ATMOSPHERE CONTROL IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF OXYGEN-CONSUMER BIOLOGY MATERIALS

Description

BACKGROUND

[0001] This invention relates to the control of atmospheres around respiring biological materials.

[0002] Respiring biological materials, e.g., fruits and vegetables, consume oxygen (O 2 ) and produce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at rates which depend upon the stage of their development, the atmosphere surrounding them and the temperature. In modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), the respiring materials are surrounded by a packaging atmosphere in a sealed container and the packaging atmosphere is controlled by providing an atmosphere control member (ACM) which (a) has one surface in contact with the packaging atmosphere and an opposite surface in contact with an external atmosphere and (b) has a permeability to O 2 and CO 2 such that gas exchange of O 2 and CO 2 through the ACM produces the desired packaging atmosphere. In controlled atmosphere packaging (CAP), by contrast, the desired packaging atmosphere is produced, initially and / or on a continuous or discontinuous program, simply by displacing some or all of the atmosphere within a sealed container by one or more gases, e.g., nitrogen, O 2 and CO 2 , in desired proportions.

[0003] For further details of MAP and CAP, reference may be made, for example, to U.S. Patent Nos. 3,360,380 (Bedrosian), 3,450,542 (Badran), 3,450,544 (Badran et al.), 3,798,333 (Cummin et al), 3,924,010 (Erb), 4,003,728 (Rath), 4,734,324 (Hill), 4,779,524 (Wade), 4,830,863 (Jones), 4,842,875 (Anderson), 4,879,078 (Antoon), 4,910,032 (Antoon), 4,923,703 (Antoon), 4,987,745 (Harris), 5,041,290 (Wallace et al.) 5,045,331 (Antoon), 5,063,753 (Woodruff), 5,160,768 (Antoon), 5,254,354 (Stewart), 5,333,394 (Herdeman), 5,433,335 (Raudalus et al.), 5,443,851 (Christie et al.), 5,460,841(Herdeman), 5,556,658 (Raudalus et al.), 5,658,607 (Herdeman), 5,807,630 (Christie et al.), 5,832,699 (Zobel), 5,872,721 (Huston et al.), 6,013,293 (De Moor), 6,190,710 (Nir et al), 6,210,724 (Clarke et al.), 6,296,923 (Zobel), 6,376,032 (Clarke et al.), 6,548,132 (Clarke et al.), 7,329,452 (Clarke), 7,601,202 (Noack et al), 7,601,374 (Clarke), 7,801,374 (Clarke), 7,866,258 (Jorgensen), and 8,177,883 (Maersk); copending commonly assigned US Application Serial Nos. 09 / 580,379 (Clarke) and 09 / 858,190 (Clarke); US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003 / 0057217 (Wyslotsky), 2005 / 0266129 (Mir), 2007 / 0259082 (Clarke et al.), 2008 / 0008793 and 2008 / 0008794 (Forsyth et al.), 2008 / 0202262 (Schmidt et al.), and 2011 / 0293802 (Alfaro et al.); International Publication Nos. WO 94 / 12040 (Fresh Western), WO 96 / 38495 (Landec), WO 00 / 04787 (Landec), WO 01 / 92118 (Landec), WO 03 / 043447 (Landec), WO 2004 / 060538 (Blue Membranes), WO 2004 / 10868 (Maersk), WO 2005 / 074466 (Landec) and WO 2008 / 17307 (Maersk); and European Applications Nos. 0,351,115 and 0,351,116 (Courtaulds).SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] This invention is concerned with the control of packaging atmospheres around respiring biological materials, and novel atmosphere control members which are useful in such control, and for other purposes. Although the invention is not limited to the control of atmospheres within shipping containers containing respiring biological materials, it is of particular interest for this purpose. We have found that in order to provide effective control of atmospheres within shipping containers, it is necessary to depart from the accepted criteria for designing an effective atmosphere control member. In particular, we have discovered that because shipping containers often contain multiple air leaks, and because it is essential to ensure that the atmospheric pressure within the storage area of the shipping container is at or not too far below atmospheric pressure, it is essential to make use of an atmosphere control member with an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5 and an oxygen transmission ratio (OTR) of at least 620,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24 hr (40,000 cc / 100in 2< .atm.24 hr).

[0005] A first aspect of the invention as claimed provides an atmosphere control member (ACM) which (A) is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of at least 620,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (40,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr) and an R ratio of at least 4.3, the R ratio being the ratio of the carbon dioxide transmission rate (COTR) to the OTR, the OTR and the COTR being measured at 20°C and constant pressure of 0.035 kg / cm 2< , with the pressure difference on either side of the ACM being at a minimum, and (B) comprises (1) a porous substrate and (2) a coating on the substrate, the coating comprising at least one polymer which (i) is amorphous at temperatures below 20°C and (ii) is a polyacrylate which comprises 10 to 90% by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes.

[0006] In an embodiment, the polymer which is amorphous at temperatures below 20°C contains 20 to 60% by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes.

[0007] In an embodiment, the polymer which is amorphous at temperatures below 20°C is a copolymer which comprises units derived from (a) one or more n-alkyl acrylates and / or n-alkyl methacrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 10-16 carbon atoms, (b) 6-15% by weight of repeating units derived from one or more monomers selected from n-alkyl acrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 2-8 carbon atoms, n-alkyl methacrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 2-8 carbon atoms, hydroxy-alkyl acrylates, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and (c) 20-60% by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes.

[0008] In an embodiment, the atmosphere control member has an R ratio of at least 5.

[0009] In an embodiment, the atmosphere control member has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< .

[0010] A second aspect of the invention as claimed provides a shipping container assembly comprising (1) a shipping container containing respiring biological materials; (2) a first atmosphere within the container which surrounds the biological materials; (3) an atmosphere control member (ACM) which is as defined in any one of claims 1-4 and which has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< , the ACM having a first surface in contact with the first atmosphere and a second surface in contact with a second atmosphere, and (4) one or more metering devices capable of causing the second atmosphere to flow over the second surface of the ACM.

