On-demand nitric oxide generation and delivery devices
Patent Information
- Application Number
- EP2023910732
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2022-12-28
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-05
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Figure PCTCN2023142386-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2023142386-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2023142386-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ON-DEMAND NITRIC OXIDE GENERATION AND DELIVERY DEVICESBACKGROUND
[0001] Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule and an important vertebrate biological messenger. In the body, NO is biosynthesized endogenously from L-arginine, oxygen, and NADPH by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Reduction of inorganic nitrate may also make nitric oxide. The binding of nitric oxide to the heme region of the enzyme leads to activation, in the presence of iron.
[0002] Nitric oxide plays important roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Nitric oxide may diffuse through cell membranes without an intermediary transport mechanism and thus can signal neighboring cells or tissue in an efficient and fast manner. For example, nitric oxide produced by vascular endothelial cells can signal the surrounding vascular smooth muscles to relax, resulting in vasodilation and increased blood flow. Nitric oxide may also participate in electron transfer and redox reactions in cellular biochemical events in human bodies. NO may elicit various physiological effects, such as endothelium-dependent vasodilation, by activating guanylyl cyclase.
[0003] Inhalation of nitric oxide may improve the body’s oxidative capacity and reduce the need for high-risk extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support for critically ill patients. Controlled administration of appropriate amounts of inhaled nitric oxide may reduce pulmonary hypertension and improve oxygenation. Inhaled nitric oxide as a medicine has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborns. Nitric oxide inhalation therapies have also been used in various diseases or clinical medicine fields, such as neonatal respiratory disorders, critical care medicine, cardiothoracic surgery, acute respiratory distress, and anesthesiology.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure provides apparatuses and methods for generating nitric oxide gas, which can be done on demand. The method can entail electrolyzing an iron (III) -ligand complex in a nitrite ion-containing medium. The medium preferably has a pH that is from 5 to 9, in which the iron (III) -ligand complex is capable of staying soluble and stable even at a temperature of 40-95 ℃.
[0005] In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, provided is a device for generating nitric oxide, comprising: a working electrode and a reference or counter electrode, a medium in contact with the working electrode and the reference or counter electrode, wherein the medium comprises nitrite ions, an iron (III) -ligand complex in contact with the working electrode, and an outlet to release nitric oxide generated from the medium.
[0006] In some embodiments, the ligand is an oxygen-or nitrogen-containing iron complexing agent. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is stable for at least 1 hour at 40-95 ℃.
[0007] In some embodiments, the ligand is selected from Table A. In some embodiments, the ligand is selected from the group consisting of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or a salt thereof, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) or a salt thereof, citric acid (CA) or a salt thereof, and N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) or a salt thereof.
[0008] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is selected from the group consisting of:
[0009] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 1.0 to 70.0 mM. In some embodiments, the medium has a pH that is from 5 to 9, or preferably from 5.5 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.2, or 6.8 to 8.0. In some embodiments, the medium comprises a buffer.
[0010] In some embodiments, the buffer comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of 4- (2-Hydroxyethyl) -1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or a salt thereof, 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) or a salt thereof, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) or a salt thereof, barbital or a salt thereof, phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, boric acid or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES) or a salt thereof, N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylglycine (Tricine) or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) glycine (Bicine) or a salt thereof, piperazine-N, N'-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) or a salt thereof, cacodylic acid or a salt thereof, citric acid or a salt thereof, 2- (N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES) or a salt thereof, 2, 2-Bis (hydroxyethyl) - (iminotris) - (hydroxymethyl) -methane (Bis-Tris) or a salt thereof, glycine-hydrochloric acid, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-hydrochloric acid (Tris-HCl) , and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the buffer has a concentration of 0.05 to 1.5 M.
[0011] In some embodiments, the nitrite ions are provided with an inorganic or organic nitrite. In some embodiments, the nitrite ions are provided with NaNO2. In some embodiments, the nitrite ions are present at a concentration of 0.05 to 7.0 M.
[0012] In some embodiments, the device further comprises an inlet to deliver a carrier gas to the medium.
[0013] Also provided, in another embodiment, is a method for generating nitric oxide, comprising electrolyzing an iron (III) -ligand complex in a medium comprising nitrite ions to generate nitric oxide, wherein: the medium has a pH that is from 5 to 9, and the iron (III) -ligand complex is soluble and stable in the medium for at least 1 hour at a temperature of 40-95 ℃.
[0014] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is soluble and stable in the medium when the medium has a pH that is from 5.5 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.2, or 6.8 to 8.0. In some embodiments, the ligand is an oxygen-or nitrogen-containing iron complexing agent.
[0015] In some embodiments, the ligand is selected from Table A. In some embodiments, the ligand is selected from the group consisting of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or a salt thereof, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) or a salt thereof, citric acid (CA) or a salt thereof, and N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) or a salt thereof.
[0016] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is selected from the group consisting of:
[0017] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 1.0 to 70.0 mM. In some embodiments, the medium comprises a buffer. In some embodiments, the buffer comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of 4- (2-Hydroxyethyl) -1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or a salt thereof, 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) or a salt thereof, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) or a salt thereof, barbital or a salt thereof, phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, boric acid or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES) or a salt thereof, N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylglycine (Tricine) or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) glycine (Bicine) or a salt thereof, piperazine-N, N'-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) or a salt thereof, cacodylic acid or a salt thereof, citric acid or a salt thereof, 2- (N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES) or a salt thereof, 2, 2-Bis (hydroxyethyl) - (iminotris) - (hydroxymethyl) -methane (Bis-Tris) or a salt thereof, glycine-hydrochloric acid, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-hydrochloric acid (Tris-HCl) , and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the buffer has a concentration of 0.05 to 1.5 M.
[0018] In some embodiments, the nitrite ions are provided with an inorganic or organic nitrite. In some embodiments, the nitrite ions are provided with NaNO2. In some embodiments, the nitrite ions are present at a concentration of 0.05 to 7.0 M.
[0019] In some embodiments, the method further comprises delivering a carrier gas to the medium to carry nitric oxide generated from the medium out of the medium. In some embodiments, the method further comprises modulating the generation of the nitric oxide by adjusting a potential or current applied to the electrolysis. In some embodiments, the method further comprises modulating the generation of the nitric oxide by adjusting a flow rate of the carrier gas.
[0020] In some embodiments, the method further comprises modulating the generation of the nitric oxide by adjusting a contact area between the iron (III) -ligand complex and a working electrode used to apply the electrolysis.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1A shows the nitric oxide (NO) concentrations measured at different current levels (40 mA, 20 mA and 10 mA) using the complex Fe-trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) . FIG. 1B shows a correlation chart between current and NO concentration.
[0022] FIG. 2 shows the nitric oxide (NO) concentrations measured at different current levels (40 mA and 20 mA) using the complex Fe-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) .
[0023] FIG. 3A shows the nitric oxide (NO) concentrations measured at different current levels (40 mA, 20 mA and 10 mA) using the complex Fe-citric acid (CA) . FIG. 3B shows a correlation chart between current and NO concentration.
[0024] FIG. 4 shows the nitric oxide (NO) concentrations measured at different current levels (40 mA, 20 mA and 10 mA) using the complex Fe-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) .
[0025] FIG. 5 shows the nitric oxide (NO) concentrations measured at different current levels (10 mA and 20 mA) using the complex Fe-porphyrin.
