forms a hollow body shell and encloses the at least one cavity 1 on all sides. The hollow body wall structure can be configured as, for example, in the Figures 5 to 9 and 14 and 15 shown to have one or more cavity openings 2 and to be thin-walled relative to the cavity 1.

[0138] The hollow body 100 comprises at least one, preferably several, base elements 101 for the expediently secure and stable placement of the hollow body 100 in the formwork 401 and preferably several fastening means 103 for fastening a reinforcement 204, 205.

[0139] The foot elements 101 form lower and, for example, lateral spacers and preferably extend away from the hollow body 100 at the bottom and, for example, laterally.

[0140] The foot elements 101 can thus serve, for example, to ensure a required distance between the underside of the hollow body 100 and the top of the formwork 401 and / or a hollow body 100 arranged below it. They can also serve, for example, to ensure a required lateral distance between the side surface of the hollow body 100 and the side surface of the formwork 401. Likewise, they can serve, for example, to ensure a required lateral distance between the side surfaces of two adjacent hollow bodies 100.

[0141] The base elements 101, for example, form spacers towards the formwork 401 below, so that a gap S between the base elements 101 and the formwork 401 can be filled by the material M forming the component 10. A similar principle applies to gaps between the individual hollow bodies 100 in the component 10 (e.g., Figures 4 , 5 , 7 and 14 and 15 ).

[0142] The foot elements 101 preferably have a fastening device for the suitably movable or immovable fastening (e.g. receiving) of a reinforcement 202, 204 and can, for example, ensure a (lateral and / or bottom) minimum cover of the reinforcement 202, 204 in the component 10.

[0143] The fastening means 103 can be expediently formed on one or more side surfaces and / or on the top of the hollow body 100.

[0144] The lateral fastening means 103 preferably serve for the purpose of providing movable or fixed fastening (e.g., receiving) and securing, for example, the position of reinforcement 204 that runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the component and / or is curved, and which may optionally also be attached to a base element 101. The upper fastening means 103 preferably serve for the purpose of providing movable or fixed fastening (e.g., receiving) and securing, for example, the position of upper reinforcement 205.

[0145] The hollow body 100 may preferably have several bases 105 on its upper side. The bases 105 may engage with foot elements (not shown) of a hollow body that can be arranged above the hollow body 100 shown in Figures 1 and 2, in particular to enable a positive fit in preferably at least two spatial directions. For this purpose, the bases 105 and / or the foot elements 101 may, for example, be substantially L- or V-shaped.

[0146] The foot elements 101, the fastening elements 103, and the bases 105 can, for example, be formed integrally as a single piece on the hollow body 100 and be made of mineral material. They can, for example, be molded directly onto the hollow body 100 during its manufacture, preferably using a casting, injection molding, or centrifugal casting process.

[0147] Figure 3 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of a hollow body 100. F

[0148] Figure 3This shows, for example, that the side surfaces 301 of the hollow body 100, as well as alternatively or additionally its top surface 302 and bottom surface, can be designed to be non-parallel to each other, in order to allow, for example, a non-parallel arrangement of any required reinforcing bars. The top surface 302 of the hollow body 100 can, for example, be inclined in one or two directions, in order to allow, for example, a vertically inclined arrangement of any required reinforcing bars.

[0149] Figure 4Figure 1 shows a top view illustrating how several hollow bodies 100 can be positioned relative to each other and at the edge of a formwork 401. The base elements 101 serve to secure the position of the hollow bodies 100 on the formwork 401. Furthermore, the base elements 101 ensure the spacing of the hollow bodies 100 relative to a lateral formwork plane and a lower formwork plane of the formwork 401. The base elements 101 also serve to secure the position and spacing of individual hollow bodies 100 from one another, e.g., hollow bodies 100 arranged side by side and / or one above the other.

[0150] Adjacent hollow bodies 100 can be engaged with each other by means of foot elements 101, preferably by means of two pairs of foot elements. Hollow bodies 100 can also be engaged with each other vertically by placing hollow bodies 100 with their foot elements 101 onto other hollow bodies 100.

[0151] The hollow bodies 100 can therefore be distributed, for example, in one spatial direction, in two spatial directions or in three spatial directions and preferably be brought into engagement with each other.

[0152] Figure 5 Figure 1 shows a vertical section through two hollow bodies 100. The individual hollow bodies 100 form a cavity 1.