[0011] In an embodiment, the container assembly comprises two or more ACMs, at least one of the ACMs being a selective ACM as defined in the first aspect and having an area of at least 0.06 m 2< and at least one of the ACMs being a nonselective ACM.

[0012] In an embodiment, the container assembly comprises two or more metering devices which are capable of causing the first atmosphere to flow over the first surface of the ACM.

[0013] In an embodiment, the selective ACM has pleats that do not substantially reduce the exposed surface of the ACM.

[0014] In an embodiment, the ACM is in the form of a cartridge which comprises an inlet for gas and an outlet for gas, and the assembly comprises a first metering device connected to the inlet and a second metering device connected to the outlet.

[0015] In an embodiment, the cartridge can be removed from the container and placed in another container or replaced in the same container.

[0016] In an embodiment, the cartridge comprises (i) a generally cylindrical, pleated surface which comprises the ACM, and (ii) two opposite end faces, one of the end faces including at least one inlet for an incoming atmosphere and the other of the end faces including at least one outlet for an outgoing atmosphere.

[0017] In an embodiment, the shipping container is at least 40 m 3< in volume and said respiring biological material is packaged in a plurality of containers with a volume smaller than said shipping container, each such smaller container comprising an ACM.

[0018] A third aspect of the invention as claimed provides a method of controlling the oxygen and carbon dioxide contents of a packaging atmosphere inside a container which contains a respiring biological material surrounded by the packaging atmosphere, the container comprising an atmosphere control member having the packaging atmosphere contacting a first surface and a second atmosphere contacting a second opposite surface, the method comprising adjusting the pressure of the second atmosphere on the second surface of the atmosphere control member in response to the oxygen and / or carbon dioxide content of the packaging atmosphere, wherein the atmosphere control member is an atmosphere control member as defined in the first aspect.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which are diagrammatic; which are not to scale; and in which the Figures illustrate the invention. The use of the same reference symbol in different Figures indicates the same or identical elements. Fig. 1A shows an oblique view of an ACM fashioned into a cartridge according to one or more of the embodiments of the invention; Fig. 1B shows an end view of the ACM of Fig.1A; Fig. 1C shows a cross-section of the ACM of Fig. 1A along the line A-A depicted in Fig. 1B; Fig. 1D shows a cross-section of the ACM of Fig. 1A along the line B-B depicted in Fig. 1C; and Fig. 1E shows an enlarged view of the cross-section of the ACM of Fig. 1A designated as section C in Fig. 1D. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0020] In the Summary of the Invention above and in the Detailed Description of the Invention, the Examples, and the Claims below, reference is made to particular features (including method steps) of the invention. It is to be understood that the disclosure of the invention in this specification includes all appropriate combinations of such particular features. For example, where a particular feature is disclosed in the context of a particular aspect or embodiment of the invention, or a particular claim, that feature can also be used, to the extent appropriate, in combination with and / or in the context of other particular aspects and embodiments of the invention, and in the invention generally.

[0021] The term "comprises" and grammatical equivalents thereof are used herein to mean that other elements (i.e. components, ingredients, steps etc.) are optionally present. For example, a structure "comprising" (or "which comprises") components A, B and C can contain only components A, B and C, or can contain not only components A, B and C but also one or more other components.

[0022] The term "consisting essentially of" and grammatical equivalents thereof is used herein to mean that other elements may be present which do not materially alter the disclosed invention.

[0023] Where reference is made herein to a method comprising two or more defined steps, the defined steps can be carried out in any order or simultaneously (except where the context excludes that possibility), and the method can include one or more other steps which are carried out before any of the defined steps, between two of the defined steps, or after all the defined steps (except where the context excludes that possibility).

[0024] The term "at least" followed by a number is used herein to denote the start of a range beginning with that number (which may be a range having an upper limit or no upper limit, depending on the variable being defined). For example, "at least 1" means 1 or more than 1, and "at least 80%" means 80% or more than 80%.

[0025] The term "at most" followed by a number is used herein to denote the end of a range ending with that number (which may be a range having 1 or 0 as its lower limit, or a range having no lower limit, depending upon the variable being defined). For example, "at most 4" means 4 or less than 4, and "at most 40%" means 40% or less than 40%.

[0026] When, in this specification, a range is given as "(a first number) to (a second number)" or "(a first number) - (a second number)", this means a range whose lower limit is the first number and whose upper limit is the second number. For example, "from 2 to 16 m 3< " or "2-16 m 3< " means a range whose lower limit is 2 m 3< and whose upper limit is 16 m 3< . The numbers given herein should be construed with the latitude appropriate to their context and expression.

[0027] The terms "a", "an" and "the" before an item are used herein to mean that there can be a single such item or two or more such items, unless the context makes this impossible. For example, where reference is made to a container including an ACM, this includes the possibility that the container includes one ACM or a plurality of ACMs; similarly where reference is made to a wall comprising an ACM, this includes the possibility that there are two or more such walls, and that each such wall comprises one or more ACMs.

[0028] The term "plurality" is used herein to mean two or more.

[0029] In describing and claiming the invention below, the following abbreviations, definitions, and methods of measurement (in addition to those already given) are used.

