Repair and optimization of nanocomposite materials

Abstract

The present invention relates to process for making a component comprising a composite material whereby three possible methods are detailed. More specifically, the invention relates to producing high performance composite materials, the method comprising surrounding nanofillers with specialized molecules that form covalently closed rings, where the matrix itself can be composed of polymers, metals, ceramics, or cement-based materials. The present invention also relates to a composite material comprising a nanofiller in the form of a nanotube or a graphene and further comprising a structural entity or matrix. Furthermore, the invention also relates to products or components made from the composite material.

Description

[0001] REPAIR AND OPTIMIZATION OF NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS INTRODUCTION Technical field The present invention relates to the preparation, repair and optimization of nanocomposite materials. BACKGROUND It has previously been described how to form covalently closed rings or lassos around nanofillers (e.g., carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes and graphene), leading to filler derivatives and filler mixtures with good dispersion, good anchoring and little aggregation between filler units. This approach improves the characteristics of the nanocomposite materials. The processes for preparing such nanocomposites involve the formation of covalently closed rings around the nanomaterial, e.g. the nanotube. The resulting nanocomposites may have high strength or high stiffness. Patents and patent applications describing the preparation, characteristics, and uses of such nanocomposites include WO 2016 / 078664, WO 2019 / 138077, WO 2023 / 001506, WO 2023 / 275051, WO 2023 / 275063, and WO 2024 / 002950. However, there is a need for methods allowing the repair of such nanotube composite materials. Damage in the form of cracks formed by impact or bending or repetitive stress cycles is a big problem. The present invention solves some of these problems by devising general approaches to the repair of nanotube composite materials. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention presents solutions to how reactions involving monomers, initiators, terminators, and catalysts, and in some cases even by-products of the reactions that formed the initial nanotube composite, can be employed in repair reactions, in order to re-establish or at least improve composite material properties like tensile strength, stiffness, impact strength, fatigue resistance and conductivity. A key feature of these repair approaches is the anchoring of the repair matrix to the surface of the cracks, through reaction of repair reagents with reactive groups on the coated, protruding nanotubes from the crack surface. A process for making a component comprising a composite material is therefore provided. The process comprises the following steps: (a) providing a nanofiller in the form of a nanotube or graphene; (b) providing one or more molecules capable of providing a covalently closed ring around said nanofiller; (c) optionally, providing a structural entity, or providing one or more components necessary to form said structural entity, such as monomer building blocks and one or more catalysts, initiators, terminators, or cross-linkers; wherein steps (a) (b) and (c) can take place in any order, followed by the steps of: (d1) mixing said nanofiller, said structural entity or the components necessary to form said structural entity, and said one or more molecules; (d2) forming a complex between the nanofiller and the molecule, in which the molecule provides a covalently closed ring around the nanofiller; and (d3) optionally, forming a covalent bond between said one or more molecules and said structural entity, or between said one or more molecules and one of the components necessary to form said structural entity; (d4) optionally, allowing the components necessary to form said structural entity to form the structural entity, to form the composite material; wherein steps (d2) - (d4) may be performed in any order; or followed by the steps of: (e1) forming a complex between the nanofiller and the molecule, in which the molecule provides a covalently closed ring around the nanofiller; (e2) optionally, mixing said structural entity or the components necessary to form said structural entity, with the complex from step (e1); (e3) optionally, forming a covalent bond between said one or more molecules and said structural entity, or between said one or more molecules and one of the components necessary to form said structural entity, (e4) optionally, allowing the components necessary to form said structural entity to form the structural entity, to form the composite material; wherein steps (e3) - (e4) may be performed in any order; or followed by the steps of: (f1) forming a covalent bond between said one or more molecules and said structural entity or between said one or more molecules and one of the components necessary to form said structural entity; (f2) mixing said nanofiller with said structural entity, or the component necessary to form said structural entity, having said one or more molecules covalently bonded thereto; (f3) forming a complex between the nanofiller and the molecule, in which the molecule provides a covalently closed ring around the nanofiller; (f4) optionally, allowing the components necessary to form said structural entity to form the structural entity; to form the composite material; wherein steps (f2) - (f4) can take place in any order; followed by: (g) producing a component of a desired shape and form, from the composite material. A composite material is also provided, said composite material comprising a nanofiller in the form of a nanotube or a graphene, and further comprising a structural entity or matrix, such as a polymer, a component of cement such as a crystal, a component of a metal such as an iron atom or iron crystal, or a component of ceramics, and further comprising a byproduct, a monomer, a catalyst, an initiator, a terminator, or a cross-linker in a concentration in the range of 1 nM - 10 nM, or in the range of 10 nM - 100 nM, or in the range of 100 nM - 1 µM, or in the range of 1 µM - 10 µM, or in the range of 10 µM - 100 µM, or in the range of 100 µM - 1 mM. A further composite material is provided, comprising a nanofiller in the form of a nanotube or a graphene, complexed to a covalently closed ring, said composite material further comprising a structural entity or matrix, such as a polymer, a component of cement such as a crystal, a component of a metal such as an iron atom or iron crystal, or a component of ceramics, where the structural entity is optionally covalently linked to the covalently closed ring, and where the composite material further comprises a byproduct, a monomer, a catalyst, an initiator, a terminator, or a cross-linker, in a concentration in the range of 1 nM - 10 nM, or in the range of 10 nM - 100 nM, or in the range of 100 nM - 1 µM, or in the range of 1 µM - 10 µM, or in the range of 10 µM - 100 µM, or in the range of 100 µM - 1 mM. Also provided is a component made from the composite material defined herein, and a product comprising the composite material or the component as defined herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In this invention, industrially relevant nanomaterial and nanocomposite materials and the processes required for their preparation, optimization and repair are described. The principle of coating nanofillers such as nanotubes with covalently closed rings carrying structural entities such as polymers, as described in former patent applications, together with the purification, repair and nanofiller alignment methodologies described in the present invention, together leads to nanocomposites with well-dispersed and well-anchored nanofillers and few or none nanofiller aggregates, and therefore, nanocomposites of superior quality, especially regarding strength, stiffness and fatigue resistance. FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1. Synthetic scheme of “Pyrene U-Shape of Example AA1”, such as compound AA1, following the procedure described in Example DD6. Figure 2. Synthetic scheme of “Ester U-Shape of Example AA3”, such as compound AA2, following the procedure described in Example EE1. Figure 3. Synthetic scheme of “Alkene U-Shape of Example AA2”, such as compound AA3, following the procedure described in Example EE2. Figure 4. Synthetic scheme of “Acid U-Shape of Example AA4”, such as compound AA4, following the procedure described in Example EE3. Figure 5. Synthetic scheme of “Fluorenone U-Shape of Example AA5”, including synthetic steps for the synthesis of compound AA5 and AA6, following the procedure described in Example AA5. Figure 6. Synthetic scheme of “Chain U-Shape of Example AA6”, such as compound AA7, following the procedure described in Example AA6. Figure 7. Synthetic scheme of “Glycol U-Shape of Example AA7”, such as compound AA8, following the procedure described in Example AA7. Figure 8. Synthetic scheme of “Fully glycol U-Shape of Example AA8”, including synthetic steps for the synthesis of compound AA9, AA10 and AA11, following the procedure described in Example AA8. Figure 9. Synthetic scheme of “DER U-Shape of Example AA9”, including synthetic steps for the synthesis of compound AA12 and AA13, following the procedure described in Example AA9. Figure 10. Synthetic scheme of “Methyl alcohol U-Shape of Example AA10”, such as compound AA14, following the procedure described in Example AA10. Figure 11. Results of mechanical tensile tests of PS-NH2-MINT composites Figure 12. Results of mechanical tensile tests for the different PMMA-composites. Figure 13. Results of mechanical tensile test for the different PVC-composites. Figure 14. Results of mechanical tensile test for the different LDPE. Figure 15. Mixture of 0.1% ester MINTs and PMMA powder after ball milling (left) and custom-made single-screw extruder (right) TC1 and TC2 correspond to heating zones. Nozzle diameter 2.5 mm. Figure 16. Picture of twin screw of XPlorer microcompounder Figure 17. Polymer formation. Figure 18. Polymer formation. Figure 19. Polymer formation. Figure 20. Polymer formation. Figure 21. Polymer formation. Figure 22. Conversion of terminal functionality. Figure 23. Conversion of terminal functionality. Figure 24. Polymer formation. Figure 25. Conversion of terminal functionality. Figure 26. Click chemistry. Figure 27. ATRP´s initiator MINT. Figure 28. ATRP PMMA grafting. Figure 29. ROP PCL-MINT composite. Figure 30. Caprolactone opening, to yield polyester Figure 31. Amide bond formation. Figure 32. Scheme of achievement of “Polyethoxy monoalkylated of Example DD4”. In the first line, the reactions start on commercial pyrene which is modified to obtain Compound DD1:“2,7- diBpinpyrene of ExampleDD1”. This one became reagent in then extraction and Compound DD2 (“2,7- Dihidroxypyrene of Example DD2”) is obtained. On the other hand, in the second line the Compound DD3 (“3-(2-(2-(2-chloroethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) prop-1-eneof Example DD3”) is formed by the addition of allyl bromide to a solution of NaH and2-(2-(2-chloroethoxy) ethoxy) ethanol. Finally, in the bottom part Compound DD2(“2,7-Dihidroxypyrene of Example DD2”)react with compound DD3DD3 (“3-(2-(2- (2-chloroethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) prop-1-eneofExample DD3”)giving Compound DD4 (“Polyethoxy monoalkylated of Example DD4”). After that, compound DD4 reacts with α, α’-dibromo-o-xylene resulting in CompoundDD5 (“Polyethoxy U-Shape of ExampleDD5”). Figure 33. Schematic representation of the synthesis of Compound DD7 (“Pyrene U-Shape of Example DD6”) from Compound DD6 (monoalkylated pyrene). In this case, Compound DD6is dissolved in a mixture of Butanone and water in a basic media. After that,α, α’-dibromo-o-xylene was added to the reaction and this was stirred overnight. Giving as a result Compound DD7(“Pyrene U- Shape of Example DD6”). Figure 34. Mechanical tensile tests of PLA / SWNT composites. Figure 35. Mechanical tensile tests of PLA / SWNT composites. Figure 36. Mechanical tensile tests of PLA / SWNT composites. Figure 37, A. Mechanical tensile tests of PLA / SWNT composites. Figure 37, B. Mechanical tensile tests of various polymer blends of PLA, PP, and PPgMA. Figure 38. Mechanical tensile tests of various polymer blends of PLA, PP, and PPgMA, with and without nanotubes. Figure 39. This figure shows the structure of Ushapes described in Examples EE1-EE8. Figure 40. This figure shows the structures of macrocycles after Ring-closing Metathesis for the formation of MINTs described in Examples EE9-EE14 Figure 41. This figure shows PS-amide MINTs a) after milling and heating at 200ºC for 2 h; b) dissolved in chloroform (0.25 mg / mL). c) AFM micrograph of drop-casting showing high concentration of individualized SWNT Figure 42. Schematic of dogbone mold used to make dogbone shaped samples for tensile mechanical testing. Dimensions are in mm. Figure 43. Average tensile modulus data of the Pyrene SWNT-ML-PP dogbones prepared in Example FF4 with standard deviation. Figure 44. Average tensile modulus data of the Pyrene SWNT-ML-HDPE dogbones prepared per Example FF8 with standard deviation. Figure 45. Average tensile modulus data of the Pyrene SWNT-ML-LDPE dogbones prepared in Example FF9 with standard deviation. Figure 46. Films of Example FF11. (Left) 50% Carboxylic Acid SWNT-ML-PVA Film of Example FF11 and (right) 50% SWNT-PVA Film of Example FF11. Figure 47. Average tensile modulus data of the 1.0wt% Amino SWNT-ML-Epoxy dogbones prepared in Example FF12 with standard deviation. Compared to neat epoxy and 1.0% SWNT-epoxy. Figure 48. Indentation measurements. (left) Indentation force-displacement curves for neat PS-NH2 (blue) and PS-AMIDE- MINTs of Example EE15C (red). (center) Reduced modulus values for PS-NH2 and PS-AMIDE- MINTs of Example EE15C calculated from indentation curves. (right) Indentation hardness values for PS-NH2 and PS-AMIDE- MINTs of Example EE15C calculated from indentation curves. Figure 49. AFM Indentation measurements. (left) AFM Indentation force-displacement curves for PS- reference (blue), neat PS-NH2 (orange) and PS-AMIDE- MINTs of Example EE15C (green). The JKR model fit for each curve is shown as a dashed line. (center) Reduced modulus values for PS-reference (blue), neat PS-NH2 (orange) and PS-AMIDE- MINTs of Example EE15C (green) calculated from indentation curves using the JKR model. (right) Histogram of reduced modulus values for PS- reference (blue), neat PS-NH2 (orange) and PS-AMIDE- MINTs of Example EE15C (green) calculated from indentation curves using the JKR model. Figure 50. Same as figure 49. Figure 51. Mechanical tests of SPHU / SWNT composites. Figure 52. Mechanical tests of SPHU / SWNT composites. Figure 53. Mechanical tests of TPU / SWNT composites. Figure 54. Young’s modulus and tensile strength of PP / SWNT composites. Figure 55. Synthesis of mono- and di-alkylated pyrene. Figure 56. Synthesis of Diamino-Boc U-Shape GG2f. Figure 57. Several alternatives for Diamino-Boc U-Shape Synthesis. a. Another synthetic route of Diamino-Boc U-Shape GG2e. b. Different conditions to prepare the Diamino-Boc spacer GG2e. c. Synthesis of a similar Diamino-Boc U-Shape using succinic anhydride. Figure 58. Pyridine U-shape synthesis Figure 59. Synthesis of Thiol U-Shape. Figure 60. Synthesis of Amido U-Shape GG6d. a. Synthesis of Amido U-Shape GG6d b. Alternative route to obtain the Amido U-Shape GG6d. Figure 61. TGA-, Raman-, UV-Vis-, and Id / Ig analysis. Figure 62. Graphs of tensile test measurements of 0.1 % Pyridine-Mints / PMMA composites Figure 63. Synthesis of compound GG10a. Figure 64. Synthesis of compound GG11a. Figure 65. Synthesis of compound EE2. Figure 66. Synthesis of compound GG12a. Figure 67. Synthesis of compound GG13 Figure 68 shows the structures of some of the compounds synthesized, as follows: (A) Compound HH-1, “ROMP-OTs derivate of Example HH11”; Compound HH-2, “ROMP-N3 derivate of Example HH11”;Compound HH-3, alkyne U-shape; Compound HH-4, “ROMP-U-shape derivate of Example HH11”. (B) Compound HH-5, “ROMP-OTs-acid derivate of Example HH13”; Compound HH-6, “ROMP-N3-acid derivate of Example HH13”; Compound HH-7, “ROMP-U-shape-acid derivate of Example HH13”. (C) Compound HH-8, “ROMP polymer-coated SWNTs having free terminal acyl chloride groups of Example HH15”; Compound HH-9, “Nylon 6,6 reinforced with ROMP polymer-coated SWNTs of Example HH16”. (D) Compound HH-10. (E) Compound HH-11; (F) Compound HH-12; (G) Compound HH-13; (H) Compound HH-14); (I) Schematic of the processing of commercial thermoset polyurethane (ALEXIT® BladeRep LEP 9) composites with diamino-boc MINTs; (J) Figure II2 Photograph of the ALEXIT® BladeRep LEP 9 composite with diamino-boc MINTs. Figure 69. Thermoplastic polyurethane polymerization scheme. Figure 70. General formulation of thermoplastic polyurethane Figure 71. Different sequences of events leading to polymer composites Figure 72. Different sequences of events leading to ROMP polymer-carbon nanotube composite materials Figure 73. Sequence 1, reaction used to generate polystyrene-coated Tuballs SWNTs. Figure 74. Sequence 2, reaction used to generate polyaminoacid-coated SWNTs. Figure 75. Sequence 3A, reaction used to generate polyurethane-coated Tuballs SWNTs. Figure 76. Sequence 3B, reaction used to generate polyvinylchloride-coated SWNTs. Figure 77. Sequence 3C, reaction used to generate epoxy-coated DWNTs. Figure 78. Sequence 4, reaction used to generate polypropylene-coated SWNTs. Figure 79. Tensile tests of polystyrene / SWNT composites. Figure 80. Tensile tests of polystyrene / SWNT composites. Figure 81. Tensile tests of polystyrene / SWNT composites. Figure 82. Tensile tests of polystyrene / SWNT composites. Figure 83. a) Randomly aligned nanotubes in circular polymer composite fiber and b) fully aligned nanotubes in circular polymer composite fiber. Figure 84. a) Cross-section of a circular multi-layered composite fiber consisting of three different composite fiber compositions (SE1, SE2 and SE3) and shapes; b) Cross-section of a rectangular multi-layered composite fiber. SE3 is a pure polymer fiber without any nanotube. Figure 85. Composite cross-section with longitudinal oriented nanotubes in composite fiber and random oriented nanotubes in the matrix (resin). Figure 86. Composite cross-section with various composite fibers including pure polymer fibers demonstrating the vast opportunities in composites design. Figure 87. a) Composite made with the same composite fiber (SE1) aligned in various directions; b) Composite made with different composite fiber types (SE1, SE2, SE3). F.ex. the fibers can be made of the same polymer but having different nanotube content and alignment in each individual composite fiber type. Figure 88. Composite nanotube fibers offer a huge range of moduli and strengths. Figure 89. Composite made of solid part or semi-cured part (SE1) and composite fiber part (SE2). Figure 90. Young’s Modulus, the Maximum Tensile Strength and the Toughness of 3D printed PLA samples containing from 0% to 50% of SWNTs. Figure 91. The mechanical tensile test results for 125k PS-NH2composite (compound JJ11) were presented in the table in Figure JJ1. Figure 92.The mechanical tensile test results for 921k PS-NH2and composite (compounds JJ12-13) were summarized in the table in Figure JJ2. Figure 93. The mechanical tensile test results for 907k PS-NH2-composites (compounds JJ14-21) were summarized in the table in Figure JJ3. Figure 94. The mechanical tensile test results for mixtures of 907k PS-NH2and 6.5k PS-NH2- composites (compounds JJ22-26) were summarized in the table in Figure JJ4. Figure 95. Tensile tests after repeated recycling of PP homopolymer modified with Lassoed CNTs. A: Tensile modulus, B: Tensile strength, C: Stress at break, D: Strain at break. Figure 96. TGA analysis of “ester MINTs of Example VV1”. (A) Thermogravimetric weight loss curves for untreated SWCNTs and coated SWCNTs by ball milling process. (B) Thermogravimetric differential weight loss curves for untreated SWCNTs and coated SWCNTs by ball milling process Figure 97. TGA analysis of “ester MINTs of Example VV2”. (A) Thermogravimetric weight loss curves for untreated SWCNTs and coated SWCNTs by hand mixing process. (B) Thermogravimetric differential weight loss curves for untreated SWCNTs and coated SWCNTs by hand mixing process. Figure 98. Sequences of making composite fibers using the principle of covalent adaptable network Figure 99. Possibilities in designing a polymer with optimal processing and mechanical properties. Figure 100. Composite fibers in FWMs: a) Low diameter composite fiber acting as strength enhancer; b) Medium diameter composite fiber acting as both flow and strength enhancer; c) Large diameter composite fiber acting as primarily flow enhancer; d) A combination of composite fiber diameters to provide a desired mix of strength, stiffness and processability; e) FMW with layers and inter-leaved composite fibers to provide a desired mix of strength, stiffness and processability. Figure 101. A 2-dimensional vibrating sieve stack is shown. Figure 102. It is shown how a cyclone may be used to separate CNT aggregates from individualized CNT. Figure 103. Electron microscopy picture of a thermoplast-carbon nanotube composite material that has been damaged. A crack is seen, with nanotubes / nanocomposite bridging two opposing surfaces of the crack. The starting point for the present invention. The formation of covalently closed rings and Lassos around nanofillers such as nanotubes and graphene, covered in earlier patent applications such as those cited above, serve as a starting point for the present invention. In the basic Lasso technology underlying the present invention is the complexation of covalently closed rings and nanotubes, represented by steps A-C below: Step A. Providing one or more nanotubes. Step B. Providing one or more Ushapes. Step C. Allowing each of the Ushapes to wrap around a nanotube and allowing reaction between two reactive groups on each of the Ushapes to occur, thereby forming a covalently closed ring around the nanotube. A further step may be added that leads to the attachment of a structural entity to the covalently closed ring: Step D. Attachment of a structural entity (SE), such as a polymer, nanotube, organic or inorganic molecule or particle, metal or any other through a covalent bond. Alternatively, Step D may involve adding monomers (also called building blocks) that in situ may form the structural entity, by reactions between monomers to form the structural entity (“in situ” shall here mean “in the presence of nanotubes”), e.g. polyamide formation from the reaction of diacid monomers and diamine monomers. Controlling average length and length distribution of polymer. Sometimes one may want a few long polymers linked to each nanotube, or many long polymers linked to each nanotube; or a few long polymers and many short ones on each nanotube, etc. Sometimes it is advantageous to have few (long) polymers because it makes it more likely to not terminate on a polymer that is attached to the same nanotube, thereby covalently linking the two nanotubes. The average length of the polymer, or of each of a set of polymers with different average lengths, may be varied as follows: i) by varying number of initiator-carrying rings per nanotube, ii) by addition of an activator molecule that can turn a group carried on the rings of the nanotube into a more efficient initiator molecule, or iii) by having rings carrying reactive groups X, and then adding Y-initiator molecules, where one part of the Y-initiator molecule carries a reactive group Y, capable of reacting with X, and another moiety capable of initiating a polymerization. Thus, in a given application it may be desirable that in a composite material each of the polymers attached to the rings have an average molecular weight (MW) of at least 100 Da, such as at least 1.000 Dal, such as at least 5.000 Dal, such as at least 20.000 Dal, such as at least 100.000 Dal, such as at least 500.000 Dal, such as at least 1.000.000 Dal, such as at least 5.000.000 Dal, such as at least 10.000.000 Dal, such as at least 30.000.000 Dal, such as at least 100.000.000 Dal. Design and preparation of electrically conductive and / or heat conducting composites. In the past it has been difficult to prepare carbon nanotube composites with high electrical conductivity and / or high heat conducting capacity, despite the high conductivity of an isolated carbon nanotube. The use of mechanical ligands in the form of covalently closed rings led to much improved dispersion, but the numerous rings complexed to each nanotube also serve as a insulation because they make it more difficult for the rings to associate intimately enough that an electron can jump from one nanotube to another, and thus carry the electric current. However, we have found that leaving a portion of the rings open (in the form of Ushapes) increases the conductivity of the composite. In the ideal setting, the carbon nanotubes were pristine, i.e. not coated or functionalized in any way, yet fully individualized (dispersed). However, the formation of rings wrapped around the nanotubes is essential for a good dispersion, especially at high nanotube loading. Therefore, in the following embodiment, the rings are first formed in order to disperse the nanotubes and mix them efficiently into a polymer or any other matrix, including gels or gel-like matrices, to form a composite. Then the rings are cleaved by an external stimuli such as UV-light exposure, a change in temperature, acid or base treatment, or soaking-in of cleaving reagents. This partly or fully releases the ring from its complex with the nanotube, thereby making the nanotube composite more electrically conductive and / or more heat conducting. Moreover, in the embodiment immediately below, we have combined this increased-conductivity approach with the repairable-composite approach, to obtain electrically conductive and / or heat conducting materials that can be repaired after exposure to external stress. Design of electrically conductive and / or heat conducting materials that can be repaired after exposure to external stress. In one embodiment of the invention, a coated nanotube-polymer composite is first generated where the nanotubes are coated with rings, and where the polymer matrix is not fully cured, i.e. the matrix in addition to polymers contain both monomers and initiators that may react upon a stimuli such as heat or UV light. Then the rings (the electrical “insulation” on the nanotubes) are removed to generate a composite material comprising polymer and naked nanotubes with significant electrical conductivity. The composite material may now be molded into the desired product shape. During the product’s use it may become damaged by the generation of microscopic cracks, e.g. as a consequence of repeated stress cycles or impacts. The product may then be repaired by applying an external stimuli which makes the monomers and polymerization initiators react, thereby producing new polymers in the composite, and particularly, in the cracks of the product. The repair of the cracks will partly or fully allow the composite material, and hence the product, to regain its strength and electrical conductivity. The process for making the product may be described by the following steps: Step 1. Carbon nanotubes are provided as a powder. Step 2. Ushapes, capable of wrapping around the nanotube and carrying a reactive group X at both ends of the Ushape molecule, and comprising a photocleavable group that upon cleavage produces two halves of the Ushape, are provided as a powder. Step 3. A catalyst is provided, capable of catalysing the ligation reaction of the two reactive groups X of the Ushape. Step 4. Mechanical energy is provided, e.g. by performing ball milling for a period of time, to produce nanotubes coated with rings, where the rings are the ligation products of the Ushapes. Step 5. Monomers and polymerization initiators (e.g. diamine and epoxy, for formation of polyepoxide) are provided as a liquid, and the mixture is filled into a mold. Step 6. The polymer is formed by e.g. heating or further ball milling, to produce a product made up of a composite comprising polymer and well dispersed, coated nanotubes. Care is taken to make sure that a small part of the monomers and initiators remain unreacted. The process for repairing the product may be described by the following steps: The product is heated, to initiate further polymerization, which will reestablish the composite in e.g. areas where cracks have developed. Following this step, the composite material will have regained (some of) its strength and conductivity characteristics. Bridging or protruding nanofillers present a scaffold for the regeneration of nanocomposite material in a crack.The presence of the nanofiller, as well as the rings or lassos making up the coating of the nanofillers, present new opportunities for the repair of composite materials. In the following, several examples of approaches to the repair of nanocomposites are presented. The general approaches are relevant to all kinds of nanocomposites, and the variations of the below principles of repair can all be combined, to repair any given nanocomposite. The presence of a nanofiller such as a nanotube in a composite material that has been damaged by e.g. an impact or extension, can make the repair process more efficient by exploiting the scaffolding properties of the nanofiller. For example, the nanofiller may bridge across the recently generated crack, and the bridging nanofiller can therefore serve as a scaffold for the new matrix material to attach to, thereby forming a strong bridging matrix. If the nanofiller does not bridge across a crack, it can still serve as a scaffold for the formation of a composite material to fill out and repair the crack. In the following, repair principles and general approaches are described, all of which can be combined and applied to damaged nanocomposite materials. This feature – that the nanocomposite material may be regenerated in the cracks, even without addition of nanofiller, in the form of nanotube or graphene – is an important aspect of the present invention. As described above, this is possible because the nanofiller may bridge across cracks in the nanocomposite material or at least protrude from the interior surface of the crack. The bridging or protruding nanofillers thus serve as a scaffold from which the new composite material in the crack can grow and expand. The pre-existence of nanofillers in a crack before it is being repaired also means that even small amounts of matrix molecules – capable of covalently linking to the coating on the nanofillers or the nanofillers themselves – can have a great, positive effect on regenrating the strength of a repaired nanocomposite material – because the regained strength primarily comes from the interlinking of nanofillers to nanofillers and nanofillers to matrix in the crack. Multiple approaches to the repair of nanocomposite materials. • All types of nanocomposite materials can be repaired using the present invention, including e.g. thermoset composites, thermoplast composites, ceramics composites, metal composites, and concrete. • Ceramics, concrete, and gypsum may benefit strongly from the reinforcing effects of coated nanotubes. These materials are typically rather brittle, and have low impact strength. It is therefore often beneficial to include coated carbon nanotube, to form the corresponding ceramics-, concrete- and gypsum composites. See e.g. Examples 1-4. • Cracks form relatively easy on ceramics-, concrete- and gypsum composites, wherefore it is attractive to be able to perform repair on products comprising these composites. In Examples 1-4, a number of approaches for the repair of such damaged composites are described, including the repair by a like matrix, as well as repair by either a thermoset polymer- or thermoplastic polymer system. • One kind of nanocomposite may be repaired by another kind of nanocomposites, such as e.g. a thermoset material being repaired with a thermoplast material (e.g. repairing a thermoset product by dipping it into a thermoplast coating, to allow the thermoplast coating to fill out the external cracks in the thermoset material, and potentially reacting or associating with the nanofillers or the rings or lassos on the nanofiller, to restore or at least improve the integrity of the composite material), a concrete product being repaired with a thermoset (e.g. a concrete bridge, being repaired with a glass-fiber / epoxy coating), or a thermoplast product being coated with a layer of metal, to fill out the external cracks of the thermoplast and thereby regain strength. • The matrix that builds up or fills out the cracks of the damaged materials, is formed from reaction of byproducts, monomers, initiators, and terminators, and potentially catalysts, which can be added prior to the production of the composite material that the original product is made from (i.e. is “resting” in the composite material that makes up the product), or is added during product formation (e.g. may be added prior to injection molding), or can be added after the product was formed (e.g. is added to the product after it has been damaged). • Byproducts may have a dual role in this. Byproducts may be formed in the initial preparation of the composite material, and in this regard may be seen as an undesired product. However, byproducts may have a positive effect on the repair of a crack, e.g. if the byproduct serves as a plasticizer, making the composite material formed in the crack area more flexible and less fragile, allowing the newly formed material to resist local movements of material, or if the byproduct can react with the reagents that form the healing matrix, i.e. the matrix that fills out the crack. • The following is an example where all reagents are added upfront: The initial nanocomposite is made up of nanotubes and graphene, both coated with rings carrying epoxy groups, and mixed with the two components of a thermoset, i.e. an epoxy resin (thermoset component A), and a polyamine mix comprising i) a compound comprising three aliphatic, primary amines, ii) a compound comprising three aliphatic, secondary amines, and iii) a compound comprising three anilines (thermoset component B). If, in the original composite material, the two thermoset components are mixed in equivalent molar amounts as regards the reactive groups (epoxy group in equivalent molar amount to the three amino groups in total), and if the curing of the thermoset is performed at a temperature where only one of the three kinds of amine (e.g. the aliphatic, primary amine) is highly reactive, the remaining two kinds of amine (the aliphatic, secondary amine and the aniline) will not be significantly incorporated into the network of the thermoset composite, and will therefore be “resting” until activated by a higher temperature. If, after a damage to the composite material, upon which some of the (unreacted) secondary amine and the aniline may diffuse to the cracks that have been generated, the material is exposed to a temperature where the (resting) secondary amine and the aniline is significantly reactive they will react with the unreacted epoxy groups, both those epoxy groups that are part of the coating of the nanotubes and the graphenes, and those that are not part of the coating. As a result, a thermoset network will be generated in the crack, where the network also involves the scaffolding structures of the nanotubes and the graphenes. • This is another example where all the repairing reagents are added upfront: The initial nanocomposite is made up of nanotubes and graphene, both coated with rings carrying epoxy groups, and mixed with the two components of a thermoset, i.e. an epoxy resin (thermoset component A), and a polyamine mix comprising i) a compound comprising three aliphatic, primary amines, and ii) a compound comprising three aliphatic, primary amines that are protected (“inactivated”) by a UV-cleavable moiety, and where the ratio of unprotected amine:protected amine is 10:1. If, in the original composite material, the two thermoset components are mixed in equivalent molar amounts as regards the reactive groups (epoxy group in equivalent molar amount to the unprotected and protected amino groups in total), at most 90% of the epoxy groups will react with an amine. As a result, 10% of the epoxy groups and the protected amino groups will be “resting” until activated by a UV exposure. If, after a damage to the composite material, upon which some of the (unreacted) protected amines may diffuse to the cracks that have been generated, the material is exposed to UV to generate unprotected amines that will react with the unreacted epoxy groups, both those epoxy groups that are part of the coating of the nanotubes and the graphenes, and those that are not part of the coating. As a result, a thermoset network will be generated in the crack, where the network also involves the scaffolding structures of the nanotubes and the graphenes. • The following is an example where some of the repairing reagents are added upfront and some are added later, to initiate repair, i.e. after damage to the material has occured: The initial nanocomposite is made up of nanotubes and graphene, both coated with rings carrying epoxy groups, and mixed with the two components of a thermoset, i.e. an epoxy resin (thermoset component A), and a relatively small polyamine compound carrying three primary, aliphatic amines (thermoset component B). If, in the original composite material, the two thermoset components are mixed in a ratio where the epoxy group is in excess to the amino groups, then only part of the epoxy resin will be incorporated into the network of the thermoset composite, whereas most or all of the amino groups will react and become part of the thermoset composite network. If, after a damage to the composite material, the composite material is soaked in the same primary, aliphatic amine, or soaked in a solvent comprising the same primary, aliphatic amine, the (small) primary, aliphatic amine may diffuse into the composite material and fill up internal cracks, or at least flow into the external cracks, where it will react with the unreacted epoxy groups – both those epoxy groups that are part of the coating of the nanotubes and the graphenes, and those that are not part of the coating – and thereby regenerate thermoset composite network in the cracks. Thus, a thermoset network will be generated in the crack, where the network also involves the scaffolding structures of the nanotubes and the graphenes. • In cases where it is primarily external cracks that need to be repaired, the externally added compounds can be short polymers, which are then reacted with reactive groups in the composite material. • Short polymers may also be by-products of the initial matrix-generation which are then used as reactants during the repair process. For example, polymerization reactions may terminate early, thereby generating short polymers of 100-5000 kDal. Certain polymerization reactions also can lead to chain exchange, which sometimes will generate short polymer chains of 100- 2000 kDal. Also, external stimuli such as sunlight, high temperature, or exposure to chemicals, acid or base, may lead to polymer chain cleavage, and therefore, to short polymers of 100- 5000 kDal, e.g. short polymers of 100-500 kDal or 500-2000 kDal. This typically only generates small amounts of short polymers, but because of their small size, this will give a relatively high concentration of polymer ends. If damaged products of nanocomposite materials are soaked in solvents comprising reactants that carry two reactive groups, one of which can react with those polymer ends and the other which can react with the nanofillers of the composite material or can react with the coating of the nanofiller, then this may lead to regeneration of the nanocomposite material in the crack, by linking the (short) polymers embedded in the surface of the crack to the nanofillers protruding from the surface of the crack or bridging the crack, thereby repairing the product. In some circumstances, such as when the product is often exposed to high external stress, it is desirable to have a higher concentration of short polymers that can participate in the repairing reactions. However, if the concentration of short polymers is too high it will significantly and adversely affect properties like tensile strength, impact strength, and stiffness. Thus, preferred concentrations of short polymers are sometimes in the range of 1 µM – 10 µM, or in the range of 10 µM – 100 µM, or in the range of 100 µM – 1 mM. In circumstances where exposure to high external stress is rare, preferred concentrations are in the range of 0.1 nM – 1 nM, or in the range of 1 nM – 10 nM, or in the range of 10 nM – 100 nM, or in the range of 100 nM – 1 µM. Monomers participating in the repairing process (hereafter called “repairing monomers” or “healing monomers”) may be designed so they don’t diffuse easily through the network structure of the material. For example, the monomers that are supposed to participate in the healing process can be relatively long or bulky compounds that do not easily diffuse through the network structure of the material, and therefore do not get to react with the initiators or terminators until a crack is generated. However, upon crack formation the diffusion-slow monomers may react with initiators, generate polymer structures and / or terminate on terminators. The healing monomers can also be designed so that they need activation by e.g. temperature or UV-exposure, in order to react with initiator. The healing monomers can then be activated after formation of the material specimen, and may then heal the material by formation of polymers across the crack. In another embodiment the composite material comprises an activatable and orthogonal polymerization system that does not interfere with the polymerization system that initially produced the composite material (i.e. a set of initiator, monomer and / or terminator that does not lead to polymerization during the initial formation of the material specimen, and that does not react with the polymerization system that produces the initial material specimen). Upon activation of the orthogonal polymerization system by e.g. heat or UV-exposure, the polymerization process will be initiated, in particular in the crack space. The initiator, monomer, and / or terminator may be residing in solution, or alternatively, one or both of the initiator and terminator may be attached to a ring complexed to a nanofiller, before they are activated. The latter may lead to a stronger composite being formed in the crack, because of the resulting attachment to the ring and thereby to the nanofiller. Depending on the intensity of the activation, the polymerization capability, and hence the healing capacity of the material, may be used up by just one activation (e.g. high-intensity UV-laser activation), or may be continuously working because of a low-intensity, indirect exposure to sunlight. • Another way to maintain a certain number of reactive groups, ready for repair reactions, is to have the nanofillers coated with two orthogonal, reactive groups, such as e.g. an amino group carried on one type of covalently closed ring on the nanotube, and another type of covalently closed ring on the same nanotube carrying e.g. a styrene. A composite of e.g. polyamide and nanotubes coated with amines and styrene could after damage be repaired by soaking the product comprising the polyamide / nanotube composite in styrene along with appropriate catalysts. • The activation of the repair system may involve a change of chemical structure of a precursor of the initiator, monomer, other reactive species, and / or terminator (e.g. cleavage and deprotection of an amine carrying a protection group, by UV light exposure), or it may simply involve a change in conditions such as e.g. an increase in temperature that makes the initiator, monomer, other reactive species, and / or terminator become more reactive (e.g. increasing the temperature of an polyepoxide polymer composite that still contains some unreacted epoxy and amine components; by increasing the temperature the reaction (curing) of the epoxy and the amine is increased, leading to further polyepoxide formation). Additionally, increasing the temperature may also lead to more mobility of the reagents, thereby leading to more reactions and therefore more efficient repair. • The repair system and the system that make up the major part of the material specimen may be the same or may be different systems. Generally, a change in temperature (most often an increase in temperature) will make the reacting species in the material more reactive, and therefore can mediate repair. In such materials, the repair system and the system that make up the major part of the material can with little effort be designed to be the same. A specific example is the epoxy system referred to above; by not fully curing the material specimen during its preparation, unreacted epoxy species and amine species may remain in the material specimen, and can thus be used to repair the material at a later stage. The reactive species (initiator, monomer, other reactive species, terminator) may be attached to e.g. rings, polymers, ring and polymer, and will therefore lead to, respectively, linkage of rings, polymers, or linkage of ring and polymer. • In other cases the repair system and the system that make up the major part of the material specimen may be different systems. An example of such a material could be a polypropylene- CNT composite material comprising precursors of polyamide polymers, where the polypropylene polymer was generated from a radial polymerization process, to produce the majority of polymer (e.g. ~99% of the polymer and reactive species) in the material specimen. The remaining ~1% of the (potentially) reactive species could then be dicarboxylic acid clorides and diamines, protected with UV-cleavable protection groups. After damage (e.g. in the form of crack generation) of the material, exposure to UV-light would generate reactive diamines, capable of reacting with the dicarboxylic acid chlorides to produce polyamide polymers. Filling out cracks in the material specimen, and potentially linking rings complexed to the CNT with polymers, would repair the damaged material specimen. • Alternatively, the repair reactants (e.g. monomer and / or catalyst and / or initiator; or resin and hardener) may be added after the product has been damaged, for example by soaking the product in a solvent comprising the repair reactants, optionally followed by activation of the repair reactions. Depending on the characteristics of the material making up the product, the repair reactants may diffuse into the interior of the material, or may just diffuse into the cracks on the surface. In the first scenario, all or most of the material will be repaired; in the latter scenario it may only be the exterior cracks that are repaired, by the repair reactants filling out the cracks on the surface. However, in both cases repair will take place and improve the characteristics of the material at least to some degree. In some applications, the initial characteristics of a material specimen such as e.g. stiffness and conductivity are much more important than the ability of the material specimen to be repaired after having been exposed to high stress. This will for example be the case for specimens that are unlikely to experience sudden or high-impact exposures to stress, including e.g. gears that turn continuously and that must be stiff enough to maintain their shape during operation, must be able to transfer generated heat away from the gear, and that must be able to transfer static electricity away from the gear. In such cases, it is desirable to limit the amount of unreacted initiators, monomers, terminators and other reactive species, as well as catalysts, in order to make the material specimen as ideal as possible from the start. Thus, in some applications it is desirable that the concentration of initiators and / or monomers and / or reactive species and / or terminators and / or catalysts are kept at a low but significant concentration after the initial formation of the composite material product, such as in the range of 1-10 fM, or in the range of 10-100 fM, or in the range of 0.1 – 1 pM, or in the range of 1-10 pM, or in the range of 10-100 pM, or in the range of 0.1-1nM, or in the range of 1-10 nM, or in the range of 10-100 nM, or in the range of 0.1-1 µM. In other applications, the initial characteristics of a material specimen such as e.g. stiffness and conductivity are much less important than the ability of the material specimen to be repaired after having been exposed to high stress. As an example, consider a seat belt, consisting of polyepoxide- CNT composite material. It needs a certain, relatively high tensile strength to be safe, and the presence of cracks should be negligible. The conductivity of the polyepoxide-CNT composite seat belt could be used as a measure of its integrity. After having been exposed to high stress (e.g. from a car crash), potentially leading to crack generation in the seat belt, a loss of conductivity of the seat belt would imply that cracks had been generated, leading to a less conductive, and most importantly, a weaker seat belt. If the seat belt comprised a significant level of precursors for polyepoxide formation (epoxy and diamine) after its production, the seat belt might now be heated to help the reactive epoxy and amine species flow into the cracks and react to form polyepoxide, to repair the crack. Reconstituting the conductivity would imply that the strength of the seat belt had also been regained. Thus, in some applications it is desirable that the concentration of initiators and / or monomers and / or reactive species and / or terminators and / or catalysts are kept at a relatively high concentration, but still at an appropriately low concentration where the reagents and catalysts are not interfering too negatively with the properties of the composite material. Thus, in these applications it is desirable that the concentration of initiators and / or monomers and / or reactive species and / or terminators and / or catalysts are in the range of 1-10 µM, or in the range of 10-100 µM, or in the range of 0.1 – 1 mM. In yet other applications, there is a need for a relatively strong and conductive material specimen, but also a need for repair after specimen production. In these applications, an intermediate concentration of initiators and / or monomers and / or reactive species and / or terminators is desirable. Thus, depending on the application, any of the following ranges of concentration of initiators and / or monomers and / or reactive species and / or terminators and / or catalysts (where both the starting point and endpoint concentrations are included in the range) may be desirable in a given application: 0.001 fM – 1 fM; 1 fM – 10 fM; 10 fM – 100 fM; 100 fM – 1 pM; 1 pM – 10 pM; 10 pM – 100 pM; 100 pM – 1 nM; 1 nM – 10 nM; 10 nM – 100 nM; 100 nM – 1 µM; 1 µM – 10 µM; 10 µM – 100 µM; 100 µM – 1 mM; 1 mM – 10 mM; 10 mM – 100 mM; or higher than 100 mM. Below, in the list “monomer#compounds”, several monomer building blocks are listed. These are appropriate monomer building blocks for the use in this invention for e.g. repair or optimization of composite materials and products produced from these composite materials. Also below, in the list “initiator / catalyst#compounds”, a number of initiators and catalysts for polymerizations and other reactions are listed. These are appropriate initiators and catalysts for use in this invention, for e.g. repair or optimization of composite materials and products produced from these composite materials. Also below, in the list “byproducts#compounds”, is shown a number of byproducts formed in e.g. polymerisations and other reactions leading to the composite materials of the present invention and the products made from these composite materials. In cases where by-products of the initial product formation are used to repair the product at a later stage (e.g. after it has been damaged), or when the byproduct is used positively in the initial composite material (e.g. used as a plasticizer), preferred concentrations of by-products include 1 pM – 10 pM; 10 pM – 100 pM; 100 pM – 1 nM; 1 nM – 10 nM; 10 nM – 100 nM; 100 nM – 1 µM; 1 µM – 10 µM; 10 µM – 100 µM; 100 µM – 1 mM; 1 mM – 10 mM; 10 mM – 100 mM; or higher than 100 mM. How to repair damaged products post production by addition of further compounds or by allowing or prompting the reaction of reactive compounds in the product, or by exposing the damaged product to external stimuli such as changes in temperature, pressure, exposure to solvents, or other external change. Products composed of composite materials may be repaired by many different approaches. During the production of products, the amount of input catalyst, initiator, and / or monomer and / or precursor-ML (also termed Ushape) may be carefully adjusted so as to leave appropriate amounts of the one or more of the catalyst, initiator, and / or monomer and / or precursor-ML (also termed Ushape) in the final product. Then, after damage that has introduced e.g. cracks in the product, the cracks may be repaired and / or filled out by newly formed composite material, formed from the reaction involving the catalyst and / or initiator and / or monomer and / or precursor-ML (also termed Ushape). The cracks may be repaired by spontaneous reaction, or may be prompted by external stimuli such as heat, UV, infusion of more reagents or solvent, and / or pressure. Appropriate levels of these reactants and catalysts may be introduced during production of the coated nanotubes, production of polymer and / or during or before the final processing (e.g. injection molding, rotational molding, extrusion) of the product. In one embodiment of this approach, a thermoset may be prepared comprising two (or more) hardeners that react at different temperatures. If the product is produced under conditions where only one of the hardeners react, the final product may contain a large amount of the other hardener, still unreacted. If the product is damaged, e.g. by the creation of breaks or surface wear, the damaged product may be repaired by exposing the product to conditions that makes the unreacted hardener react – e.g. conditions such as higher heat or pressure or UV light exposure. Depending on the reactivity of the reagents and catalysts involved in the post-production repair, under the conditions of the repair, an appropriate amount of one or more of the reagents and catalysts can vary a lot. In some cases, small concentrations (e.g.1 nM) of one or more of the reagents and catalysts will suffice to make the repaired product’s characteristics improve significantly; in some cases higher amounts are needed (e.g.1 µM or higher), and in some cases the concentration of one or more of the reagents, and particularly of the monomers, must be very high, e.g. up to 10 mM or even 100 mM. Nanotubes are mixed with Ushape molecules and catalysts, to produce coated tubes, i.e. nanotube-ML complexes. Upon input of mechanical energy in the form of e.g. ball milling, coated nanotubes are formed where the Ushapes have been covalently closed around the nanotubes, to form a monolayer of organic material around the nanotubes. Upon addition or in situ growth of polymer, the polymer and coated nanotubes are mixed, to produce a high-strength nanocomposite with relatively high electrical conductivity, because of the relative ease by which the nanotubes are well dispersed in the polymer because of their organic coating layer. Once the nanotubes are well dispersed in the matrix material, the coating (the rings closed around the nanotubes) may be cleaved, to leave the naked nanotubes well dispersed in the matrix. If the nanotubes were added at an appropriate concentration, the efficient dispersion will have led to a high-strength, highly conductive composite material. In order to allow repair of the composite material following high external stress and therefore crack initiation in the material, either by self-healing processes or by external stimuli such as heat or UV- exposure, a repair system may be incorporated into the composite material design. One such repair system is e.g. epoxy and diamine, which may be added to the major matrix material, and go through the material production systems without generating polyepoxides. But once external stress has created cracks in the material, the cracks may be filled out and the material repaired by heating the material specimen, to allow polyepoxide formation and crack repair. Other repair systems are described. It has previously been described how to form rings or lassos around fillers (e.g., carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes and graphene), leading to filler derivatives and filler mixtures with good dispersion, good anchoring and little aggregation between filler units. This approach improves the characteristics of the nanocomposite materials. A composite comprising a nanofiller and a monomer is described, where the concentration of the monomer (in said composite) is in the range of 1-10 pM, or in the range of 10-100 pM, or in the range of 100 pM-1nM, or in the range of 1-10 nM, or in the range of 10-100 nM, or in the range of 100-1000 nM, or in the range of 1-10 µM, or in the range of 10-100 µM, or in the range of 100-1000 µM, or in the range of 1-10 mM, or in the range of 10-100 mM. A composite comprising a nanofiller and an initiator is described, where the concentration of the initiator is in the range of 1-10 pM, or in the range of 10-100 pM, or in the range of 100 pM-1nM, or in the range of 1-10 nM, or in the range of 10-100 nM, or in the range of 100-1000 nM, or in the range of 1-10 µM, or in the range of 10-100 µM, or in the range of 100-1000 µM, or in the range of 1-10 mM, or in the range of 10-100 mM. A composite comprising a nanofiller and an initiator and a monomer is described, where the concentration of the monomer is in the range of 1-10 pM, or in the range of 10-100 pM, or in the range of 100 pM-1nM, or in the range of 1-10 nM, or in the range of 10-100 nM, or in the range of 100-1000 nM, or in the range of 1-10 µM, or in the range of 10-100 µM, or in the range of 100-1000 µM, or in the range of 1-10 mM, or in the range of 10-100 mM, and where the concentration of the initiator is in the range of 1-10 pM, or in the range of 10-100 pM, or in the range of 100 pM-1nM, or in the range of 1-10 nM, or in the range of 10-100 nM, or in the range of 100-1000 nM, or in the range of 1-10 µM, or in the range of 10-100 µM, or in the range of 100-1000 µM, or in the range of 1-10 mM, or in the range of 10- 100 mM. A composite comprising a nanofiller and a catalyst and a monomer is described, where the concentration of the monomer is in the range of 1-10 pM, or in the range of 10-100 pM, or in the range of 100 pM-1nM, or in the range of 1-10 nM, or in the range of 10-100 nM, or in the range of 100-1000 nM, or in the range of 1-10 µM, or in the range of 10-100 µM, or in the range of 100-1000 µM, or in the range of 1-10 mM, or in the range of 10-100 mM, and where the concentration of the catalyst is in the range of 1-10 pM, or in the range of 10-100 pM, or in the range of 100 pM-1nM, or in the range of 1-10 nM, or in the range of 10-100 nM, or in the range of 100-1000 nM, or in the range of 1-10 µM, or in the range of 10-100 µM, or in the range of 100-1000 µM, or in the range of 1-10 mM, or in the range of 10- 100 mM. A composite as of any of the preceding four paragraphs is described where the nanofiller is a nanotube or a carbon nanotube. Initiators are described that may be used in the present invention for the production of composite materials. Such initiators include: an organic peroxide such as dialkyl peroxides, diacyl peroxides or mixed alkyl-acyl peroxides, an inorganic peroxide, a mixed organic-inorganic peroxide, a ketone peroxide, a peroxydicarbonate, a peracid, a peroxymonoacylcarbonate, a perester, a perketal, a peroxymonocarbonate, a hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxo compounds, ozonides, superoxides, sodium peroxoborates, sodium carbonate peroxohydrate, peroxodisulfate salts, calcium peroxide, sodium peroxide, and potassium superoxide, aliphatic azonitrile and related compounds, persulfate such as sodium persulfate, and potassium, ammonium persulfate, aromatic diazonium salt, aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, alkyl sulfonium salts, (6-cumene)(5- cyclopentadienyl)iron hexafluorophosphate, titanocenes, sulfonyloxy ketones and triaryl-siloxyethers, and any combinations thereof, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and the aryl group has 7 to 30 carbon atoms; inorganic peroxide, a mixed organic-inorganic peroxide, a ketone peroxide, a peroxydicarbonate, a peracid, a peroxymonoacylcarbonate, a perester, a perketal, a peroxymonocarbonate, a hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide Monomers are described that may be used in the present invention for the production of composite materials. Such monomers include: acetylenes, acrylic acids (acrylics), aldehydes, amino acid n- carboxy anhydrides, amino acids (amino carboxylic acid), anilines, aromatic ethers, bifunctional monomer (polycondensation type / polyaddition type), carbon multibonding monomer (addition polymerization type), carbonates (carbonic acid derivatives), cyclic acid anhydrides, cyclic amines, cyclic carbonates, cyclic ethers, cyclic imides, cyclic iminoethers, cyclic olefins, cyclic sulfides, diamines, dicarboxylic acids, dienes, dihalides (dihalogenated compounds), diisocyanates, diketones, diols, halo-olefins, hydroxy acids (oxy carboxylic acid), lactams, lactones, melamines, olefins, phenols, phosphorus containing compounds, phosphorus containing cyclic compounds, ring monomer (ring- opening polymerization type / polycondensation type), silane compounds, silicon containing cyclic compounds, styrenes, sulfur containing compounds, ureas, and vinyl compounds. Nanocomposites are described comprising nanofiller concentrations of at least 0.1 wt%, such as at least 1 wt%, such as at least 5 wt%, such as at least 10 wt%, such as at least 15 wt%, such as at least 25wt%, such as at least 40wt%, such as at least 50wt%, such as at least 70wt%, such as at least 90wt%. Attaching blockers at the ends of the nanotube, to inhibit rings falling off the ends of the nanotube. It is commonly known that the ends of the nanotubes are more reactive than the central part of the nanotubes, and this higher reactivity can be used to attach bulky moieties to the ends of the nanotubes, and thereby limit or eliminate rings falling off the ends. By i) reacting the ends of the nanotube with bulky groups or molecules of particularly high or low polarity (to make the modified ends repel ring structures of low or high polarity, respectively), or ii) using Ushapes or rings that carry reactive groups that may react with the nanotube termini, to immobilize these Ushapes or rings, thereby blocking neighboring Ushapes or rings from falling off the end of the nanotube, it is possible to limit or inhibit rings from falling off the ends. Easily dispersable nanotubes. The combination of several different Ushapes, or linking different molecules to the Ushapes or rings after their association, to form a heterogeneous coating (comprising e.g. polar groups, non-polar groups, positively charged groups, negatively charged groups, small moieties, large bulky moieties) on each nanotube, will make the coated tubes easier to disperse. Thus, in some applications it is preferable that each nanotube is complexed to more than one kind of ring, such as 2 or more kinds of rings, such as 3 or more kinds of rings, such as 4 or more kinds of rings, such as 5 or more kinds of rings, such as 6 or more kinds of rings, such as 7 or more kinds of rings, such as 8 or more kinds of rings, such as 9 or more kinds of rings, such as 10 or more kinds of rings, such as 12 or more kinds of rings, such as 15 or more kinds of rings, such as 20 or more kinds of rings. In one embodiment of the invention, in situ polymerization – i.e. polymerisation taking place in the presence of the nanotube that will be the filler or one of the fillers of the resulting nanocomposite – is performed. The polymerisation may initiate and terminate in the solution that also contains said nanotube, in which case the generated polymer will be free in solution, i.e. neither directly nor indirectly attached to the nanotube. In another embodiment of the invention, the nanotube is complexed to a ring that is closed around it, thereby forming a mechanical bond between the ring and the nanotube. In this embodiment, in situ polymerisation is also performed, but in this case the initiator is attached to the ring and the polymer grows out from the ring upon polymerisation. This process is called “grafting from” because the polymerization initiates from the ring-nanotube complex. The resulting structure is a nanotube-ring complex where a polymer is attached to the ring. If the polymer terminates on another nanotube or on a ring attached to another nanotube, it will effectively crosslink the two rings and we will say that the two nanotubes (complexed to the two rings) have been crosslinked. However, if the polymer terminates in solution, i.e. without reacting with another nanotube or a ring attached to another nanotube, no crosslink between nanotubes will have been made and the resulting nanocomposite structure will be said to be of thermoplastic character. In yet another embodiment of the invention, in situ polymerisation is initiated on an initiator in solution, but the growing polymer terminates on a ring complexed to a nanotube, to form a nanotube-ring complex where a polymer is attached to the ring. This is called “grafting to”, and since this reaction does not lead to crosslinking of two nanotubes, the resulting nanocomposite structure will be said to be of thermoplastic character. Polymerisation reactions appropriate for the present invention. In the following, different types of polymerisation reactions are described. These polymerisation reactions may be used to generate a polymer that will be later coupled to a covalently closed ring around a nanotube, or the polymerization reactions may be used for in situ polymerization reactions whereunder the polymer grows out from the ring that is covalently closed around the nanotube, or it may be used to repair the composite material at a later point, e.g. after the composite material has been exposed to (external) stress that has damaged the material. As described elsewhere in the present application, monomers, catalysts, and initiators may be used in the initial polymerisation or hardening process, or may be used in the later repair process. Byproducts generated during the initial reactions, e.g. the polymerization step of the polymer, may in certain cases have a positive effect as they may serve as e.g. plasticizers, or alternatively, may be gases such as CO2 with a positive effect in e.g. foam. The description of polymerisation reactions below exemplify a number of different monomers, catalysts and initiators, as well as byproducts generated during the process. More comprehensive lists of monomers, catalysts and initiators, as well as byproducts, are presented below. Free radical polymerization Free radical polymerization (FRP) is one of the most important synthesis routes for obtaining vinyl polymers. The relatively non-specific nature of the free radicals towards vinyl and other unsaturated monomers makes FRP one of the most versatile polymerization methods. • General free radical polymerization reaction: • Free radical polymerization: Monomers, catalysts, by products, terminators, and initiators Almost 50 percent of all polymers and synthetic rubbers are produced via a free radical polymerization process. This includes polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polybutadiene, polychloroprene and polyethylene among many other large-volume polymers and elastomers. The polymerization starts off with a molecule called initiator. Two very common initiators are benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and 2,2'-azo-bis-isobutyrylnitrile (AIBN). Both molecules have a strong tendency to fall apart in a rather unusual way; that is, the pair of electrons in the bond which is broken, will separate. The two fragments with unpaired electrons are called free radical initiators. Following their generation, the free radicals react with a monomer thereby creating a new radical that can start a chain growth polymerization (general reaction) where X is a substituent which could be any chemical moiety, such as: C6H5, Cl, Br, OCOCH3, COOR or H. The mechanism also includes disubstituted monomers such as vinylidene chloride and methyl methacrylate. A common feature of the vinyl polymerization is that the active centre of the growing chain is retained by a single polymer molecule throughout the course of its growth. Thus, the partially polymerized mixture consists of high molecular weight polymers and unreacted monomers, with virtually no chains of intermediate molecular weight. In fact, polymers formed during the early stage of polymerization, even during the first fraction of a percentage conversion, are comparable in molecular weight to those formed at the advanced stage of the process. • Vinyl polymerization general reaction:

