Heating device and method for producing a heating device

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a heating device (1), in which material layers (3, 4, 5, 6) are applied one after another in layers, forming a heating unit (2). According to the invention, the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6) are applied on top of one another by means of a printing method, with one of the material layers (4) comprising an electrically conductive material to form a heating resistor and another of the material layers (3) comprising an electrically insulating material.

Description

[0001] Description Heating device and method for producing a heating device

[0002] The invention relates to a method for producing a heating device, in particular for heating buildings, a means for carrying out the method and a heating device.

[0003] Heating devices, particularly for heating buildings, are well known in the art. To create underfloor heating, heating cables or heating resistors are arranged beneath tiles. The invention is based on the object of providing a simple and cost-effective method for manufacturing heating devices.

[0004] According to the invention, this object is achieved in that layers of material from which a heating unit is formed are gradually applied to one another in layers by means of a printing process, wherein one of the

[0005] Material layers comprise an electrically conductive material for forming a heating resistor and another of the material layers comprises an electrically insulating material.

[0006] Conveniently, at least one of the material layers comprises a material for connecting the heating unit to a workpiece or is formed by the material, wherein the connecting material is preferably formed by a glass paste. The glass paste preferably comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum and / or titanium. Preferably, the material layer for forming the heating resistor is arranged between the material layer comprising the electrically insulating material and the material layer for connecting the heating unit. In one embodiment of the invention, the material layer comprising the electrically insulating material is arranged, in particular applied, in the form of a coating, a varnish, a film and / or a glaze on the material layer for forming the heating resistor. The material layer comprising the electrically insulating material can be provided such that it has the same structure, color and / or the same material as the workpiece.

[0007] In one embodiment of the invention, another of the material layers is formed by a thermally conductive, electrically insulating, and heat-resistant material, in particular a lacquer, which preferably comprises methyl methacrylate (MMA). Preferably, material can be removed and replaced with the material layer at least in the surface area of ​​the workpiece intended for the arrangement of the heating unit.

[0008] In one embodiment of the invention, the material layers are applied using a screen printing process, a photoelectric printing process, preferably using a laser printer, an LED printer, and / or an LCD / LCD printer, and / or an inkjet printing process, preferably using an inkjet printer. The electrically conductive material for forming the heating resistor expediently comprises a metal, preferably silver, copper, heat conductor alloys, and / or silicon carbide, molybdenum disilicide, and / or graphite. The material layer for forming the heating resistor is preferably formed by a paste containing the electrically conductive material. The paste preferably contains acrylic resin.

[0009] Preferably, the material layers, in particular the material layer with the electrically conductive material for forming the heating resistor, are applied in pasty form by means of the printing process. A paste containing the electrically conductive material preferably contains a filler and / or connecting agent which has a high electrical resistance, e.g. glass or ceramic particles, preferably silicon oxide particles. The specific resistance of the heating resistor can be adjusted by means of the filler and / or connecting agent. In one embodiment of the invention, the electrically conductive material is arranged in the material layer for forming the heating resistor only in sections, preferably in a line, preferably to form a winding, meandering and / or helical shape.It is expedient to arrange an electrically insulating material in addition to the electrically conductive material in the material layer for forming the heating resistor.

[0010] In one embodiment of the invention, the material layers for forming the heating unit are formed on a substrate, which is preferably formed by a film or paper, in particular silicone paper, wax paper, or paper coated with polytetrafluoroethylene. Since the film and paper are flexible materials and can be rolled up, especially when formed in webs, they are particularly well suited for the process.

[0011] Advantageously, a first material layer is printed onto the layer carrier and the further material layers are then arranged, in particular printed, layer by layer on top of one another and / or one behind the other.

[0012] The substrate is preferably designed in such a way that the material layers adhere to it, especially when the substrate is moved, but can be completely detached during assembly of the workpiece. Using a flexible substrate has proven particularly advantageous for handling.

[0013] The layer carrier is preferably web-shaped and, if necessary, intended for arrangement on a roll. If several material layers are arranged on the layer carrier, one embodiment of the invention provides for the layer carrier, together with the material layers arranged thereon, to be rolled up, preferably onto the roll, so that it can be easily stored and / or transported.