[0030] OTR and carbon dioxide transmission ratio (COTR) values are given in ml / m 2< .atm.24hr, with the equivalent in cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24 hrs. in parentheses, and are measured at 20°C and a constant pressure of 0.035 kg / cm 2< (0.5 psi) where the pressure difference on either side of the ACM is at a minimum, unless otherwise noted, for example, using a permeability cell (for example, as supplied by Millipore) in which a mixture of O 2 , CO 2 and helium is applied to the sample, and the gases passing through the sample are analyzed for O 2 and CO 2 by a gas chromatograph. The cell could be placed in a water bath to control the temperature. The abbreviation P 10 is used to mean the ratio of the permeability, to O 2 or CO 2 as specified, at a first temperature T 1 °C to the permeability at a second temperature T 2 , where T 2 is (T 1 -10) °C. T 1 being 10 °C and T 2 being 0 °C unless otherwise noted. The abbreviation R or R ratio is used to mean the ratio of COTR to OTR, both permeabilities being measured at 20°C unless otherwise noted. Pore sizes are measured by mercury porosimetry. Parts and percentages are by weight, except for percentages of gases, which are by volume. Unless otherwise specified, temperatures are in degrees Centigrade. For crystalline polymers, the abbreviation T o is used to mean the onset of melting, the abbreviation T p is used to mean the crystalline melting point, and the abbreviation ΔH is used to mean the heat of fusion. T o , T p and ΔH are measured by means of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) at a rate of 10°C / minute and on the second heating cycle. T o and T p are measured in the conventional way well known to those skilled in the art. Thus T p is the temperature at the peak of the DSC curve, and T o is the temperature at the intersection of the baseline of the DSC peak and the onset line, the onset line being defined as the tangent to the steepest part of the DSC curve below T p .

[0031] The term "atmosphere control member" (often abbreviated herein to ACM) is used herein to denote a member which is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and which has a first surface and an opposite second surface. When the ACM is in use, the first surface is in contact with a first atmosphere which contains one or both of oxygen and carbon dioxide (for example, a packaging atmosphere surrounding a respiring organic material), and the second surface is in contact with a second atmosphere which contains one or both of oxygen and carbon dioxide (for example, air), and oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the ACM, between the first atmosphere and the second atmosphere, at rates which depend upon the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the first and second atmospheres, and upon the nature of the ACM. In this way, an ACM can be used, for example, to ensure that a packaging atmosphere is different from air. The ACM is preferably such that, at the temperature of operation, at least 75% of the oxygen entering the packaging atmosphere passes through the ACM. In some cases, the ACM provides substantially the only pathways for oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter or leave the packaging atmosphere. In other cases, particularly in shipping containers, which contain leaks, much less of the oxygen entering the packaging atmosphere passes through the ACM, for example, 30-90%, or 60-80%. Preferably the ACM is such that after 24 hours of operation, the packaging atmosphere contains less than 18% oxygen, e.g., 2-15% oxygen.

[0032] Known ACMs comprise the ACMs disclosed in the documents mentioned herein, for example, (i) a woven or nonwoven material, optionally having a polymer coating thereon, as described, for example, in U.S. No. 5,045,331 (Antoon); (ii) a microporous film, optionally having a polymeric coating thereon, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,879,078, 4,842,875, 5,160,768 and 6,376,032; or (iii) one or more perforations (which may be close together or spaced-apart) having a size such that they control the packaging atmosphere, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003 / 0057217, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,832,699 and 6,296,923, and European Application 0351116. ACMs comprising (a) a woven or nonwoven material having a polymeric coating thereon or (b) a microporous film having a polymeric coating thereon, have an R ratio greater than 1, and are referred to herein to as selective ACMs. An ACM in the form of perforations has an R ratio of about 1, and is referred to herein as a non-selective ACM. A nonselective ACM can, for example, comprise a single relatively large perforation and / or a plurality of relatively small perforations, e.g., having a size of 10 to 1000 mu., e.g., 50 to 600 mu, for example, a film microperforated with holes of 0.3 to 0.8 mm diameter in a density of up to about 500 holes per square meter.ACMs

[0033] The ACMs used in the assemblies of the second aspect of the invention are selective ACMs which have an area of at least 0.06 m 2< , an oxygen transmission ratio (OTR) of at least 620,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (40,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr) and an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5. The ACMs used in these assemblies are ACMs as defined in the first aspect of the invention as claimed.

[0034] Selective ACMs make use of a coating of a polymeric composition on a porous substrate. The chemical constitution of the polymer in the polymeric composition has an important effect on the R ratio and the OTR of the ACM. The OTR depends on the intrinsic permeability of the polymer and the thickness of the coating. Theoretically, even when using a polymer having a very low intrinsic permeability, it is possible to make the thickness of the coating so small that a desired OTR is produced. Practically, however, it is difficult or impossible to make an ACM having a useful OTR when using a polymer which has a very low intrinsic permeability, for example, an intrinsic permeability to oxygen, measured at 35°C and 2 bar, of less than 40. Not only is it extremely difficult to produce a uniform layer of the necessary very small thickness, particularly when the area of the ACM is large, but the resulting product is easily damaged during handling or deliberate folding.

[0035] The ACMs of the present invention, and the ACMs used in the assemblies of the present invention, preferably make use of a coating polymer which will result in an OTR of at least 620,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (40,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr), preferably at least 775,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (50,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr), particularly at least 1,550,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (100,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr) when coated at a thickness of at least 1.5 µ, preferably at least 2.0 µ, for example, in the range 2-4 µ.

[0036] The assemblies of the invention can make use of a single ACM having an area of at least 0.06 m 2< and an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5; or two or more ACMs each having an area of at least 0.06 m 2< and an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5; or a combination of two or more ACMs, at least one of which has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< and an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5 and an ACM which has a smaller area and / or a smaller R ratio and which may be a selective ACM or a nonselective ACM, provided that the combination has an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5. For example, these assemblies can make use of an ACM which (a) has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< , (b) has an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5, (c) comprises a porous substrate and a polymeric coating on the substrate, and (d) contains perforations, for example, perforations as disclosed above, provided that the perforations do not reduce the R ratio to less than 5.

[0037] The ACMs (or combination of ACMs) used in the assemblies of the second aspect of the invention, and the ACMs of the first aspect of the invention as claimed, preferably have an OTR of at least 775,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (50,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr), particularly at least 1,550,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (100,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr), e.g., at least 2,325,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (150,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr). For some uses, a higher OTR, e.g., at least 7,750,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (500,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr) or at least 13,590,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (900,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr), is preferred. In some cases, it is preferred that the ACM has an oxygen P 10 ratio, over at least one 10°C range between - 5 and 15°C, of at least 1.3, e.g., at least 2.6.