[0026] FIG. 6 shows the nitric oxide (NO) concentrations measured at a current of 40 mA using the complex Cu-citric acid (CA) .
[0027] FIG. 7 illustrates a device for production of nitric oxide, in accordance with various examples.
[0028] FIG. 8 shows the correlation between nitric oxide (NO) generation rates and NaNO2 concentration.
[0029] FIG. 9 shows that higher nitrite ion concentrations reduced the melting temperature (or freezing temperature) of the electrolytes when the nitrite ion concentrations were under 5M; while when the nitrite ion concentrations were higher than 5M, higher nitrite ion concentrations led to increased melting temperature of the electrolytes.
[0030] FIG. 10 shows that at different operating temperatures, with a 5M NaNO2, the system had similar nitric oxide (NO) generation rates.
[0031] FIG. 11 shows the correlation between nitric oxide (NO) generation rates and NaNO2 concentration when HEDTA was used as the ligand.
[0032] It will be recognized that some or all of the figures are schematic representations for purpose of illustration.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] Definitions
[0034] The following description sets forth exemplary embodiments of the present technology. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.
[0035] As used in the present specification, the following words, phrases and symbols are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.
[0036] A dash ( “-” ) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, -C (O) NH2 is attached through the carbon atom. A dash at the front or end of a chemical group is a matter of convenience; chemical groups may be depicted with or without one or more dashes without losing their ordinary meaning. A wavy line drawn through a line in a structure indicates a point of attachment of a group. Unless chemically or structurally required, no directionality is indicated or implied by the order in which a chemical group is written or named.
[0037] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. In certain embodiments, the term “about” includes the indicated amount ± 10%. In other embodiments, the term “about” includes the indicated amount ±5%. In certain other embodiments, the term “about” includes the indicated amount ± 1%. Also, to the term “about X” includes description of “X” . Also, the singular forms “a” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, e.g., reference to "the compound" includes a plurality of such compounds and reference to “the assay” includes reference to one or more assays and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art.
[0038] “Alkyl” refers to an unbranched or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain. As used herein, alkyl has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-20 alkyl) , 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-8 alkyl) , 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-6 alkyl) , or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-4 alkyl) . Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, and 3-methylpentyl. When an alkyl residue having a specific number of carbons is named by chemical name or identified by molecular formula, all positional isomers having that number of carbons may be encompassed; thus, for example, “butyl” includes n-butyl (i.e. - (CH2) 3CH3) , sec-butyl (i.e. -CH (CH3) CH2CH3) , isobutyl (i.e. -CH2CH (CH3) 2) and tert-butyl (i.e. -C (CH3) 3) ; and “propyl” includes n-propyl (i.e. - (CH2) 2CH3) and isopropyl (i.e. -CH (CH3) 2) .
[0039] “Alkoxy” refers to the group “alkyl-O-” . Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and 1, 2-dimethylbutoxy.
[0040] “Haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen.
[0041] “Acyl” refers to a group -C (O) R, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein. Examples of acyl include formyl, acetyl, cylcohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethyl-carbonyl, and benzoyl.
[0042] “Amino” refers to the group -NRyRz wherein Ry and Rz are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted.
[0043] “Aryl” refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g. monocyclic) or multiple rings (e.g. bicyclic or tricyclic) including fused systems. As used herein, aryl has 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C6-20 aryl) , 6 to 12 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C6-12 aryl) , or 6 to 10 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C6-10 aryl) . Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, and anthryl. Aryl, however, does not encompass or overlap in any way with heteroaryl defined below. If one or more aryl groups are fused with a heteroaryl, the resulting ring system is heteroaryl. If one or more aryl groups are fused with a heterocyclyl, the resulting ring system is heterocyclyl.
[0044] “Carboxyl” refers to -C (O) OH.
[0045] “Carboxyl ester” refers to both -OC (O) R and -C (O) OR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
[0046] “Cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic alkyl group having a single ring or multiple rings including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems. The term “cycloalkyl” includes cycloalkenyl groups (i.e. the cyclic group having at least one double bond) . As used herein, cycloalkyl has from 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-20 cycloalkyl) , 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-12 cycloalkyl) , 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-10 cycloalkyl) , 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-8 cycloalkyl) , or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-6 cycloalkyl) . Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
[0047] “Imino” refers to a group -C (NR) R, wherein each R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
[0048] “Halogen” or “halo” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo. “Haloalkyl” refers to an unbranched or branched alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen. For example, where a residue is substituted with more than one halogen, it may be referred to by using a prefix corresponding to the number of halogen moieties attached. Dihaloalkyl and trihaloalkyl refer to alkyl substituted with two ( “di” ) or three ( “tri” ) halo groups, which may be, but are not necessarily, the same halogen. Examples of haloalkyl include difluoromethyl (-CHF2) and trifluoromethyl (-CF3) .
[0049] “Heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the carbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) are each independently replaced with the same or different heteroatomic group. The term “heteroalkyl” includes unbranched or branched saturated chain having carbon and heteroatoms. By way of example, 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms may be independently replaced with the same or different heteroatomic group. Heteroatomic groups include, but are not limited to, -NR-, -O-, -S-, -S (O) -, -S (O) 2-, and the like, where R is H, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, each of which may be optionally substituted. Examples of heteroalkyl groups include -OCH3, -CH2OCH3, -SCH3, -CH2SCH3, -NRCH3, and -CH2NRCH3, where R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted. As used herein, heteroalkyl include 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, 1 to 2 heteroatoms, or 1 heteroatom.
[0050] “Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group having a single ring, multiple rings, or multiple fused rings, with one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. As used herein, heteroaryl includes 1 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C1-20 heteroaryl) , 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-12 heteroaryl) , or 3 to 8 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C3-8 heteroaryl) ; and 1 to 5 heteroatoms, 1 to 4 heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyrimidinyl, purinyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, benzothiazolyl, and pyrazolyl. Examples of the fused-heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, benzo [d] thiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzo [b] thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzo [d] imidazolyl, pyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyridinyl, and imidazo [1, 5-a] pyridinyl, where the heteroaryl can be bound via either ring of the fused system. Any aromatic ring, having a single or multiple fused rings, containing at least one heteroatom, is considered a heteroaryl regardless of the attachment to the remainder of the molecule (i.e., through any one of the fused rings) . Heteroaryl does not encompass or overlap with aryl as defined above.
[0051] “Heterocyclyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl group, with one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The term “heterocyclyl” includes heterocycloalkenyl groups (i.e. the heterocyclyl group having at least one double bond) , bridged-heterocyclyl groups, fused-heterocyclyl groups, and spiro-heterocyclyl groups. A heterocyclyl may be a single ring or multiple rings wherein the multiple rings may be fused, bridged, or spiro. Any non-aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom is considered a heterocyclyl, regardless of the attachment (i.e., can be bound through a carbon atom or a heteroatom) . Further, the term heterocyclyl is intended to encompass any non-aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom, which ring may be fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring, regardless of the attachment to the remainder of the molecule. As used herein, heterocyclyl has 2 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C2-20 heterocyclyl) , 2 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C2-12 heterocyclyl) , 2 to 10 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C2-10 heterocyclyl) , 2 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C2-8 heterocyclyl) , 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-12 heterocyclyl) , 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-8 heterocyclyl) , or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C3-6 heterocyclyl) ; having 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxetanyl, dioxolanyl, azetidinyl, and morpholinyl. As used herein, the term “bridged-heterocyclyl” refers to a four-to ten-membered cyclic moiety connected at two non-adjacent atoms of the heterocyclyl with one or more (e.g. 1 or 2) four-to ten-membered cyclic moiety having at least one heteroatom where each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. As used herein, bridged-heterocyclyl includes bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems. Also used herein, the term “spiro-heterocyclyl” refers to a ring system in which a three-to ten-membered heterocyclyl has one or more additional ring, wherein the one or more additional ring is three-to ten-membered cycloalkyl or three-to ten-membered heterocyclyl, where a single atom of the one or more additional ring is also an atom of the three-to ten-membered heterocyclyl. Examples of the spiro-heterocyclyl rings include bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems, such as 2-oxa-7-azaspiro [3.5] nonanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro [3.4] octanyl, and 6-oxa-1-azaspiro [3.3] heptanyl. Examples of the fused-heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydrothieno [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, indolinyl, and isoindolinyl, where the heterocyclyl can be bound via either ring of the fused system.