[0002] In the upper half of the figure immediately above, the initiator is attached to a ring that is complexed to a nanotube. The resulting polymer therefore is therefore linked to the ring. In the lower half it is shown how an Initiator molecule in solution may lead to the formation of crosslinked nanotubes, if the nanotubes are complexed to rings carrying alkene moieties, capable of reacting with the Initiator. • Example free radical reactions (in solution) are shown below.

[0003] Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) In an ideal, fully controlled living polymerization both termination and transfer reactions do not take place and all chain-growth sites are instantaneously initiated so that all chains grow simultaneously. This type of polymerization allows for relatively precise control of polymer molecular weight (MW), and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD). • The general reaction is depicted below: In ATRP, reversible activation / deactivation of the growth center is mediated by a redox-active transition metal complex, MtzXlLm. Typical metal complexes include halides of many transition metals such as Mo, Re, Ru, Rh, Fe, Ni, Pd, and Cu with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) or bipyridine ligands. The main purpose of the ligand is to solubilize the transition metal salt in the organic solvent (or bulk monomer). The ligands also affect the rate constant of activation (kact) and deactivation (kdeac). Typical ATRP initiators are functional alkyl halides. The metal complex abstracts a halogen atom from the initiator molecule and thereby generates a free radical (R·). In this process, the complex changes its oxidation state from z to z+1: Mtz-Xl / Lm+ R-X ↔ R· + Mtz+1-Xl+1 / Lmwhere X is a halogen atom (Cl, Br), L a ligand, and Mt a metal in oxidation state z. In a second step, the functional initiator (R·) reacts with a monomer (M) and starts propagation: R· + M → P1· P1· + n M → Pn+1· Typical functional ATRP initiators (RX) are 2-bromopropanitrile, ethyl 2-bromo-propionate, tosyl chloride among many other halides. In general, the efficiency increases with decreasing bond strength (R-Cl > R-Br > R-I). Thus, alkyl iodides are the most efficient initiators. However, alkyl iodides are light sensitive and tend to form metal iodide complexes. Therefore, bromo- and chloro-compounds are mainly used as initiators. In general tertiary alkyl halides are more reactive than secondary, and secondary are more reactive than primary alkyl halides. The initiators, when reacting with monomers, not only start the propagation process but also introduce a functionality at the chain end whereas difunctional initiators create a functionality at the chain centre. A large number of monomers containing polar functional groups have been successfully polymerized by ATRP. This includes 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, acrylonitrile, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, and (meth)acrylamides among many other monomers. Grafting from: rings with a terminal halide can be used as initiators of ATRP. The polymer will grow out from the ring; if the ring is complexed to a nanofiller, this is thus an example of grafting from. Grafting to: The halide end-functionality, frequently present on the active chain end(s) of polymers prepared by ATRP, particularly polystyrenes or polyacrylates, can participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions. This strategy has been used for the synthesis of a plethora of end-functional well-defined polymeric materials. The advantages are that one can incorporate functionality incompatible with the polymerization process. This procedure allows the preparation of ω- and α,ω- telechelic polymers and the selection of functionality suitable for further specific reactions such as attachment to different rings. By performing a nucleophilic substitution reaction with a functional group on a ring (complexed to a nanofiller), the polymer will be come linked to the ring and therefore to the nanofiller, which is a grafting to reaction.

[0004] , and the functionalization of the polymer that results. ATRP is thus a convenient way to functionalize the end(s) of polymers, which in turn allows the linkage of the polymers to e.g. the ring complexed to a nanotube, thereby performing a grafting to reaction. The figure immediately below show specific initiators, monomers, and catalysts for ATRP.

[0005] 

[0006] The figure (immediately above) provide characteristics for a various initiators and ligands, important for the choice of catalyst complex in the ATRP reaction. Figure 27 shows how a ring complexed to a nanotube and carrying a hydroxyl group, is turned into a ring carrying an ATRP initiator. Figure 28 shows how this initiator, carried by the ring attached to a nanotube, may be used in a grafting from experiment, generating PMMA covalently linked to the ring. When the typical ATRP reaction is performed, polymers with one functional group are obtained. As a result, when covalently linking these monofunctional polymers to nanotubes coated with rings, crosslinking of nanotubes is not obtained, and the resulting nanotube composites are considered thermoplastic composites. RAFT (reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization: Reversible addition - fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) is a novel and popular method to control the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of a free radical polymerization. It allows for the preparation of polymers with well-defined polymer architecture including star, block, brush, comb, and gradient copolymers as well as polymers with a predictable functionality. • General reaction:

[0007] RAFT reaction. In the figure immediately above, monomers, catalysts, by products, terminators, and initiators of the RAFT reaction are shown. It is one of the most versatile and effective polymerization techniques to achieve a quasi living free radical polymerization and is relative easy to perform since it requires only an addition of a thiocarbonylthio compound to an otherwise conventional free radical polymerization. In fact, it can be as easily performed as a classical free radical polymerization provided a suitable RAFT agent (chain transfer agent, CTA) has been chosen. Furthermore, a large number of vinyl monomers can be polymerized with good molecular weight control and narrow molecular weight distribution. Not surprising, RAFT has gained great popularity by the scientific community and has been employed to synthesize a broad range of materials including numerous polymers such as poly(meth)acrylates, poly(meth)acrylamides, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, N-vinylpyrrolidone, and several polydienes. The active organic compound in the process of reversible addition - fragmentation polymerization is a thiocarbonylthio group. The organic compound containing this functional group is commonly called the RAFT agent. A large number of RAFT agents have been developed and synthesized. The majority of these compounds belong to one of the following five classes: dithioesters, xanthates, trithiocarbonates, dithiocarbamates, and dithiophosphonates. Among these, the dithioesters are the most popular and widely used RAFT agents.12 Free-radical chain growth can be initiated by any method but is usually started by continuous thermal decomposition of free radical initiators such as azoisobisbutyronitrile (AIBN) or dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO). • Specific monomers, catalyst, and byproducts (figure below)

[0008] In the above figure, example RAFT grafting from polymerisation reactions are shown. The mechanism does not mediate crosslinking of nanotubes. RING OPENING POLYMERIZATION A ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is another form of chain-growth polymerization in which the terminal end group of a polymer chain acts as a reactive center where further cyclic monomers can be added by ring-opening and additon of the broken bond. Typical monomers that can be polymerized via ROP are di-functional monomers that carry two different reactive groups like one amine or alcohol and one carboxylic acid that have undergone a cyclization reaction. Initiation of ring-opening polymerisation: To polymerize these moieties, one of the rings has to open prior to polymerization. This can be achieved, for example, by adding a small amount of a nucleophilic reagent (Lewis base) as an initiator. This reaction is called anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP; see figure immediately below): • Monomers, catalysts, by products, terminators, and initiators Compound Chemical Structure Main ring Size Typical / Possible Mechanism Amines (incl. 3, 4, 7 Cationic aziridines) Anhydrides5, 7Copolymerization withepoxides (ROCOP) Carbonates 5 - 8 Anionic Diesters 6 Cationic (Glycolides) Disulfides 8 Radical Ethers (incl. 3 - 5, 7 Cationic, anionic epoxides) Ketene 5 - 8 Radical Lactams 4 - 7 Cationic, anionic Lactones 4, 7, 8 Cationic, anionic Olefins 4, 5, 8 Metathesis Oxazolines 5 Cationic 6 Cationic Phosphonites 3, 5 - 7 Anionic Siloxanes 6, 8 Cationic, anionic Thioethers 3, 4 Cationic, anionic Thiolactones 4 - 8 Cationic, anionic

[0009] In the figure immediately below, and in-solution reaction is shown In to nanotubes and carrying a hydroxyl moiety Is shown

[0010] Figure 31 and the figure immediately below depicts three grafting-from polymerisation reactions.