[0038] When the ACM includes a microporous polymeric film which serves as a support for the polymeric coating, the microporous film comprises a network of interconnected pores such that gases can pass through the film. Preferably the pores have an average pore size of less than 0.24 micron. Other optional features of the microporous film include: (a) at least 70%, e.g., at least 90%, of the pores having a pore size of less than 0.24 micron; (b) at least 80% of the pores have a pore size less than 0.15 micron; (c) less than 20% of the pores have a pore size less than 0.014 micron; (d) the pores constitute 35 to 80% by volume of the microporous film; (e) the microporous film comprises a polymeric matrix comprising ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene or polypropylene; (f) the microporous film contains 30 to 90% by weight, based on the weight of the film, of a finely divided particulate substantially insoluble filler, preferably a siliceous filler, which is distributed throughout the film; (e) the microporous film is prepared by treating an extruded and calendered sheet comprising a powdered polymeric matrix material, a filler, and a processing oil with an organic extraction liquid to remove the processing oil; followed by extraction of the extraction liquid with water or steam.

[0039] Suitable microporous films are available under the trade name Teslin.

[0040] The ACMs used in the assemblies of the second aspect of the present invention as claimed have, and the ACMs of the first aspect of the invention as claimed preferably have, an area greater than 0.06 m 2< (100 in 2< ), e.g., greater than 0.65 m 2< (1000 in 2< ). In some embodiments, the ACM has an area of 0.06 to 13 m 2< (100 to 20,000 in 2< ), for example, 0.65 to 6.5 m 2< (1000 to 10,000 in 2< ).

[0041] The ACMs used in the assemblies of the second aspect of the present invention as claimed and the ACMs of the first aspect of the invention as claimed have an R ratio at 20°C of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5, preferably at least 6, for example, at least 7, or at least 8, or at least 9; also, they preferably have an R ratio at 15°C of at least 7, particularly at least 8 or at least 9, and / or an R ratio at 1°C of at least 10, particularly at least 11 or at least 12.

[0042] The ACMs used in the assemblies of the second aspect of the present invention as claimed, and the ACMs of the first aspect of the invention as claimed can have any convenient shape and configuration. For example, the ACM can be a substantially planar sheet, or a folded sheet obtainable by folding a substantially planar sheet without substantially reducing the exposed surface of the sheet, for example, into multiple pleats.

[0043] The ACMs used in the assemblies of the second aspect of the present invention as claimed, and the ACMs of the first aspect of the invention as claimed, can, for example, have one or more of the following characteristics. (a) It has an invariable effective size. (b) It is associated with means for changing, preferably reversibly changing, its effective size, for example, a retractable cover. (c) It is supported by a support member, e.g., a metal grille or protective plastic mesh, which is sufficiently permeable to gas that it has substantially no effect on the ACM except to reduce its effective area by a relatively small amount, e.g., by at most 25%. For example, the ACM can be sandwiched between two such support members. The support members are particularly useful if there is a substantial difference between the pressures on the faces of the ACM in order to avoid distortion of the ACM by the pressure difference. Preferably, the pressure difference is small, e.g., less than 0.3 in. of water. Optionally, in order to protect the ACM from physical damage, for example, from the respiring biological material or packages containing the respiring biological material, it can be covered by an apertured member, e.g., a metal grille, which provides the desired physical protection during handling but has little or no effect on the ACM's ability to control the atmosphere within the container. The ACMs of the First Aspect of the Invention

[0044] In the first aspect of the invention as claimed, the ACM comprises (1) a porous substrate, for example, a microporous polymeric film as disclosed above, and (2) a coating on the porous substrate, the coating comprising at least one polymer which (i) is amorphous at temperatures below 20°C and (ii) is a polyacrylate which comprises 10 to 90% by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes, preferably 20 to 60%, by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes. The ACM preferably has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< . The ACM has an OTR of at least 620,000 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (40,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr) and an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5. The amorphous polymer can be the sole polymeric ingredient of the coating, or it can be blended with another polymer, which can be amorphous or crystalline, for example, poly 4-methyl pentene, an ethylene propylene rubber, a polyurethane, or another polymer disclosed below. The amorphous polymer can, for example, be a homopolymer or a random, graft or block copolymer, and can be free of cross-linking or can be cross-linked.

[0045] The polymer (i) is amorphous at temperatures below 20°C and (ii) is a polyacrylate which comprises 10 to 90% by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes. Polysiloxanes are particularly useful when high permeabilities, e.g., an OTR of at least 4.3, preferably at least 500,000 or at least 900,000 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24 hrs., are desired.

[0046] In an embodiment, the polymer is a copolymer which comprises units derived from (a) one or more n-alkyl acrylates and / or n-alkyl methacrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 10-16 carbon atoms, e.g., 12 or 14 carbon atoms, preferably in an amount of 30-60%, and (b) units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes, preferably in an amount of 20 to 60%. Optionally, the copolymer also includes, for example, in an amount of 6-15%, repeating units derived from one or more monomers selected from n-alkyl acrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 2-8 carbon atoms, for example, hexyl acrylate, n-alkyl methacrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 2-8 carbon atoms, hydroxy alkyl acrylates, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid. Specific classes of such copolymers include (1) a copolymer of tetradecyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, acrylic acid, MPEG 350 (polyethylene glycol methacrylate) and MCRM 17 (polydimethyl siloxane terminated at one end only by a methacryoyloxypropyl group) in proportions of 14-15 (e.g., about 14.7) / 10-12 (e.g., about 11.3) / about 3 / about 46 / about 25; and (2) a copolymer of dodecyl acrylate, acrylic acid, MPEG 350 and MCRM 17 in proportions of 24-28 (e.g., about 26) / about 3 / about 31 / about 40.

[0047] In some instances, the invention as claimed is a substantially planar flexible sheet which comprises (1) an atmosphere control member (ACM) which (a) has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< , and (b) is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and has an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5, and (2) a one-way valve which opens when the pressure on one side of the sheet exceeds the pressure on the other side of the sheet by a preset minimum, for example, a minimum within the range of 0.005-0.2 PSI. A suitable valve is available from Pacific Bag Incorporated, Woodinville, WA.