[0052] “Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the group -OH.
[0053] “Oxo” refers to the group (=O) or (O) .
[0054] “Nitro” refers to the group –NO2.
[0055] “Sulfonyl” refers to the group -S (O) 2R, where R is alkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl. Examples of sulfonyl are methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, and toluenesulfonyl.
[0056] Certain commonly used alternative chemical names may be used. For example, a divalent group such as a divalent “alkyl” group, a divalent “aryl” group, etc., may also be referred to as an “alkylene” group or an “alkylenyl” group, an “arylene” group or an “arylenyl” group, respectively. Also, unless indicated explicitly otherwise, where combinations of groups are referred to herein as one moiety, e.g. arylalkyl, the last mentioned group contains the atom by which the moiety is attached to the rest of the molecule.
[0057] The terms “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. Also, the term “optionally substituted” refers to any one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom or group may or may not be replaced by a moiety other than hydrogen.
[0058] Some of the compounds exist as tautomers. Tautomers are in equilibrium with one another. For example, amide containing compounds may exist in equilibrium with imidic acid tautomers. Regardless of which tautomer is shown, and regardless of the nature of the equilibrium among tautomers, the compounds are understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to comprise both amide and imidic acid tautomers. Thus, the amide containing compounds are understood to include their imidic acid tautomers. Likewise, the imidic acid containing compounds are understood to include their amide tautomers.
[0059] Any formula or structure given herein, is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds. Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as, but not limited to 2H (deuterium, D) , 3H (tritium) , 11C, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18F, 31P, 32P, 35S, 36Cl and 125I. Various isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H, 13C and 14C are incorporated. Such isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays or in radioactive treatment of patients.
[0060] The disclosure also includes “deuterated analogs” of compounds of Formula I in which from 1 to n hydrogens attached to a carbon atom is / are replaced by deuterium, in which n is the number of hydrogens in the molecule. Such compounds exhibit increased resistance to metabolism and are thus useful for increasing the half-life of any compound of Formula I when administered to a mammal, particularly a human. See, for example, Foster, “Deuterium Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism, ” Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 5 (12) : 524-527 (1984) . Such compounds are synthesized by means well known in the art, for example by employing starting materials in which one or more hydrogens have been replaced by deuterium.
[0061] Deuterium labelled or substituted therapeutic compounds of the disclosure may have improved DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics) properties, relating to distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) . Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life, reduced dosage requirements and / or an improvement in therapeutic index. An 18F labeled compound may be useful for PET or SPECT studies. Isotopically labeled compounds of this disclosure and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. It is understood that deuterium in this context is regarded as a substituent in the compound of Formula I.
[0062] The concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium, may be defined by an isotopic enrichment factor. In the compounds of this disclosure any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotope is meant to represent any stable isotope of that atom. Unless otherwise stated, when a position is designated specifically as “H” or “hydrogen” , the position is understood to have hydrogen at its natural abundance isotopic composition. Accordingly, in the compounds of this disclosure any atom specifically designated as a deuterium (D) is meant to represent deuterium.
[0063] In many cases, the compounds of this disclosure are capable of forming acid and / or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and / or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto.
[0064] The term “substituted” means that any one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom or group is replaced with one or more substituents other than hydrogen, provided that the designated atom’s normal valence is not exceeded. The one or more substituents include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, acyl, amino, amido, amidino, aryl, azido, carbamoyl, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, cyano, guanidino, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, hydroxy, hydrazino, imino, oxo, nitro, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, thiocyanate, thiol, thione, or combinations thereof. Polymers or similar indefinite structures arrived at by defining substituents with further substituents appended ad infinitum (e.g., a substituted aryl having a substituted alkyl which is itself substituted with a substituted aryl group, which is further substituted by a substituted heteroalkyl group, etc. ) are not intended for inclusion herein. Unless otherwise noted, the maximum number of serial substitutions in compounds described herein is three. For example, serial substitutions of substituted aryl groups with two other substituted aryl groups are limited to ( (substituted aryl) substituted aryl) substituted aryl. Similarly, the above definitions are not intended to include impermissible substitution patterns (e.g., methyl substituted with 5 fluorines or heteroaryl groups having two adjacent oxygen ring atoms) . Such impermissible substitution patterns are well known to the skilled artisan. When used to modify a chemical group, the term “substituted” may describe other chemical groups defined herein. Unless specified otherwise, where a group is described as optionally substituted, any substituents of the group are themselves unsubstituted. For example, in some embodiments, the term “substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more substituents including hydroxyl, halo, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. In other embodiments, the one or more substituents may be further substituted with halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is substituted. In other embodiments, the substituents may be further substituted with halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted.
[0065] Generation of Nitric Oxide (NO)
[0066] Methods of generating nitric oxide from electrochemical reactions have been developed. For instance, in PCT Application WO2022127902A1, the instant applicant has disclosed methods and devices to implement a copper (Cu) (II) -based nitric oxide production mechanism. The complexed copper (II) ions (i.e., in a Cu (II) -ligand complex) are reduced to copper (I) through electrolysis: Cu2++e-→Cu+
[0067] which can then react with nitrite ions in a medium to produce nitric oxide gas: Cu++NO2-+2H+→NO+Cu2++H2O.
[0068] An example Cu (II) -ligand complex is Cu (II) -1, 4, 7-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane (Me3TACN) . A significant limitation of the Cu (II) -based systems is that all commonly used ligands for preparing Cu (II) -ligand complexes are only stable at low temperatures (e.g., 2-8 ℃) . At a temperature of 35 ℃ or higher, these Cu (II) -ligand complexes have strong tendency of degradation. Also, these ligands are quite expensive.
[0069] It has been thought that development of other metal (e.g., iron or cobalt) -based nitric oxide generation chemistries can have significant obstacles. It is known that copper (II) ions have a hydration pK1 of 8.0; iron (II) ions’ is pK1 is 6.74, while iron (III) ions have a pK1 of 2.83 and a pK2 of 4.59. However, at a pH of 5.5 or lower, a nitrite solution can be highly reactive to H+, which is detrimental to the electrolysis process. Also, iron (III) would precipitate at such low pH. From the foregoing, it can be seen that development of stable iron (III) ion-based electrolytes presents a significant challenge.
