Combustion chamber with a sensor system and method for controlling a burner of a combustion chamber

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a combustion chamber with a sensor system and a method for controlling a burner of a combustion chamber.

[0002] Known combustion chambers have one or more burners by means of which a fuel is burned to produce a hot exhaust gas, by means of which a heat transfer medium can be heated via a heat exchanger or which can be fed to a gas turbine.

[0003] In the combustion chamber, sensors are usually arranged on the combustion chamber walls to record data such as temperature or pressure, which are used to control the burner.

[0004] EP 2 224 173 A2 discloses a combustion chamber with a camera configured to obtain an image of a flame in the combustion chamber.

[0005] JP H03 207912 A describes a monitoring and evaluation device for the combustion state of a combustion chamber.

[0006] However, when using hydrogen as a fuel, problems arise in controlling a burner due to the high flame speed and hot combustion temperatures, as thermo-acoustic instabilities that can destroy burner chamber structures, flashbacks, hotspots on the burner that lead to melting, or increased NO x production can occur.

[0007] It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a combustion chamber with an improved sensor system, with which data can preferably advantageously be recorded, which can be used to draw conclusions about the aforementioned problems in hydrogen combustion. Furthermore, the object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for controlling a burner of a combustion chamber, wherein the aforementioned problems can preferably be advantageously taken into account by the control.

[0008] The combustion chamber according to the invention is defined by the features of claim 1.

[0009] The method according to the invention is defined by the features of claim 9.

[0010] The combustion chamber according to the invention with at least one burner with a burner axis that runs orthogonally to a burner head plate through a center point of the burner head plate has a sensor system with at least one first optical sensor device. The first optical sensor device has a first receiving optics with a first optical axis. The first optical sensor device is arranged in the direction of the burner axis downstream of a flame zone of the burner with an upstream sensor direction, wherein the first optical axis is arranged parallel to the burner axis or at an acute angle to it. The optical axis can be arranged at an angle of less than 45° to the burner axis. The first optical sensor device receives and detects infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation.

[0011] According to the invention, the first optical sensor device views the flame zone and the burner or a wall surrounding the burner from downstream. The infrared radiation detected by the first optical sensor device can be used to record the infrared spectrum of the burner or the wall surrounding the burner in order to determine, for example, a spatially resolved temperature, whereby hot spots can be identified. The ultraviolet radiation can be used to record the so-called ultraviolet flame glow of the flame, whereby combustion can be assessed. The ultraviolet flame glow is caused by the UV radiation of the OH* radical, which serves as a marker for chemical combustion processes. By means of the first optical sensor device, in particular the radial-tangential flame structure can be determined in the UV range, and thus the position of the heat release or the reaction zone.By measuring from one direction in both the infrared and ultraviolet spectrum, preferably simultaneously, measurements can be advantageously taken at two different distances, for example, the flame zone on the one hand and the wall behind it on the other. This allows data to be recorded in the combustion chamber in a particularly economical manner.

[0012] According to the invention, the sensor system comprises at least one second optical sensor device, and the second optical sensor device comprises a second receiving optics with a second optical axis. The second optical sensor device can be arranged in a region lateral to the flame zone with the second optical axis transverse to the burner axis. The second optical sensor device receives and detects infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation.

[0013] Using the second sensor device, whose second optical axis preferably runs orthogonally to the burner axis, the lateral position of the combustion chamber allows the combustion to be observed from the side and thus the axial position of the flame. This allows conclusions to be drawn, for example, about the vibration behavior or flow behavior. Furthermore, by receiving and detecting infrared radiation, thermal radiation from the lateral combustion chamber walls can be detected, allowing hot spots in this area of ​​the combustion chamber to be identified.

[0014] The invention thus provides for an optical measurement in the IR range to be performed through the flame. It has been found that with low-soot flames, such as a hydrogen flame, the sensor system can "see" through the flame, allowing an optical measurement, such as temperature measurement, of combustion chamber components located behind the flame along the optical axis of the first or second optical sensor device.