[0153] A special feature is that the individual hollow bodies 100 have at least two cavity openings 2 (e.g., designed as hollow body holes) and the cavities 1 are fluidically connected to each other via the cavity openings 2, preferably to allow the flow of a fluid such as a gas (especially air) or a liquid (especially water) through the cavities 1. The cavity openings 2 can be, for example, via a Figures 13A and 13B The described coupling structure must be fluidically connected.

[0154] The cavity openings 1 of the individual hollow bodies 100 are formed in the hollow body wall structure and open transversely into the associated cavity 1. An opening or passage cross-section of the associated cavity 1 can, for example, be at least twice as large as a passage cross-section of the cavity openings 2.

[0155] In the Figure 5 In the illustrated embodiment, the cavity openings 2 are formed on expediently opposing side surfaces of the hollow bodies 100. However, embodiments are also possible in which the cavity openings 2 are formed on the upper and / or lower surfaces of the hollow bodies 100.

[0156] The in Figure 5 The arrows shown symbolize a fluid flow (e.g. water or air) in component 10 through the cavities 1 of the hollow bodies 100.

[0157] The fluid flow can be, for example, tempered air or tempered water, in order to temper component 10 and thus, for example, a building interior.

[0158] The fluid flow can be, for example, tempered air and / or fresh air, which can be supplied to a building interior.

[0159] The fluid flow could consist of, for example, used air and / or flue gases that can be removed from the interior of a building.

[0160] The hollow bodies 100 and the cavities 1 can therefore not only be used for the purpose of weight saving, as is usual for gradient components, but especially because of the fluidically interconnected cavities 1, also for the functionalization of the component 10 for building temperature control, for building interior ventilation (e.g. tempered air and / or fresh air) and / or for building interior ventilation (e.g. used room air and / or flue gases).

[0161] Figure 6 shows a vertical section through another hollow body 100.

[0162] Figure 6 In particular, it shows a protrusion 602 extending from the hollow body 100, through which a cavity opening 2 extends.

[0163] The protrusion 602 can, for example, be provided with a temporary cover to prevent the ingress of material during the introduction of the material M (building material) constituting the component 10 when manufacturing the component 10.

[0164] The protrusion 602 is preferably made of mineral material and is formed, for example, as a single-piece integral part of the hollow body 100.

[0165] The cavity opening 2 extending through the protrusion 602 can be used in particular to keep the cavity 1 open to the symbolically represented outer surface 701 of the component 10 (e.g., a building interior and / or building exterior, especially the atmosphere) after completion of the component 10, so that a fluidic connection between the cavity 1 of the hollow body 100 and the outer surface 701 of the component 10 can be enabled, e.g., to ensure a fluid supply to the outer surface 701 and / or a fluid discharge from the outer surface 701.

[0166] The protrusion 602 on component 10 can thus extend to the outer surface 701 of component 10.

[0167] As an alternative to the protrusion 602, a separate sleeve (e.g., a pipe stub, etc.) that can be mounted to the hollow body is possible. Such a sleeve can be designed, for example, like one described in the Figures 13A and the sleeve described in 3B must be formed.

[0168] Figure 7 shows a vertical section through two hollow bodies 100.

[0169] A hollow body 100 can have at least one adjusting device 603 to control fluid flow through the cavity opening 2 extending through the protrusion 602. However, one or more other devices described in Figure 7 The cavity openings 2 shown are equipped with an adjustment device 603.

[0170] The in Figure 7 The left hollow body 100 comprises three cavity openings 2, wherein the one in Figure 7 right hollow body 100 includes two cavity openings 2.

[0171] The adjusting device 603 can be, for example, manually adjustable and / or remotely controlled. It can include, for example, a flap, a louver mechanism, a sliding mechanism, etc., to control a fluid flow (e.g., gas and / or liquid) through the cavity opening 2, e.g., to prevent a fluid flow, to enable a fluid flow, and / or to change the quantity (to regulate appropriately).

[0172] The adjustment device 603 is, for example, arranged inside the hollow body 100, although embodiments outside the hollow body 100 are also possible. In the context of the invention, the adjustment device 603 can also, for example, comprise a fan.

[0173] As previously explained, after completion of the component 10, gas, preferably air, e.g. tempered air and / or fresh air, can be introduced into the outer surface 701 of the component 10 and / or gas can be removed from it through the cavity opening 2 extending through the protrusion 602.