[0070] The instant inventors, through trials and errors, have surprisingly found that certain nitrogen-and oxygen-containing ligands can successfully complex with iron (III) ions and the resulting complexes stay soluble and stable at close to neutral pH (e.g., 5 to 9) and at high temperatures (e.g., 40 -95 ℃) . Also important, many of these ligands are much less expensive than Me3TACN.
[0071] Yet another surprising discovery is that all tested iron (III) -ligand based systems exhibited much higher (30-90%) Faraday efficiencies than copper (II) -ligand based systems (see Comparative Example 3, 9.34%) . Such discoveries, therefore, enable the skilled artisan to generate nitric oxide at more convenient conditions (e.g., weak acidic or basic or neutral pH as compared to highly acidic pH; room temperature or higher as compared to cold temperatures) , at greatly improved efficiencies, and at much lower costs.
[0072] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, therefore, provided is a method for generating nitric oxide (NO) , which method entails electrolyzing an iron (III) -ligand complex in a medium comprising nitrite ions. The NO may be generated or delivered at a predetermined concentration and / or flow rate. For example, the NO can be generated at clinically relevant concentrations and / or flow rates for inhaled NO therapies. The concentration and / or flow rate of NO in the product gas may be adjusted. The concentration of NO in the product gas may range from about 0 to about 20,000 ppm, for example.
[0073] A. Ligands and Iron (III) -Ligand Complexes
[0074] In some embodiments, the ligand for forming the iron (III) -ligand complex is an iron complexing agent. The term “iron complexing agent” refers to a chemical species capable of binding with iron ions through its single or multiple sites. These sites have lone pairs of electrons which can be donated to the d orbitals of a metal ion, forming coordination bonds. This results in a coordination compound. An iron complexing agent may surround an iron ion or can act as a bridge between two iron ions. An iron complexing agent can have one, two or more binding site sites to the iron ion. In some embodiments, the iron complexing agent is iron (III) complexing agent.
[0075] In some embodiments, the iron complexing agent contains one or more nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, , the iron complexing agent contains one or more oxygen atoms. In some embodiments, the iron complexing agent contains both nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
[0076] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex of the present disclosure is soluble in a medium having a pH that is from 5 to 9. In some embodiments, the solubility is at least 0.1 mM in the medium. In some embodiments, the solubility is at least 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM or 50 mM in the medium. In some embodiments, the solubility is at least 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM or 50 mM in the medium when the pH is from 5.5 to 9, or from 5.5 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.2, or 6.8 to 8.0, without limitation.
[0077] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex of the present disclosure is stable at a temperature that is 30 ℃ or higher, and / or less than 95 ℃, 90 ℃, 85 ℃, or 80 ℃. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex of the present disclosure is stable at a temperature that is 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, 55 ℃, 60 ℃, 65 ℃, 70 ℃, or 75 ℃ or higher.
[0078] In some embodiments, an iron (III) -ligand complex being stable in a medium at a condition means that the complex does not degrade and / or form precipitants in the medium for at least 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, or 6 months. In some embodiments, the condition includes a pH level and / or temperature as discussed above. For instance, the pH can be from 5 to 9, 5.5 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.2, or 6.8 to 8.0, without limitation. In some embodiments, the temperature is 35 ℃, 40℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, 55 ℃, 60 ℃, 65 ℃, 70 ℃, or 75 ℃ or higher.
[0079] It is to be understood that iron (II) -ligand complexes can likewise be prepared and used in the instant technology, which can then be oxidized into iron (III) -ligand complexes. In some embodiments, the oxidization requires no additional agents for reaction as oxygen in the air or medium can oxidize the iron (II) -ligand complex.
[0080] Non-limiting examples of iron complexing agents (ligand) and corresponding iron-ligand complexes are provided in Table A below.
[0081] Table A. Example Ligands and Corresponding Complexes
[0082] In a particular embodiment, the iron complexing agent (ligand) is nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) , or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the iron complexing agent (ligand) is 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) , or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the iron complexing agent (ligand) is citric acid (CA) , or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the iron complexing agent (ligand) is N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) , or a salt thereof. Their example corresponding iron (III) -ligand complexes are shown in the table above.
[0083] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is provided in a medium that is subject to the electrolysis. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 0.1 to 100.0 mM in the medium. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 0.1 to 50.0 mM in the medium. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 0.1 to 100.0 mM, 0.5 to 100.0 mM, 0.5 to 90.0 mM, 0.5 to 80.0 mM, 0.5 to 75.0 mM, 0.5 to 70.0 mM, 0.5 to 65.0 mM, 0.5 to 60.0 mM, 0.5 to 55.0 mM, 0.5 to 50.0 mM, 1.0 to 100.0 mM, 1.0 to 90.0 mM, 1.0 to 80.0 mM, 1.0 to 75.0 mM, 1.0 to 70.0 mM, 1.0 to 65.0 mM, 1.0 to 60.0 mM, 1.0 to 55.0 mM, 1.0 to 50.0 mM, 2.0 to 40.0 mM, 5.0 to 50.0 mM, 5.0 to 40.0 mM, 5.0 to 35.0 mM, 5.0 to 30.0 mM, 10.0 to 50.0 mM, 10.0 to 40.0 mM, 10.0 to 30.0 mM, or 10.0 to 25.0 mM. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of at least 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 20 mM, 25 mM, 30 mM or 40 mM. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of not higher than 100 mM, 90 mM, 80 mM, 70 mM, 60 mM, 50 mM, 40 mM, 30 mM, 20 mM or 10 mM.
[0084] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is attached to or otherwise immobilized to a working electrode while at the same time having contact with the medium. Immobilization, for instance, can entail covalent attachment of the iron (III) -ligand complex to the surface of the working electrode. In another example, the iron (III) -ligand complex can be physically adsorbed to the working electrode, or doped in or covalently attached to a polymer, thin film, or hydrogel that is deposited on the working electrode surface.
[0085] B. Electrolytes
[0086] The medium that includes nitrite ions serves as the electrolyte during the electrochemical process. In some embodiments, the medium includes at least a suitable buffer (or buffering agents) to provide and / or maintain a desired pH.
[0087] In some embodiments, the buffer can be any commonly used buffer so long as it does not interfere with stability or solubility of the iron (III) -ligand complex. Many such useful buffers are known, and non-limiting examples include 4- (2-Hydroxyethyl) -1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or a salt thereof, 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) or a salt thereof, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) or a salt thereof, barbital or a salt thereof, phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, boric acid or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES) or a salt thereof, N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylglycine (Tricine) or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) glycine (Bicine) or a salt thereof, piperazine-N, N'-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) or a salt thereof, cacodylic acid or a salt thereof, citric acid or a salt thereof, 2- (N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES) or a salt thereof, 2, 2-Bis (hydroxyethyl) - (iminotris) - (hydroxymethyl) -methane (Bis-Tris) or a salt thereof, glycine-hydrochloric acid, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-hydrochloric acid (Tris-HCl) .
[0088] The buffer can have a concentration that is suitable for providing the desired pH. In one embodiment, the concentration is 0.01 to 5.0 M. In one embodiment, the concentration is 0.01 to 4.0 M, 0.02 to 3.0 M, 0.02 to 2.5 M, 0.02 to 2.0 M, 0.05 to 2.0 M, 0.05 to 1.0 M, 0.05 to 1.5 M, 0.05 to 1.2 M, 0.1 to 0.9 M, 0.2 to 0.8 M, or 0.3 to 0.7 M, without limitation.