[0015] The data acquired by the sensor system can advantageously be used to control the at least one burner. Furthermore, the design of the sensor system of the invention with the first and second optical sensor devices allows a large amount of data from the combustion chamber and the flame to be recorded with minimal device complexity, which can be used, for example, to control the burner.

[0016] Preferably, the first and / or second receiving optics comprise a wide-angle lens, for example, with a focal length of between 8 and 12 mm. The use of such receiving optics enables a desired reduction in size when imaging the interior of the combustion chamber onto an image sensor surface (camera chip or image guide), such as the burner and the flame. This allows optical data to be advantageously recorded even at relatively short distances within the combustion chamber, for example, between 10 and 100 cm, and also from objects such as the burner and the flame of this size. In particular, the first and second receiving optics enable data from a large area of ​​the combustion chamber to be received and detected simultaneously.

[0017] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the first and / or the second receiving opening has / have an endoscope with an endoscopic image guide. In this way, the sensor system according to the invention can advantageously be arranged on the combustion chamber. It is only necessary that a measuring head of the endoscope of the first or second receiving optics, which measuring head has a receiving opening, projects into the combustion chamber. The received image information can then be forwarded via the endoscopic image guide to the receiving electronics of the sensor system, such as an image sensor device with corresponding sensors. As a result, these sensitive parts can be arranged outside the combustion chamber and protected from heat.Furthermore, the part of the first and / or second receiving optics that extends into the combustion chamber can be kept relatively small, thus minimizing any impact on the flow in the combustion chamber. Furthermore, a receiving optics designed as an endoscope can be advantageously protected against the high temperatures in the chamber by a suitable housing and cooling of the measuring head.

[0018] The first sensor device can comprise an image sensor device, which preferably has a sensitivity in a spectral range between 200 nm and 2 µm. The second optical sensor device can comprise a comparable image sensor device. With such an image sensor device, it is advantageously possible to receive and detect infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation. The image guide can have a correspondingly high transmission in this spectral range between 200 nm and 2 µm.

[0019] It can be provided that the image sensor device has an infrared sensor and an ultraviolet sensor, wherein it is preferably provided that the infrared sensor and / or the ultraviolet sensor are imaging. An imaging sensor can advantageously receive and evaluate spatially resolved data. Because the image sensor device has an infrared sensor and an ultraviolet sensor, infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation can advantageously be received and detected. Due to the separate design of the sensors, they can have a higher sensitivity than a sensor that covers both spectral ranges.

[0020] In principle, it is also possible for the first and second optical sensor devices to be combined, wherein a receiving optics and an endoscopic image guide and a common image sensor device are provided, wherein the outputs of the two image guides are mechanically combined and imaged jointly on the infrared sensor and the ultraviolet sensor.

[0021] In this case, it can preferably be provided that the image sensor device has a beam splitter and, in the optical path behind the beam splitter and in front of the infrared sensor, an infrared bandpass filter and, in the optical path behind the beam guide and in front of the ultraviolet sensor, an ultraviolet bandpass filter. By means of the beam splitter, the received radiation can be advantageously split and directed accordingly to the infrared sensor and the ultraviolet sensor. The beam splitter can, for example, almost completely reflect the (UV) light in the direction of the ultraviolet sensor below a VIS wavelength (e.g. 532 nm) and be almost completely transparent in the direction of the infrared sensor above the VIS wavelength. The following bandpass filters further limit the spectral range to be detected.By placing an infrared bandpass filter in front of the infrared sensor, it is possible to ensure that only infrared radiation, preferably only infrared radiation from a specific wavelength range, reaches the infrared sensor, thus enabling improved detection. The ultraviolet bandpass filter ensures that only ultraviolet radiation, preferably only ultraviolet radiation from a specific wavelength range, reaches the ultraviolet sensor, allowing even ultraviolet radiation to be advantageously detected. This ensures that no, or at least very little, signal light (UV and IR) is lost.

[0022] The ultraviolet bandpass filter can be centered at 314 nm with a bandwidth of 6 nm, preferably 4 nm. In the 314 nm range, the so-called ultraviolet flame glow, in particular the emission of the OH* radical, can be detected particularly advantageously. This advantageously allows conclusions to be drawn about the combustion reaction zone.