[0011] Anionic polymerization Anionic polymerizations are chain-growth processes in which the active centre to which successive monomers are added is a negative ion that is associated with a positive counterion. The initiation step of an anionic polymerization involves a nucleophilic attack on a monomer resulting in carbanion. Basically, all vinyl monomers with (strong) electronegative substituents polymerize readily in the presence of these anions. Some electron-withdrawing substituents that stabilize the negative charge through charge delocalization, and hence permit stable anionic polymerization include -CN, -COOR, -C6H5, and -CH=CH2, to name only a few. Therefore, monomers such as styrenes, dienes, acrylates and methacrylates, aldehydes, epoxides, acrylonitriles and cyanoacrylates readily undergo anionic polymerization reactions. The electron donors (or initiators) are either electron transfer agents or strong anions. The transfer of an electron from a donor molecule to the vinyl monomer leads to the formation of an anion radical, a so-called carbanion. The general reaction mechanism is shown immediately below. are alkali metals, such as lithium or sodium. Other strong nucleophilic initiators include covalent or ionic metal amides, alkoxides, hydroxides, amines, phosphines, cyanides, and organometallic compounds such as alkyl lithium compounds and Grignard reagents. The initiation proceeds either by addition of a neutral (B:) or negative (B:-) nucleophile to the monomer. As an example, the initiation and polymerization of styrene with potassium amide proceeds as follows: KNH2⇔ K++ NH2- NH2- + M → NH2M- NH2Mn- + M → NH2Mn+1- NH2Mn- + NH3→ NH2MnH + NH2- In the figure immediately below, two examples of grafting-from, anionic polymerization reactions are shown. is shown. In an ideally controlled system (pure reactants and inert solvents), an anionic polymerization does not undergo termination reactions. Hence, the chains will remain active indefinitely unless there is deliberate termination or chain transfer. This has two important consequences: 1. The number average molecular weight, Mn, of the polymer can be relatively accurately estimated from the amount of initiator and amount of consumed monomer, because the degree of polymerization is the ratio of the moles of monomer consumed to the moles of the initiator added: MWn= MW0[M0] / [I], where MW0is the molecular weight of the repeat unit and [M0] and [I] the (initial) molar concentrations of the monomer and the initiator. 2. Since all chains are initiated at roughly the same time, the polymer synthesis can be done in a controlled manner. In fact, this is one of the few polymerisation reactions that leads to well defined and nearly mono-disperse molecular weight distribution (Poisson distribution) and structural and compositional uniformity. Anionic polymerization can also be used to functionalize polymers, for example by reacting the active chain ends with electrophilic reagents which yields a wide variety of telechelic polymers. The electrophilic reagents (epoxide, aziridine, CO2, etc.) are usually added at the end of the polymerization. End-groups that have been produced in this way include -OH, -SH, -NH2, COCH3, and -COOH, to name only a few. Cationic polymerization Cationic polymerization is a type of chain-growth polymerization in which a cationic initiator transfers charge to a monomer which then becomes reactive. • The general reaction mechanism is shown immediately below: such as alkoxy, phenyl, or alkyl readily polymerize in the presence of very small amounts of a catalyst of the type used in Friedel-Crafts reactions. Examples of effective catalysts are AlCl3, AlBr3, BF3, TiCl4, SnCl4. Sometimes, strong protonic acids such as H2SO4, HClO4or H3PO4are also used. The Friedel-Craft catalysts are examples of Lewis acids with strong electron-acceptor capability. They usually require a co-catalyst, namely a Lewis base such as water, alcohol or acetic acid which forms a complex with the catalyst that stabilizes the counterion and prevents recombination. A common Lewis acid is boron trifluoride BF3which, when reacting with trace amounts of water, forms an electrophile that can initiate chain growth: rent forms in the reaction mixture: (a) as ionized molecules, (b) as ion pairs or (c) as free (solvated) ions. The degree of aggregation and solvation can significantly affect the polymerization kinetics which depends on the solvation energies of the ions (which favours dissociation), and the attractive forces between the ions (which causes their association). In general, for dissociated ion pairs, the reaction rate is greater than for tight (solvent- bridged) ion pairs.This explains why the kinetics and rate of polymerization is strongly affected by the chemical nature of the solvent and the initiator complex, and not only by the type of monomer, the temperature and amount of initiator. In most cationic polymerization systems, the anions are (much) larger than the cations, so that the charge density is relatively small. Then the solvation of the anions can, to a first approximation, be neglected. On the other hand, the solvation of the carbocation can be rather strong. The figure immediately below shows an example grafting-from, cationic polymerization. Polyaddition polymerisation. Polyaddition is a convenient method for the grafting-to or grafting-from polymerization. A number of polyaddition polymerization reactions are depicted in the figure below.

[0012] By g e.g. a o o e gs a aps aou e a ou e ou e poss e o perform a grafting-from nanotube composite. In this case, crosslinking is likely. Grafting-to may be performed to avoid crosslinking. For example, a ring carrying an aster group could be used. In the following, initiators, monomers, reactive species, terminators and polymers applicable for the present invention are described. Initiators - Free radical polymerization (FRP) Peroxides In preferred embodiments, initiators of free radical polymerization are radicals formed by decomposition of a peroxide. In preferred embodiments, the peroxide is an organic peroxide, a dialkyl peroxides, diacyl peroxides or mixed alkyl-acyl peroxides, an inorganic peroxide, a mixed organic – inorganic peroxide, a ketone peroxide, a peroxydicarbonate, a peracid, a peroxymonoacylcarbonate, a perester, a perketal, a peroxymonocarbonate, a hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide. In other preferred embodiments, the initiator is chosen from the group consisting of inorganic peroxides, peroxo compounds, ozonides, superoxides, sodium peroxoborates, sodium carbonate peroxohydrate, peroxodisulfate salts, calcium peroxide, sodium peroxide, and potassium superoxide. In preferred embodiments, a peroxide has the general formula R2-O-O-R3or R1-C(O)-O-O-C(O)-R2, in which R2and R3, which may be identical or different, are independently chosen from an alkyl, an acyl, a linear or branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, or a cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally aromatic, and which is optionally substituted by one or more C1-C3, in particular C1, alkyl groups. In particular, R2and R3can represent a cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally aromatic, and which is optionally substituted by one or more C1-C3, in particular C1, alkyl groups. More particularly, R2and R3can represent a nonaromatic cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally substituted by a C1 alkyl group. Preferably, R2and R3, which are identical or different, represent a branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups. Preferably, R2and R3, which are identical or different, represent a branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group. In preferred embodiments, the dialkyl peroxide is symmetrical, that is to say that the groups flanking the O—O group are identical. In other words, R2and R3are identical and represent a branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group. In a preferred embodiment, the dialkyl peroxide is a di(tert-alkyl) peroxide or benzoyl peroxide (BPO). In preferred embodiments, the peroxide is chosen from the group consisting of di(tert-butyl) peroxide, di(tert-amyl) peroxide, di(3-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylbutyl) peroxide, di(tert-octyl) peroxide, di(tert-hexyl) peroxide, di(methylcyclopentyl) peroxide and di(methylcyclohexyl) peroxide. In another preferred embodiment, the peroxide is chosen from the group consisting of di(tert-butyl) and di(tert-amyl) peroxide. More preferentially still, the dialkyl peroxide is di(tert-amyl) peroxide (DTA). In another preferred embodiment, the dialkyl peroxide is chosen from the group consisting of di(tert- butyl) peroxide (DTBP), di(3-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylbutyl) peroxide, di(tert-octyl) peroxide or di(tert- hexyl) peroxide, di(tert-amyl) peroxide, di(tert-butyl) peroxide, di(3-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylbutyl) peroxide, di(tert-octyl) peroxide, dicumyl peroxide and di(tert-hexyl) peroxide. Preferably, initiators are chosen from the group consisting of peroxyesters, hemiperoxyacetals and peroxyacetals. The term “hemiperoxyacetal” is understood to mean a compound of general formula (R3)(R4)C(—OR1)(—OOR2), in which: R1represents a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, preferably C1-C4, more preferably C1, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R2, R2represents a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, preferably C4-C12, more preferably C5, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R1, R3represents a hydrogen or a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C4-C12, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R4, R4represents a hydrogen or a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C4-C12, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R3. Preferably, R3forms a cycloalkyl group with R4. Preferably, when R3is a hydrogen, R4is a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C C4-C12, alkyl group. In preferred embodiments, a peroxide is a peroxyesters having the general structure Ry -(C(O)OO)n R'xx, wherein: (a) x, y, and n are 1 or 2; (b) when x is 2, y is 1 and n is 2; (c) when y is 2, x is 1 and n is 2; (d) when x, y and n are 1, p is selected from the group consisting of a primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl of 1 to 17 carbons, aryl or substituted aryl of 6 to 14 carbons, and cycloalkyl of 3 to 12 carbons, and R' is selected from the group consisting of a tertiary alkyl of 4 to 12 carbons, a tertiary aralkyl of 9 to 18 carbons, and tertiary cycloalkyl of 6 to 12 carbons; (e) when x is 2, R is a diradical selected from alkylene of 1 to 16 carbons, arylene of 6 to 14 carbons, cycloalkylene of 3 to 12 carbons, and aralkylene of 7 to 18 carbons; (f) when y is 2, R' is a di-tertiary diradical selected from alkylene of 6 to 16 carbons, aralkylene of 12 to 18 carbons, and cycloalkylene of 7 to 12 carbons. In preferred embodiments, the peroxide is tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate. In preferred embodiments, the peroxide is chosen from the group consisting of Diisobutyryl-peroxide (DI), Cumol-peroxyneodecanoate (CND), 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl-peroxyneodecanoate (OPN), tert.- Amyl-peroxyneodecanoate (APN), Di-(4-tert.-butyl-cyclohexyl)-peroxydicarbonate (BCC), Di-(2- ethylhexyl)-peroxydicarbonate (EPS), tert.-Butyl-peroxyneodecanoate (PND), Di-n-butyl- peroxydicarbonate (NBC), Dicetyl-peroxydicarbonate (C124), Dimyristil-peroxidicarbonate (C126), 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl-peroxypivalate (OPV), tert.-Amyl-peroxypivalate (APV), tert.-Butyl- peroxypivalate (PPV), DI-(3,5,5-trimetylhexanoyl)-peroxide (NPO), Dilauroyl-peroxide (LP), Didecanoyl-peroxide (DDP), 2,2'-Azodiisobutyronitrile (AZDN), 2,2'Azodi-(2-methylbutyronitrile) (AIVN), 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)-hexane (HXP), 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl-peroxy-2- ethylhexanoate (OPH), tert.-Amyl-peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (APO), Dibenzoyl-peroxide (BP), tert.- Butyl-peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (PO), tert.-Butyl-peroxyisobutyrate (PIV), 1,1-Di-(tert.-butylperoxy)- 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (PK295), 1,1-Di-(tert.-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane (PK122), tert.-Amyl- peroxy-2-ethylhexylcarbonate (AEC), tert.-Butyl-peroxy-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate (PIN), 2,2-Di-(tert.- butylperoxy)-butane (PK234), tert.-Butyl-peroxyisopropylcarbonate (BIC), tert.-Butyl-peroxy-2- ethylhexylcarbonate (BEC), tert.-Butyl-peroxyacetate (PA), tert.-Butyl-peroxybenzoate (PB), Di-tert.- amylperoxide (DA), Dicumyl-peroxide (DC), Di-(2-tert.butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB), 2,5- Dimethyl-2,5-di-(tert.-butylperoxy)-hexane (HX), tert.-Butylcumyl-peroxide (BU), 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5- di(tert.-butylperoxy)-hexine-3 (HXY), Di-tert.-butyl-peroxide (DB), Di-isopropylbenzol-mono- hydroperoxide (IHP), p-Menthanhydroperoxide (PAM), Cumolhydroperoxide (CU), 1,1,3,3- Tetramethylbutyl-hydroperoxide (OHP), tert.-Butyl-hydroperoxide (BHP) and tert.-Amyl-hydroperoxide (AHP). Azo initiators Aliphatic azonitriles and related compounds are widely used as initiators for polymerization. They have been first used on an industrial scale as blowing agents in the preparation of light-weight plastics since nitrogen is released during thermal decomposition. The azo compounds have the general formula X a carboxylic acid derivative such as a nitrile or ester group. In preferred embodiments, the initiator is 2,2'-azo-bis-isobutyrylnitrile (AIBN). Persulfate initiators In preferred embodiments, the initiator is a persulfate such as sodium persulfate, potassium, or ammonium persulfate. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) In preferred embodiments, the initiator is an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator. In preferred embodiments, the initiator is chosen from the group consisting of 2-bromopropanitrile (BPN), ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (BriB), ethyl 2-bromopropionate (EBrP), methyl 2-bromopropionate (MBrP), 1-phenyl ethylbromide (1-PEBr), tosyl chloride (TsCl), 1-cyano-1- methylethyldiethyldithiocarbamte (MANDC), 2-(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamyl)-isobutyric acid ethyl ester (EMADC), dimethyl 2,6-dibromoheptanedioate (DMDBHD). In preferred embodiments, the equilibrium constant of the initiator is between 10-12and 1. In preferred embodiments, the initiator is chosen from the image below: In preferred embodiments, initiators and catalysts are chosen from the group shown on the following image:

[0013] RAFT (reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization In preferred embodiments, polymerization involves one or more addition−fragmentation chain transfer agents (RAFT agents) that possess high transfer coefficients in free radical polymerization and confer living character on the polymerization. In preferred embodiments, a RAFT agent is a dithiobenzoate RAFT agent [S=C(Ph)S−R] where R is:  −C(Alkyl)2CN, −C(Me)2Ar, −C(Me)2C(=O)O(alkyl), −C(Me)2C(=O)NH(alkyl), −C(Me)2CH2C(Me)3, −C(Me)HPh, −C(Me)3, −CH2Ph. In preferred embodiments, a RAFT agent is chosen from the group consisting of thiocarbonylthio compounds such as dithioesters, dithiocarbamates, trithiocarbonates, and xanthates. In preferred embodiments, a RAFT agent is chosen from the group shown on the following image:

[0014] In preferred embodiments, a RAFT agent is chosen from the group shown on the following image: In preferred embodiments, a RAFT agent is chosen from the group in the leftmost column shown in the following image:

[0015] In preferred embodiments, a RAFT agent has the general formula Z–C(=S)S–R where Z is S-alkyl or Ph, O-alkyl or N-alkyl), or chosen from the group consisting of and R is chosen from the group consisting of: In preferred embodiments, a RAFT agent is chosen from the group shown on the following image:

[0016] In preferred embodiments, a RAFT agent is a thiocarbonylthio compound of the formula: 3; R1is alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, haloalkylaryl, arylalkyl, alkoxyaryl, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl; R2and R3are independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl; R4and R5are independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl, or R4and R5link together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a ring system; and Y is O or S. Anionic polymerization In preferred embodiments, a catalyst or initiator of anionic polymerization is chosen from the group consisting of alkali-earth-metal-lactamates and alkali-earth-metal-lactamate forming compounds, or the residues thereof. In preferred embodiments, an initiator is an electron donor, such as an electron transfer agent or strong anion. In preferred embodiments, an initiator is an electron donor, such as a Lewis bases or a nucleophile, such as alkali metals, such as lithium or sodium. In preferred embodiments, an initiator is a strong nucleophilic initiator, such as ionic metal amides, alkoxides, hydroxides, amines, phosphines, cyanides, and organometallic compounds such as alkyl lithium compounds and Grignard reagents. In preferred embodiments, anionic polymerization is used to functionalize polymers, for example by reacting the active chain ends with electrophilic reagents which yields a wide variety of telechelic polymers. In preferred embodiments, the electrophilic reagents is chosen from the group consisting of epoxide, aziridine, and CO2.In preferred embodiments, the electrophilic reagents is chosen such the the group formed is -OH, -SH, -NH2, COCH3, or -COOH, to name only a few. In preferred embodiments, a catalyst is chosen from AlCl3, AlBr3, BF3, TiCl4, SnCl4,a strong protonic acid such as H2SO4, HClO4or H3PO4. In preferred embodiments, a catalyst is a Friedel-Craft catalyst are examples of Lewis acids with strong electron-acceptor capability. They usually require a co- catalyst, namely a Lewis base such as water, alcohol or acetic acid which forms a complex with the catalyst that stabilizes the counterion and prevents recombination. In preferred embodiments, an initiator complex exists in a form chosen from the group consisting of ionized molecules, ion pairs and free (solvated) ions. Polyaddition Polyesters In preferred embodiments, a polyester is formed by reaction of a compound of the general formula HO-R1-OH with a monomer chosen from the group consisting of an anhydride, an acid chloride, a carbon suboxide, an ester, a nitrile, and a dicarboxylic acid, where a monomer is chosen from a formula in the following image and where R1 and R2 is any chemical moiety and n is 1 to 1040:

[0017] Cationic polymerization In preferred embodiments, a catalyst or initiator of cationic polymerization is chosen from the group consisting of aromatic diazonium salts, aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, alkyl sulfonium salts, (6-cumene)(5-cyclopentadienyl)iron hexafluorophosphate, titanocenes, sulfonyloxy ketones and triaryl-siloxyethers, and any combinations thereof, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and the aryl group has 7 to 30 carbon atoms. For cationic initiators, low nucleophilicity of their anion is desired for the initiation and propagation reaction. In preferred embodiments, the anion is chosen from the group consisting of perfluorinated weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) like tetrafluoroborates, hexafluoroantimonates, hexafluorophosphates, hexafluoroarsenates, trifluoromethane-sulfonamides, teflate-based anions, bridged alkoxy aluminates and borates, cyanide-bridged boranes and trifluoromethanesulfonamide. In preferred embodiments, WCAs may applied as an ionic liquid, electrolyte, or catalyst as appropriate. Monomers In preferred embodiments, one or more monomers are chosen from the group consisting of acetylenes, acrylic acids (acrylics), aldehydes, amino acid n-carboxy anhydrides, amino acids (amino carboxylic acid), anilines, aromatic ethers, bifunctional monomer (polycondensation type / polyaddition type), carbon multibonding monomer (addition polymerization type), carbonates (carbonic acid derivatives), cyclic acid anhydrides, cyclic amines, cyclic carbonates, cyclic ethers, cyclic imides, cyclic iminoethers, cyclic olefins, cyclic sulfides, diamines, dicarboxylic acids, dienes, dihalides (dihalogenated compounds), diisocyanates, diketones, diols, halo-olefins, hydroxy acids (oxy carboxylic acid), lactams, lactones, melamines, olefins, phenols, phosphorus containing compounds, phosphorus containing cyclic compounds, ring monomer (ring-opening polymerization type / polycondensation type), silane compounds, silicon containing cyclic compounds, styrenes, sulfur containing compounds, ureas, and vinyl compounds. In preferred embodiments, a monomer is chosen from the group consisting of monomers which when polymerized form a polymer listed in “Polymer List A” in this document. Reactive species In preferred embodiments, a reactive species is chosen from the group consisting of reactive species which participate in polymerization to form a polymer listed in “Polymer List A” in this document. In preferred embodiments, a reactive species is a polymer or a monomer comprising a radical, a polymer or a monomer comprising a positive charge, a polymer or a monomer comprising a negative charge, or a polymer or a monomer comprising a reactive group chosen from the group consisting of - C=C- (a double bond), -NH2, -COOH, -OH, -NCO, -C≡C- (a triple bond), a nucleophile, an electrophile, an anhydride, an acid chloride, an acid bromide, an acid fluoride, a carbon suboxide, an ester, a nitrile. Terminators In polymer chemistry, there are several mechanisms by which a polymerization reaction can terminate depending on the mechanism and circumstances of the reaction. A method of termination that applies to all polymer reactions is the depletion of monomer. In chain growth polymerization, two growing chains can collide head-to-head causing the growth of both chains to stop. In the case of radical or anionic polymerization, chain transfer can occur where the radical at the end of the growing chain can be transferred from the chain to an individual monomer unit causing a new chain to start growing and the previous chain to stop growing. With step-growth polymerization, the reaction can be terminated by adding a monofunctional species containing the same functionality as one or more of the types of monomers used in the reaction. For example, an alcohol R'-OH can be used to stop a reaction between a polyisocyanate and a polyol because it will react with the isocyanate functionality R-N=C=O to produce R-(N-H)-(C=O)-O-R' which is then no longer reactive with the polyol. In preferred embodiments, a polymerization terminator is chosen from the group consisting of a radical polymerization terminator, an atom transfer radical polymerization terminator, a reversible addition- fragmentation chain transfer polymerization terminator, an anionic polymerization terminator, a cationic polymerization terminator, a polyaddition terminator. In preferred embodiments, a polymerization terminator is chosen from the group consisting of terminators of polymerization of one or more polymers in “Polymer List A” in this document: Below, in “Polymer List A”, various polymers are listed, all of which can be employed in the present invention. “Polymer List A”: An acrylic polymer; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS); an aldehyde condensation polymer; an aliphatic polyether; an alkyds and oil-free coating polyester; an aramid; butyl rubber; cellulose acetate; cellulose nitrate; a cellulosic; a cyanoacrylate polymer; a diene polymer; an epoxy; an ethylene- propylene copolymer; a fluoroelastomer; a heterochain polymer; a melamine-formaldehyde polymer; a meta-aramid polymer; nitrile rubber; nylon; a para-aramid; poly 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA); poly bisphenol A carbonate (PC); poly butylene terephthalate (PBT); poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS); poly dodecano-12-lactam (Nylon 12); poly ether ketone ketone (PEKK); poly ethylene terephthalate (PET); poly methyl acrylate (PMA); poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA); poly vinyl acetate (PVA); poly vinyl chloride (PVC); poly vinylidene chloride (PVDC); poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF); poly(acrylic acid); poly(Bisphenol A isophthalate); poly(Bisphenol A terephthalate); poly(butyl acrylate); poly(butyl methacrylate); poly(butylene); poly(caprolactone); poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene); poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate); poly(ethyl acrylate); poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ethylene naphthalate); poly(isobutylene); poly(phenylsulfone); poly(propylene glycol); poly(tetrahydrofuran); poly(α- methylstyrene); polyacetal; polyacetal (POM); polyacrylate elastomers; polyacrylonitrile (PAN); polyamide; polybutadiene (PBD); polybutadiene (butadiene rubber, BR); polybutylene terephthalate (PBT); polycaprolactam; polycarbonate (PC); polychloroprene; polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE); polyesters; polyether ether ketone (PEEK); polyetherketone (PEK); polyethers; polyethersulfone (PES); polyethyl acrylate; polyethylene - cross-linked; polyethylene - high density (HDPE); polyethylene - linear low density (LLDPE); polyethylene - low density (LDPE); polyethylene - medium density (MDPE); polyethylene - ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMWPE); polyethylene - very low density (VLDPE); polyethylene terephthalate (PET); polyethylene (PE); polyglycolide; polyhexamethylene adipamide (PA 6,6); polyimides; polyisoprene (natural rubber, NR; isoprene rubber, IR); polylactic acid (PLA); polymethyl acrylate ; polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); polyphenylene oxide (PPO); polyphenylene sulfide (PPS); poly-p-phenylene- 2,6-benzobisoxazole (PBO); polypropylene (PP); polysiloxanes (silicones); polystyrene (PS); polysulfide rubber; polysulfides; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT); polyurethane; polyvinyl acetate (PVAc); polyvinyl chloride (PVC); polyvinyl fluoride (PVF); polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC); polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); rayon; styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN); styrene-butadiene; styrene-isoprene; a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer; a thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU); an unsaturated polyester; a urea-formaldehyde polymer; a vinyl copolymer; Polymers of monoolefins and diolefins, for example polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polybut-1-ene, poly-4-methylpent-1-ene, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyisoprene or polybutadiene, as well as polymers of cycloolefins, for instance of cyclopentene or norbornene, polyethylene (which optionally can be crosslinked), for example high density polyethylene (HDPE), high density and high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE-HMW), high density and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE- UHMW), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), (VLDPE) and (ULDPE); Polyolefins; Mixtures of the polymers mentioned under 1), for example mixtures of polypropylene with polyisobutylene, polypropylene with polyethylene (for example PP / HDPE, PP / LDPE) and mixtures of different types of polyethylene (for example LDPE / HDPE); Copolymers of monoolefins and diolefins with each other or with other vinyl monomers, for example ethylene / propylene copolymers, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and mixtures thereof with low density polyethylene (LDPE), propylene / but-1-ene copolymers, propylene / isobutylene copolymers, ethylene / but-1-ene copolymers, ethylene / hexene copolymers, ethylene / methylpentene copolymers, ethylene / heptene copolymers, ethylene / octene copolymers, ethylene / vinylcyclohexane copolymers, ethylene / cycloolefin copolymers (e.g. ethylene / norbornene like COC), ethylene / 1 -olefins copolymers, where the 1 -olefin is generated in-situ; propylene / butadiene copolymers, isobutylene / isoprene copolymers, ethylene / vinylcyclohexene copolymers, ethylene / alkyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene / alkyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymers or ethylene / acrylic acid copolymers and their salts (ionomers) as well as terpolymers of ethylene with propylene and a diene such as hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene or ethylidene-norbornene; and mixtures of such copolymers with one another and with polymers mentioned in 1 ) above, for example polypropylene / ethylene-propylene copolymers, LDPE / ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), LDPE / ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA), LLDPE / EVA, LLDPE / EAA and alternating or random polyalkylene / carbon monoxide copolymers and mixtures thereof with other polymers, for example polyamides; Hydrocarbon resins (for example C5-C8) including hydrogenated modifications thereof (e.g. tackifiers) and mixtures of polyalkylenes and starch; Homopolymers and copolymers from 1.) - 4.) may have any stereostructure including syndiotactic, isotactic, hemi-isotactic or atactic. Stereoblock polymers are also included; Polystyrene, poly(p-methylstyrene), poly(α-methylstyrene); Aromatic homopolymers and copolymers derived from vinyl aromatic monomers including styrene, α- methylstyrene, all isomers of vinyl toluene, especially p-vinyltoluene, all isomers of ethyl styrene, propyl styrene, vinyl biphenyl, vinyl naphthalene, and vinyl anthracene, and mixtures thereof. Homopolymers and copolymers may have any stereostructure including syndiotactic, isotactic, hemi- isotactic or atactic; where atactic polymers are preferred. Stereoblock polymers are also included; Copolymers including aforementioned vinyl aromatic monomers and comonomers selected from ethylene, propylene, dienes, nitriles, acids, maleic anhydrides, maleimides, vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride or acrylic derivatives and mixtures thereof, for example styrene / butadiene, styrene / acrylonitrile, styrene / ethylene (interpolymers), styrene / alkyl methacrylate, styrene / butadiene / alkyl acrylate, styrene / butadiene / alkyl methacrylate, styrene / maleic anhydride, styrene / acrylonitrile / methyl acrylate; mixtures of high impact strength of styrene copolymers and another polymer, for example a polyacrylate, a diene polymer or an ethylene / propylene / diene terpolymer; and block copolymers of styrene such as styrene / butadiene / styrene, styrene / isoprene / styrene, styrene / ethylene / butylene / styrene or styrene / ethylene / propylene / styrene; Hydrogenated aromatic polymers derived from hydrogenation of polymers mentioned under 6.), especially including polycyclohexylethylene (PCHE) prepared by hydrogenating atactic polystyrene, often referred to as polyvinylcyclohexane (PVCH); Hydrogenated aromatic polymers derived from hydrogenation of polymers mentioned under 6a.); Homopolymers and copolymers may have any stereostructure including syndiotactic, isotactic, hemi- isotactic or atactic; where atactic polymers are preferred. Stereoblock polymers are also included; Graft copolymers of vinyl aromatic monomers such as styrene or α-methylstyrene, for example styrene on polybutadiene, styrene on polybutadiene-styrene or polybutadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers; styrene and acrylonitrile (or methacrylonitrile) on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate on polybutadiene; styrene and maleic anhydride on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride or maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and alkyl acrylates or methacrylates on polybutadiene; styrene and acrylonitrile on ethylene / propylene / diene terpolymers; styrene and acrylonitrile on polyalkyl acrylates or polyalkyl methacrylates, styrene and acrylonitrile on acrylate / butadiene copolymers, as well as mixtures thereof with the copolymers listed under 6), for example the copolymer mixtures known as ABS, MBS, ASA or AES polymers; Halogen-containing polymers such as polychloroprene, chlorinated rubbers, chlorinated and brominated copolymer of isobutylene-isoprene (halobutyl rubber), chlorinated or sulfo-chlorinated polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and chlorinated ethylene, epichlorohydrin homo- and copolymers, especially polymers of halogen-containing vinyl compounds, for example polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, as well as copolymers thereof such as vinyl chloride / vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride / vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride / vinyl acetate copolymers; Polymers derived from α,β-unsaturated acids and derivatives thereof such as polyacrylates and polymethacrylates; polymethyl methacrylates, polyacrylamides and polyacryloni-triles, impact-modified with butyl acrylate; Copolymers of the monomers mentioned under 9) with each other or with other unsaturated monomers, for example acrylonitrile / butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile / alkyl acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile / alkoxyalkyl acrylate or acrylonitrile / vinyl halide copolymers or acrylonitrile / alkyl methacrylate / butadiene terpolymers; Polymers derived from unsaturated alcohols and amines or the acyl derivatives or acetals thereof, for example polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl stearate, polyvinyl benzoate, polyvinyl maleate, polyvinyl butyral, polyallyl phthalate or polyallyl melamine; as well as their copolymers with olefins mentioned in 1) above; Homopolymers and copolymers of cyclic ethers such as polyalkylene glycols, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide or copolymers thereof with bisglycidyl ethers; Polyacetals such as polyoxymethylene and those polyoxymethylenes which contain ethylene oxide as a comonomer; polyacetals modified with thermoplastic polyurethanes, acrylates or MBS; Polyphenylene oxides and sulfides, and mixtures of polyphenylene oxides with styrene polymers or polyamides; Polyurethanes derived from hydroxyl-terminated polyethers, polyesters or polybutadienes on the one hand and aliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanates on the other, as well as precursors thereof; Polyamides and copolyamides derived from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and / or from aminocarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactams, for example polyamide 4, poly-amide 6, polyamide 6 / 6, 6 / 10, 6 / 9, 6 / 12, 4 / 6, 12 / 12, polyamide 11 , polyamide 12, aromatic polyamides starting from m-xylene diamine and adipic acid; polyamides prepared from hexamethylenediamine and isophthalic or / and terephthalic acid and with or without an elastomer as modifier, for example poly- 2,4,4,-trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide or po-ly-m-phenylene isophthalamide; and also block copolymers of the aforementioned polyamides with polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ionomers or chemically bonded or grafted elastomers; or with polyethers, e.g. with polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polytetra-methylene glycol; as well as polyamides or copolyamides modified with EPDM or ABS; and polyamides condensed during processing (RIM polyamide systems); Polyureas, polyimides, polyamide-imides, polyetherimides, polyesterimides, polyhydantoins and polybenzimidazoles; Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and diols and / or from hydroxycarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactones or lactides, for example polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, poly-1 ,4-dimethylolcyclohexane terephthalate, polyalkylene naphthalate and polyhydroxybenzoates as well as copolyether esters derived from hydroxyl-terminated polyethers, and also polyesters modified with polycarbonates or MBS. Copolyesters may comprise, for example - but are not limited to -polybutylenesuccinate / terephtalate, polybutyleneadipate / terephthalate, polytetramethyleneadipate / terephthalate, polybutylensuccinate / adipate, polybutylensuccinate / carbonate, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate / octanoate copolymer, poly-3- hydroxybutyrate / hexanoate / decanoate terpolymer. Furthermore, aliphatic polyesters may comprise, for example - but are not limited to - the class of poly(hydroxyalkanoates), in particular, poly(propiolactone), poly(butyrolactone), poly(pivalolactone), poly(valerolactone) and poly(caprolactone), polyethylenesuccinate, polypropylenesuccinate, polybutylenesuccinate, polyhexamethylenesuccinate, polyethyleneadipate, polypropyleneadipate, polybutyleneadi-pate, polyhexamethyleneadipate, polyethyleneoxalate, polypropyleneoxalate, polybutylene-oxalate, polyhexamethyleneoxalate, polyethylenesebacate, polypropylenesebacate and polybutylenesebacate, as well as corresponding polyesters modified with polycarbonates or MBS; Polycarbonates and polyester carbonates; Polyketones; Polysulfones, polyether sulfones and polyether ketones; Crosslinked polymers derived from aldehydes on the one hand and phenols, ureas and melamines on the other hand, such as phenol / formaldehyde resins, urea / formaldehyde resins and melamine / formaldehyde resins; Drying and non-drying alkyd resins; Unsaturated polyester resins derived from copolyesters of saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with polyhydric alcohols and vinyl compounds as crosslinking agents, and also halogen- containing modifications thereof of low flammability; Crosslinkable acrylic resins derived from substituted acrylates, for example epoxy acrylates, urethane acrylates or polyester acrylates; Alkyd resins, polyester resins and acrylate resins crosslinked with melamine resins, urea resins, isocyanates, isocyanurates, polyisocyanates or epoxy resins; Crosslinked epoxy resins derived from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic or aromatic glycidyl compounds, e.g. products of diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and bisphenol F, which are crosslinked with customary hardeners such as anhydrides or amines, with or without accelerators; Natural polymers such as cellulose, rubber, gelatin and chemically modified homologous derivatives thereof, for example cellulose acetates, cellulose propionates and cellulose butyrates, or the cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose; as well as rosins and their derivatives; Blends of the aforementioned polymers (polyblends), for example PP / EPDM, PoIy-amide / EPDM or ABS, PVC / EVA, PVC / ABS, PVC / MBS, PC / ABS, PBTP / ABS, PC / ASA, PC / PBT, PVC / CPE, PVC / acrylates, POM / thermoplastic PUR, PC / thermoplastic PUR, POM / acrylate, POM / MBS, PPO / HIPS, PPO / PA 6.6 and copolymers, PA / HDPE, PA / PP, PA / PPO, PBT / PC / ABS or PBT / PET / PC; The polymers can be further divided into thermosets such as polyester resin, epoxy resin, and polyurethanes, and thermoplastics such as nylon, polycarbonate and polyethylene; The polymers can be linear or branched polymers. The branched polymers may be further divided into short-chain branched polymers, long-chain branched polymers, star-branched polymers, ladder polymers and network polymers; Polymers and plastics, such as polyimide, PTFE, PMMA, Kapton, Vespel, Cirlex, ABS ; polyimides (kapton, upilex, etc); polyamides; polycarbonates (PC / lexan); polyesters (PET / mylar, melinex, dacron., PEN / teonex); polyethylenes (LDPE, HDPE); polypropylenes (PP); styrenics (polystyrenes / PS, acrylonitriles / ABS); vinyls (PVC, nylon); acrylics (PMMA / perspex, plexiglas); fluoroplastics (PTFE / teflon, FEP, PFA, PVDF); polysulphones (PES); ketones (PEEK); polyurethanes; barrier resins (PVA / polyvinyl alcohol) ; epoxy resins (FR4); silicone resins; elastomes (PDMS); biopolymers (wood, cellulose, starch based); conductive polymers (Pedot:PSS / baytron,orgacon, TIPS pentacene); light emitting polymers (white LEP, etc); copolymers; metalised polymers; Co-polymers; Block co-polymers; Rubber; Latex; Polyacetylene, Polydiacetylenes, Polyethylene - very low density (VLDPE), Polyethylene -low density (LDPE), Polyethylene - linear low density (LLDPE), Polyethylene - medium density (MDPE), Polyethylene - high density (HDPE), Polyethylene - ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMWPE), Polyethylene - cross-linked polyethylene, Polyisoprene, Polybutadiene, Polypropylene, Polypropylene, Polypropylene, Poly-1-butene, Poly-1-hexene, Polymethylpentene, polyisobutylene, poly(ethylene propylene) , Poly-1-octene, Ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers, Ethylene-propylene bases thermoplastic elastomers, Polyhexene, Polyheptene, Polyoctene, Polystyrene-butadiene, Parylene, Polystyrene, Polymers of styrene in primary forms, Expansible polystyrene in primary forms, Expanded polystyrene (EPS), Poly(p-phenylene), High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), Poly(p-phenylene- vinylene), Poly(2,5-dioctyl-1,4-phenylenevinylene), Poly(2,6-naphthalenevinylene), Polyanthracene, Poly(anthracene-vinylene), Polyvinylchloride, Polychloroprene, Non plasticised PVC mixed with any other substance in primary forms, Plasticised PVC mixed with any other substance in primary forms, Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene tetrafluoro-ethylene copolymer (Tefzel), Polyvinylfluoride, Polyperfluoropropylene, Polyoxymethylene, Polyethyleneoxide, Polypropyleneoxide, Poly(ethylene-propylene oxide), polybutyleneoxide, Polyphenylene ether (PPE), polyacrylate, polyacrylic acid, Polymethylmethacrylate, Polymethylacrylate, Poly(ethyl acrylate), Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, Polybutylacrylate, Polybutylmethacrylate, Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), Poly vinyl acetate in primary forms, Poly vinyl acetate in aqueous dispersion in primary forms, Polyvinylacetate, Polyvinylalcohol, Polycarbonate, Polyetherketon, Polyetheretherketon, Polyethyleneterephthalate, Polybutyleneterephthalate, polylactic acid, Polybutylene terephtalate (PBT), Other PET, Polycaprolactone (PCL), Polyglycolide (PG), Liqid crystalline polymers (aromatic) containing esters, Polyethylene adipate (PEA), Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), Vectran, Alkyd resins, Polymers of vinyl esters or other vinyl polymers in primary forms, Polyacetals in primary forms, Bekalite, Phenol formaldehyde resins (PF), Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA), Phenolic (Novolac) Epoxy Resins, Poly-o-vinylbenzylalcohol, Poly-p-vinylbenzylalcohol, Polyvinyl formal, Polyvinyl acetal, Polyvinyl isobutyral, Polyvinyl butyral, Polyvinyl-n-butyl ether, Polytetramethylene sebacate, Polybutylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, Polyethylene adipate, Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and copolymers, Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymer, Styrene- acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer, Polyaniline, Polypyrrole, Polymethacrylonitrile, Polysulphones, Polysulphides, ethylene chlorotrifluoro ethylene copolymer (ECTFE), fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (Teflon FEP), polychlorotrifluoro-ethylene, Nylon PA1,1, Nylon PA1,2, Nylon PA1,3, Nylon PA1,4, Nylon PA1,5, Nylon PA1,6, Nylon PA2,1, Nylon PA6,6, Nylon PA6,10, Polyurethane based on, polyimide, polycaprolactam, aramid, Polyphenylene benzobisoxazole, Poly(m- phenyleneisophtalamide) (MPD-I) (Nomex®), Poly(p-phenyleneterephtalamide) (PPD-T) (Kevlar® and Twaron®), Polyisocyanurates, Polyimides, Bismaleimides (BMI), Polyacenaphthylene, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers and other vinyl chloride copolymers in primary forms, perfluoroalkoxy Teflon PFA, Polydimethysiloxanes (PDMS), Organomodified siloxanes (OMS), Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), Silicones in primary forms, PolyAPTAC, (poly (acrylamido-N- propyltrimethylammonium chloride) and PolyMAPTAC (poly[(3-(methacryloylamino)-propyl] trimethylammonium chloride). (end of “Polymer List A”) The composite materials of the present invention may be processed in a number of ways. The following list (“List of processing methods for composite materials of the present invention”) is a non- comprehensive list of processing methods amenable to the composite materials of the present invention, in particular to polymer composites. “List of processing methods for composite materials of the present invention”. Blown Film, Extrusion Blow Molding, Extrusion Profiles & Sheet, Injection Blow Molding, Injection Molding, Gas Assisted Injection Molding, Injection Stretch Blow Molding, Insert Molding, Machining of Plastics, Molding Expanded Polypropylene (EPP), Molding Expanded Polystyrene (EPS), Process Cooling, Rotational Molding, Structural Foam, Thermoforming, Vacuum Forming, Other Extrusion Processes, Compression Molding, Pultrusion, Resin Transfer Molding, SMC / DMC Molding, GRP Molding Techniques, Welding, Thermoplastic Fabrication, Hard Coating Process, dispersion spinning, electrospinning, extrusion, gel spinning, high shear batch dispersing, hot pressing, infusion molding, liquid crystal spinning, melt spinning, reaction spinning, rotational molding, solution spinning, thin-film spin mixing, calendering, foam molding, filament winding, lamination, coating, casting, dip molding, resin transfer molding, extrusion pressing, thermoforming, 3D-printing, and additive manufacturing. List of structural entities appropriate for the present invention, particularly for making concrete nanocomposites, cement nanocomposites, gypsum nanocomposites, ceramics nanocomposites, and metal composites. The following is a list of structural entities, appropriate for use in the present invention, particularly for the preparation, optimization and repair of concrete nanocomposites, cement nanocomposites, gypsum nanocomposites, ceramics nanocomposites, and metal composites. In preferred embodiments, SE2 is chosen from a platinum group metal; a pozzolanic material; acrylic polymers; aggregates; albite; alite; alumina; alumina oxide; alumina toughened zirconia; aluminium hydrogen oxide; aluminium oxide hydroxide; aluminium trihydroxide; aluminosilicates; aluminum nitride; aluminum oxide; anorthite; antimony oxide; apatite-mullite glass-ceramic; aphthitalite; arcanite; ash; barite; barium carbonate; barium oxide; barium sulfate; barium titanate; bassanite; belite, larnite; bismuth oxide; boehmite; bone ash; bone china; borates oxide; boron carbide; boron nitride; brownmillerite; brucite; calcite; calcium aluminate cement; calcium aluminates; calcium carbonate; calcium chloride; calcium dialuminate; calcium ferrites; calcium fluoride; calcium fluorophosphate; calcium hexaaluminate; calcium hydroxide; calcium hydroxyphosphate; calcium langbeinite; calcium magnesium carbonate; calcium orthophosphate; calcium orthosilicate; calcium potassium sulfate; calcium silicate hydrate; calcium silicates; calcium silicocarbonate; calcium silicosulfate; calcium sodium orthophosphate; calcium sulfate; calcium