[0014] In order to transfer the material layers to the workpiece, the layer carrier is expediently unrolled together with the material layers, in particular from the roll, and moved to a transfer device by means of which the

[0015] Heating unit can be arranged on the workpiece.

[0016] In one embodiment of the invention, the transfer device comprises a means for heating a connection area between the heating unit and the workpiece, a means for pressing the heating unit against the workpiece, and / or a means for machining the surface of the workpiece. The machining means is expediently provided to machine at least the surface area of ​​the workpiece provided for the arrangement of the heating unit, in particular to clean and / or roughen it and / or to remove material from the workpiece in the surface area. The material can preferably be removed chemically, in particular by means of chemical decomposition, thermally, in particular by melting, and / or mechanically, in particular by grinding and / or machining. It is understood that the machining means can also be provided separately from the transfer device.

[0017] Preferably, several heating units are formed on the layer carrier, in particular in a continuous manner, wherein individual heating units and / or groups of heating units can be separated, in particular cut and / or torn off, from the other heating units formed on the layer carrier by a separating device. This allows the layer carrier to be printed on without interruption. Depending on the size and / or shape of the workpiece surface intended for the attachment of the heating unit, a suitable number of heating units can be provided. The transfer device expediently comprises the separating device.

[0018] The printing step on the substrate, which is significantly faster than transferring the material layers from the substrate to the workpiece, and the layer transfer step can be separated. This allows for better management of the production of the layers and the workpiece.

[0019] Furthermore, it opens up the possibility of locating the electrophotographic printing device at a different location than the transfer device.

[0020] If necessary, several transfer devices, possibly located at different locations, can be supplied with the layer carriers containing the layers from a single printing device.

[0021] The layer carrier and the layers arranged thereon form an intermediate product in the process according to the invention when the layer carrier is arranged completely on the roll and the roll is set up for use in a device for transferring the layer from the layer carrier to the workpiece.

[0022] Furthermore, the layer carrier could be provided as a plurality of individual sheets which can preferably be stacked in the printed state. To transfer the respective layer or layers to the workpiece, the individual sheets could be transported from a stack of individual sheets to the transfer device, preferably by means of a device for dispensing individual ones of the individual sheets. In a further embodiment of the invention, the layer carrier is designed as an endless belt, i.e. as a closed ring, and the layer is gradually applied to it and removed from it again during the transfer. It is understood that the endless belt is moved in a circumferential manner past the layer formation device so that it can be provided with the layer, and is moved behind it past the workpiece in the direction of movement of the endless belt so that the layer can be transferred to the workpiece.

[0023] The material layers are expediently arranged on a workpiece, optionally by detaching them from the layer carrier, wherein preferably the material layer comprising the electrically insulating material is formed on the side of the heating unit facing away from the workpiece.

[0024] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the material layers are applied directly from the roll to the workpiece.

[0025] Advantageously, the material layers are permanently connected to the workpiece, preferably by heating, preferably forming a material-locking and / or form-locking connection.

[0026] The material layers are preferably heated to temperatures between 600 °C and 1100 °C. At least individual components of the material layers, especially the glass components, become liquid. This creates a bond between the material layers and a bond with the surface of the workpiece. The heating resistor forms along the aforementioned sections where the electrically conductive material is arranged.

[0027] In one embodiment of the invention, the layer carrier is completely rolled onto a roll after printing with the material layers. In one embodiment of the invention, the printing device comprises a control and / or regulating device for controlling and / or regulating the printing device and / or a holder for the roll on which the layer carrier is arranged, and / or printing drums configured for printing different materials.

[0028] The control and / or regulation device preferably comprises a computer configured to generate information from digital drawings or models, in particular CAD files, which describe the shape of the workpiece to be printed and / or assembled, in particular the area of ​​the workpiece in which the material layers are to be applied, on the basis of which information the shapes of the material layers and the materials to be used to form them can be determined. Furthermore, further information can be provided manually by means of the computer. It would be conceivable for the material layers preferably to have a combined thickness of at most 100 μm, preferably at most 60 μm.

[0029] The workpiece may have an uneven shape, in particular at least one curvature, one edge and / or one corner, in the area in which the material layers are applied.

[0030] Preferably, a surface of the workpiece in the area in which the material layers are applied is formed from a metal, preferably steel, an enamel, stone, wood, a ceramic, a building material, in particular concrete, and / or a plastic.