[0023] In the sensor system according to the invention, both the first optical sensor device and the second optical sensor device can be configured with a corresponding image sensor device. However, it is also possible in principle for the optical sensor devices to have different image sensor devices.

[0024] In one embodiment of the combustion chamber according to the invention, the infrared sensor and / or the ultraviolet sensor can have a detector that has a lower resolution than the endoscopic image guide. Endoscopic image guides typically have a large number of individual fibers, for example, several tens of thousands to several hundred thousand individual fibers. If each of the signals passing through the individual fibers were to be detected individually, the computational effort for the numerical processing would be correspondingly large. Furthermore, each fiber often only has a small intensity. Therefore, the detector on which the end of the endoscopic image guide is imaged can have a lower spatial resolution, so that the signals from several individual fibers are combined at one detection point (pixel) of the detector. For example, 4x4 individual fibers can be combined at one detection point.In principle, it is also possible to use a detector with a resolution adapted to the image guide, whereby the combination of several pixels is done by software.

[0025] The combustion chamber according to the invention can further comprise a sensor device for measuring the spatially resolved temperature and / or spatially resolved emission values ​​in the combustion chamber, preferably of the exhaust gas. The sensor device can thus be used to determine additional data from the combustion chamber interior. The additional determined data can also be used to control the combustion chamber's burner.

[0026] Preferably, the additional data is measured optically by the sensor device.

[0027] The sensor device can be designed in a ring shape with multiple measuring heads and arranged at one end of the combustion chamber. This advantageously allows the sensor device to be aligned toward the burner. The ring-shaped arrangement also advantageously allows data to be recorded across the combustion chamber cross-section. Furthermore, the influence of the measuring heads on the flow can be minimized.

[0028] The sensor device can be used to determine, in particular, temperatures and emission values ​​of the exhaust gas. For example, emission values ​​of CO2, NOx, CO, and similar substances can be determined.

[0029] The measurement can be carried out, for example, using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) or tuned diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS).

[0030] In principle, it is also possible to arrange the first sensor device on the sensor unit. This allows the flame, the burner, and the exhaust gas to be observed and examined simultaneously and from a single position.

[0031] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first receiving optics of the first optical sensor device are arranged at a distance from the flame zone that corresponds to the distance of the near point of depth of field. The distance to the flame zone is considered to be the distance to an ideal flame zone previously determined, preferably mathematically or by measurement. Because the near point of depth of field corresponds to the distance, the flame zone can advantageously be optically represented with sufficient sharpness when recording in the UV range, while at the same time the sharpness of the burner arranged behind the flame zone or of the wall surrounding the burner is sufficient for the IR recording.

[0032] It can also be provided that the first receiving optics of the first optical sensor device is arranged at a distance from the center of the burner head plate that corresponds to the object distance. This advantageously allows optical information from the burner head plate or a wall of the combustion chamber extending around it to be recorded with sufficient sharpness. Aspherical achromats can also be used as lenses for chromatic correction in order to simultaneously optimize image sharpness for two different wavelengths (e.g., 314 nm in the UV range and 1000 nm in the IR range).

[0033] The invention further relates to a method for controlling a burner of a burner chamber having a burner axis which runs orthogonally to a burner head plate through the center of the burner head plate, preferably of the combustion chamber described above, the method comprising the following steps: Determining spatially resolved ultraviolet data of a flame zone of the burner from a direction parallel to the burner axis or a direction at an acute angle, preferably less than 45°, to the burner axis, Determining spatially resolved infrared data of the burner, of parts of the burner and / or of a wall surrounding the burner from a direction parallel to the burner axis or a direction at an acute angle, preferably less than 45°, to the burner axis, Using the determined data as a system response to the control of manipulated variables of the burner.

[0034] The method according to the invention for controlling a burner in a combustion chamber thus provides for spatially resolved data, preferably image data of the interior of the combustion chamber and thus of the flame, to be recorded. From a first direction extending upstream toward the burner, ultraviolet data of the flame zone and infrared data of the burner or the area around the burner can advantageously be determined. The radial-tangential flame structure can also be determined.