sulfate dihydrate; calcium sulfate hemihydrate; calcium sulfide; calcium sulfoaluminate; calcium titanium oxide; calcium-sulfoaluminates; carbonates; celestite; cement; cerium oxide; chalk; chamosite; clay; clay minerals; clinochlore; cobalt oxide; corderite; cryolite; diaspore; dicalcium ferrite; dicalcium silicate; dolomite; enstatite; ettringite; fayalite; feldspar; feldspathic materials; ferrosilite; fine china; fluorite; fluoroapatite; fluoroellestadite; fluorspar; forsterite; fused silica; gehlenite; gibbsite; glauconite; goethite; grossite; gypsum; halides; halite; hausmannite; hibonite; hydrates; hydroxides; hydroxyapatite; hydroxyellestadite; ilmenite; iron (ii) carbonate; iron (ii) disulfide; iron (ii) metasilicate; iron (ii) orthosilicate; iron (ii) titanium oxide; iron (ii,iii) oxide; iron oxides; iron(ii) sulfate; kaolin; kaolinite; lanthanum hexaaluminate; latex polymers; lava; lead zirconate titanate; lepidocrocite; lime; lime clasts; lithium; lithium aluminosilicate; magnesia- stabilized zirconia; magnesite; magnesium aluminate spinel; magnesium carbonate; magnesium hydroxide; magnesium metasilicate; magnesium orthosilicate; magnesium oxide; magnetite; manganese (ii) carbonate; manganese (ii,iii) oxide; manganese oxide; mayenite; monocalcium aluminate; monocalcium silicate; montmorillonite; mullite; muscovite; nanosilica; niobium oxide; oldhamite; orthoclase; oxides; paragonite; partially stabilized zirconia (psz); perovskite; phlogopite; phosphate oxide; phosphates; polycarboxylate; polyethylene glycol; polyvinyl acetate; polyvinyl alcohol; porcelain; portlandite; potassium chloride; potassium oxide; potassium sodium sulfate; potassium sulfate; pozzolana; praseodymium oxide; pyrite; pyrochlore oxides; pyrophyllite; quartz; quicklime; rankinite; rhenanite; rhodocrosite; sand; sialon; siderite; silica; silica fume; silicates; silicon carbide; silicon carbonitride; silicon dioxide; silicon nitride; silicon oxycarbide; silicon oxynitride; silicon- boron carbonitride; slag; slaked lime; sodium chloride; sodium hexafluoroaluminate; sodium oxide; sodium sulfate; spurrite; steatite; strontianite; strontium carbonate; strontium oxide; strontium sulfate; styrene-butadiene; sulfates; sulfides; sulfur trioxide; superplasticizers; sylvite; syngenite; ternesite; tetracalcium aluminoferrite; tetragonal zirconia polycrystal; thenardite; titanium carbide; titanium diboride; titanium oxide; tricalcium aluminate; tricalcium aluminate hydrate; tricalcium disilicate; tricalcium phosphate; tricalcium silicate; tungsten carbide; tungsten oxide; uranium oxide; vanadium oxide; volcanic ash; water; white clay; whitlockite; witherite; wollastonite; wurzite; ye'elimite; yttria- stabilized zirconia; yttrium barium copper oxide; yttrium oxide; zinc oxide; zinc sulfide; zirconia; zirconia oxide; zirconia toughened alumina; zirconium diboride; zirconium dioxide; zirconium oxide; α- iron (iii) hydrogen oxide; β-anhydrite; γ-anhydrite; γ-iron (iii) oxide hydroxide. The nature of undesired compounds In one embodiment of present invention, nanotubes, e.g. carbon nanotubes, are used as fillers to prepare composite materials. Such preparations of nanotubes often contain undesired compounds, aggregates and particles, because their synthesis often involve the generation of e.g. fullerenes, nanotube aggregates and nanotube bundles; nanotubes associated with metal nanoparticles, larger metal particles, or metal-carbon particles; particles comprising metals and / or carbon, amorphous carbon, and many more. Another embodiment of the invention involves the complexation of nanotubes with mechanical ligands (ML), e.g. in the form of Ushapes that are consequently closed around the nanotubes to form covalently closed rings around the nanotubes. The complexation of Ushapes or the closing of the ring around the nanotube may lead to the release of nanoparticles or larger particles from the nanotube, which again may lead to the formation of larger particles from these released particles. Also, the nanotube-ML complexes may bind to multiple other nanotube-ML complexes, eventually leading to the formation of particles comprising a large number of nanotube-ML complexes. Often, it is desirable to also remove these particles from the nanotube-ML preparation. Yet other embodiments of the invention involve polymerization reactions, to form polymers. These reactions generate multiple byproducts, including products generated by the reaction of the catalysts, initiators, or monomers (building blocks) with undesired reactants such as oxygen, water, base or acid; or reaction in undesired ways with the desired reactants, but to produce undesired byproducts. The undesired compounds may be undesired because they interfere with the integrity and / or interpolymer interactions (and thereby affect the characteristics of the material and product) by themselves, or because the generated byproducts aggregate or even form particles, thereby interfering with the characteristics of the material or product. In particular, aggregates and particles often interfere with the characteristics of the materials and products, and particularly the strength characteristics (tensile-, flexural-, torsional-, and compression strength) is much negatively affected by the presence of aggregates and particles. At the same time, by-products can be beneficial, for example in the repair of the composite material post product-production, if the by-product can participate as a reactant in the repair reaction, or if the by-product serves as e.g. a plasticizer with a positive effect on the desired characteristics in the repaired composite material. Thus, depending on the composition of the composite material and the product and application, acceptable levels of these undesired compounds can vary from very low (e.g.1 pM) to high (e.g.10 mM) or even very high 100 mM. Therefore, preferred concentrations of by-products include 1 pM – 10 pM; 10 pM – 100 pM; 100 pM – 1 nM; 1 nM – 10 nM; 10 nM – 100 nM; 100 nM – 1 µM; 1 µM – 10 µM; 10 µM – 100 µM; 100 µM – 1 mM; 1 mM – 10 mM; 10 mM – 100 mM; or higher than 100 mM. Below a number of methods are described that may be applied to separate, enrich, eliminate or reduce the amount of undesired particles, aggregates, complexes and molecules in mixtures of powder or liquid. In particular, these methods help reduce or eliminate nanofiller aggregates, leading to high-quality nanocomposites with few or no aggregates, and where those nanofiller aggregates, such as nanotube aggregates, that are present in the composite material are very small in size. Depending on the type of nanofiller, nanofiller coating, separation and purification methods applied, and depending on the size of the final composite material, the largest aggregate may have smallest dimension of less than 1 cm, such as less than 1 mm, such as less than 0.1 mm, such as less than 0.01 mm, such as less than 1 µm, such as less than 0.1 µm, such as less than 0.01 µm, such as less than 0.005 µm. How to avoid the formation of undesired compounds, aggregates and particles The formation of undesired compounds, aggregates and particles can be excluded or brought down to acceptable levels in many ways. For example, careful adjustment of the relative amounts of initiators, catalyst, and reactants can lead to low amounts of each of these in the final composite material and product, and likewise, appropriate tuning of conditions such as temperature and pressure during formation of the nanotube, the polymer or the composite material, may result in acceptable levels of such undesired compounds and elements. How to remove, separate, modify or eliminate undesired compounds, aggregates and particles. Undesired compounds may be removed in many different ways, and during different steps of the production of composite materials and products. At early steps where the undesired compounds are still present in a powder or liquid or likewise, they may be removed by e.g. filtration, extraction, evaporation, or like methods. Once the undesired compound is in the final composite material and has been processed e.g. by injection molding and has been turned into the final product, some undesired compounds can be modified by external stimuli such as heat or pressure. It may also be possible to dissolve the composite material in e.g. an organic solvent, and then remove the undesired compound by filtration or the like. In some cases it will be possible to eliminate almost entirely the undesired compound by converting them into compounds that may then be evaporated as gases. Below a number of mechanical approaches for the removal or separation of undesired particles and aggregates are described. These include e.g. removal of iron by a magnet; sieving to remove (or isolate) undesired particles and aggregates; jet streams or milling techniques that allow breaking up the aggregates or particles into smaller aggregates or particles; and many more. Separation of particles of different size and composition in powders and liquids In one embodiment of the invention, particles are separated based on their size and composition. The ability to selectively isolate particles of specific characteristics from complex mixtures can be important for ensuring product quality. Here, we describe the isolation of particles based on their size and composition, in powders and liquids, to provide a versatile and effective means of controlling particle characteristics, with a particular focus on their application in the synthesis- and post purification steps of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). In one embodiment of the invention, undesired particles and substances comprised within carbon nanotube preparations are removed, their effect on the quality of the final product minimized or enhanced, or are being dealt with in other ways. The subsequent sections describe the intricacies of particle formation during CNT synthesis and outline methods proposed for their efficient separation. The disclosed techniques aim to overcome existing limitations in particle separation methodologies, especially in combination with other aspects of the invention, in both powdered and liquid states. Below it is described how particle separation, during, under and following nanotube fabrication may be performed. The synthesis of nanotubes, in particular CNT, often leads to generation of undesired particles. CNTs are synthesized industrially through various methods, such as Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). These methods involve high temperatures and for a number of reasons, including fluctuations in carbon source composition, and the use of heterogeneous metal catalysts, numerous solid by-products are generated. These by-products can include non-tubular carbons (NTCs), such as α-C, graphite particles, graphitic polyhedrons with enclosed metal particles, metal particles encapsulated in amorphous carbon, metal particles in polyhedral form, and fullerenes ("Synthesis method of CNT," WO2017146218A1, Noda Yuuki Hamada). In the course of large-scale SWCNT self-assembly, where SWCNTs are grown within a substantial structure, the gas phase composition of the carbon source may undergo variations. This may occur as active free radicals and intermediates react at high temperatures with the precursor and with each other. (see e.g. "Mechanism of carbon nanotube growth by CVD," Chemical Physics Letters 424 (2006) 126–132, Roman Brukh, Somenath Mitra). Any metal can be used for the synthesis of CNTs and therefore, the synthesized CNT may contain any metal. The metals that most commonly are found in CNT preparations are iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, yttrium, ruthenium, platinum, aluminum, lanthanides, or any metal oxide thereof, or alloy composed of two or more of these metals. The synthesis of CNT and nanotubes in general may lead to many different types of by-products, some of which are particles. These include nanotube aggregates and nanotube bundles; nanotubes associated with metal nanoparticles, larger metal particles, or metal-carbon particles; particles comprising metals and / or carbon, amorphous carbon, and many more. Often, it is desirable to remove particles or components from the synthesized CNT preparation, before their further use. One embodiment of the invention involves the complexation of nanotubes with mechanical ligands (ML), e.g. in the form of Ushapes that are consequently closed around the nanotubes to form covalently closed rings around the nanotubes. The complexation of Ushapes or the closing of the ring around the nanotube may lead to the release of nanoparticles or larger particles from the nanotube, which again may lead to the formation of larger particles from these released particles. Also, the nanotube-ML complexes may bind to multiple other nanotube-ML complexes, eventually leading to the formation of particles comprising a large number of nanotube-ML complexes. Often, it is desirable to also remove these particles from the nanotube-ML preparation or to disintegrate such complexes to obtain higher yields. One embodiment of the invention involves mixing nanotube-ML complexes with a matrix consisting of e.g. plastic polymers, to form a composite material. Particles and other byproducts may be generated during or following this process. It may be desirable to isolate, remove, enrich for, eliminate, or in any other way modify the relative amounts or effects of any of these by-products, formed before, during or after each of the CNT synthesis step, nanotube-ML complexation step, closed ring formation step, or composite material formation step. Below, some methods are described that may be applied to separate, enrich, eliminate or reduce the relative amounts of particles, complexes and molecules in mixtures of powder or liquid. General embodiments of the present invention are presented under each of these methods, and in Examples AND1-AND19 specific embodiments of the present invention are described. Sieving or filtration. Techniques such as sieving or filtration can be used to separate particles based on their size. These methods can be effective for separating larger aggregates or bundles or particles from smaller individual particles. By combining multiple consecutive sieves or filters with gradually smaller pore sizes and by recycling particle fractions not meeting the product quality specs, these techniques can offer high process yields and separation efficiency, i.e. particle fractions with particle size and distribution typically down to the range of 2-5 microns, or much smaller. For example, as one embodiment of the invention, if a sample comprises relatively well-dispersed nanotubes, e.g. well dispersed nanotube-ML complexes, where e.g. the largest nanotube aggregates (e.g. pristine SWNTs or SWNT-ML complexes) are of low micrometer dimension, as well as undesired particles (e.g. iron particles) of millimeter dimensions, sieving may be used to separate the large metal particles from the nanotubes, and hence generate a powder comprising nanotubes (e.g. complexed to covalently closed rings) with no particles above 1 mm in size. As one embodiment of the invention, the primary purpose of the sieving or filtration is to remove the largest aggregates or particles. In this case the holes in the sieve or filter should be large, such as larger than 0.1 µm, such as larger than 1 µm, such as larger than 10 µm, such as larger than 100 µm, such as larger than 1 mm. The largest particles will then be retained on the filter or sieve or membrane, and the smallest can be recovered from the run-through. As one embodiment of the invention, the primary purpose is to enrich for the smallest aggregates or particles. In this case the holes in the sieve or filter should be small, such as smaller than 1 mm, such as smaller than 0.1 mm, such as smaller than 0.01 mm, such as smaller than 1µm, such as smaller than 0.1 µm, such as smaller than 0.01 µm. In yet other instances, the primary purpose is to enrich for medium-sized particles or aggregates. In this case, one may first use a sieve of filter or membrane with a medium hole size, to remove all particles and aggregates larger than e.g.10 µm. Then use a sieve or filter or membrane with hole size smaller than e.g.1 µm. The two steps of sieving or filtration will thus allow the enrichment of particles and aggregates with dimensions of approximately 1-10 µm. Thus, in order to enrich (or remove) particular aggregates and particles, such as nanotube aggregates and nanotube bundles; nanotubes associated with metal nanoparticles, larger metal particles, or metal-carbon particles; particles comprising metals and / or carbon, amorphous carbon, particles comprising a large number of nanotube-ML complexes, or any other type of particles or aggregates, the pore size or hole size of the filter or sieve or membrane should be in the range of 0.01-0.1 µm; or 0.1-1 µm; or 1-10 µm; or 10-100 µm; or 100-1000 µm; or 1000-10000 µm. The movements of the sieve or filter or membrane, or the movement of the powder or liquid through or across the sieve or filter or membrane, may be used to disintegrate particles or aggregates or to clean the sieve or filter or membrane, and the speed of the movements (e.g. back and forth or powder or liquid passing across) will influence the degree to which the particles and aggregates will disintegrate, but also the degree to which the units of the aggregates (e.g. the individual coated tube of an aggregate consisting of coated nanotubes) may get damaged. If the movements are slow, the aggregates may not disintegrate but the units of the aggregates will also not be damaged; if the movements are rapid, the particles and aggregates will to a large degree disintegrate, but damage may occur on the units. It thus becomes a compromise which speed of the movements to choose. In some instances slow movements with speeds less than 3.0 m / s, such as less than 0.1 m / s. In other instances rapid movements with speeds higher than 3.0 m / s, such as higher than 100 m / s Thus, depending on the situation and the desired outcome, movements of the sieve or filter or membrane, or movement of the powder or liquid through or across the sieve or filter or membrane may preferably be in the range of 0.1 – 100 m / s or more. Dry method 2. Air classification. Techniques such as air classification or sedimentation can be employed to separate particles based on their size differences or density difference in a dry state. These techniques typically involve the use of unit operations like cyclones, fluidized bed separators, inertial or vortex rotor classifiers, bag filters. Choice of the classifier type and designs and air flow velocity is dictated by the technological requirements like throughput, particle sizes and particle densities. The technologies can offer high separation efficiency (e.g. > 99%) for particles with a density difference typically down to 0.05 g / cm3 or particle size down to a difference of 1%. For example, as one embodiment of the invention, if a sample comprises relatively well-dispersed nanotubes, e.g. well dispersed nanotube-ML complexes, where e.g. the nanotube aggregates (e.g. pristine SWNTs or SWNT-ML complexes) are of particle sizes either larger or smaller than undesired particles (e.g. iron particles), air classification or sedimentation may be used to separate the smaller particles from the larger particles, and hence generate a powder comprising enriched nanotubes (e.g. complexed to covalently closed rings). In this case the relative particle size difference between the particles to be separated should be large, such as larger than a factor 10, such as larger than a factor 2, such as larger than a factor 1.1, such as larger than a factor 1.01. The largest particles will then go to the wall of cyclone and been collected at the bottom, and the smaller particles can be recovered from the vortex airstream going out of the top. In some instances, the primary purpose of the air classification or sedimentation is to remove the densest aggregates or particles from the less dense particles. In this case the relative particle size difference between the particles to be separated may have to be small, such as smaller than a factor 10, such as smaller than a factor 3, such as smaller than a factor 1.5, such as smaller than a factor 1.25. The densest particles will then go to the wall of the cyclone and been collected at the bottom, and the less dense particles can be recovered from the vortex airstream going out of the top. In one embodiment of the invention, air classification is used to enrich (or remove) particular aggregates and particles, such as nanotube aggregates and nanotube bundles; nanotubes associated with metal nanoparticles, larger metal particles, or metal-carbon particles; particles comprising metals and / or carbon, amorphous carbon, particles comprising a large number of nanotube-ML complexes, or any other type of particles or aggregates, Separation of Particles Suspended in Liquids. Sieving, Filtration and Membrane filtration: Particle classification techniques like sieving or filtration or membrane separation can be used to separate particles or collides, or molecules based on their size or density in a liquid solution or suspension. The pore size of the sieve or filter or membrane will determine the size cut of the particles being separated. By combining multiple consecutive sieves or filters or membranes or any combination of such unit operations with gradually smaller pore sizes and by recycling particle fractions or colloid fractions or molecule fractions not meeting the product quality specs, these techniques can offer high process yields and separation efficiency, i.e. particle fractions or colloid fractions or molecule fractions size and distribution typically down to a range of 1-5 nanometers. For example, as one embodiment of the invention, if a sample comprises relatively well-dispersed suspended or dissolved nanotubes, e.g. well dispersed suspended or dissolved nanotube-ML complexes, where e.g. the largest nanotube aggregates (e.g. pristine SWNTs or SWNT-ML complexes) are of low micrometer dimension, as well as undesired particles (e.g. iron particles) of millimeter dimensions, sieving or filtration or membrane separation may be used to separate the large metal particles from the nanotubes, and hence generate a suspension or solution comprising nanotubes (e.g. complexed to covalently closed rings) with no suspended or dissolved particles above 1 mm in size. In some instances, the primary purpose of the sieving or filtration or membrane separation is to remove the largest suspended or dissolved aggregates or particles. In this case the holes in the sieve or filter or membrane should be large, such as larger than 1 µm, such as larger than 10 µm, such as larger than 100 µm, such as larger than 1 mm. The largest particles will then be retained on the sieve or filter or membrane, and the smallest can be recovered from the run-through. In other instances, the primary purpose is to enrich for the smallest suspended or dissolved aggregates or particles or colloids or molecules. In this case the holes in the sieve or membrane or filter should be small, such as smaller than 1 mm, such as smaller than 0.1 mm, such as smaller than 0.01 mm, such as smaller than 1µm, such as smaller than 0.1 µm, such as smaller than 0.01 µm such as smaller than 0.001 µm. In yet other instances, the primary purpose is to enrich for medium-sized particles or aggregates. In this case, one may first use a membrane or filter or sieve with a medium hole size, to remove all suspended or dissolved particles and aggregates larger than e.g.10 µm. Then use a membrane or filter or sieve with hole size smaller than e.g.1 µm. The two steps of membrane separation or filtration or sieving will thus allow the enrichment of particles and aggregates with dimensions of approximately 1-10 µm. Thus, in order to enrich (or remove) particular suspended aggregates and particles and colloids, such as nanotube aggregates and nanotube bundles; nanotubes associated with metal nanoparticles, larger metal particles, or metal-carbon particles; particles comprising metals and / or carbon, amorphous carbon, particles comprising a large number of nanotube-ML complexes, or any other type of particles or aggregates or colloids or molecules, the pore size or hole size of the sieve or filter or membrane should be in the range of 0.001-0.01 µm; or 0.01-0.1 µm; or 0.1-1 µm; or 1-10 µm; or 10- 100 µm; or 100-1000 µm; or 1000-10000 µm. The movements of the membrane or sieve or filter, or the movement of the suspension through or across the sieve or filter or membrane, may be used to disintegrate particles or aggregates or to sweep off any fouling on the sieve- or filter- or membrane surface, and the speed of the movements of the filter or sieve or membrane or the suspension passing across the filter or membrane or sieve will influence the degree to which the particles and aggregates will disintegrate, but also the degree to which the units of the aggregates (e.g. the individual coated tube of an aggregate consisting of coated nanotubes) may get damaged. If the movements are slow, the aggregates may not disintegrate but the units of the aggregates will also not be damaged; if the movements are rapid, the particles and aggregates and colloids will to a large degree disintegrate, but damage may occur on the units. It thus becomes a compromise which speed of the movements to choose. In some instances slow movements with speeds less than 3.0 m / s, such as less than 0.1 m / s. In other instances rapid movements with speeds higher than 3.0 m / s, such as higher than 100 m / s . Thus, depending on the situation and the desired outcome, movements of the sieve or filter or membrane, or movement of the suspension or liquid through or across the membrane or sieve or filter may preferably be in the range of 0.1 – 100 m / s. Settling, Hydro separation and Centrifugation: In the following, it is described how unit operations based on gravitational settling, centrifugation, ultracentrifugation or hydrocyclones in size- or density gradients can be used to separate suspended particles or colloids, e.g. metal particles, coated CNT aggregates and pristine CNT aggregates, based on their size- or density differences. These methodologies are especially useful when the sample comprises particles of different sizes and compositions. The choice of separation technology depends on various factors, e.g. capacity needed, particle concentration, particle sizes, particle densities and product specifications. By combining one or more of the unit operations from the list mentioned above and by recycling chosen particle fractions, such techniques may offer high process yields and good separation efficiency. For example, as one embodiment of the invention, if a sample comprises relatively well-dispersed suspended nanotubes, e.g. well dispersed nanotube-ML complexes, where e.g. the nanotube aggregates (e.g. pristine SWNTs or SWNT-ML complexes) are of particle sizes either larger or smaller than undesired particles (e.g. iron particles), hydrocyclones may be used to separate the smaller particles from the larger particles, and hence generate a suspension comprising enriched nanotubes (e.g. complexed to covalently closed rings). In this case the relative particle size difference between the particles to be separated should be large, such as larger than a factor 10, such as larger than a factor 2, such as larger than a factor 1.1, such as larger than a factor 1.01. The largest particles will then go to the wall of cyclone and been collected at the bottom, and the smaller particles can be recovered from the suspension going out of the top. In some instances, the primary purpose of the particle classification is to remove the densest aggregates or particles from the less dense particles. In this case the relative particle size difference between the particles to be separated may have to be small, such as smaller than a factor 10, such as smaller than a factor 2, such as smaller than a factor 1.5, such as smaller than a factor 1.05. The densest particles will then go to the wall of cyclone and been collected at the bottom, and the less dense particles can be recovered from the suspension going out of the top. Thus, in order to enrich (or remove) particular aggregates and particles, such as nanotube aggregates and nanotube bundles; nanotubes associated with metal nanoparticles, larger metal particles, or metal-carbon particles; particles comprising metals and / or carbon, amorphous