[0048] The sheet can consist essentially of the atmosphere control member and the valve. The sheet is particularly useful in an assembly according to the first aspect of the invention which (as further discussed below) comprises, at one end of a shipping container, a closed chamber which is formed by (1) the sheet, which is secured across the cross-section of the container near the end of the shipping container, and (2) the end wall of the container and the bottom, top and side walls of the container at the end of the container. A second atmosphere, for example, air, is passed through the closed chamber, and the ACM regulates oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange through the ACM, thus controlling the packaging atmosphere. The one-way valve allows the second atmosphere to enter the packaging atmosphere if the pressure on the chamber-side of the sheet exceeds the minimum that will open the valve. Without the valve, there is a danger that the pressure of the packaging atmosphere will become so low that the flexible sheet will be detached from the shipping container, thus opening the closed chamber. This danger arises because the rate at which carbon dioxide leaves the packaging atmosphere through the ACM exceeds the rate at which oxygen enters the packaging atmosphere. In some cases, a shipping container may have sufficient air leaks into the packaging atmosphere, or may be deliberately provided with one or more apertures, so that the pressure of the packaging atmosphere remains at or close to atmospheric pressure. However, the presence of a one-way valve makes it unnecessary to make use of such expedients.

[0049] In some instances, the ACM of the invention as claimed (a) has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< , and (b) is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and has an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5, at least part of the ACM being in the form of a folded sheet obtainable by folding a sheet comprising the ACM in a way which does not substantially reduce the exposed surface of the ACM, for example, does not reduce the effective gas exchange area by more than 25%). The ACM can, for example, be produced by folding a substantially planar ACM into multiple pleats so that the folded sheet has a generally laminar configuration, for example, a configuration which has some substantial thickness (depending, for example, on the dimensions of the pleats) and which is generally planar or part or all of a circle, ellipse, rectangle (including a square) or other open or closed configuration. The folds can be such that the area of the folded sheet, viewed at right angles to the sheet, is at most 0.5 times, preferably at most 0.7 times or at most 0.8 times the area of the sheet before being folded.

[0050] ACMs of this kind may be used in the assemblies of the second aspect of the invention as claimed, and are preferably used when a large effective gas exchange area must be provided in a limited volume. For example, this type of ACM is used in the assemblies of the second aspect of the invention when the substantially closed chamber is (as further discussed below) in the form of a module which is completely surrounded by the packaging atmosphere.

[0051] In some instances, the ACM of the invention as claimed comprises a porous substrate and a polymeric coating on the substrate, the polymeric coating comprising a polymer which has a melting point below 20°C and which comprises units derived from one or more n-alkyl acrylates and / or n-alkyl methacrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 10-16 carbon atoms, e.g., 12 or 14 carbon atoms, such units preferably being present in an amount of 30-60%. These ACMs have the useful property that the permeability of the ACM to oxygen and carbon dioxide increases, and the R ratio decreases, relatively rapidly with an increase in temperature in at least part of the temperature range of 0-25°C (which is the normal temperature range for the storage of respiring biological materials). These temperature-dependent changes in permeability can be useful in adjusting the packaging atmosphere in response to expected or unexpected deviations from the standard storage temperature (which is typically in the region of 3°C when shipping many biological materials or in the region of 13°C when shipping bananas and other biological materials which are damaged if they are stored at temperatures in the region of 3°C.)The Assemblies of the Second Aspect of the Invention

[0052] In the assemblies of the second aspect of the invention as claimed, the ACM (which has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< , and an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5) is preferably part of a substantially closed chamber to which the access of gas can be controlled and which comprises a wall comprising the ACM. These assemblies can have one or more of the following optional characteristics.

[0053] (1) There is a single such chamber or a plurality of such chambers, the chambers being the same or different, and the ACMs in the chambers being the same or different.

[0054] (2) The chamber is within the container, and when the assembly is in use, the packaging atmosphere is in contact with a first face of the ACM and a second atmosphere is passed through the chamber so that the second atmosphere is in contact with a second, opposite face of the ACM. Optionally, the packaging atmosphere is passed across the first face of the ACM.

[0055] (2A) In one of the systems defined in (2) above, the chamber is part of an assembly (sometimes referred to herein as a "module") which is placed within the container and which is substantially completely surrounded by the packaging atmosphere. When the assembly is in use, the packaging atmosphere is in contact with a first face of the ACM and a second atmosphere, for example, air, is passed through the chamber so that the second atmosphere is in contact with a second, opposite face of the ACM. Optionally, the packaging atmosphere is passed across the first face of the ACM.

[0056] In one embodiment of this arrangement, the module is secured directly to the container and comprises at least one inlet and at least one outlet connected by rigid conduits to the exterior of the container, so that, in use, the second atmosphere can be passed through the chamber.

[0057] In another embodiment, the module is separable from the container and comprises at least one inlet and at least one outlet connected by flexible conduits to the exterior of the container, so that, in use, the second atmosphere can be passed through the chamber. Such a module is preferably placed in the container after the respiring biological material has been loaded into the container, and is removed from the container before the respiring biological material is unloaded from the container. However, the module can be placed in the container before the respiring biological material has been loaded into the container, or during the loading of the respiring biological material into the container.

[0058] The module can be of any shape. The shape can suitably be defined by a rigid frame, composed, for example, of one or more of metal, wood and polymeric materials. Often it is convenient for the module to be generally box-shaped, for example, a box having two major faces defined by two relatively large dimensions, and four minor faces defined by one of the large dimensions and a relatively small dimension. For example, each of the large dimensions can be 0.3-12 m (1-40 ft.), e.g., 2-6 m. (6-20 ft.), and the small dimension can be 0.02-0.5 m (1-20 in.), e.g., 0.05-0.25 m (2-9 in). At least one of the walls of the module, for example, one or both of the major faces of a box-shaped module, comprises an ACM.