[0035] The method is preferably used in hydrogen combustion. In this case, the burner is subjected to particularly high thermal loads due to the short distance between the flame position and the burner head plate, so that the spatially resolved infrared data of the burner and burner components, such as the burner head plate, can be advantageously used to prevent thermal overload of the components by controlling the burner.

[0036] The method according to the invention thus provides for an optical measurement to be taken through the flame. It has been found that for low-soot flames, such as a hydrogen flame, an optical measurement, such as temperature measurement using infrared data, can be performed on combustion chamber components located behind the flame.

[0037] The method according to the invention further provides the following steps: Determination of spatially resolved ultraviolet data of the axial position of the flame zone from a direction transverse to the burner axis, Determination of spatially resolved infrared data of a lateral combustion chamber wall, The determined data are additionally used as a system response to the control of the burner's manipulated variables.

[0038] The method according to the invention for controlling a burner in a combustion chamber can thus also provide for spatially resolved data, preferably image data of the interior of the combustion chamber and thus of the flame, to be recorded from at least two positions. From a direction transverse to the burner axis, data regarding the axial positions of the flame zone as well as spatially resolved infrared data of the wall surrounding the side of the combustion chamber can advantageously be determined. Ultraviolet data can also be determined with the spatially resolved data regarding the axial position of the flame zone. Using this data, a burner in a combustion chamber can be advantageously controlled because temperatures of the burner, parts of the burner, or the wall surrounding the burner as well as the lateral combustion chamber wall can be determined and, for example, hot spots can be identified.Furthermore, the ultraviolet data can be used to determine the so-called ultraviolet flame glow, which allows combustion to be assessed. Furthermore, the axial position of the flame zone can be used to detect instabilities in the flame and, for example, to draw conclusions about vibration behavior or flow behavior. This data can be advantageously used to control the burner by using the acquired data as a system response and thus as a feedback for controlling the burner's manipulated variables.

[0039] The control variables of the burner can be, for example, mass flow of fuel into the burner, mass flow of air into the burner, combustion chamber pressures, preheating temperature of fuel supplied to the burner, preheating temperature of air supplied to the burner, flow direction of fuel into the burner and / or flow direction of air into the burner.

[0040] Other control variables that can be used include, for example, the adjustment of mechanical actuators of the burner, such as the adjustment of flaps, swirl bodies or similar, via which the aerodynamic conditions in the burner can be influenced.

[0041] It is preferably provided that in the method according to the invention, spatially resolved temperature data of exhaust gas in the combustion chamber and / or spatially resolved emission value data of exhaust gas in the combustion chamber are also determined. The temperature data and / or the emission value data can additionally be used as a system response to the control of the manipulated variables of the burner. This makes it possible to determine additional data via which the control of the burner is advantageously possible. Further data of the combustion chamber, such as pressure data, or of a turbine downstream of the combustion chamber, such as its efficiency, can also be used as a system response. The emission value data can be determined, for example, optically using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) or tuned diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) or mechanically using an exhaust gas probe.

[0042] The method according to the invention can be provided for the burner control to be carried out using a process model that has been previously calibrated or trained using experimental data, whereby a previously defined quality criterion or criteria is minimized or maximized. Since burner control is a multi-parameter problem, creating a process model and training it using experimental data is advantageous, as this process model can advantageously represent the relationships between the individual data and manipulated variables. In addition, process models enable model-based predictive control (MPC) concepts.The process model can provide a predetermined quality criterion or criteria, allowing optimization of the process model by minimizing or maximizing the predetermined quality criterion or criteria. The process model numerically predicts future process behavior as a function of the manipulated variables. This enables the calculation of optimal values ​​for the manipulated variables to meet the quality criteria of the control process. The quality criteria of the process model can be the deviations of the predicted system response from the measured system response, which are to be minimized for the process model.

[0043] The process model can, for example, be based on a previously trained first neural network. Neural networks are particularly suitable for calculating multi-parameter problems, so a process model based on a neural network can be advantageously used for burner control.