carbon, particles comprising a large number of nanotube-ML complexes, or any other type of particles or aggregates, the relative particle size difference between the particles to be separated should be in the range of a factor 1.01-1.10; or 1.10-2.0 or 2.9-10.0 or higher. Appropriate sizes of the particles to be separated using this method include particle- or aggregate size ranges of from 10 nm-100nm, 100 nm-500 nm, 500 nm-2 µm, 2 µm-10 µm, 10-100 µm, or larger. Disintegration, homogenization, etc. of particles and aggregates Here, we describe the disintegration of particles, in powders and liquids, to provide a versatile and effective means of controlling particle characteristics, with a particular focus on their application in the synthesis- and pre purification or post purification steps of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). In one embodiment of the invention, particles are disintegrated to individualize nanotubes or impurities like metal particles which may enable the coating process of nanotubes or may enable efficient separation of particles in process steps which follow after disintegration step or may enable coated nanotubes applications in various composite materials. In one embodiment of the invention, undesired particles and substances comprised within carbon nanotube preparations are disintegrated thus to be removed or their effect on the quality of the final product minimized or enhanced, or are being dealt with in other ways. In one embodiment of the invention, jet milling or ball milling or cryo milling is applied to disintegrate coated nanotubes powder to enable efficient dispersion of nanotubes during composite materials fabrication. In one embodiment of the invention, jet milling is applied to disintegrate solid state coated nanotubes from metal particles to enable efficient separation of metal particles from coated nanotubes which may be important for the final product quality. Thus, to individualize coated CNT or disassociate metal particles from coated CNT or disassociate metal particles from CNT, the air flow should be in the range of minimum 0.1–1.0 m / s, 1.0-10 m / s, 10–100 m / s, 100–1000 m / s or larger. In one embodiment of the invention, high pressure homogenization is applied to disintegrate coated nanotubes in a liquid suspension from metal particles to enable efficient separation of metal particles from coated nanotubes which may be important for the final product quality. Thus, to individualize coated CNT or disassociate metal particles from coated CNT or disassociate metal particles from CNT, the homogenization pressure should be in the range of minimum 1–10 bars, 10-100 bars, 100– 1000 bars, 1000–10000 bars or higher. Any of the abovementioned disintegration methods and separation methods may be combined. Also, in an embodiment of the invention, one or more of the separation methods described above are combined with a method of disintegrating aggregates and particles. Magnetic separation In one embodiment of the invention, one or more magnets are applied to remove metal particles or aggregates of metal particles or metal-carbon particles from any compositions comprising of coated nanotubes, aggregates of coated nanotubes, pristine nanotubes, aggregates of pristine nanotubes, metal-carbon particles; particles comprising metals and / or carbon, amorphous carbon, particles comprising a large number of nanotube-ML complexes, or any other type of particles or aggregates or colloids or molecules. Nanocomposite fibers from decorated carbon nanotubes. There is a need to make more sustainable and lightweight materials for use in many products. By lowering the weight of products fuel consumption, cost of transport, cost of manufacturing will be reduced. Historically, carbon nanotubes composites have been difficult to make due to lack of dispersion and attachment of nanotubes to f.ex. a polymer matrix. By decorating the nanotubes with a suitable coating both issues can be resolved leading to high load transfer between nanotube and matrix. Nanocomposite fibers can thus be produced by various techniques and displace legacy materials like glass- and carbon fibers. Nanocomposite fibers – principles, design, preparation, and use. The present invention relates to improvements of the recently developed technique of coating nanotubes with covalently closed rings, where optionally the rings may be further linked to molecular moieties such as polymers. Polymeric fibers have a limit to how stiff and strong they can become. The limit is when all the polymer chains are aligned in one direction. The only way to make them even stronger and stiffer is by adding particles to the polymer. The strongest particle to add is a nanotube, but due to bad dispersion and attachment to the polymer, the strength and stiffness may be difficult to improve in practice. The solution is to add the recently developed coated nanotubes, which may enable a good dispersion and attachment within the polymer and thus a likely much stronger and stiffer fiber. Processes for the manufacture of thermoplastic polymer fibers include melt spinning, solution spinning, reaction spinning, pultrusion, extrusion, and combinations thereof. A post-spin process, where the fiber is further drawn and stretched, can be added to e.g. further increase the orientation of polymer chains for improved stiffness and strength. Moreover, the fiber can be post-applied with a suitable coating (polymers, oils, silicones, etc) for various purposes. A fiber is in this context defined broadly as not only a circular elongated product, but a product attaining any geometrical cross-section (circular, oval, rectangular, quadratic etc). A polymer composite fiber consisting only of any polymer and a carbon nanotube, where the stiffness and strength may be varied depending on the amount of carbon nanotube and the orientation of the nanotubes within the polymer. The orientation of the nanotubes may range from fully random to fully aligned in the longitudinal direction of the fiber, see Figure 83. The fiber may have any cross-sectional size and shape (round, rectangular, oval, triangular etc). In a preferred way for aligning the nanotubes in the fiber, the shortest cross-sectional distance is lower than the length of the nanotube. A fiber may consist of several layers of polymer nanotube material with different amounts, shapes, and orientation of nanotubes in each layer, see Figures 84-87. The fiber may be manufactured by fiber spinning, extrusion, pultrusion, or any other method that may produce continuous fibers of any length. The fiber may be assembled with other fibers in yarns, bundles, weaves, fabrics, etc. Composites may be made from consolidating the fiber assembly by heat and / or vacuum etc. The composite assembly may be made with a combination of nanotube fiber and polymer fiber. Fibers may be continuous, short, or granulated. Composites may be made by impregnating the fiber assembly with a viscous resin of different or same polymer type as the polymer used for the fiber. The resin may also consist of nanotubes having a different orientation and concentration than the nanotube fiber, see Figures 83-87. An inventive step is that both the resin and the fiber are made from the same polymer, which enables an easily recyclable composite, see Figures 85-87. Furthermore, even more advanced composite and polymer fiber hybrid combinations can be made as shown in Figures 85-87. An inventive step is that a component may be designed with the optimal stiffness and strength by using fibers of different nanotube concentration and orientation, see Figures 87-89. As an example, this enables the use of only one composite material and eliminates the need for using e.g. both glass and carbon composites in a rotor blade for wind turbines, Figures 87-89 An inventive step is that the polymer fibers may be made larger than typical glass fiber (17-24 µm) and carbon fiber (5-8 µm), which speeds up the impregnation of a fiber assembly with resin due to a lower surface area that the resin must wet and pass through. Glass and carbon composites experience lower fatigue strength as the diameter of the fiber increases, which may not be the case for a nanotube polymer fiber. An inventive step is that shorter polymer chains i.e. cheaper polymers may be used for the production of composite fibers. Shorter polymer chains reduce the viscosity of the molten polymer, which may make the polymer unsuited for composite fiber manufacturing e.g. by melt spinning. Furthermore, the strength of the polymer may decrease due to the short polymeric chains. The addition of CNTs coated with short, medium and long lasso polymer chains to the molten polymer with short polymeric chains may increase the viscosity of the molten polymer and thus enable e.g. melt spinning of composite fibers. The tensile stiffness and strength may also increase due to the addition of CNTs with rings or lassos. Depending on the application and the processing method, Figure 99 shows the possibilities of the inventive step. The use of low viscosity molten resin combined with concentrations of CNTs with lassos may be used for enabling a shear thinning effect when pressing a high CNT concentration resin at a high pressure through a valve and thus make highly aligned and high CNT concentration composite fibers. An inventive step is to enable that CNTs can be dispersed in normally unsolvable polymers like PET and PPS. This is done by reducing the chain length of the polymer until it becomes solvable. Subsequently, the chain length of e.g. a PET polymer is grown by solid state processing (poly- condensation) or for e.g. PPS a trimer PPS is attached to the CNT (solvable) and then grown to e.g. a decamer PPS (unsolvable). In another method the chain length is increased by growing from reactive polymers being part of the ring or lasso of the coated CNT. The above methods are also very beneficial for enabling recycling of the composite fiber to have the same properties as before recycling. An inventive step is to change the electrical conductivity of the composite fiber by varying the density of the rings on the CNT. In this way the number of contact points between CNTs can be varied. A high density of rings on the CNT reduces the electrical conductivity, whereas a lower density of rings increases the electrical conductivity. An advantage of this it that static electricity and electro-magnetic compability may be adjusted to the desired level. An inventive step is to make co-extruded composite fibers, where the core fiber is of one type of material and the co-extruded layer is of another material. The co-extruded layer may be a CNT filled layer, which e.g. may protect the core fiber from water ingress. Another embodiment of the invention is that the co-extruded layer may create less friction due to the lubricating effect of CNTs which in turn may eliminate the need for soaps and oils during processing with the co-extruded composite fiber. Melt spinning of nanotube / polymer composite fibers. In the following it is described how nanotube-ML complexes (also termed coated nanotubes, lassoed nanotubes, or mechanically interlocked nanotubes, MINTs) may be used in melt spinning to produce composite fibers with attractive characteristics, such as e.g. tensile strength, stiffness, impact strength, fatigue resistance, etc.). Typical polymers used are polyethylene, polypropylene, polylactide, polyamide, polybutylene-terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyetheretheketone, polyetherimide, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyoxymethylene, polyphenylenesulfide, and polyethylene-terephthalate. The liquid melt is extruded through a spinneret (a plate with one or several small holes) and solidification is done by cooling the fiber in air or in a liquid to below the glass transition temperature. During the melt-to-solidified material transition, the fiber reduces in diameter. The ratio between the spinneret hole diameter and the diameter of the solidified fiber is called the draw or stretch ratio. In one embodiment of the invention, coated nanotubes may be assembled into a yarn and then impregnated with a polymer of choice (e.g. polypropylene) and then this mixture is exposed to hydrodynamic stresses , to ensure a good polymer impregnation of the yarn. This impregnated yarn may then heated above the glass transition temperature and be drawn through a spinneret hole to further orient the coated nanotubes and the polymer chains resulting in fibers of desired diameter and alignment of the nanotubes. Due to the coated nanotubes this may result in higher tensile strength, stiffness, and toughness compared with uncoated nanotubes. In another embodiment of the invention, coated nanotubes are added to sulfuric acid, the temperature is decreased appropriately to solidify the mixture, PPTA is added to the solid mixture. Then the mixture is heated to above the solidifying point and then spinning, pultruding, extruding, casting, or molding is applied to the mixture to generate the composite material, e.g. composite fiber. One embodiment of the invention, relates to the melt spinning of thermoplastic polymers containing coated nanotubes (rings) f.ex. CNTs that are coated with mechanically interlocked rings.. To the rings polymers can be attached that provides additional functionality to the CNT coating (lassoed nanotubes). The functionalization of the CNT coating enables that aggregation of CNTs is minimized and that the CNT becomes chemically compatible with the surrounding polymer. The CNT content in the polymer fiber can be up to 80 wt%. Several variants of CNT surface coatings can be added to the polymer / CNT blend. F. ex. some CNTs with only rings can be added to the polymer to enable electro- discharging conductivity by allowing closer spacing between CNTs and some CNTs with larger polymer chains attached to bring strength and toughness to the composite. The addition of coated CNTs to the polymer and the production processes above may improve a number of attractive characteristics of the composite fiber relative to the polymer fiber, a) the thermal stability of the melted blend may be improved, which allows for a more stable extrusion process. This can be beneficial for extrusion speed by avoiding fiber breakages during extrusion and enable production of hollow thin-walled polymer fibers, b) the heat conductivity of the melt may become higher and the cooling rate during solidification may get faster enabling faster extrusion speed, c) the CNT may act as nucleation points for uniform polymer crystallization, d) the glass transition temperature may be higher, e) the strength of the solidified fiber may be higher, which prevents the fiber from breaking during subsequent solid state stretching and flow alignment of the polymer chains and CNTs of the fiber at temperatures preferably below the melting point and above the glass transition temperature, f) the polymer fiber can be made electrically conductive, g) the heat conductivity of the polymer fiber may be higher, h) the wear and abrasion resistance may be higher, i) the stiffness, strength and toughness may become higher and may exceed any known man- made fiber like glass fiber and carbon fiber. Some of these advantages are also obtained by the addition of CNTs that are not complexed to mechanical ligands (e.g. closed rings or lassos), but the benefit of adding CNT is then often minimal; often, the addition of CNT that are not complexed to mechanical ligands results in poorer characteristics of the composite relative to the neat polymer. One embodiment of the invention is that during the melt-spinning process an electrical or electromagnetic field may be applied to the melted fiber in the spinneret hole and until solidification takes place after leaving the spinneret hole to further align the CNTs. One embodiment of the invention is that the distribution of holes in the spinneret can be equally spaced or distributed in any pattern, which may be more beneficial for achieving the right temperature distribution within the spinneret plate. The diameter of the spinneret holes can be equal or different in sizes to enable a stable process as f.ex. the pulling speed closest to the circumference of the spinneret plate will be higher than the pulling speed at the center of the spinneret plate. This may create fibers with different draw ratios and diameters, and hence different mechanical properties. Therefore, if the same diameter of the fibers is desired then the hole diameters should decay from the circumference towards the center of the spinneret. With CNT polymer it may also be beneficial to alter the shape of the spinneret holes from being circular to other shapes like oval. One embodiment of the invention is that the viscosity of the melt with CNT and polymer may increase with increasing content of CNT in the melt. Various over-pressure levels can be applied to the melted CNT polymer to force it through the spinneret roles. The pressure may be higher as the content of CNT in the polymer increases. The higher viscosity may also be compensated by increasing the spinneret hole size to allow for fiber forming. One embodiment of the invention is that the number of rings and / or number lassos and / or length of the lassos may be controlled during the coating process. This may enable the friction between the CNTs and the polymer chains of the matrix may be adjusted. A low number of rings and / or lassos (e.g. 10) may enable easier slippage of CNTs as the polymer chains are being melt spun or stretched resulting in better alignment of the CNTs within the polymer matrix and thus highest possible stiffness, but with a lower anchoring of the CNT leading to lower strength of the composite fiber. A higher number of rings and / or lassos (e.g.100) may result in a reduced slippage and lower stiffness, but much higher tensile strength due to the better anchoring of the CNTs in the matrix. One embodiment of the invention is that the number of rings and / or number lassos and / or length of the lassos may be controlled during the coating process. This may enable the friction between the CNTs and the polymer chains of the matrix may be adjusted. A low number of rings and / or lassos (e.g. 10) may enable easier slippage of CNTs as the polymer chains are being melt spun or stretched resulting in a faster melt spinning speed and a higher reduction in cross-sectional area than with the neat polymer matrix. A higher number of rings and / or lassos (e.g.100) may result in a reduced slippage and a strength during stretching of the composite fiber, which enables a higher reduction in cross-sectional area and thus a faster stretching process. Solution spinning of CNT polymer fibers. Solution spinning is a method of making continuous polymer fibers from materials like cellulose that degrade below the melting temperature. The polymer is first dissolved in a liquid solvent forming a spinning solution. Techniques to convert the spinning solution into a polymer fiber format are dry, wet, gel, or electrospinning. The evaporated solvent during fiber forming is typically re-used. The viscosity of the spinning solution can be tuned by controlling the temperature of the solution. During dry spinning, the spinning solution is extruded through the spinneret into an evaporating chamber, where the volatile solvent is removed by evaporation in a hot air stream. Once the solvent is evaporated the polymer is solidified into a continuous fiber. An alternative is to spray the spinning solution directly onto a target to produce a non-woven fabric. During wet spinning, the spinning solution is extruded through a spinneret submerged into a coagulation bath, whereby the fiber is formed by precipitation. A variant of this is a dry-jet wet spinning process, where the spinning solution passes through an airgap prior to being submerged into the coagulation bath. Gel spinning is a way to produce high strength and high stiffness fibers out of high molecular weight polymers, typically but not limited to above 600.000 g / mol. Normally, the polymer weight is only a few percent of the solvent content until it becomes sufficiently viscous for fiber drawing. The spinning solution is extruded through a spinneret and turns into a gel-like state fiber. Subsequently, the fiber is drawn until a very high draw ratio is obtained and all the solvent is evaporated. This yields a fiber with high strength and stiffness compared to the neat polymer. One embodiment of the invention consists, similarly, of melt-spinning, in adding ring or lasso coated CNTs to the spinning solution. This may enable the ring, or the lasso coated CNTs to get well dispersed into the solvent and it may improve the gel like stability of the fiber. The method may also align the CNTs very well and create a very high stiffness and strength CNT polymer fiber. The use of lasso coating may create an additional advantage in that the attached polymeric chains will entangle and align with the polymer of the base polymer creating a very high load transfer and thus strength, stiffness, and toughness of the fiber. Thermoset CNT polymer fibers Thermoset CNT polymer fibers can be made by e.g. extrusion, pultrusion, casting and melt spinning. The viscosity of the CNT filled thermoset resin is chosen such that it fits the selected process for making the fibers. The properties of the composite fiber depend on the CNT content and orientation of the CNTs. The solidification speed of the fiber depends on the reactivity of the hardener system. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the resin is hardened within seconds using a reactive hardener and external sources of energy like e.g. a light source, radiation heat, gas heating, ultra-sonics, hot liquids, electro-magnetic heating to promote a fast curing of the CNT resin. One embodiment of the invention consists in adding ring or lass coated CNTs to the thermoset resin or hardener or the mix of both. This may enable that the ring, or the lasso coated CNTs get well dispersed into the thermoset material. The use of ring or lasso coating may create an accelerated curing by using highly reactive polymers on the ring or lasso polymer chains. The advantage of thermoset CNT polymer fibers is that the polymer is cross-linked and thus very strong and stable, which is an advantage over thermoplastics. One embodiment of the invention consists of using polymers that are based on covalently adaptable networks (CAN), which are polymer networks built out of dynamic covalent bonds. CANs combine the strength provided by the chemical crosslinks with the adaptability provided by dynamic chemistry. An example is a supramolecular version of CANs leading to mechanically strong networks that can be recycled at room temperature. The materials design is based on imine bond formation for the building of the CAN and secondary H-bonding for further crosslinking. It can thus change structure from a thermoplastic to a thermoset and vice versa. An example of such a polymer is polyimine. The polyimine is transformed into a composite fiber by e.g. melt spinning and subsequent stretching. At this stage the polyimine is a thermoplastic and can be processed this way. After processing the composite fiber it will be soaked into a hardener at a certain temperature, which then opens the dynamic bonds and form a cross-linked chemical structure. The process is reversible due to the dynamic covalent bonds, which means that the composite fiber can be easily recycled. The sequence of composite fiber making is shown in Figure 98, where it is shown that the starting point for composite fiber making can be either a thermoset or thermoplastic material. Products with nanotube / polymer fibers Composite fibers is used for interiors in cars, trucks, trains, boats, air-planes, space vehicles, houses as well as seat belts, car seats, carpets, curtains, packaging, parachutes, clothing, shoes, belts, tires, cars, trains, boats, space vehicles, watches, wires, ropes, fishing lines and nets, filaments for additive manufactured products, safety equipment, weaves, fabrics, mats. Composite fibers can be converted into weaves, fabrics and mats. These can be used for heat shields, cloth for better grip on slippery surfaces caused by ice, snow, rain, mud, oil and other greasy substances. Furthermore they can be used for filters, carpets, curtains, decoration, ventilation ducts, insect nets, fishing nets, furniture, dust protection, debris protection, impact protection. Composite fibers, weaves, fabrics and mats in combination with a polymer can be used for making solid products for tubular structures, floors, ceilings, walls, beams, pipes, hoods, fenders, doors, window frames, tables, chairs, furniture, wings, drones, air-planes, boats, containers, seats, casings, suitcases, closets, computer casings, phone casings, shoes, hearing aids, loud speakers, ear phones. television cases, space vehicles, rockets, missiles, satellites, radars, domes, wind blades, wind turbines, nacelles, belts, pump houses, pump components, hoses, hydrogen tanks, gas tanks, timing belts, conveyor belts. One embodiment of the invention is that Nanotube / polymer fibers may consist of several layers of nanotube / polymer, which may be done by drawing the fiber through several different nanotube / polymer polymer melts. For example, an insulated electrical wire can be made by first drawing a high CNT content fiber, which is then covered with a pure polymer or nanotube / polymer with lower content of CNT. One embodiment of the invention, is that solid state nanotube / polymer fibers may be assembled into yarns by combining several fibers either next to each other or arranged in any other way like twisted or braided together. One embodiment of the invention, is that hybrid combinations of fibers may be made by commingling the nanotube / polymer fibers together with other types of fibers like glass-fiber, carbon fiber, aramid and other types of polymer fibers, metallic fibers and ceramic fibers. One embodiment of the invention, is that solid state nanotube / polymerfibers may be chopped, stapled, woven, stitched, spot welded or by any other means assembled into another material format as f.ex. a dry fabric. One embodiment of the invention, is that solid state nanotube / polymer fibers may be combined with other types of fibers like glass-fiber, carbon fiber, ceramic fibers, metallic fibers, and polymer fibers to form hybrid yarns and fabrics. One embodiment of the invention, is that fabrics containing nanotube / polymer fibers may be converted into solid sheets by f.ex. hot pressing, micro-wave heating, calendaring, or other methods involving melting the matrix material or the nanotube / polymer fiber or melting both partially or fully. Several layers of fabrics may be combined to form a thicker sheet. One embodiment of the invention, is that functional materials may be constructed by utilizing nanotube / polymer fibers of varying content of CNT to enable materials with f.ex. gradient properties with respect to heat conductivity, electrical conductivity, electrical discharge, strength, toughness, stiffness, density and other attractive physical or chemical properties that is not offered by a polymer fiber itself. One embodiment of the invention, is that solid state nanotube / polymerfibers may be made into non- circular or flat tapes, or sheets by f.ex. guiding one or more fibers through a calendaring process, where the fiber may preferably be heated to temperatures below the melting point and preferably above the glass transition temperature. A fiber may also be formed by heating above the melting temperature as well as being mechanically deformed at temperatures below the glass transition temperature. One embodiment of the invention, is that self-reinforced composites, SRC, (matrix and fiber are made of same class of polymer, f.ex. polypropylene) without CNTs normally requires the use of two variants of the same polymer, where the fiber has a higher melting point than the matrix. With nanotube / polymer composites the same polymer with the same melting point can be used in a SRC as the nanotube / polymer fiber may have a higher melting point than the matrix. One embodiment of the invention, is that nanotube / polymer fibers may contain CNTs that are either randomly oriented, unidirectionally aligned or a combination of both. By melting both the fiber and matrix it may be possible to produce an SRC sheet, rod, or other geometries, where the polymer structure becomes less stiff and less aligned while the CNTs stay in the direction they