[0089] The medium includes a nitrite source, in some embodiments, which can be inorganic nitrate or organic nitrite. An inorganic nitrate can be a salt of NO2-. Examples, without limitation, include nitrite salts of Li, Na, K, Rb, Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe. In one embodiment, the nitrite is sodium nitrite (NaNO2) . Examples of organic nitrite include R4N+NO2-, RNH3+NO2-, nicleosamide, nifedipine, flutamine, isobutyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrite, 1, 3-propane nitrite, 1, 5-pentane nitrite, 1, 7-heptane nitrite, and cyclohexylmethyl nitrite, without limitation.
[0090] The nitrite ions can be present in the medium at a concentration that is at least 0.01 M. In some embodiment, the concentration is from 0.01 to 20.0 M. In some embodiments, the concentration is from 0.02 to 10.0 M. In some embodiments, the concentration is from 0.05 to 7.0 M. In some embodiments, the concentration is from 0.05 to 5.0 M. In some embodiments, the concentration is from 0.1 to 4.0 M, 0.2 M to 2 M, 0.5 M to 1.0 M, 0.5 to 7.0 M, 0.5 to 6.0 M, 0.5 to 5.0 M, 0.5 to 4.0 M, 0.5 M to 3 M, 0.5 M to 2.0 M, or 0.5 M to 1.5 M, without limitation.
[0091] In some embodiments, the nitric oxide generated can be carried out with a carrier gas. The carrier gas may include any suitable gas, such as air, nitrogen, helium, argon, and oxygen. In some embodiments, the carrier gas includes nitrogen. In some embodiments, the concentration of nitrogen in carrier gas is about or higher than 99.0%by volume. For example, the concentration of nitrogen in the carrier gas may be about or higher than 99.10%, 99.20%, 99.30%, 99.40%, 99.50%, 99.60%, 99.70%, 99.80%, 99.90%, 99.95%, 99.98%, or 99.99%by volume. In some embodiments, the carrier gas contains oxygen. For example, the concentration of oxygen in the carrier gas may be less than about 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1%.
[0092] In some embodiments, the carrier gas can be used to sweep the surface of the working electrode. The sweeping of the surface of the electrode can increase the Faraday efficiency and / or reaction rate the electrochemical reactions at and / or adjacent the surface of the electrode and / or may increase the nitric oxide concentration of the product gas.
[0093] C. Generation of Nitric Oxide and Example Devices
[0094] As disclosed herein, nitric oxide (NO) can be generated or delivered by the instant technology at a predetermined concentration and / or flow rate. For example, the NO can be generated at clinically relevant concentrations and / or flow rates for inhaled NO therapies. Also, the concentration and / or flow rate of NO in the product gas may be adjusted. The concentration of NO in the product gas may range from about 0 to about 20,000 ppm, for example.
[0095] The dimensionless unit “ppm” used in the present disclosure to describe gas concentrations refers to parts per million by volume and can be converted to other concentration units, such as parts per million by molar or milligrams per liter (mg / L) . The dimensionless unit “%” or “%by volume” used in the present disclosure to describe gas concentrations refers to volume percentage and can be converted to other concentration units, such as weight percentage or molar concentration.
[0096] In some embodiments, the instant technology can allow for NO generation over a session that may include at least one operating period. The concentration and / or flow rate of NO in the product gas during an operating period may reach and / or remain at a steady state. The operating period may, for example, last for up to 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, or 60 hours or more.
[0097] Example devices and apparatuses are also provided that are useful for implementing the instant NO generation technology. The device, as illustrated in FIG. 7, may include a carrier gas production compartment 710, a reaction compartment 720, a purification compartment 730, and / or an output compartment 740. The carrier gas production compartment 710 produces or generates a carrier gas (e.g., nitrogen (N2) ) which purges the generated nitric oxide from the reaction compartment 720. The reaction compartment 720 includes an electrolytic cell (e.g., a first electrode 722 connected to and activated by a power source 726, a second electrode 724) , a reactant, and a micro-release controlled reactant. The reaction compartment 720 may store the iron-based ligand complex. As previously alluded to, an electrochemical reaction occurs upon an application of a current or a voltage to the first electrode 722, which can function as a working electrode. The second electrode 724 may be a reference electrode, a counter electrode, or the combination thereof.
[0098] The purification compartment 730 may filter and absorb contaminants from the purged generated nitric oxide. Contaminants to be removed may include salt mist and / or water vapor. The output compartment 740 may include a pressure tank, which stores the nitric oxide and other nitrogen gas. At an output of the pressure tank, a NO2 conversion filter may remove NO2, which may have been oxidized from nitric oxide. In some examples, oxygen may be added, and mixed with the NO before the supply of the product gas to a patient.
[0099] In some embodiments, the device may include one or more NO sensors (not shown) to detect a concentration of NO in the product gas. An NO sensor may be disposed at any suitable location. An NO sensor may be disposed in contact with the product gas in output compartment 740, for example. In some embodiments, an NO sensor is disposed in or adjacent purification compartment 730.
[0100] In some embodiments, a catalyst can be immobilized on a surface of an electrode, such as the working electrode 722. In some embodiments, a catalyst includes one or more compounds selected from a group including cystine, cysteine, methionine, thiophene, and derivatives thereof. For example, the one or more catalysts may be covalently attached to, adsorbed to, or doped in or covalently attached to a material, such as a polymer, thin film, or hydrogel, deposited on the electrode.
[0101] In some embodiments, the working electrode 722 and / or reference / counter electrode 724 may have any suitable shape that includes one or more surfaces. For example, working electrode 722 may include a plate, a sheet, or a mesh. In some embodiments, when a cathodic voltage is applied to working electrode 722, or when a cathodic current is applied to working electrode 722, NO is electrochemically generated from one or more electrochemical reactions that occur at and / or near one or more surfaces of working electrode 722.
[0102] Power source 726 may include one or more suitable power devices or circuits that allow for applying a voltage or current to an electrode, such as an electrical outlet, a power circuit, a DC power supply, an AC power supply, a generator, or an energy storage device. An energy storage device may include, for example, one or more batteries or fuel cells. In some embodiments, power source 726 includes one or more electric circuits for controlling or adjusting the voltage or current applied to an electrode. In some embodiments, the one or more electric circuits may include a potentiostat to control or adjust the voltage applied to an electrode. In some embodiments, the one or more electric circuits may include a galvanostat to control or adjust the current passing through an electrode.
[0103] The electrodes may be made of one or more materials, such as electrically conductive materials. The electrically conductive material may be a metallic or non-metallic material. Non-limiting examples of electrically conductive materials include platinum, palladium, gold, copper, brass, silver, carbon, glassy carbon, boron doped diamond (BDD) , graphite, stainless steel, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, and one or more alloys thereof, such as ruthenium-iridium alloy.
[0104] In some embodiments, the electrode may include at a base material. In some embodiments, an electrically conductive material is coated over the base material. The coating can be done with any suitable plating method, such as electroplating, physical vapor deposition (PVD) , chemical vapor deposition (CVD) , or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) .
[0105] Controlling the magnitude of the voltage or current applied to the working electrode allows for controlling the ratio of the iron (III) -ligand complex in reduced form to its oxidized form at and / or near the surface of the electrode. Accordingly, this allows for controlling the amount and / or rate of NO generated under given concentrations of nitrite ions and iron (III) -ligand complex in the medium.