[0044] When controlling the burner, preferably using the trained process model, it can be provided that the minimization or maximization of a previously defined additional quality criterion or criteria takes place via a preferably AI-based optimization method using a second neural network. Known AI methods can be used for this type of burner control, such as deep reinforced learning, internal model control, model predictive control, feedforward control, or similar. The additional quality criteria of the control can be, for example, a minimum pollutant concentration or upper limits for pollutant emissions, fluctuations in heat release, stability of the axial flame position, and / or thermal loading of the burner surface.

[0045] With the method according to the invention and the combustion chamber according to the invention, data such as the temperatures of the combustion chamber walls and the burner, exhaust gas temperatures, exhaust gas compositions, and optical data of the flame can be determined directly. Using the sensor device, further values ​​such as temperature values ​​and emission values, as well as pressure values, can be determined. Derivable variables such as the efficiency of a downstream gas turbine can also be used as a system response from the determined values.

[0046] The method according to the invention and the combustion chamber according to the invention advantageously enable control and optimization of the burner and, in particular, the present invention can be used in hydrogen combustion.

[0047] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the following figures. Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a combustion chamber according to the invention, Fig. 2 is a schematic detailed representation regarding the arrangement of the first optical sensor device, Fig. 3 is a detailed representation of the sensor device, Fig. 4 is a schematic detailed representation of the first sensor device, Fig. 5 is a schematic detailed representation of a sensor head of the first optical sensor device and Figs. 6a-6d are schematic representations of the image data recorded by means of the first and second sensor devices.

[0048] In Fig. 1 A combustion chamber 1 according to the invention is shown schematically. The combustion chamber 1 has a burner 3 with a burner head plate (not shown). A burner axis M runs through the center of the burner head plate.

[0049] The burner 3 is arranged in a combustion chamber wall 2. The combustion chamber is surrounded laterally by a lateral combustion chamber wall 4.

[0050] The combustion chamber has a sensor system with at least a first optical sensor device 5 and a second optical sensor device 6.

[0051] The first optical sensor device 5 has a first receiving optics 5a with a first optical axis 7. The first optical sensor device 5 is arranged downstream of a flame zone 10 of the burner 3 in the direction of the burner axis M and faces upstream, so that the sensor device is directed upstream. The first optical axis 7 runs at an acute angle to the burner axis M. Thus, the first optical sensor device 5 can record the flame zone 10 from the front, as well as the burner 3 and at least a portion of the combustion chamber wall 2 surrounding the burner 3.

[0052] The second optical sensor device 6 has a second receiving optics 6a with a second optical axis 8 and is arranged laterally of the flame zone 10, wherein the second optical axis 8 is arranged transversely to the burner axis M.

[0053] The first and second sensor devices 5, 6 can each receive and detect infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation. By means of the second sensor device 6, the axial position of the flame zone 10 and thus of the flame can be advantageously determined, so that, for example, a vibration behavior can be inferred. The temperature of the lateral combustion chamber walls 4 can be determined via the infrared radiation. The first optical sensor device 5 can detect the infrared radiation from the burner 3 and the combustion chamber wall 2 surrounding the burner 3, and thus the temperatures of these parts can be determined. The ultraviolet radiation flame zone 10 can be used to determine the so-called ultraviolet flame glow, from which a combustion behavior can be inferred based on the position of the heat release or the reaction zone. The combustion chamber 1 according to the invention can furthermore have a sensor device 11, which in the case of the Fig. 1 illustrated embodiment comprises an exhaust gas sensor 12. By means of the exhaust gas sensor 12, various values ​​of the exhaust gas, such as temperature or emission values, can be determined.

[0054] The data determined in the combustion chamber 1 according to the invention by means of the first optical sensor device 5, the second optical sensor device 6 and the sensor device 1 can be used for controlling the burner 3.

[0055] The first optical sensor device 5 may comprise a receiving optics 5a, which is described in detail in Fig. 5 is shown.