[0059] (2B) In another of the systems defined in (2) above, the chamber is formed by (a) part of the container and (b) a generally planar member which extends across a cross-section of the container and which comprises the ACM. That generally planar member is sometimes referred to herein as a "curtain". Preferably, the chamber is at one end of the container, preferably the loading end of the container, and is defined by the end wall, and part of the side, top and bottom walls at that end of the container and the generally planar member. Such a chamber is preferably created by taping or otherwise securing the curtain comprising the ACM across a cross-section of the container, and then closing the end wall of the container. The assembly comprises at least one inlet to the closed chamber and at least one outlet from the closed chamber, so that, in use, a second atmosphere, for example, air, can be passed through the closed chamber.

[0060] (3) The chamber is outside the container, and when the assembly is in use, the packaging atmosphere is passed through the chamber in contact with a first face of the ACM and a second atmosphere, for example, air, is in contact with a second, opposite face of the ACM. Optionally, the second atmosphere is passed across the second face of the ACM.

[0061] (4) The access of gas to the closed chamber can be controlled by reference to any one or more of the variables which will affect the performance of the ACM, including the amount of gas, the type of gas and the flowrate of the gas over one or both of the faces of the ACM. The total gas pressure within, and the rate of gas flow through, the closed chamber can be controlled, for example, through the use of one or more devices to control entry of gas into, and / or exit of gas from, the chamber. Such devices include, for example, compressors, pumps, valves, and other metering devices. The ingredients of the atmosphere which is not packaging atmosphere, and the proportion of each ingredient, can be controlled, for example, by feeding different gases at controlled rates.

[0062] The access of gas through the closed chamber can, for example, be controlled by reference to data received from one or more sensors within the container and / or the gas supply and / or the gas leaving the chamber. In one embodiment, the level of carbon dioxide in the packaging atmosphere is measured, and the second atmosphere is passed through the closed chamber when the carbon dioxide level becomes too high, for example, reaches a preset value in the range 3-10%, for example, about 5%. The rate of gas flow from the closed chamber can, for example, be in the range of 170-340, for example 226-255, L / minute (6-12, for example, 8-9, cubic feet per minute). There can, for example, be continuous interactive control of pumps and / or valves controlling the gas supply via a feedback loop comprising one or more sensors of gas levels, e.g., oxygen and / or CO 2 level, in the atmosphere within the container. The control systems disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,460,841 (Herdeman) and 5,872,721 (Huston et al.), adapted to the requirements of the present invention, can be used, for example.

[0063] (5) The gas which contacts the face of the ACM opposite to the face which is contacted by the packaging atmosphere can, for example, be air or oxygen-enriched air. The gas may include an ingredient (other than oxygen and carbon dioxide) which can pass through the ACM into the packaging atmosphere and which has a desired effect on the respiring biological materials surrounded by the packaging atmosphere. The gas may include an ingredient which promotes ripening of the respiring biological material, for example, ethylene or a compound which produces ethylene, or an ingredient which retards ripening of the respiring biological material, for example, 1-methylcyclopropene. The gas may include an ingredient which prevents or retards the presence or growth of mold or fungus, for example, chlorine dioxide or sulfur dioxide, or an insecticide or fumigant such as methyl bromide.

[0064] In some instances, the assemblies of the invention as claimed comprise (1) a substantially closed chamber comprising a wall comprising an atmosphere control member (ACM) which (a) has an area of at least 0.06 m 2< , (b) is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and has an R ratio of at least 4.3, preferably at least 5, (c) has a first surface which is in contact with a first atmosphere and (d) has a second surface which is in contact with a second atmosphere, and (2) means for maintaining a desired difference between the pressure of the first atmosphere and the pressure of the second atmosphere.

[0065] We have discovered that the effective R ratio of an ACM is influenced by the difference between the pressure of the atmosphere on one side of the ACM and the pressure of the atmosphere on the other side of the ACM. If the atmospheric pressure of the packaging atmosphere on one side of the ACM is greater than the atmospheric pressure of the second atmosphere on the opposite side of the ACM, then the effective R ratio increases as the pressure difference increases, and vice versa.

[0066] In this way, an ACM having a particular R ratio, measured by conventional means, can be made to operate in an unexpected way, namely to have an effective R ratio which is either greater or less than the conventionally measured R ratio.

[0067] It may be useful to make use of this in order to increase the effective R ratio of an ACM. Any means can be used to produce the desired pressure difference. One convenient way of doing so is provide an inlet for delivering gas into the chamber, and an outlet for removing gas from the chamber, and a controller which can be operated so that the rate at which gas is removed from the chamber is greater than the rate at which gas is passed into the chamber.Containers

[0068] The assemblies of the second aspect of the invention make use of a shipping container, this term being used to include any transportation container, whether it is on a ship, a train or a truck or on the ground, e.g., in a warehouse. Shipping containers are generally composed of metal, and typically have a volume of about 43 or about 86 m 3< . Such containers are well known to those skilled in the art of storing and transporting fruits and vegetables, and are available in a range of standard sizes. Such containers may be fitted with the piping and gas supplies needed for conventional refrigeration and / or CAP procedures, and can readily be adapted for use in the present invention.

[0069] The assemblies including an ACM according to the first aspect of the invention can be used with any type of container, but are particularly useful with containers having a volume of at least 40 m 3< . The walls of the container can be rigid or flexible, or some of the walls can be rigid and others flexible. The walls can be composed of any material, for example, metal, wood, or a polymeric material. Some or all of the walls can be substantially impervious to one or more of O 2 , CO 2 , water vapor and any other gas important to the storage of the respiring biological material; or some or all of the walls can have a limited permeability to such gases.Temperatures during Storage

[0070] The temperature during storage of a respiring biological material will often have an effect on the respiration of the biological material and / or the permeabilities of the ACM to oxygen and carbon dioxide. The temperature can be substantially constant, for example, a temperature used in storage under refrigeration, e.g., 2-6 °C, or a temperature of about 13° when storing bananas and other biological materials which are damaged by storage at temperatures of 2-6°C. The temperature can be at a first level during a first storage period and at a different level, e.g., 18-22°C, during one or more other storage periods before or after the first storage.Packaging the biological material in a plurality of smaller containers.