[0106] In some embodiments, the voltage applied to the electrode (s) is a DC voltage. In some embodiments, the voltage ranges from about 0.1 V to about 5.0 V, such as from about 0.1 V to about 4.0 V, from about 0.2 V to about 3.0 V, from about 0.4 V to about 2.0 V, or from about 0.5 V to about 1.5 V, without limitation.
[0107] In some embodiments, the current applied to the electrode (s) is a DC current. In some embodiments, the current ranges from about 0 mA to about 600 mA, such as from about 0 mA to about 10 mA, from about 10 mA to about 50 mA, from about 50 mA to about 100 mA, from about 100 mA to about 200 mA, from about 200 mA to about 300 mA, from about 300 mA to about 400 mA, from about 400 mA to about 500 mA, or from about 500 mA to about 600 mA.
[0108] In some embodiments, the medium is maintained at or around a reaction temperature or within a temperature range. An electrochemical reaction in reaction compartment 720 may have a highest, desired, or optimized reaction rate and / or Faraday efficiency at or around the reaction temperature or within the temperature range. The reaction temperature or temperature range may be determined based on one or more conditions, such as the buffer and / or catalyst components and concentrations in reaction medium. In some embodiments, the reaction temperate or temperature range may range from about 5 ℃ to about 80 ℃, from about 10 ℃ to about 80 ℃, from about 15 ℃to about 80 ℃, from about 20 ℃ to about 80 ℃, from about 30 ℃ to about 80 ℃, from about 40 ℃to about 80 ℃, from about 50 ℃ to about 80 ℃, from about 55 ℃ to about 80 ℃, from about 60 ℃to about 80℃, or a combination thereof.
[0109] In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, therefore, provided is a device for generating nitric oxide, which includes a working electrode and a reference or counter electrode, a medium in contact with the working electrode and the reference or counter electrode, wherein the medium comprises nitrite ions, an iron (III) -ligand complex in contact with the working electrode, and an outlet to release nitric oxide generated from the medium.
[0110] In some embodiments, the ligand for forming the iron (III) -ligand complex is an iron complexing agent. The iron complexing agent can have one, two or more binding site sites to the iron ion. In some embodiments, the iron complexing agent is iron (III) complexing agent. In some embodiments, the iron complexing agent contains one or more nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, , the iron complexing agent contains one or more oxygen atoms. In some embodiments, the iron complexing agent contains both nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
[0111] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex of the present disclosure is soluble in a medium having a pH that is from 5 to 9. In some embodiments, the solubility is at least 0.1 mM in the medium. In some embodiments, the solubility is at least 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM or 50 mM in the medium. In some embodiments, the solubility is at least 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM or 50 mM in the medium when the pH is from 5.5 to 9, or from 5.5 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.2, or 6.8 to 8.0, without limitation.
[0112] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex of the present disclosure is stable at a temperature that is 30 ℃ or higher, and / or less than 95 ℃, 90 ℃, 85 ℃, or 80 ℃. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex of the present disclosure is stable at a temperature that is 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, 55 ℃, 60 ℃, 65 ℃, 70 ℃, or 75 ℃ or higher.
[0113] In some embodiments, an iron (III) -ligand complex being stable in a medium at a condition means that the complex does not degrade and / or form precipitants in the medium for at least 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, or 6 months. In some embodiments, the condition includes a pH level and / or temperature as discussed above. For instance, the pH can be from 5 to 9, 5.5 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.2, or 6.8 to 8.0, without limitation. In some embodiments, the temperature is 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, 55 ℃, 60 ℃, 65 ℃, 70 ℃, or 75 ℃ or higher.
[0114] Non-limiting examples of iron complexing agents (ligand) and corresponding iron-ligand complexes are provided in Table A. In a particular embodiment, the iron complexing agent (ligand) is nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) , or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the iron complexing agent (ligand) is 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) , or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the iron complexing agent (ligand) is citric acid (CA) , or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the iron complexing agent (ligand) is N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) , or a salt thereof.
[0115] In one embodiment, the iron (III) -ligand complex is In one embodiment, the iron (III) -ligand complex is In one embodiment, the iron (III) -ligand complex is In one embodiment, the iron (III) -ligand complex is
[0116] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is provided in a medium that is subject to the electrolysis. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 0.1 to 50.0 mM in the medium. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 0.5 to 50.0 mM, or 1.0 to 50.0 mM, 2.0 to 40.0 mM, 5.0 to 50.0 mM, 5.0 to 40.0 mM, 5.0 to 35.0 mM, 5.0 to 30.0 mM, 10.0 to 50.0 mM, 10.0 to 40.0 mM, 10.0 to 30.0 mM, or 10.0 to 25.0 mM. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of at least 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 20 mM, 25 mM, 30 mM or 40 mM. In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of not higher than 100 mM, 90 mM, 80 mM, 70 mM, 60 mM, 50 mM, 40 mM, 30 mM, 20 mM or 10 mM.
[0117] In some embodiments, the iron (III) -ligand complex is attached to or otherwise immobilized to the working electrode while at the same time having contact with the medium. Immobilization, for instance, can entail covalent attachment of the iron (III) -ligand complex to the surface of the working electrode. In another example, the iron (III) -ligand complex can be physically adsorbed to the working electrode, or doped in or covalently attached to a polymer, thin film, or hydrogel that is deposited on the working electrode surface.
[0118] The medium that includes nitrite ions serves as the electrolyte during the electrochemical process. In some embodiments, the medium includes at least suitable buffer (or buffering agents) to provide and / or maintain a desired pH.
[0119] In some embodiments, the buffer can be any commonly used buffer so long as it does not interfere with stability or solubility of the iron (III) -ligand complex. Many such useful buffers are known, and non-limiting examples include 4‐hydroxyethylpiperazine ethanesulfonic acid, 3‐morpholinopropanesulfonic acid, tris, diethylbarbiturate, glycine-hydrochloric acid, phosphate-borax, phosphate, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methylglycine, boric acid‐borax, and combinations thereof.
[0120] The buffer can have a concentration that is suitable for providing the desired pH. In one embodiment, the concentration is 0.01 to 5.0 M. In one embodiment, the concentration is 0.02 to 2.0 M, 0.05 to 1.0 M, 0.1 to 0.9 M, 0.2 to 0.8 M, or 0.3 to 0.7 M, without limitation.
[0121] The medium includes a nitrite source, in some embodiments, which can be inorganic nitrate or organic nitrite. An inorganic nitrate can be a salt of NO2-. Examples, without limitation, include nitrite salts of Li, Na, K, Rb, Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe. In one embodiment, the nitrate is sodium nitrite (NaNO2) . Examples of organic nitrite include R4N+NO2-, RNH3+NO2-, nicleosamide, nifedipine, flutamine, isobutyl nitrate, isoamyl nitrite, 1, 3-propane nitrite, 1, 5-pentane nitrite, 1, 7-heptane nitrite, and cyclohexylmethyl nitrite, without limitation.
[0122] The nitrite ions can be present in the medium at a concentration that is at least 0.01 M. In some embodiment, the concentration is from 0.01 to 20.0 M. In some embodiments, the concentration is from 0.02 to 10.0 M. In some embodiments, the concentration is from 0.05 to 7.0 M. In some embodiments, the concentration is from 0.05 to 5.0 M. In some embodiments, the concentration is from 0.1 to 4.0 M, 0.2 M to 2 M, 0.5 M to 1.0 M, , 0.5 to 7.0 M, 0.5 to 6.0 M, 0.5 to 5.0 M, 0.5 to 4.0 M, 0.5 M to 3 M, 0.5 M to 2.0 M, or 0.5 M to 1.5 M, without limitation.