[0056] The first receiving optics 5a has a wide-angle lens whose focal length is, for example, between 8 and 12 mm. In this way, the objects of the combustion chamber 1 to be recorded can be sufficiently reduced in size. Provision can be made for the first receiving optics 5a to be arranged at a distance from the flame zone 10 that corresponds to the distance gn of the near point of depth of field. Furthermore, the distance of the first receiving optics 5a to the center of the burner head plate is the object distance g. In this way, both the flame zone 10 and the burner 3 or the combustion chamber wall 2 surrounding the burner 3 can be recorded and thus displayed with sufficient sharpness.

[0057] The first and second sensor devices 5, 6 have the advantage that the first and second receiving optics 5a, 6a only have to protrude into the combustion chamber 1 to a small extent, so that the flow in the combustion chamber is only slightly influenced.

[0058] In Fig. 3 1 shows a combustion chamber 1 according to the invention which has an extended sensor device 11. In addition to the exhaust gas sensor 12, the sensor device 11 can have a plurality of measuring heads 13 which are arranged in a ring around the combustion chamber 1 and protrude into the exhaust gas flow. The ring-shaped arrangement only has a slight influence on the flow. The measuring heads 13 preferably record optically spatially resolved temperature data and emission values ​​in the exhaust gas flow. This can be done, for example, using optical measuring techniques such as TDLAS and / or LIF. The emission values ​​determined are, for example, CO 2 , NO x , CO or similar emissions.

[0059] The data obtained can also be used to control burner 3.

[0060] In Fig. 4A first optical sensor device 5 is shown schematically in detail. The first optical sensor device 5 has a first receiving optics 5a. The first receiving optics 5a has an endoscope 14 with an endoscopic image guide 15. The radiation received by the receiving optics 5a is guided by the endoscopic image guide 15 to an image guide output 16, which is connected to an image sensor device 24. In the image sensor device 24, the radiation is directed via a converging lens 17 onto a beam splitter in the form of a dichroic beam splitter mirror 18, thereby splitting the radiation. Part of the radiation is then directed onto an ultraviolet sensor 19, whereas the other part is directed onto an infrared sensor 20. The ultraviolet sensor 19 and the infrared sensor 20 can each be imaging detectors.

[0061] An ultraviolet bandpass filter 21 and a focusing lens 22 are arranged in the beam path between the beam splitter mirror 18 and the ultraviolet sensor 19. The ultraviolet bandpass filter 21 can be centered on a frequency of 314 nm with a bandwidth of, for example, 4 nm. The radiation thus received reproduces the ultraviolet flame glow in a particularly advantageous manner.

[0062] An infrared bandpass filter 23 and a focusing lens 22 can be arranged in the beam path between the beam splitter mirror 18 and the infrared sensor 20. Thus, only infrared radiation is directed to the infrared sensor 20.

[0063] By means of this image sensor device 24, the infrared radiation and the ultraviolet radiation can be received and detected in a particularly advantageous manner.

[0064] In Fig. 4The first optical sensor device 5 is shown. The second optical sensor device 6 can have the same structure as the first optical sensor device 5. In principle, it is also possible for the first and second optical sensor devices to be combined, wherein a receiving optics and an endoscopic image guide and a common image sensor device are provided, wherein the outputs of the two image guides are mechanically combined and imaged jointly on the two image sensors, wherein the reduced spatial resolution then present is accepted.

[0065] In Fig. 5The first receiving optics 5a of the first sensor device 5 is shown schematically. The endoscopic image guide 15 is connected to the endoscope 14, which has a tubular housing 25. The image guide end 26 of the image guide 15 receives radiation that penetrates the housing 25 through a radiation opening 27. A lens 28, which can be designed, in particular, as a wide-angle lens, is arranged between the radiation opening 27 and the image guide end 26.

[0066] The housing 25 may further comprise a cooling and / or purging system (not shown) for the radiation opening 27. The cooling system ensures that the part of the endoscope 14 that extends into the exhaust gas stream can be sufficiently cooled.

[0067] In Fig. 5The first receiving optics 5a of the first optical sensor device 5 is shown. In principle, the second receiving optics 6a of the second optical sensor device 6 can have the same structure.

[0068] In the Figs. 6a to 6d Images taken by means of the first and second optical sensor devices 5, 6 are shown schematically.

[0069] The Figs. 6a and 6c show images of the second optical sensor device 6 and the Figs. 6b and 6d Images of the first optical sensor device 5.