[0031] In a preferred embodiment, the workpiece is a ceramic product, in particular a, preferably ceramic, tile, a sanitary fixture, preferably a washbasin, a bidet, a toilet bowl, a urinal, a bathtub, a shower tray, or a fitting, e.g. a mixer tap.

[0032] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the heating unit, in particular after connection to the workpiece, has a thickness of at most 150 μm, preferably at most 50 pm, particularly preferably at most 30 pm.

[0033] Conveniently, the workpiece provided with the heating unit forms the heating device. In one embodiment of the invention, the heating unit has a contacting device provided for electrically connecting the heating device and / or the heating unit, in particular the electrically conductive material, to an external power supply. The contacting device can be designed as a connection socket, an outgoing cable, an outgoing wire, and / or a coil for inductive transmission of electrical energy.

[0034] Preferably, the heating unit, in particular the contacting device, has a temperature control and / or regulation device, preferably a thermostat, particularly preferably a temperature switch and / or a temperature regulator, by means of which the supply of electrical current can be regulated. Furthermore, the heating device, in particular the temperature control and / or regulation device, can comprise a temperature sensor designed to monitor the temperature of the heating device, in particular of the workpiece and / or the heating unit.

[0035] To adjust the temperature of the heating device, the contacting device can comprise a controllable and / or adjustable power supply, preferably a power supply, particularly preferably a switching power supply.

[0036] For electrically connecting the heating unit to the contacting device and / or to other heating units, the heating unit preferably has at least one, in particular two-pole, connection, in particular a plug connection, a soldering point, an eyelet, a screw connection, and / or an adhesive point. The connection is expediently formed by the pressure device, in particular as part of the material layer for forming the heating resistor.

[0037] In one embodiment of the invention, several heating units are electrically connected to one another or can be electrically connected by, in particular, two-pole connecting means.

[0038] Preferably, an end piece is provided to close the circuit of one or more heating units. The end piece is intended to bridge, in particular short-circuit, one or more open connections.

[0039] Preferably, the end piece comprises the temperature control and / or regulation device and / or the temperature sensor. The invention is further explained below with reference to exemplary embodiments and the accompanying drawings relating to these exemplary embodiments. They show: Fig. 1 shows a heating unit according to the invention applied to a layer carrier,

[0040] Fig. 2 a detailed view of a material layer for forming a heating resistor,

[0041] Fig. 3 shows a heating unit according to the invention applied to a workpiece,

[0042] Fig. 4 a heating device according to the invention,

[0043] Fig. 5 shows an embodiment of a printing device for applying the heating unit according to the invention to a layer carrier, Fig. 6 shows a detailed view of an electrical connection of a heating unit according to the invention, and

[0044] Fig. 7 shows an embodiment of a heating unit according to the invention mounted on a bathtub. In a first embodiment, a heating unit 2 according to the invention is formed by screen printing.

[0045] For this purpose, as shown in Figs. 1 and 5, a material layer 3 in the form of a lacquer comprising an electrically insulating material is first printed onto a layer carrier 7, which is formed from paper coated with polytetrafluoroethylene. The layer carrier 7 could be formed from a film or paper, in particular silicone paper or wax paper, and / or the material layer 3 could be provided in the form of a coating and / or a glaze.

[0046] Another material layer 4 is printed onto the material layer 3. This material layer comprises electrically conductive material 9 for forming a heating resistor and an electrically insulating filler and / or connecting agent 10, which surrounds and electrically insulates the electrically conductive material in the material layer 4. In the exemplary embodiment according to Fig. 2, the filler and / or connecting agent 10 comprises glass particles, ceramic particles and / or silicon oxide particles. In the pasty material layer 4, the electrically conductive material is printed in the form of at least one, preferably winding, meandering, and / or helical line, or possibly several lines (see reference numeral 9 in Fig. 2). The electrically conductive material comprises, for example, metal, preferably copper, silver and / or heating conductor alloys, silicon carbide, molybdenum silicide and / or graphite.A further material layer 5 is printed onto the material layer 4, by means of which the heating unit 2 is connected to a workpiece 8. The material layer 5 is formed from a glass paste which comprises, for example, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum and / or titanium. Optionally, before the arrangement of the material layer 3 or the layer carrier 7 or after the arrangement of the material layer 5, an additional material layer 6 can be applied, in particular printed, which comprises or is formed by a varnish. The material layers 3, 4, 5 can be temporarily connected to one another by means of the varnish. As an alternative to the screen printing process, the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 could also be formed by means of a photoelectric printing process, preferably by means of a laser printer, an LED printer and / or an LCD / LCS printer, and / or by means of an inkjet printing process, preferably by means of an inkjet printer.After printing with the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6, the layer carrier 7 is rolled up together with the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 onto a roll 25. The roll 25 now provided with the printed layer carrier 7 can be temporarily stored and transported.