[0123] In some embodiments, the device further includes an inlet to deliver a carrier gas to the medium. The carrier gas may include any suitable gas, such as air, nitrogen, helium, argon, and oxygen. In some embodiments, the carrier gas includes nitrogen. In some embodiments, the concentration of nitrogen in carrier gas is about or higher than 99.0%by volume. For example, the concentration of nitrogen in the carrier gas may be about or higher than 99.10%, 99.20%, 99.30%, 99.40%, 99.50%, 99.60%, 99.70%, 99.80%, 99.90%, 99.95%, 99.98%, or 99.99%by volume. In some embodiments, the carrier gas contains oxygen. For example, the concentration of oxygen in the carrier gas may be less than about 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1%.
[0124] In some embodiments, the inlet is configured for the carrier gas to sweep the surface of the working electrode. The sweeping of the surface of the electrode can increase the Faraday efficiency and / or reaction rate the electrochemical reactions at and / or adjacent the surface of the electrode and / or may increase the nitric oxide concentration of the product gas.
[0125] EXAMPLES
[0126] The following examples are included to demonstrate specific embodiments of the disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques to function well in the practice of the disclosure, and thus can be considered to constitute specific modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0127] Materials and Methods
[0128] Electrolytes were prepared as follows:
[0129] Step 1. A NaNO2 solution was prepared in HEPES buffer, and a NaOH solution was used to adjust the solution to a desired pH;
[0130] Step 2. A desired amount of the ligand was slowly dissolved in a Fe2 (SO4) 3 solution, and was stirred until completely dissolved;
[0131] Step 3. The Fe2 (SO4) 3 solution prepared from Step 2 was added to the NaNO2 solution from Step 1; and the resulting mixture was stirred to obtain the electrolyte.
[0132] Testing of nitric oxide generation was carried out with a device manufactured according to the description in PCT Application Publication No. WO2022127902A1. The concentrations of nitric oxide at different currents.
[0133] Example 1. Trisodium Nitrilotriacetate (NTA) as Ligand
[0134] This example tested the performance of complex Fe-trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) . NTA has a structure of
[0135] The Fe-ligand complex has a structure of
[0136] The electrolyte used contained 5 mM Fe2 (SO4) 3, 20 mM NTA, 1.0 M NaNO2, 0.5 M Hepes at pH 7.01. The nitric oxide concentrations were measured at currents 40 mA, 20 mA and 10 mA, respectively, at a flow rate of 2 L / min.
[0137] The measured NO concentrations are shown in FIG. 1A. As shown in FIG. 1B, there was an excellent correlation between the current and the NO concentration (R2 = 0.9953) . The Faraday efficiency (FE%) of the system was calculated as follows:
[0138] where CNO is the nitric oxide concentration (in ppm) , Q is the flow rate (in L / min) , n is the number of electrons transferred (1 here) , F is the Faraday constant (96485C / mol) , I is the working current (in A) , t is time (in seconds) , and Vm is the molar volume of the gas, calculated based on temperature and pressure (pV = nRT) . The calculated Faraday efficiencies are shown in Table 1.
[0139] Table 1. Faraday efficiency at different current levels
[0140] Example 2. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) as Ligand
[0141] This example tested the performance of complex Fe-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) . HQSA has a structure of
[0142] The Fe-ligand complex has a structure of
[0143] The electrolyte used contained 5 mM Fe2 (SO4) 3, 30 mM HQSA, 1.0 M NaNO2, 0.5 M Hepes at pH 6.82. The nitric oxide concentrations were measured at currents 40 mA and 20 mA, respectively, at a flow rate of 2 L / min.
[0144] The measured NO concentrations are shown in FIG. 2. The calculated Faraday efficiencies are shown in Table 2.
[0145] Table 2. Faraday efficiency at different current levels
[0146] Example 3. Citric Acid (CA) as Ligand
[0147] This example tested the performance of complex Fe-citric acid (CA) . CA has a structure of
[0148] The Fe-ligand complex has a structure of
[0149] The electrolyte used contained 10 mM Fe2 (SO4) 3, 20 mM citric acid, 1.0 M NaNO2, 0.5 M Hepes at pH 7.4. The nitric oxide concentrations were measured at currents 40 mA, 20 mA, and 10 mA, respectively, at a flow rate of 2 L / min.
[0150] The measured NO concentrations are shown in FIG. 3A. As shown in FIG. 3B, there was an excellent correlation between the current and the NO concentration (R2 = 0.9924) .
[0151] The calculated Faraday efficiencies are shown in Table 3.
[0152] Table 3. Faraday efficiency at different current levels
[0153] Example 4. N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) as Ligand
[0154] This example tested the performance of complex Fe-N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) . HEDTA has a structure of
[0155] The Fe-ligand complex has a structure of
[0156] The electrolyte used contained 5 mM Fe2 (SO4) 3, 10 mM HEDTA, 1.0 M NaNO2, 0.5 M Hepes at pH 7.3. The nitric oxide concentrations were measured at currents 40 mA, 20 mA, and 30 mA, respectively, at a flow rate of 2 L / min.
[0157] The measured NO concentrations are shown in FIG. 4. The calculated Faraday efficiencies are shown in Table 4.
[0158] Table 4. Faraday efficiency at different current levels
[0159] Comparative Example 1
[0160] In this comparative example, a porphyrin was used as the ligand. The Fe-ligand complex has a structure of
[0161] The electrolyte used contained 5 mM Fe-porphyrin, 1.0 M NaNO2, 0.5 M Hepes at pH 7.05. The nitric oxide concentrations were measured at currents 10 mA and 20 mA, respectively, at a flow rate of 2 L / min.
[0162] The measured NO concentrations are shown in FIG. 5. The actual performance was not only inferior to those tested in Examples 1-4, but also not as good as copper (II) ligand complexes.
[0163] Comparative Example 2
[0164] In this comparative example, N, N', N”-trimethyl-1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane (Me3TACN) was used as the ligand
[0165] Unfortunately, preparation of the electrolyte (7 mM Fe-Me3TACN, 1.0M NaNO2, 0.5 M Hepes, pH=6.99) resulted in large amounts of orange precipitants. The experiment did not continue.
[0166] Comparative Example 3
[0167] In this comparative example, Cu-citric acid was used instead of a Fe-ligand complex. The Cu-ligand complex has a structure of
[0168] The electrolyte used contained 10 mM Cu-CA, 1.0 M NaNO2, 0.5 M Hepes at pH 7.01. The nitric oxide concentrations were measured at 40 mA at a flow rate of 2 L / min.
[0169] The measured NO concentrations are shown in FIG. 6. The Faraday efficiency at 40 mA was 9.34%, much lower than its Fe-ligand counterpart.
[0170] Example 5. Impact of Different Concentrations of Nitrite Ions
[0171] This example tested the impact of nitrite ion concentrations in the efficiency of NO generation.
[0172] The electrolytes tested contained 15 mM Fe2 (SO4) 3, 60 mM citric acid (CA) , 0.5 M Hepes at pH 7.0, and NaNO2 at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 or 7.0M. The nitric oxide concentrations were measured at currents 5 mA at a flow rate of 0.24 L / min.