[0071] In some embodiments of the invention, the respiring biological material is placed within the container without any additional packaging, or in packaging which does not affect the atmosphere around the biological material, e.g., in cardboard boxes or in polymeric bags or containers which are open or have perforations which are large enough that they have no influence on the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide. In these embodiments, the atmosphere within the container will be the same as the packaging atmosphere in direct contact with the respiring biological material. However, it is also possible for the respiring biological material, before it is placed in the container having a volume of at least 40 m 3< , to be packaged in a plurality (e.g., at least 10 or at least 20) of smaller containers which include a conventional relatively small ACM, for example, a selective ACM and / or perforations which modify the rates at which oxygen and carbon dioxide and to the smaller containers. Generally the inner containers are substantially identical containers which contain substantially the same amount of the same biological material. The inner containers may, for example, have a volume which is 0.001 to 0.01 times the volume of the outer container. The absolute size of the inner containers can vary widely; for example, the inner container can contain less than 0.5 kg (1 lb). of respiring biological material, e.g., green beans, up to 25 kg ( 50 lb) or more of respiring biological material, e.g., bananas, avocados.

[0072] The storage of the biological material within the inner and the outer containers can be followed by, and / or preceded by, additional storage within the inner container only. During such additional storage, the packaging atmosphere around the biological material depends upon the respiration of the biological material, the permeability of the inner container (which at this stage is the sole container), and the atmosphere surrounding the inner container, which is often air, but may be another desired atmosphere produced using the techniques of CAP. The temperature during storage of the respiring biological material in the inner container only will often have an effect on the respiration of the biological material and / or the permeability of the container to at least some gases. The temperature during such additional storage can be substantially constant, for example, a temperature at which the inner containers are displayed for retail sale, e.g., 18-21°C, or can be at a first level during a first additional storage period and at a different level during one or more additional storage periods. The temperature during such additional storage can be the same as or different from the temperature during the storage within both containers.Respiring Biological Materials

[0073] This invention is useful for the storage of a wide variety of respiring biological materials, including, for example, asparagus, avocado, broccoli, cantaloupe melons, cherries, mangos and papayas. Suitable materials include the wide range of fruits which ripen (or undergo other changes, for example, in the case of citrus fruits, de-greening) when exposed to ethylene or another ripening agent, for example, apples, apricots, avocados, bananas, blueberries, cherimoyas, dates, figs, kiwis, mangos, melons, peaches, papayas, pears, peppers, persimmons, and plums (all of which go through a climacteric when they ripen), as well as cherries, grapes, lemons, oranges, tomatoes and strawberries. Some aspects of the invention are especially useful for fruits which in commercial practice are ripened in ethylene-containing ripening rooms, for example, avocados, bananas, Bartlett pears, kiwis, mangos, melons, peppers and tomatoes. The invention is particularly useful for the storage of bananas, in particular while they are being transported from the sites at which they are grown to the sites at which they are sold. The present invention makes it easier to control the development of the bananas (from the green state in which they are initially packed to the post-climacteric state in which they are sold at retail) in response to changes in respiration rate, shipping times and the demands of the retail marketplace.

[0074] The table below shows the desired atmospheres for the storage of a variety of respiring biological materials, and the R ratio of the ACM which, according to the accepted criteria, should give rise to the desired atmosphere. Our experiments have made it clear that when the container is a shipping container, the desired atmospheres cannot be obtained through the use of such ACMs. Producedesired oxygendesired carbon dioxideCalculated R ratioActual R ratio requiredBerries, melons2%10%1.94.5Broccoli, bananas2%5%3.86.5Apples, pears2%2%9.513.5

[0075] The invention is illustrated in the following Examples.Example 1 (not according to the invention as claimed).

[0076] A polymer was prepared by copolymerizing tetradecyl acrylate (C14A , the n-alkyl acrylate in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 14 carbon atoms), hexylacrylate (C6A, the n-alkyl acrylate in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 6 carbon atoms, AA (acrylic acid) and MPEG 350 in ratios by weight of 35.2, 26.8, 3, 35. An atmosphere control member was made by coating the polymer onto a Teslin substrate, the thickness of the coating being about 2 µ. The table below shows the OTR and R ratio of the atmosphere control member at various temperatures. TemperatureOTR (cc / 100 in 2< .atm.24hr)R ratio22°C77,0008.315°C54,9329.611°C26,31513.1

[0077] The atmosphere control member was made into a pleated membrane having 5000 in. 2< of membrane, the pleats being around a 2.5 inch diameter, and about 28 inches long, as illustrated in Figs 1A - 1E.

[0078] An acrylic box having walls 2.5 cm (1") in thickness and internal dimensions of 81 x 71 x 42 cm (32" x 28" x 16.5") was constructed with an inlet and outlet hose in one 81 x 42 cm (32" x 16.5") face of the box. The cartridge was placed inside the box and connected to the inlet and outlet hoses.

[0079] On the outside of the box were two vacuum / air flow pumps, Air Admiral Cole Palmer Model No. 79202-30, with a maximum flow of 11 liters / minute and whose speed could be regulated with Variac power controllers. The pumps were set up with an inlet pump pushing air through the cartridge and an outlet pump which was pulling air through the cartridge. The effective permeability of the cartridge was calculated by flushing the box with carbon dioxide until an atmosphere of 2.5% oxygen and 35% carbon dioxide was reached. The change in atmosphere was measured at intervals and used to calculate the effective permeability of the cartridge in cc / 100 sq.in.atm.24hrs. The higher power settings correlate to a greater flow rate.