[0070] In the Fig. 6a The axial extent of the flame zone 10 is shown from the side. Furthermore, information about the infrared radiation of the combustion chamber wall 4 is included. Fig. 6bA largely frontal view of the flame zone 10 in the axial direction is shown, which was recorded with the first optical sensor device 5. Furthermore, infrared data were recorded from the burner 3 and the combustion chamber wall 2 surrounding the burner 3. Using the infrared data, for example, so-called hotspots 29 can be determined in which a particularly high temperature prevails. Figs. 6a and 6b the hotspots 29 are shown schematically.

[0071] The endoscopic image guide 15 can consist of a plurality of individual fibers, for example, several tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. These transmit radiation of only low intensity. If an image point were to be detected for each optical fiber, a relatively large amount of data would be generated. Therefore, the infrared sensor 19 or the ultraviolet sensor 20 can be provided with a lower resolution than the number of image guide fibers, so that several image guide fibers each irradiate one data point of the sensor. An exemplary distribution is shown in the Figs. 6c and 6drepresented by the corresponding grid. In this way, the amount of data can be significantly reduced. The data reduction is particularly advantageous when controlling the burner 3, where a response must be made within a relatively short time, since computing times are shortened. The data determined for the burner 3 according to the invention can advantageously be used to control the burner. For this purpose, a process model can first be created and trained using the data determined by the first optical sensor device 5, the second optical sensor device 6 and the sensor device 11 as well as other experimentally determined data such as wall pressures and / or emissions. The process model can be used to predict the combustion behavior as a function of the set parameters (actuators), and the deviation between the predicted system response and the measured system response can be minimized as a quality criterion.Using an AI-based control process utilizing the process model, further quality criteria can now be minimized in the control process by feeding the determined data into the control process as a system response. This control process changes various control variables of the burner, such as fuel mass flow, air mass flow, combustion chamber pressures, fuel preheating temperature, air preheating temperature, and fuel flow direction in burner 3 and air flow direction in burner 3. Mechanical parts, such as adjustable swirl bodies 3a in the burner, can be adjusted for the different flow directions. The control process uses the process model, for example, in a model-based predictive AI control (MPC).

[0072] By means of the combustion chamber 1 according to the invention and the method according to the invention for controlling a burner 3 of a combustion chamber 1, a particularly advantageous control and optimization of a combustion, in particular a combustion of hydrogen, is possible. List of reference symbols

[0073] 1 Combustion chamber, sensor device 2 Combustion chamber wall 3 Burner 3a Swirl body 4 Side combustion chamber wall 5 First optical sensor device 5a First receiving optics 6 Second optical sensor device 6a Second receiving optics 7 First optical axis 8 Second optical axis 10 Flame zone 11 Sensor device 12 Exhaust gas sensor 13 Measuring heads 14 Endoscope 15 Endoscopic image guide 16 Image guide output 17 Converging lens 18 Beam splitter mirror 19 Ultraviolet detector 20 Infrared detector 21 Ultraviolet bandpass filter 22 Lens 23 Infrared bandpass filter 24 Image sensor device 25 Housing 26 Image guide end 27 Radiation aperture 28 Lens 29 Hotspots MBurner axis gObject distance gnDistance

Claims

1. Combustion chamber (1) comprising a burner (3) with a burner axis (M) extending orthogonally to a burner head plate through a center of the burner head plate, and comprising a sensor system with at least one first optical sensor device (5) including first receiving optics (5a) with a first optical axis (7), wherein, with the first optical axis (7) parallel to or under an acute angle with respect to the burner axis (M), preferably under an angle of less than 45°, the first optical sensor device (5) is arranged in the direction of the burner axis (M) downstream of a flame zone (10) of the burner (3) with the sensor orientation being directed upstream the first optical axis, and wherein the first sensor device (5) receives and detects infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation, wherein the sensor system comprises at least one second optical sensor device (6) with second receiving optics (6a) having a second optical axis (8), wherein the second optical sensor device (6) is arranged in an area to the side of the flame zone (10), with the second optical axis (8) transverse to the burner axis (M), and wherein the second sensor device (5, 6) receives and detects infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation.