[0174] The gas can flow in from the system of fluidically connected cavities 1 of component 10. The gas can also be introduced into the system of fluidically connected cavities 1 at another point under overpressure, so that it can flow out at the cavity opening 2 extending through the protrusion 602.

[0175] However, as already mentioned, it is possible to remove gas, preferably air, e.g. used room air and / or flue gases, from the outside 701 of the component 10 by means of the cavity opening 2 extending through the protrusion 602 and the system of fluidically connected cavities 1, in particular by extraction.

[0176] The cavity openings 2 can also be advantageously used to guide into Figure 7 Installation lines not shown, such as electrical wiring, data cables, control lines, water or sprinkler lines, etc., may be used.

[0177] Figure 8 shows a vertical section through a hollow body 100.

[0178] The cavity 1 comprises a cavity opening 2 and a structured inner surface 802 to achieve a sound-absorbing effect. The cavity opening 2 can therefore also be used advantageously to achieve a sound-absorbing effect.

[0179] Figure 9 shows a vertical section through a hollow body 100.

[0180] The hollow body 100 comprises several, e.g. differently shaped, cavities 1, each with a cavity opening 2.

[0181] The individual cavities 1 each have a cavity opening 2 and are designed in the form of a Helmholtz resonator to achieve a sound-dampening effect. The Helmholtz resonators can be essentially identical in construction or different (e.g., different sizes and / or geometries).

[0182] Figure 10 shows a perspective view of a hollow body 100 with base elements 101, a fastening device 103 and reinforcement 202, 205, 901.

[0183] A shear dowel 901 made of a suitable metal, preferably reinforcing steel, has essentially a U-shape. The two free ends of the longitudinal legs of the shear dowel 901 can each have, for example, a thickening 903, by means of which tensile forces in the longitudinal legs can be transferred into the material to be subsequently inserted, constituting the component 10, and in particular also through this material to the upper reinforcement 205.

[0184] The shear dowel 901 can be firmly connected to the hollow body 100 by means of the fastener 103. The fastener 103 can be made of mineral material, but it can also be, for example, a separate fastener made of metal or plastic. It can consist, for instance, of a metallic clamp or other fixing element firmly connected to the hollow body 100. Alternatively, it can be made of mineral material and thus of the same material as the hollow body 100, in which case, for example, the longitudinal leg of the shear dowel 901 can be embedded in the hollow body 100 and, in particular, in the fastener 103, and at least partially enclosed by it. This can be achieved, for example, by inserting the shear dowel 901 into the mold for the hollow body 100 during its manufacture.

[0185] The upwardly open U-shaped geometry of the shear dowel 901 allows for the easy insertion of a lower reinforcement layer 202 and / or reinforcement running obliquely or curvedly in the vertical plane from above. Since the thickenings 903 are preferably always located above the upper reinforcement layer 205, the installation of an upper reinforcement layer 205 is also easily possible. The thickening 903 is achieved, for example, by upsetting the free stirrup ends during the production of the shear dowel 901. Alternatively, other methods of thickening are possible, such as pressing on suitably shaped sleeves or screwing on nuts or similar elements. The shear dowel 901 can alternatively be designed not in a U-shape, but as a single rod-shaped element with thickenings 903 attached, for example, at the top and / or bottom.

[0186] Figure 11shows a perspective view of a hollow body 100 with base elements 101, a fastening device 103 and a shear reinforcement 204.

[0187] The shear reinforcement 204, which is attached to at least one of the four sides of the hollow body 100, serves to absorb and transfer any shear and / or transverse forces that may need to be transferred within the component 10.

[0188] The shear reinforcement 204 can be firmly connected to the hollow body 100 by means of, for example, a separate fastening device, e.g., as described with reference to Figure 10 The fastening element 103 can, for example, consist of a metallic clamp firmly connected to the hollow body or another type of fixing. However, it can also be made of mineral material and thus of the same building material as the hollow body 100. In this case, the shear reinforcement 204 is to be inserted into the mold of the hollow body 100.

[0189] Figure 12Ashows a top view with the top of a hollow body 100 omitted and Figure 12B shows a vertical section along line AA of the Figure 12A .

[0190] The Figures 12A and 12B Figure 1 illustrates a possible embodiment for a hollow body 100 with a load anchor 1103, in particular a heavy-duty anchor. Hollow bodies 100 with load anchors are particularly suitable for applications where subsequent attachment of suspended loads to the component 10 is required.