[0080] When the outlet pump was run at a faster rate than the inlet pump the R ratio increased. Running the inlet pump faster than the outlet could then be used to reduce the R ratio. Running the outlet pump faster and keeping it at this rate for a 45 minute interval gave a calculated R ratio of 21.8. Time intervalInlet Variac setting and flow rate (cc / min)Outlet Variac setting and flow rate (cc / min)Calculated OTR cc / 100sq.in.atm.24hrCO 2 TR / OTR15 min55 / 605057 / 627022,7691.8515 min55 / 605059 / 649017,3523.3415 min57 / 627059 / 64907,4408.2715 min60 / 660058 / 638025,7811.8415 min60 / 660058 / 638041,6651.3345 min55 / 605059 / 64901,84421.8

[0081] A preferred pressure differential from one side of the ACM to the other side is at least 0.0051 kg / cm 2< (2 inches of water pressure), preferably at least 0.0101 kg / cm 2< (4 inches of water pressure), preferably at least 0.0127 kg / cm 2< (5 inches of water pressure). For example, in one experiment where a CO2TR / OTR ratio of 19 resulted where the pressure inside the filter was negative 0.00076 kg / cm 2< (0.3 inches of water pressure) and within the container a positive 0.0102 kg / cm 2< (4.02 inches of water).

[0082] The conventional method for measuring permeability using the GC method is to pass a gas containing 3% O 2 15% CO 2 over the top surface of the membrane at a very low flow rate, and the gas which permeates the membrane is carried by a sweep gas of helium into the GC. So both gases are flowing albeit at very low flow rates. The important parameter is that the pressure difference between the top and bottom surfaces is at a minimum and is constant.Example 2.

[0083] A polymer was prepared by copolymerizing C14A, C6A, AA, MPEG 350 and MCR-M17 in ratios by weight of 14.7, 11.3, 3, 46, and 25. An atmosphere control member was made by coating the polymer onto a Teslin substrate.Example 3 (not according to the invention as claimed).

[0084] A R value of 14.0 was obtained after reaching equilibrium using the cartridge of Example 1 where the inlet flow rate of air was measured at 2630 cc / min, the outlet flow rate of air was measured at 3080 cc / min and the circulated OTR was measured at 186,449.5 ml / m 2< .atm.24hr (12,029 cc / 100 inch 2< .atm.24hr).

Claims

1. An atmosphere control member (ACM) which (A) is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of at least 620,000 ml / m2.atm.24hr (40,000 cc / 100 inch2.atm.24hr) and an R ratio of at least 4.3, the R ratio being the ratio of the carbon dioxide transmission rate (COTR) to the OTR, the OTR and the COTR being measured at 20°C and constant pressure of 0.035 kg / cm2, with the pressure difference on either side of the ACM being at a minimum, and (B) comprises (1) a porous substrate and (2) a coating on the substrate, the coating comprising at least one polymer which (i) is amorphous at temperatures below 20°C and (ii) is a polyacrylate which comprises 10 to 90% by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes.

2. An atmosphere control member according to claim 1 wherein the polymer which is amorphous at temperatures below 20°C contains 20 to 60% by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes.

3. An atmosphere control member according to claim 1 wherein the polymer which is amorphous at temperatures below 20°C is a copolymer which comprises units derived from (a) one or more n-alkyl acrylates and / or n-alkyl methacrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 10-16 carbon atoms, (b) 6-15% by weight of repeating units derived from one or more monomers selected from n-alkyl acrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 2-8 carbon atoms, n-alkyl methacrylates in which the n-alkyl moiety contains 2-8 carbon atoms, hydroxy-alkyl acrylates, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and (c) 20-60% by weight of units derived from monomethylacryloyl oxypropylene-terminated polydimethyl siloxanes.

4. An atmosphere control member according to any of the preceding claims which has an R ratio of at least 5.

5. An atmosphere control member according to any of the preceding claims which has an area of at least 0.06 m2.

6. A shipping container assembly comprising (1) a shipping container containing respiring biological materials; (2) a first atmosphere within the container which surrounds the biological materials; (3) an atmosphere control member (ACM) which is as defined in any one of claims 1-4 and which has an area of at least 0.06 m2, the ACM having a first surface in contact with the first atmosphere and a second surface in contact with a second atmosphere, and (4) one or more metering devices capable of causing the second atmosphere to flow over the second surface of the ACM.

7. A container assembly according to claim 6 which comprises two or more ACMs, at least one of the ACMs being a selective ACM as defined in any one of claims 1-4 and having an area of at least 0.06 m2 and at least one of the ACMs being a nonselective ACM.

8. A container assembly according to claim 6 which comprises two or more metering devices which are capable of causing the first atmosphere to flow over the first surface of the ACM.

9. A container assembly according to claim 6 wherein the selective ACM as defined in any one of claims 1-4 and having an area of at least 0.06 m2 has pleats that do not substantially reduce the exposed surface of the ACM.

10. A container assembly according to claim 9 wherein the ACM is in the form of a cartridge which comprises an inlet for gas and an outlet for gas, and the assembly comprises a first metering device connected to the inlet and a second metering device connected to the outlet.

11. A container assembly according to claim 10 wherein the cartridge can be removed from the container and placed in another container or replaced in the same container.

12. A container assembly according to claim 10 wherein the cartridge comprises (i) a generally cylindrical, pleated surface which comprises the ACM, and (ii) two opposite end faces, one of the end faces including at least one inlet for an incoming atmosphere and the other of the end faces including at least one outlet for an outgoing atmosphere.

13. A container assembly according to claim 6 wherein the shipping container is at least 40 m3 in volume and said respiring biological material is packaged in a plurality of containers with a volume smaller than said shipping container, each such smaller container comprising an ACM.

14. A method of controlling the oxygen and carbon dioxide contents of the packaging atmosphere inside a container which contains a respiring biological material surrounded by the packaging atmosphere, the container comprising an atmosphere control member having the packaging atmosphere contacting a first surface and a second atmosphere contacting a second opposite surface, the method comprising adjusting the pressure of the second atmosphere on the second surface of the atmosphere control member in response to the oxygen and / or carbon dioxide content of the packaging atmosphere, wherein the atmosphere control member is an atmosphere control member as defined in any one of claims 1-5.