2. Combustion chamber according to claim 1, wherein the first and / or the second receiving optics (5a, 6a) includes a wide-angle lens, preferably with a focal length between 8 and 12 mm, and / or wherein the first and / or the second receiving optics (5a, 6a) comprises an endoscope (14) with an endoscopic image conductor (15).

3. Combustion chamber according to one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the first optical sensor device (5) comprises an image sensor device having a sensitivity in a spectral range between 200 nm and 2 µm and / or wherein the second optical sensor device (6) comprises an image sensor device having a sensitivity in a spectral range between 200 nm and 2 µm.

4. Combustion chamber according to claim 3, wherein the image sensor device comprises an infrared sensor (19) and an ultraviolet sensor (20), the infrared sensor (19) and / or the ultraviolet sensor (20) preferably being imaging sensors.

5. Combustion chamber according to claim 4, wherein the image sensor device includes a beam splitter and, in the optical path downstream of the beam splitter and upstream of the infrared sensor (19), an infrared bandpass filter (23) and, in the optical path downstream of the beam splitter and upstream of the ultraviolet sensor (20), an ultraviolet band pass filter (21), wherein the ultraviolet bandpass filter (21) is centered on 341 nm with a bandwidth of 6 nm, preferably 4 nm.

6. Combustion chamber according to claim 5, wherein the infrared sensor (20) and / or the ultraviolet sensor (19) comprise a detector having a lower spatial resolution than the endoscopic image conductor (15).

7. Combustion chamber according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a sensor means (11) for measuring the spatially resolved temperature and / or spatially resolved emission values in the combustion chamber (1), wherein, preferably, the sensor means (11) is designed in an annular shape with a plurality of measuring heads (13) and is arranged at a combustion chamber end.

8. Combustion chamber according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first receiving optics (5a) of the first optical sensor device (5) is arranged at a distance from the flame zone which corresponds to the distance (gn) of the near point of the depth of field, and / or wherein the first receiving optics (5a) of the first optical sensor device (5) is arranged at a distance from the center of the burner head plate which corresponds to the object distance (g).

9. Method for controlling a burner (3) of a combustion chamber (1) having a burner axis (M) extending orthogonal to a burner head plate through a center of the burner head plate, the method comprising the following steps: - obtaining spatially resolved ultraviolet data of a flame zone of the burner (3) from a direction parallel to the burner axis (M) or a direction under an acute angle, preferably less than 45°, to the burner axis (M), - obtaining spatially resolved infrared data of the burner (3), parts of the burner (3) and / or a wall surrounding the burner (3) from a direction parallel to the burner axis (M) or a direction under an acute angle, preferably less than 45°, to the burner axis (M), - obtaining spatially resolved data of the axial position of the flame zone (10) from a direction transverse to the burner axis (M), - obtaining spatially resolved infrared data of a lateral combustion chamber wall (4), - using the obtained data as a system response to the control of manipulated variables of the burner (3).

10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the manipulated variables of the burner (3) comprise at least one of a mass flow of air into the burner (3), combustion chamber pressures, a pre-heating temperature of fuel supplied to the burner (3), a pre-heating temperature of air supplied to the burner (3), a flow direction of fuel in the burner, and a flow direction of air in the burner (3).

11. Method according to claim 9 or 10, comprising the step of: - obtaining spatially resolved temperature data of exhaust gas in the combustion chamber (1) and / or spatially resolved emission value data of exhaust gas in the combustion chamber (1), wherein the temperature data and / or the emission value data are used additionally as a system response to the control of the manipulated variables of the burner (3).

12. Method according to one of claims 9 to 11, wherein controlling the burner (3) is performed using a process model previously trained based on experimental data, wherein a minimization or a maximization of a quality criterion set in advance or of quality criteria set in advance is performed, wherein preferably the process model is obtained from a previously trained first neural network.

13. Method according to claim 12, wherein, in controlling the burner (3), a minimization or a maximization of a further quality criterion set in advance or of further quality criteria set in advance is performed via a second neural network.