[0191] The hollow body 100 can be equipped with one or more heavy-duty anchors. The hollow body 100 has a reinforcing structure extending in and / or through the cavity 1, e.g., two vertical webs 1101 and 1102. The heavy-duty anchor 1103 is located at the intersection of the system planes of the webs 1101 and 1102. The heavy-duty anchor 1103 has a suitable anchoring element at its upper end, for example, a thickening, e.g., in the form of an upsetting, similar to that described with reference to the shear anchor 901. At its lower end, the heavy-duty anchor 1103 is connected to a screw-in sleeve 1104 or another device.

[0192] Figure 13A shows an exploded view of a coupling structure for the particularly fluidic connection of the cavity openings 2 of two adjacent hollow bodies 100. Figure 13B shows the coupling structure in its assembled state. Figures 13A and 13Billustrate, for example, already in the Figures 5 and 7 Visible connection of the cavities 1 of two hollow bodies 100.

[0193] To form the fluidic connection, in particular two sleeves 1201 and 1203 that can be pushed into one another are used, which can preferably be held together by e.g. a spiral spring 1205 or another device, or which can simply be firmly inserted into one another.

[0194] Sleeves 1201 and 1203 can, for example, be made of particularly high-strength mineral mortar. They can be manufactured, for example, using a suitable formwork in a casting process.

[0195] The sleeves 1201 and 1203 each include a projection 1202 and 1204, e.g. designed as a rim, for contact, in particular for pressing against, the associated hollow body 100.

[0196] For assembly, the coil spring 1205 can first be slid onto the longer shaft of the sleeve 1203. In a second step, this shaft can be inserted into the longer part of the sleeve 1201 to form a coupling device. By compressing the two sleeves 1201 and 1203 together, thus tensioning the coil spring 1205, the coupling device can be inserted and positioned in the gap between the two hollow bodies 100 to be joined. As the pressure is released during compression, the coupling device expands and slides into the designated openings of the hollow bodies 100.

[0197] As an alternative to the sleeves 1201 and 1203, it is possible, for example, to couple one-piece integrally formed protrusions to the hollow bodies 100, e.g., by sliding them into one another. Such protrusions can be, for example, described with reference to the Figure 6described as being trained.

[0198] Figure 14 shows a sectional view of a section of a component 10 with a variety of exemplary different hollow bodies 100.

[0199] Component 10 is a gradient component, in particular a mesogradient component, the gradation of which is formed by the cavities 1 and the hollow bodies 100. The cavities 1 preferably have a size on the order of 10 mm to 250 mm.

[0200] The hollow bodies 100 represent displacement bodies and are fully enclosed by a mineral material M forming the component 10 and integrated into the component 10, whereby, for example, foot elements 101 and cavity openings 2 (e.g. sleeves and / or protrusions) can extend, for example, to the component surface 11 (preferably the outer surface 701 of the component 10) and are therefore not fully covered and / or enclosed by the material M forming the component 10.

[0201] Component 10 is shown as an example of a horizontal component such as a building ceiling or a building floor, although vertically, diagonally or arcuately oriented components such as building walls or beam-shaped components are also possible.

[0202] In Figure 14 The foot elements 101 of the individual hollow bodies 100 are oriented downwards, but can also be oriented upwards, for example, if the component 10 is oriented differently.

[0203] Figure 15 shows a sectional view of a section of a component 10 with a variety of exemplary different hollow bodies 100.

[0204] Figure 15 Figure 10 shows a vertically oriented component, such as a building wall.

[0205] In Figure 15 The foot elements 101 of the individual hollow bodies 100 are aligned laterally.

[0206] Depending on the orientation of component 10 (e.g. horizontal, vertical, inclined or arc-shaped), embodiments are possible in which the foot elements 101 do not necessarily have to be oriented downwards, but can be oriented upwards or laterally (e.g. horizontally or inclined).

[0207] Figure 16 Figure 1 shows a schematic top view of a component 10, in particular horizontally oriented (e.g. a building floor or a building ceiling), which may preferably comprise a plurality of hollow bodies 100 as disclosed herein. Figure 17 shows a corresponding side view of component 10, in particular a median plane P of component 10 extending parallel to component 10.

[0208] The component 10 comprises in particular a plurality of laterally spaced hollow bodies 100 arranged next to each other and which are expediently engaged laterally with each other by means of foot elements 101, between which in particular elongated spaces (e.g. elongated gaps, spaces, etc.) are formed.