[0173] The results are shown in FIG. 8. Surprisingly, the NO generation efficiency was the highest at an about 5.0M NaNO2 as higher concentrations (e.g., 6.0M or 7.0M) did not further improve efficiency.
[0174] This example also tested the operating quality of these electrolytes. It was observed that higher nitrite ion concentrations (when <5M) reduced the melting temperature (or freezing temperature) of the electrolytes (FIG. 9) , allowing broader operating conditions for such electrolytes. Surprisingly, when the higher nitrite ion concentrations were >5M, higher nitrite ion concentrations (when <5M) led to higher melting temperature (or freezing temperature) of the electrolytes.
[0175] In a subsequence experiment, the operation of electrolytes with 5.0M NaNO2 was (with other ingredients unchanged) tested under two temperatures, 25 ℃ and -12 ℃. Quite unexpectedly, the electrolytes performed substantially identically under these two very different temperatures (FIG. 10) .
[0176] Example 6. Impact of Nitrite Ion Concentrations with Other Ligands
[0177] In Example 5, the impact of nitrite ion concentration was tested in electrolytes in which citric acid (CA) was used as the ligand. In this example, CA was substituted with HEDTA.
[0178] The electrolyte used contained 5 mM Fe2 (SO4) 3, 10 mM N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) , 0.5 -7 M NaNO2, 0.5 M HEPES at pH 7.0. The nitric oxide concentrations were measured at currents 5 mA at a flow rate of 300 mL / min. The results (FIG. 11) show that, like with CA, when HEDTA was used as the ligand, good NO production efficiency was observed when the NaNO2 concentration was between 0.5 and 7 M.
[0179] ***
[0180] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0181] The inventions illustratively described herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, the terms “comprising” , “including, ” “containing” , etc. shall be read expansively and without limitation. Additionally, the terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.
[0182] Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification, improvement and variation of the inventions embodied therein herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications, improvements and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention. The materials, methods, and examples provided here are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention.
[0183] The invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of the invention. This includes the generic description of the invention with a proviso or negative limitation removing any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised material is specifically recited herein.
[0184] In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.
[0185] All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety, to the same extent as if each were incorporated by reference individually. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0186] It is to be understood that while the disclosure has been described in conjunction with the above embodiments, that the foregoing description and examples are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure. Other aspects, advantages and modifications within the scope of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains.
Claims
1.A device for generating nitric oxide, comprising:a working electrode and a reference or counter electrode,a medium in contact with the working electrode and the reference or counter electrode, wherein the medium comprises nitrite ions,an iron (III) -ligand complex in contact with the working electrode, andan outlet to release nitric oxide generated from the medium.2.The device of claim 1, wherein the ligand is an oxygen-or nitrogen-containing iron complexing agent.3.The device of claim 1, wherein the iron (III) -ligand complex is stable for at least 1 hour at 40-95 ℃.4.The device of claim 1, wherein the ligand is selected from Table A.5.The device of claim 4, wherein the ligand is selected from the group consisting of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or a salt thereof, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) or a salt thereof, citric acid (CA) or a salt thereof, and N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) or a salt thereof.6.The device of claim 5, wherein the iron (III) -ligand complex is selected from the group consisting of: 7.The device of any preceding claim, wherein the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 1.0 to 70.0 mM.8.The device of any preceding claim, wherein the medium has a pH that is from 5 to 9, or preferably from 5.5 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.2, or 6.8 to 8.0.9.The device of claim 8, wherein the medium comprises a buffer.10.The device of claim 9, wherein the buffer comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of 4- (2-Hydroxyethyl) -1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or a salt thereof, 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) or a salt thereof, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) or a salt thereof, barbital or a salt thereof, phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, boric acid or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES) or a salt thereof, N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylglycine (Tricine) or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) glycine (Bicine) or a salt thereof, piperazine-N, N'-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) or a salt thereof, cacodylic acid or a salt thereof, citric acid or a salt thereof, 2- (N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES) or a salt thereof, 2, 2-Bis (hydroxyethyl) - (iminotris) - (hydroxymethyl) -methane (Bis-Tris) or a salt thereof, glycine-hydrochloric acid, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-hydrochloric acid (Tris-HCl) , and combinations thereof.11.The device of claim 9 or 10, wherein the buffer has a concentration of 0.05 to 1.5 M.12.The device of any preceding claim, wherein the nitrite ions are provided with an inorganic or organic nitrite.13.The device of claim 12, wherein the nitrite ions are provided with NaNO2.14.The device of claim 12 or 13, wherein the nitrite ions are present at a concentration of 0.05 to 7.0 M.15.The device of any preceding claim, further comprising an inlet to deliver a carrier gas to the medium.16.A method for generating nitric oxide, comprising electrolyzing an iron (III) -ligand complex in a medium comprising nitrite ions to generate nitric oxide, wherein:the medium has a pH that is from 5 to 9, andthe iron (III) -ligand complex is soluble and stable in the medium for at least 1 hour at a temperature of 40-95 ℃.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the iron (III) -ligand complex is soluble and stable in the medium when the medium has a pH that is 5.5 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.2, or 6.8 to 8.0.18.The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the ligand is an oxygen-or nitrogen-containing iron complexing agent.19.The method of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the ligand is selected from Table A.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the ligand is selected from the group consisting of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or a salt thereof, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA) or a salt thereof, citric acid (CA) or a salt thereof, and N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) or a salt thereof.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the iron (III) -ligand complex is selected from the group consisting of: 22.The method of any one of claims 16 to 21, wherein the iron (III) -ligand complex is present at a concentration of 1.0 to 50.0 mM.23.The method of any one of claims 16 to 22, wherein the medium comprises a buffer.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the buffer comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of 4- (2-Hydroxyethyl) -1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or a salt thereof, 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) or a salt thereof, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) or a salt thereof, barbital or a salt thereof, phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, boric acid or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES) or a salt thereof, N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylglycine (Tricine) or a salt thereof, N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) glycine (Bicine) or a salt thereof, piperazine-N, N'-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) or a salt thereof, cacodylic acid or a salt thereof, citric acid or a salt thereof, 2- (N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) or a salt thereof, N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES) or a salt thereof, 2, 2-Bis (hydroxyethyl) - (iminotris) - (hydroxymethyl) -methane (Bis-Tris) or a salt thereof, glycine-hydrochloric acid, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-hydrochloric acid (Tris-HCl) , and combinations thereof.25.The method of claim 23 or 24, wherein the buffer has a concentration of 0.05 to 1.0 M.26.The method of any one of claims 16 to 25, wherein the nitrite ions are provided with an inorganic or organic nitrite.27.The method of claim 26, wherein the nitrite ions are provided with NaNO2.28.The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the nitrite ions are present at a concentration of 0.05 to 7.0 M.29.The method of any one of claims 16 to 28, further comprising delivering a carrier gas to the medium to carry nitric oxide generated from the medium out of the medium.30.The method of any one of claims 16 to 29, further comprising modulating the generation of the nitric oxide by adjusting a potential or current applied to the electrolysis.31.The method of claim 29 or 30, further comprising modulating the generation of the nitric oxide by adjusting a flow rate of the carrier gas.32.The method of any one of claims 16 to 31, further comprising modulating the generation of the nitric oxide by adjusting a contact area between the iron (III) -ligand complex and a working electrode used to apply the electrolysis.