[0047] In order to provide the workpiece 8 with the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6, the layer carrier 7 together with the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 is rolled up and the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 are applied to the workpiece 8 using a roller and / or a spatula (see Fig. 3). Optionally, the workpiece 8 and / or the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 can be heated in order to achieve a, if necessary preliminary, connection of the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 to the workpiece 8. Subsequently, the workpiece 8 and the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 are heated at 600° to 1100°, at least in the area in which the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 are arranged, such that the material layers 3, 4, 5 are permanently bonded to one another and to the workpiece 8. The heating temperature is selected depending on the materials used in such a way that at least the material layers 4,5 become so slightly viscous or so liquid that the material layers 3,4,5 bond together.

[0048] The heating temperature can be selected so that the lacquer of the material layer 6 decomposes, preferably completely.

[0049] The workpiece 8, together with the heating unit 2, forms a one-piece heating device 1 (cf. Fig. 4). In the exemplary embodiment, the workpiece 8 is a tile. It is understood that the workpiece 8 can also be a ceramic item, in particular a ceramic tile, a sanitary fixture, preferably a washbasin, a bidet, a toilet bowl, a urinal, a bathtub, a shower tray, or a fitting, e.g., a mixer tap. Furthermore, the surface of the workpiece in the region where the material layers are applied could be formed from a metal, preferably steel, enamel, stone, wood, a building material, in particular concrete, and / or a plastic.

[0050] Alternatively, the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 can be applied to the layer carrier by means of a xerographic printing device 21. A device 20 according to the invention shown in Fig. 5 comprises a xerographic printing device 21 which is configured to print a layer carrier 7, which is formed by a paper web, with material layers 3, 4, 5, 6. It further has a control and / or regulating device 22 for controlling and / or regulating the printing device 21. The printing device 21 comprises a holder for a roll 24, on which the layer carrier 7 is rolled up, and four printing drums 30, 31, 32, 33 provided with a light-sensitive coating, which are configured to print different materials.The control and / or regulation device 22 comprises a computer configured to generate information from CAD files describing the shape of the workpiece 8 to be assembled, which information can be used to determine the shapes of the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 and the materials to be used to form them. From this information, the computer generates print images, which can be used to control the xerographic printing device 21.

[0051] The procedure for constructing a heating unit 2 according to the invention is as follows.

[0052] First, a CAD file is loaded into the computer, which contains information about the composition and arrangement of the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 and from this, the print images for the printing device 21 are generated.

[0053] Based on this information, the control and / or regulating device 22 sets up the printing device 21 and causes the layer carrier 7 to be set in motion by means of the stepper motors. The layer carrier 7 is then guided from the roll 24 through the printing device 21, and the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 are formed by the printing drums 30, 31, 32, 33. The material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 can be formed continuously or in such a way that individual heating units and / or electrically conductively connected groups of heating units are formed.

[0054] It is understood that a printing device that uses the screen printing method described above or other printing methods, in particular photoelectric printing methods, preferably by means of a laser printer, an LED printer and / or an LCD / LCS printer, and / or inkjet printing methods, preferably by means of an inkjet printer, can also have the described features of the xerographic printing device 21.

[0055] After printing with the material layers 3, 4, 5, 6, the layer carrier 7, as described above for the screen printing process, is applied together with the material layers

[0056] 3, 4, 5, 6 are rolled onto a roll 25. The roll 25 provided with the printed layer carrier 7 can be temporarily stored and transported.

[0057] The material layers 3, 4, 5, 6 can, as described above for the screen printing process, form the heating unit 2 and, if necessary, can be connected to a workpiece (not shown here) by heating to form the heating device.