[0209] The spaces intersect at intersection points CP and extend, for example, in at least two suitably different spatial directions x, y (e.g., length and width direction of component 10) and are preferably completely filled by a mineral material M forming component 10 in order to form an internal, preferably two-dimensional, grid-like supporting rib structure 1500, which advantageously enables a biaxial load transfer in the two spatial directions x, y.

[0210] In the exemplary embodiment of the Figure 16The hollow bodies 100 are arranged side by side with a spacing of only one layer. However, embodiments are also possible in which interlocking hollow bodies 100 are arranged side by side with a spacing of the sides and arranged one above the other with a spacing of two or more layers to create an internal, in particular three-dimensional and / or spatially structured, lattice-shaped support rib structure 1500, which also advantageously enables a biaxial load transfer in the two spatial directions x, y, but with a suitably large lever arm in the third spatial direction z (e.g., thickness direction of the component 10).

[0211] The supporting rib structure 1500 comprises, for example, an externally circumferential frame support structure 1501. The supporting rib structure 1500 is structurally connected to the frame support structure 1501 and is also formed by the mineral material M that constitutes component 10. The frame support structure 1501 is preferably closed in its circumferential direction and forms, for example, an outer edge frame for the supporting rib structure 1500.

[0212] It is possible that the supporting rib structure 1500 and preferably the frame supporting structure 1501 are reinforced by a reinforcement 1502, which can comprise a plurality of, for example, individual reinforcing bars. For illustrative purposes, in Figure 16 Not all reinforcement 1502 is shown and not all parts are provided with reference numerals.

[0213] The reinforcement 1502, which reinforces the supporting rib structure 1500 and preferably the frame supporting structure 1501, can preferably be fixed in its position and / or its course by means of the base elements 101, the fastening devices and / or the fasteners 103 such that at least substantially 90% of its surface is completely encased by the mineral material M forming the component 10 and / or is supported for a maximum of substantially 10% of its length. This ensures long-lasting and effective anchorage of the reinforcement 1502 in the mineral material M forming the component 10.

[0214] Figure 16This shows, for example, that the spaces, the reinforcement 1502 reinforcing the support rib structure 1500, and / or the individual support ribs of the support rib structure 1500 can be arranged in columns and rows. The columns and rows can, for example, be oriented substantially at right angles to each other. However, in the context of the invention, they can also be oriented, for example, obliquely, diagonally, and / or not at right angles to each other, thereby advantageously enabling support rib structures 1500 with different shapes and structures.

[0215] The reinforcement 1502 from the rows and columns, which reinforces the supporting rib structure 1500, intersects itself at intersection points CP of the spaces, preferably below the mid-level P of the component 10 and / or above the mid-level P of the component 10.

[0216] For example, if a reinforcing bar is placed on a long support, the material forming the component cannot completely and therefore not optimally encase the reinforcing bar along the support, leading to a deteriorated anchorage.

[0217] The reinforcement 1502, which strengthens the supporting rib structure 1500, can be supported, for example, by bearing structures (e.g., projections) 1503, each of which can have a bearing length of, for example, a maximum of only 5 cm and can be provided, for example, by the base elements 101, the fastening devices and / or the fasteners 103, as shown schematically in Figure 18 shown. The foot elements 101, the fastening devices and / or the fastening means 103 can, but do not necessarily have to, each have a maximum length of essentially 5 cm, but can, for example, also be longer or shorter.

[0218] In Figure 17 and Figure 19The reference symbol d denotes the thickness of component 10, particularly in the spatial direction z and thus in the thickness direction of component 10.

[0219] It should be noted that the spaces of the rows and columns along their longitudinal extent, e.g., within and outside the intersections CP, can have a spatial extent h, in particular a vertical extent, which in the thickness direction z of component 10 can be at least 90% or even 100% of the thickness d of component 10, at least in sections. In other words, the spatial extent h in the thickness direction z can be at least 90% or even 100% of the thickness d of component 10, which can be particularly helpful for biaxial load transfer.

[0220] The hollow bodies 100 can be integrated into the component 10 in different ways.

[0221] For example, the component 10 can comprise hollow bodies 100 which are completely enclosed by the mineral material M forming the component 10 and integrated into the component 10, in particular including their tops, bottoms, side surfaces and optionally their at least one foot element 101.