[0058] The detailed view according to Fig. 6 shows the meander-shaped printed electrically conductive material 9, 9', which is intended to form two heating units (not shown here). The electrically conductive material 9, 9' has two-pole connections 13, 13', 13", 13"' for connecting the heating unit to a power supply and for connecting additional heating units. The connections 13, 13', 13", 13"' were formed by the printing device (not shown here), but can also be adhesive points, eyelets, soldering points and / or a screw connection and / or a plug connection. A contacting device 11 is connected to the first connection 13 and supplies the heating units with power via a switched-mode power supply (not shown here). Furthermore, the contacting device 11 comprises a temperature control and / or regulation unit 12, which has a temperature sensor (not shown here).

[0059] A two-pole connecting means 14 is provided for electrically connecting the second electrically conductive material 9' to the second terminals 13' of the first electrically conductive material 9.

[0060] The connecting means 14 is a component of the printed material layer 4, in particular of the electrically conductive material 9, 9', such that all heating units formed without interruption by the printing device and arranged on the same layer carrier are electrically connected to one another. At the second connection 13"' of the second electrically conductive material 9', the layer carrier (not shown here) printed with the heating units is cut off by a separating device (not shown here) of the transfer device (not shown here) such that the connecting means are interrupted. To close the circuit, an end piece 15 is provided at the second connection 13"' of the second electrically conductive material 9'. The end piece 15, like the connections 13, 13', 13", 13'" and the connecting means 14, is formed by the printing device, in particular as a component of the printed material layer 4 for forming the heating resistor.The connecting means 14 and / or end piece 15 could also be printed in the same way as the material layers on another and / or the same layer carrier and transferred to the workpiece (not shown here) by means of the transfer device.

[0061] The connecting means 14 and / or the end piece 15 can be provided as an electrically conductive lacquer, adhesive and / or an electrically conductive paste, paint and / or a plug connection and / or a melted electrically conductive connection, in particular a solder connection.

[0062] In the embodiment according to Fig. 7, a conventional bathtub forms a workpiece 8a, wherein the bathtub is curved in the surface area provided for the attachment of a heating unit. Since the surface of the bathtub is already painted, a heating unit 2a, which only comprises the material layers 3a, 4a, 5a, is provided for attachment to the workpiece 8a. For this purpose, the heating unit 2a, which is arranged on a layer carrier (not shown here), is pressed against the bathtub surface by means of a transfer device (not shown here) in such a way that the material layer 5a for connecting the heating unit 2a to the workpiece 8a rests against the bathtub surface. The material layer 5a has a glass paste as a connecting material, by means of which the heating unit 2a initially adheres adhesively to the workpiece 8a.

[0063] Alternatively, the layer carrier comprising the material layers 3a, 4a, 5a can be pressed onto the tub surface by hand, preferably with the aid of tools, in particular a roller and / or a spatula.

[0064] Subsequently, or during the pressing process, the material layers 3a, 4a, and 5a are released from the substrate. Finally, the material layers 3a, 4a, and 5a are permanently bonded to the workpiece 8a by heating.

[0065] If the bathtub's paint is not heat-resistant and / or has particularly poor thermal conductivity, it can be removed beforehand. In this case, the heating unit 2a expediently comprises an additional layer of material to replace the removed paint. To remove the paint, the transfer device has a grinding device by means of which the paint is removed.

[0066] For the electrical supply of the heating unit 2a, the contacting device 11 is provided in the form of a power cable with a protective contact plug, which further comprises the temperature control and / or regulation unit 12.

Claims

Patent claims 1 . Method for producing a heating device (1 ), in which layers of material (3,4,5,6;3a,4a,5a) from which a heating unit (2; 2a) is formed, are applied to one another by means of a printing process, wherein one of the material layers (4; 4a) comprises an electrically conductive material (9, 9') for forming a heating resistor and another of the material layers (3; 3a) comprises an electrically insulating material. . Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a further one of the material layers (5; 5a) comprises a material for connecting the heating unit (2; 2a) to a workpiece (8; 8a) or is formed by the material, wherein the connecting material is preferably formed by a glass paste. . Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the material layer (4; 4a) for forming a heating resistor is arranged between the material layer (3; 3a) comprising the electrically insulating material and the material layer (5; 5a) for connecting the heating unit (2; 2a).Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a further one of the material layers (6) is formed by a lacquer which preferably comprises methyl methacrylate (MMA). Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a) are applied by means of a screen printing method, by means of a photoelectric printing method, preferably by means of a laser printer, and / or by means of an inkjet printing method, preferably by means of an inkjet printer. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that. that the electrically conductive material (9,9') for forming the heating resistor comprises a metal, preferably silver, copper, a heating conductor alloy, and / or silicon carbide, molybdenum disilicide and graphite, wherein the material layer (4;4a) for forming a heating resistor is preferably formed by a paste containing the electrically conductive material.

7. Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the material layers (3,4,5,6;3a,4a,5a), in particular the electrically conductive material (9,9') for forming the heating resistor, by means of the Printing process in pasty form.

8. Method according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the electrically conductive material (9, 9') in the material layer (4; 4a) for Formation of the heating resistor is arranged only in sections, preferably linearly, preferably forming a winding, in particular meandering and / or helical, shape.

9. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that in the material layer (4; 4a) for forming the heating resistor, an electrically insulating filling and / or connecting means (10) is arranged next to the electrically conductive, in particular linearly arranged, material (9, 9').

10. Method according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6, 3a, 4a, 5a) are applied to a, preferably flexible, A layer carrier (7) is formed, which is preferably formed from a film or paper, in particular silicone paper, wax paper, or paper coated with polytetrafluoroethylene.

11. Method according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the layer carrier (7) is completely rolled up onto a roll after printing with the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a).

12. Method according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a) are arranged on a workpiece (8; 8a), optionally with detachment from the layer carrier (7), wherein preferably the material layer (3; 3a) comprising the electrically insulating material is formed on the side of the heating unit (2; 2a) facing away from the workpiece (8; 8a).

13. Method according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a) are applied directly from the roll to the workpiece [8; 8a], wherein preferably the material layer (5; 5a) for connecting the heating unit (2; 2a) is arranged directly on the workpiece (8; 8a).

14. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a) are permanently connected to the workpiece (8; 8a), preferably by heating, preferably under Formation of a material-locking and / or form-locking connection.

15. Method according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a) are applied to a region of the workpiece (8; 8a) are applied, which has an uneven shape, in particular at least one curvature, an edge and / or a corner.

6. Method according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that a surface of the workpiece (8; 8a) in the region in which the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6, 3a, 4a, 5a) are applied is formed from a metal, preferably steel, an enamel, a ceramic and / or a plastic.

7. Method according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the workpiece (8; 8a) is a ceramic product, in particular a, preferably ceramic, tile, a sanitary fixture, preferably a washbasin, a bidet, a toilet bowl, a urinal, a bathtub, a shower tray or a fitting, e.g. a mixer tap.

18. Means for forming a heating unit for a heating device, comprising material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a), wherein one of the material layers (4; 4a) comprises an electrically conductive material (9, 9') for forming a heating resistor and another of the material layers (3, 3a) comprises an electrically insulating material, preferably producible or produced by the method according to one of claims 1 to 17.

19. Means for forming a heating unit according to claim 18, characterized in that another of the material layers (5; 5a) is a material for connecting the Heating unit (2; 2a) comprising a workpiece (8, 8a) or formed by the material, wherein the connecting material is preferably formed by a glass paste.

20. Means for forming a heating unit according to claim 18 or 19, characterized in that the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a) are arranged on a layer carrier (7), and the material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a) are rolled up onto a roll with the layer carrier. 21 . Heating device characterized by a heating unit (2; 2a) which is formed from layer-by-layer printed material layers (3, 4, 5, 6; 3a, 4a, 5a). 22 Heating device according to claim 21, characterized in that the heating unit (2; 2a) is arranged on a workpiece (8; 8a).

23. Heating device according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that the workpiece (8; 8a) is a ceramic product, in particular a ceramic tile, a sanitary fixture, in particular a washbasin, a bidet, a toilet bowl, a urinal, a bathtub, a shower tray, or a fitting, in particular a mixer tap. Heating device according to one of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that one of the material layers (4; 4a) comprises an electrically conductive material (9, 9') for forming a heating resistor and another of the material layers (3; 3a) comprises an electrically insulating material.

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