[0222] The component 10 can also, for example, comprise hollow bodies 100, whose hollow body wall structures and / or their undersides, tops, side surfaces and / or base elements 101 extend to the component surface 11 and / or are essentially flush with the component surface 11 and are therefore preferably not covered by the mineral material M forming the component 10, which can be shown schematically, for example, in Figure 19 is illustrated.

[0223] A bottom surface of the hollow bodies 100 and a bottom surface of the base elements 101 can be essentially flush with each other, in particular such that the mineral material M forming the component 10 cannot get under the bottom surface of the hollow bodies 100, which can also be shown schematically, for example, in Figure 19 is illustrated.

[0224] However, a space S can preferably be formed between the foot elements 101, which can be filled by the mineral material M forming the component 10, as can be shown schematically, for example, in Figure 20 is illustrated.

[0225] The invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments described above.

Claims

1. Component (10), preferably gradient component, made of mineral material, comprising: - at least one reinforcement (202, 204, 205, 903, 1502), and - a plurality of hollow spaces (1) which are formed by a plurality of hollow bodies (100) integrated in the component (10), wherein - the individual hollow bodies (100) comprise at least one hollow-space opening (2) and the hollow spaces (1) are fluidically connected to one another via the hollow-space openings (2), preferably in order to enable a flow through the hollow spaces (1) by means of a fluid, and wherein the hollow bodies (100) are integrated in the component (10) enclosed on all sides by a mineral material (M) forming the component (10), characterised in that the individual hollow bodies (100) comprise at least one base element (101), wherein adjacent hollow bodies (100) are in engagement with one another by means of the base elements (101), preferably by means of at least two pairs of base elements, and / or the hollow bodies (100) are arranged one above the other.

2. Component (10) according to Claim 1, characterised in that at least one hollow body (100) comprises at least three hollow-space openings (2), preferably at least one inlet and at least one outlet.

3. Component (10) according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that at least one hollow body (100) comprises at least one hollow-space opening (2) opening towards the outer side (701) of the component (10), preferably in order to enable an outflow of a gas from the component (10) and / or a removal of a gas via the component (10).

4. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the hollow-space openings (2) are fluidically connected to one another via a coupling structure, and preferably the coupling structure comprises at least one sleeve (1201, 1203) and / or protrusion, preferably the coupling structure comprises two sleeves (1201, 1203) and / or protrusions slid into one another.

5. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one installation line extends through at least some of the hollow-space openings (2).

6. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the hollow spaces (1) are formed with different sizes and / or have a size in the range from 10 mm to 250 mm, preferably from 75 mm to 250 mm.

7. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that - the hollow bodies (100) are arranged side by side, and / or - adjacent hollow bodies (100) are in engagement with one another.

8. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the component (10) is configured, by means of the hollow spaces (1) fluidically connected to one another, for building interior-space thermal conditioning, building interior-space ventilation and / or building interior-space exhaust ventilation and / or forms a building wall, building ceiling or building floor.

9. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that - a thermal conditioning and / or supply device is provided in order to allow a thermal conditioned fluid to flow through the hollow spaces (1), and / or - an urging device is provided in order to enable a removal of a gas via the hollow-space openings (2), and / or - the hollow spaces (1) are fluidically connected to one another in the interior of the component, preferably in one, two or three spatial directions.

10. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the hollow bodies (100) are formed from mineral material.

11. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the individual hollow bodies (100) comprise fastening means (103) to which a reinforcement (204, 205, 903) is fastened.

12. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that - the base elements (101) define a spacing between adjacent hollow bodies (100) and / or between hollow bodies (100) and a component surface (11), and / or - at least one reinforcement (202, 204) is fastened to the base elements (101).

13. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one hollow-space opening (2) extends through a protrusion (602) and / or sleeve (1201, 1203) projecting from at least one hollow body (100), preferably the protrusion (602) and / or sleeve (1201, 1203) is formed from mineral material, and / or the protrusion (602) and / or sleeve extends up to the outer side (701) of the component (10).

14. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the component (10) comprises at least one adjusting device (603) in order to control a fluid flow through at least one hollow-space opening (2), preferably out of the component (10).

15. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one hollow space (1) is made in form of a Helmholtz resonator and / or comprises a structured inner surface (802).

16. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that - at least one protrusion (602) is formed one-piece integrally on the associated hollow body (100), and / or - the at least one base element (101) and / or the fastening means (103) are formed one-piece integrally on the associated hollow body (100).

17. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one load anchor (1103) is integrated in at least one hollow body (100).

18. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the component (10) - is a gradient component, the gradation of which is formed by the hollow spaces (1) and / or hollow bodies (100), and / or - forms a gradient concrete component or a meso-gradient concrete component.

19. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that - the individual hollow bodies (100) are formed hollow box-shaped, and / or - the hollow spaces (1) and / or hollow bodies (100) have a cuboidal or prismatic basic shape, and / or - the hollow bodies (100) are in at least two or three spatial directions distributed and / or in engagement with one another.

20. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the individual hollow bodies (100) comprise a hollow-body wall structure forming a hollow-body shell and enclosing the at least one hollow space (1) on all sides.

21. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that - at least one hollow-space opening (2) opens transversely into the associated hollow space (1), - an opening or passage cross-section of a hollow space (1) is at least twice as large as a passage cross-section of an associated hollow-space opening (2), and / or - at least one hollow-space opening (2) is formed in the associated hollow-body wall structure.

22. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that an intermediate space (S) between the base elements (101) of the individual hollow bodies (100) is filled with a mineral material (M) forming the component (10).

23. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one base element (101) of the individual hollow bodies (100) extends up to the component surface (11) and / or at least one base element (101) of the individual hollow bodies (100) is integrated in the component (10) completely enclosed by the mineral material (M) forming the component (10).

24. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least one base element (101) of the individual hollow bodies (100) is oriented downward, upward or laterally.

25. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that spaces are formed between hollow bodies (100) in engagement with one another and spaced apart from one another, in particular between hollow bodies (100) arranged spaced apart one above the other and / or laterally spaced apart side by side and in engagement with one another, wherein the spaces extend in at least two different spatial directions (x, y), intersect one another at intersection points (CP), and are filled with a mineral material (M) forming the component (10) in order to form an internal in particular lattice-shaped load-bearing rib structure (1500).

26. Component (10) according to Claim 25, characterised in that the load-bearing rib structure (1500) - comprises an externally circumferential frame load-bearing structure (1501) formed by the mineral material (M) forming the component (10), and / or - is configured for two-dimensional load transfer.

27. Component (10) according to Claim 25 or 26, characterised in that the load-bearing rib structure (1500) is reinforced by a reinforcement (1502), and preferably the reinforcement (1502) reinforcing the load-bearing rib structure (1500) - is completely enveloped by the mineral material (M) forming the component (10) to at least 90% of its surface and / or - is supported to at most 10% of its length.

28. Component (10) according to any of Claims 25 to 27, characterised in that - the spaces are arranged in columns and rows and the reinforcement (1502) reinforcing the load-bearing rib structure (1500) from the rows and columns intersects each other at the intersection points (CP) of the spaces, preferably below and / or above a mid-plane (P) of the component (10) extending parallel to the component (10), and / or - the reinforcement (1502) reinforcing the load-bearing rib structure (1500) is supported by support structures (1503) each having a support length of at most 5 cm and preferably provided on the base elements (101), the fastening devices and / or the fastening means (103).

29. Component (10) according to any of Claims 25 to 28, characterised in that the spaces are arranged in columns and rows and the spaces of the columns and rows have, within and outside the intersection points (CP), a spatial extent (h) which, in the thickness direction (z) of the component (10), amounts to at least 90% or 100% of the thickness (d) of the component (10) and is defined by the mineral material (M) forming the component (10).

30. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the component (10) comprises hollow bodies (100) integrated in the component (10) completely enclosed by the mineral material (M) forming the component (10).

31. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the component (10) comprises hollow bodies (100) the hollow-body wall structures and / or lower sides, upper sides, side faces and / or at least one base element (101) of which - extend preferably from the mineral material (M) forming the component (10) up to the component surface (11), - terminate substantially flush with the component surface (11), - terminate substantially flush with the mineral material (M) forming the component (10), and / or - are not covered by the mineral material (M) forming the component (10).

32. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the component (10) comprises a planar component surface (11) which is formed by the mineral material (M) forming the component (10) and additionally by the hollow-body wall structures, lower sides, upper sides, side faces and / or base elements (101) of the hollow bodies (100).

33. Component (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the component (10) comprises hollow bodies (100) between whose base elements (101) in engagement with one another an intermediate space (S) is formed which is generated by the base elements (101) in engagement with one another, is filled with the mineral material (M) forming the component (10), and preferably extends between the base elements (101) in engagement with one another through up to the component surface (11).