had in the fiber and matrix. One embodiment of the invention, is that sheets, rods and other geometries may be melted above the melting point and by f.ex. an electrical DC field be aligned. Subsequently, the sheet or rod can be stretched in solid state between the glass transition temperature and the melting point temperature to increase the stiffness of the polymer itself by stretching. Furthermore, the CNTs will be even better aligned, and the resulting material stiffness and strength will be even higher as the CNTs are pre- aligned. One embodiment of the invention, is that sheets, rods and other geometries may be melted locally above the melting point and by f.ex. an electrical DC field be oriented in an alternative direction compared to the material surrounding the local spot. This invention may enable the design of f.ex. sheets with attractive acoustic, vibration, deflection, and electrical properties. Coating of nanotubes by polymers such as PPS and epoxy polymer. Extended decoration of carbon nanotubes, to achieve improved dispersion and / or anchoring, may be achieved by the attachment of polymers such as PPS and epoxy polymer, in a number of different configurations. Different embodiments of the present invention involve the following configurations, where different configurations may be used in i) different preparations of coated nanotubes, ii) the same preparation but one separate nanotubes (e.g. one figuration applies to one nanotubes in the preparation, and another configuration applies to a second nanotube), and iii) two or more configurations apply to the same nanotube in a preparation. The configurations referred to are: Configuration 1: All nanotubes of the preparation carry the same polymer of a given approximate molecular weight, e.g. all have PPS polymer of approximately 500 Dal attached to their rings Configuration 2: Different nanotubes of the preparation have different polymers attached to their rings, e.g. one nanotube carry a PPS polymer of 500 Dal, a second nanotube carry a PPS polymer of 10000 Dal. Configuration 3: Different nanotubes carry different types of polymers (e.g. PPS and epoxy polymer) as well as polymers of different lengths (e.g. PPS and epoxy polymer of different lengths. Further configurations, involving a larger number of polymers, separately or in combination with the above, apply. Example polymers are TPU, polyester, polyamide, and many more. Coated nanotube preparations, with configurations as e.g. above, may be mixed into various types of polymers, such as neat PPS, by e.g. compounding, or may be mixed into e.g. the amine hardener and / or the epoxy resin of the desired epoxy polymer before the amine hardener and epoxy is mixed to produce the final CNT composite material. Composite materials with improved processability and mechanical properties Fabrics, Mats and Weaves (FMW) are common products used in composites design and manufacturing. The impregnation of FMWs with liquid resins is often difficult due to the diameter of the individual fibres in the fabric. These fibers can e.g. be glass fibers (10-24µm diameter), carbon fibers (4-8 µm) or composite fibers (1-2000 µm). The smaller the diameter is the larger surface area needs to be wetted with resin, which lowers the speed of impregnation considerably. Using composite fibers the FMWs can be made with much larger fiber diameters than glass and carbon fibers, which vastly improves the impregnation and impregnation speed. Figure 100 shows a table describing how low diameter composite fibers may improve tensile strength and fatigue properties, how large diameter composite fibers may improve processability and how medium diameter composite fibers may provide a good compromise between processability and mechanical properties. One embodiment of the present invention is to use composite fibres with much better mechanical properties than usual neat polymers for stitching fabrics together. The improvement in resin flow may be vastly improved by using thicker composite fibers, which also have stiffnesses that are higher than normal stitching threads made from e.g. PET, PA and PP. The impregnated fabric may thus have a higher stiffness than normal. Weaves made of glass and carbon fibers are known to be difficult to impregnate due to the dense structure with very little resin flow capability. One embodiment of the present invention is to inter-leave larger diameter composite fibers into the woven composite, glass or carbon fibers in order to improve the resin flow and impregnation without loosing stiffness and strength properties of the weave. One embodiment of the present invention is to use a composite fiber, which is solvable in a suitable hardener. In this way the composite fiber dissolves after impregnation and lets the CNTs disperse into the liquid resin leaving no traces of the composite fiber. Using an epoxy thermoplastic composite fiber, which cross-links with an amine hardener and dissolves is one example of the embodiment. In Figure 100 two structural entities are shown. SE1 is a composite fiber and SE2 is another composite fiber, a polymeric fiber made of e.g. PP, PE, PPS, PET, PLA, PA, PMMA, PVC, PBT, a glass fiber and / or a carbon fiber, or any other type of fiber made of other materials. More structural entities can be mixed in several directions, see Figure 100 e). Tensile and fatigue strength of SE’s. Fibers are known to go up in static and fatigue strength as the diameter of the fiber decrease. In the majority of applications of composite materials, a small diameter composite fiber is preferred, as this will allow the composite material to withstand large static and dynamic forces opposed on the composite material in the composite fiber directions, e.g. trailing edge, leading edge and main spar of wind blades, sailing masts, boat keels, sails etc. Thus, depending on the context, the composite fiber diameter is preferably less than 100mm, such as less than 10mm, such as less than 1mm, such as less than 0.1mm, such as less than 0.01mm, such as less than 0.001mm, such as less than 0.0001mm, such as less than 0.00001mm, such as less than 0.000001mm. Impregnation speed of SE’s. The impregnation speed of composite materials made with liquid and / or melted polymers increases with increasing diameter of composite fibers. In the majority of processing applications of composite materials, a high diameter composite fiber is preferred, as this will allow the composite material to be faster impregnated for the benefit of faster production and processing of large structures, e.g. wind blades for wind turbines, ship hulls, train roofs, air-planes etc. Thus, depending on the context, the composite fiber diameter is preferably greater than 0.000001mm, such as greater than 0.00001mm, such as greater than 0.0001 mm, such as greater than 0.001mm, such as greater than 0.01mm, such as greater than 0.1mm, such as greater than 1mm, such as greater than 10mm, such as greater than 100mm. Balancing tensile and fatigue strength with speed of impregnation of SE’s. In the majority of applications of composite materials, a compromise between tensile and fatigue strength and impregnation speed of composite materials needs to take place, and a range of diameters of composite fibers is preferred, as this will allow the composite material to withstand static and dynamic forces as well as being manufacturable, e.g. wind blades for wind turbines, ship hulls, train roofs, air-planes, etc. Thus depending on the context, the composite fiber diameter is preferably in the range of 0.000001 – 0.00001mm, 0.00001-0.0001mm, 0.0001-0.001mm, 0.001-0.01mm, 0.01- 0.1mm, 0.1-1mm, 1-10mm, 10-100mm or above 100mm. Additive manufacturing using composite fibers One technique for additive manufacturing is to use filaments with fillers as reinforcement. The filaments are melted together by locally applying heat by lasers, UV light, ultra-sonics, micro-waves, electromagnetic fields, electrical current, heated gas, or other means to transfer energy to the melting interface between the substrate and the filament. The wavelength of the light source has to be tuned to the narrow band where the polymer absorbs energy. Composite fibers may be used as filaments for additive manufacturing. The filaments can be made with various concentrations and orientations of CNTs. The filaments can be circular, rectangular, hollow, tri-angular or any other cross-sectional shape. One embodiment of the present invention is that CNTs are able to absorb energy in a very large wavelength spectrum. This way many different sources of light can be used to melt the polymer. The inventive step is that the use of CNTs may enable a faster melting of the polymer without the need to use e.g. a laser with a very specific wavelength thereby saving energy and equipment cost. The faster melting may enable a much faster printing speed, which saves cost and time. Furthermore, it enables to use light sources that are not in the area where UV light degrades the polymer. One embodiment of the present invention is to use UV light to cleavage the bond holding the ring tight around the CNT. In this way the ring may disconnect from the CNT and allow the CNTs to aggregate and thus increase the contact area between the CNTs, which may increase the electrical conductivity. One embodiment of the present invention is to use lassos consisting of electrically conducting polymers. The electrical conductivity may be controlled by the ratio of lassos with electrical conducting polymers to non-conducting lasso polymer to rings. Alternatively, the number of rings and / or lassos may be reduced to allow for more contact points between two or more CNTs. The electrical conductivity may also be controlled by the degree of orientation of the CNTs within the composite fiber. One embodiment of the present invention is to turn composite fibers into powders for additive manufacturing. The orientation of the CNTs and thus the properties of the individual powder grain may be controlled by using a composite fiber. The composite fiber is chopped into pellets that are then cooled to cryogenic temperatures and ball-milled to a fine powder (e.g. a size of 1-100 micrometer). The powder may then be used for producing products using e.g. Selected Laser Sintering (SLS). The efficient energy absorption by CNTs may then enable thicker layers per melting sequence i.e larger deposition rates, less energy consumption as CNTs absorb a large band of wave lengths and lower cost of production. Production of composite fibers. In a preferred embodiment, a polymer composite fiber is made, consisting only of any polymer and a carbon nanotube, where the stiffness and strength may be varied depending on the amount of carbon nanotube and the orientation of the nanotubes within the polymer. The orientation of the nanotubes may range from fully random to fully aligned in the longitudinal direction of the fiber, see Figure 83. The fiber may have any cross-sectional size and shape (round, rectangular, oval, triangular etc). In a preferred way for aligning the nanotubes in the fiber, the shortest cross-sectional distance is lower than the length of the nanotube. A fiber may consist of several layers of polymer nanotube material with different amounts, shapes, and orientation of nanotubes in each layer, see Figure 84. The fiber may be manufactured by fiber spinning, extrusion, pultrusion, or any other method that may produce continuous fibers of any length. The fiber may be assembled with other fibers in yarns, bundles, weaves, fabrics, etc. Composites may be made from consolidating the fiber assembly by heat and / or vacuum etc. The composite assembly may be made with a combination of nanotube fiber and polymer fiber. Fibers may be continuous, short, or granulated. Composites may be made by impregnating the fiber assembly with a viscous resin of different or same polymer type as the polymer used for the fiber. The resin may also consist of nanotubes having a different orientation and concentration than the nanotube fiber, see Figure 85. In a preferred embodiment, both the resin and the fiber are made from the same polymer, which enables an easily recyclable composite, see Figure 85. Furthermore, even more advanced composite and polymer fiber hybrid combinations can be made as shown in Figure 86. In a preferred embodiment, a component may be designed with the optimal stiffness and strength by using fibers of different nanotube concentration and orientation, see Figure 87. As an example, this enables the use of only one composite material and eliminates the need for using both glass and carbon composites in a rotor blade for wind turbines, Figure 88. In a preferred embodiment, the polymer fibers may be made larger than typical glass fiber (17-24 µm) and carbon fiber (5-8 µm), which speeds up the impregnation of a fiber assembly with resin due to a lower surface area that the resin must wet and pass through. Glass and carbon composites experience lower fatigue strength as the diameter of the fiber increases, which may not be the case for a nanotube polymer fiber. Fields of use. The present invention may be used to make almost any type of item, including products related to or used in aviation including drones, helicopters, airplanes, and land transport including trains, buses, cars, and trucks, energy production including wind turbines, water mills, and can be used in energy storage including batteries, hydrogen production and storage, may be used for electromagnetic shielding, including radar absorption, coating and paint, 3D-Printing, and may be used to reinforce tires and brake pads; and to make fibers, foils, threads, and sheets from nanotubes or other nanofillers. The present invention may also be used to make all of the following products: an angle, shape or section of steel or an alloy; a door frame; a saw; an apparatus for building, e.g., as defined by IPC code E04; an apparatus for construction of roads, railways, or bridges, e.g., as defined by IPC code E01; an apparatus for earth or rock drilling or mining, e.g., as defined by IPC code E21; an apparatus for hydraulic engineering or foundations or soil-shifting, e.g., as defined by IPC code E02; an apparatus for water supply or sewerage, e.g., as defined by IPC code E03; a balcony; a brick; a bridge; a chain; a coating; a crane; a crate; a drill; an elevator; a fixed constructions, e.g., as defined by IPC code E; a flat-rolled product; a line; a lock; a multitool; a nameplate; a plier; a pole; a rivet; a roof tile; a shape for construction; a sign; a silo; a thread; a tool; a varnish; a webbing; a window frame; a billboard; a concrete mixer; a forklift; a moving walkway; a nail; a spray can; a staple; a traffic cone; a traffic light; an apparatus for mechanical engineering or lighting or heating or weapons or blasting, e.g., as defined by IPC code F; a building; a Ceramic sink, bath, water closet pans and similar sanitary fixtures; a floor covering; a hammer; a paint; a screw; a tile; a bag; a bottle; a bowl; a box; a bucket; a can; a container; a cup; a jar; a thermos; a trunk; a tube; a vial; a bubble wrap; a jug; a pill bottle; a plastic wrap; a backpack; a camera; a pot; a tank; a car; a fuel filter; a helicopter; a roller skate; a trailer; a windshield; an aeroplane; an aircraft; an aircraft carrier; an airfield or airport installation; an airplane; an ambulance; an amphibious vehicle; a bicycle; a brake; a bulldozer; a bus; a car roof box; a caravan; a carburetor; a compass; a crane truck; a cylinder block; a cylinder head; a de-icing system; a fuel gauge; a fuel injector; a fuel line; a fuel pump; a glider; a golf cart; a hang glider; a harvester; a jet; a kite; a land vehicles for travelling otherwise than on rails, e.g., as defined by IPC code B62; a locomotive; a moped; a motorcycle; a parachute; a paraglider; a quadricycle; a railway or tramway van or wagon; a railway, e.g., as defined by IPC code B61; a rocket; a rudder; a sailplane; a satellite; a scooter; a segway; a ships or other waterborne vessels or related equipment, e.g., as defined by IPC code B63; a skateboard; a snowmobile; a spacecraft; a starter motor; a tire; a tractor; a tram; a tricycle; a truck; a turbocharger; a van; a vehicles in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B60; a walker; a water pump; a windshield wiper; a wiring harness; an aircraft launch device; an aircraft or aviation or cosmonautics, e.g., as defined by IPC code B64; a balloon; a car rack; a convertible hood; a drone; a fuel tank; a heading indicator; a mobile home; a pickup truck; a pylon; a seaplane; a seat belt; a space capsule; a train; a turbofan; a wheelchair; a beach bag; a bobsled; a clock; a firepit; a furniture or domestic articles or appliances or coffee mills or spice mills or suction cleaners in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code A47; a hair curler; an item for health or life-saving or amusement; a massage apparatus; a parasol foot; a rug; a sleeping mat; a trouser; a baby walker; a ball; a band-aid; a bass; a bed; a bench; a bib; a billiards; a binocular; a bird house; a blanket; a blender; a book; a bookcase; a books, binders or stationary of paper; a boomerang; a bottle; a bow; a bowling ball; a bracelet; a casserole; a ceiling fan; a chair; a chopping board; a contact lens; a credit card; a cupboard; a curtains; a desk; a diaper; a door; a drawer; an equipment used for baking; an extractor hood; a face shield; a fan; a fishing line; a fishing lure; a fishing wheel; a fitness equipment; a flagpole; a footwear, e.g., as defined by IPC code A43; a freezer; a frisbee; a game piece; a gameboard; glasses; a glove; a grill; a guitar; a haberdashery or jewellery, e.g., as defined by IPC code A44; a hair band; a hair straightener; a hairbrush; a hammock; a hand or travelling articles, e.g., as defined by IPC code A45; a handle; a hat; a headlamp; a headwear, e.g., as defined by IPC code A42; a hose; an inflatable pool; an inflatable sofa; an item for foods or foodstuffs; or treatment thereof, not covered by IPC code A23; an item for human necessities, e.g., as defined by IPC code A; an item for life-saving or fire-fighting, e.g., as defined by IPC code A62; an item for medical or veterinary science or hygiene, e.g., as defined by IPC code A61; an item for sports or games or amusements, e.g., as defined by IPC code A63; jeans; a jewelry; a key; a keycard; a lamp; a light; a light chain; a makeup equipment brush, lipstick; a mob; a money; a monocular; a mug; a musical instruments or acoustics, e.g., as defined by IPC code G10; an oven; a pacemaker; a pan; a pen; a pencil; a picnic table; a picture frame; a plate; a playing card; a pool; a poster; a pyjamas; a rake; a rock climbing equipment; a roller ski; a ruler; a saddlery or upholstery, e.g., as defined by IPC code B68; a scarf; a shelf; a shovel; a sink; a skate; a ski; a smoothing iron; a sock; a sofa; a sticker; a sunbed; a table; a tape; a teddy bear; a toothbrush; a toy; a trampoline; a treadmill; an umbrella; a vacuum cleaner; a vest; a visor; a water hose; a wearing apparel, e.g., as defined by IPC code A41; a window; a writing surface; an athletics equipment; a beach chairs; a binder; a blinds; a boot; a brushware, e.g., as defined by IPC code A46; a cap; a cutlery; a deck; an earplug; a fishing hook; a flag; a furniture; a goal; a hair clip; a handball; a helmet; a hockey stick; a jacket; a javelin; a knife; a mirror frame; a musical instrument; a parasol; a pillow; a poster frame; a puzzle; a shield; a shoe; a stove; a stylos; a terrace heater; a tumble dryer; a washing machine; an energy or electronics product; a broadcasting device; a concentrated solar power system; a fermentation tank; a heat exchanger; a power line; a smartwatch; a tidal turbine; an alarm; an altimeter; an an entity used for producing, transporting or storing energy; an anode; an antenna; an apparatus for electric communication technique, e.g., as defined by IPC code H04; an audio device; a battery; a biogas plant; a bioreactor; a cable; a calculator; a carbon capture system; a cathode; a combustion boiler; a combustion turbine; a compressed gas energy storage; a computer; a cooling system; a cpu; a dam; a detector; a drill rig; a dynamo; an electiricity discharger; an electric elements, e.g., as defined by IPC code H01; an electro- mechanical tool; an electronic card; an electronic circuitry, e.g., as defined by IPC code H03; an electroscope; a fuel cell; a fuel rod; a gaming device; a gas compressor; a generator; a gps unit; a gpu; a gyroscope; a heater; a heating appliance; a hydrogen tank; a laptop; a mining equipment; an optical fibre; an outlet; a phone; a pickup for gramophone; a plug; a power band; a power bank; a power plant; a printer; a radar; a radio; a rig for oil or gas; a router; a scale; a scanner; a semiconductor devices or electric solid-state devices, e.g., as defined by IPC code H10; a sensor; a server; a smart lock; a solar inverter; a solar thermal collector; a soundbar; a speedometer; a streaming device; a switch; a tablet; a tidal barrage; a transducer; a transmission apparatus; a transmitter; a video conference system; a wave energy converter; a wind turbine; a wire; an amplifier; an apparatus for electric techniques not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code H05; an apparatus for generation, conversion, or distribution of electric power, e.g., as defined by IPC code H02; a catode; a charger; a diode; a doorbell; an electrode; a flywheel; a gasifier; a hard disk; a lightning conductor; a phone cover; a phonograph; a refinery; a remote control; a screen; a solar cell; a steam turbine; a transceiver; a water turbine; a lock; a net; a panel; a rod; a sail; a stud; a band; a bearing; a clutch; a cover; a dashboard; an enclosing; an evaporator; an exhaust fan; a fiber; an air intake; an anti-friction material; an apparatus for information storage, e.g., as defined by IPC code G11; an apparatus for weapons or blasting; a bandage; a berth; a boiler; a bumper; a cantilever; a casing; a ceiling; a checking-devices, e.g., as defined by IPC code G07; clothing; a compressor; a connector; a cooling device; a curtain; a device for additive manufacturing technology, e.g., as defined by IPC code B33; a device for bookbinding or albums or files or special printed matter, e.g., as defined by IPC code B42; a device for combinatorial technology, e.g., as defined by IPC code C40; a device for disposal of solid waste or reclamation of contaminated soil, e.g., as defined by IPC code B09; a device for generating or transmitting mechanical vibrations in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B06; a device for metallurgy of iron, e.g., as defined by IPC code C21; a device for organic macromolecular compounds or their preparation or chemical working-up or compositions based thereon, e.g., as defined by IPC code C08; a device for paper-making or production of cellulose, e.g., as defined by IPC code D21; a device for sugar industry, e.g., as defined by IPC code C13; a device for textiles or flexible materials not otherwise provided for; a device for working of plastics or working of substances in a plastic state in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B29; a display; an accumulator; an alternator; an apparatus for educating or cryptography or display or advertising or seals, e.g., as defined by IPC code G09; an apparatus for physics, e.g., as defined by IPC code G; an axe; a beam; a blade; a briefcase; a camshaft; a case; a chain tensioner; a circuit; a coin; a controller; a cradle; a dagger; a degasser; a device for coating metallic material or coating material with metallic material or chemical surface treatment or diffusion treatment of metallic material or coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering, by ion implantation or by chemical vapour deposition, in general or inhibiting corrosion of metallic material or incrustation in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code C23; a device for grinding or polishing, e.g., as defined by IPC code B24; a device for separating or mixing; a dispenser; a driver; electric insulation; a fabric; a filterplate; a flat belts; a fuel cell membrane; a granulate; a hanger; an ignition system; an item for baking or equipment for making or processing doughs or doughs for baking, e.g., as defined by IPC code A21; a lens; a medical device; a monitor; an oil pump; a plank; a pressure relief device; a rack; a rifle; a sack; a shell; a sleeve; a spotlight; a stealth coating or material; studio equipment; a tent; a tow; a trolley; a vaporiser; a watch; a wiper; an actuator; an aggregator; an air conditioning system; an air filter; an air or gas compressor; an air or vacuum pump; an air pump; an alloy; an anchoring device; an anti-corrosion material or device; an anti-fogging material; an anti-fouling material or device; an anti-icing material or device; an anti- jamming device; an anti-lock device; an anti-slip material; an apparatus for combustion apparatus or combustion processes, e.g., as defined by IPC code F23; an apparatus for computing or calculating or counting, e.g., as defined by IPC code G06; an apparatus for controlling; regulating, e.g., as defined by IPC code G05; an apparatus for drying, e.g., as defined by IPC code F26; an apparatus for heat exchange in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code F28; an apparatus for heating or ranges or ventilating, e.g., as defined by IPC code F24; an apparatus for horology, e.g., as defined by IPC code G04; an apparatus for information and communication technology, e.g., as defined by IPC code G16; an apparatus for lighting, e.g., as defined by IPC code F21; an apparatus for measuring or testing, e.g., as defined by IPC code G01; an apparatus for nuclear physics or nuclear engineering, e.g., as defined by IPC code G21; an apparatus for optics, e.g., as defined by IPC code G02; an apparatus for refrigeration or cooling or combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat pump systems or manufacture or storage of ice or liquefaction or solidification of gases, e.g., as defined by IPC code F25; an apparatus for signalling, e.g., as defined by IPC code G08; an apparatus for steam generation, e.g., as defined by IPC code F22; an apparatus for storing or distributing gases or liquids, e.g., as defined by IPC code F17; an applicator; an arm; an array; an arrow; an atomizer; an attenuator; an autopilot; an awner; an axle; a balance; a ball; a ball joint; a bar; a barge; a barrage; a barricade; a baseball; a basket; a beacon; a bead; a beater; a bell; a bellow; a belt; a bezel; a bin; a biochemistry analyzer; a bit; a blood analyzer; a blower; a blowpipe; a board; a bolt; a bomb; a boring device; a breathing appliances; a brim; a brush; a bulb; a bulkhead; a bunk; a bunker; a burner; a button; a cage; a cam shaft; a camouflage coating or material; camping gear; a cane; a cannister; a cannon; a canopy; a capstan; a capsule; a car press; a card; a carriage; a carrier; a cart; a cartridge; a cask; a cassette; a catalytic converter; a catheter; a cell; a cellar; a cements or concrete or artificial stone or ceramics or refractories, e.g., as defined by IPC code C04; a centrifugal apparatus or machines for carrying-out physical or chemical processes, e.g., as defined by IPC code B04; a chainguard; a chainplate; a chamber; a chassis; a chiller unit; a chisel; a chopper; a chronograph; a cistern; a clading; a clamp; a clasp; a cleat; a clip; a closet; a cloth; a coat; a coating device; a coffin; a coil; a collector; a comb; a combustion engines or hot-gas or combustion-product engine plants, e.g., as defined by IPC code F02; a compactor; a condenser; a conductor; a cone; a connecting rod; a console; a construction frame; a contact; a control panel; a conveyor belt; a cooker; a cooler; a cooling box; a copyer; a cot; a counter; a coupler; a cramp; a crank; a crankshaft; a crib; a crown; a crutches; a cube; a cubicle; a cushion; a cutter; a cycle frame; a cylinder; a daggerboard; a damper; a dart; a dartboard; a decanter; a defibrillator; a deflector; a defroster; a dehydrator; a derrick; a desalination device; a destiller; a device for animal or vegetable oils, fats, fatty substances or waxes or fatty acids therefrom or detergents or candles, e.g., as defined by IPC code C11; a device for as defined by IPC code B99; a device for as defined by IPC code C99; a device for biochemistry or beer or spirits or wine or vinegar or microbiology or enzymology or mutation or genetic engineering, e.g., as defined by IPC code C12; a device for braiding or lace-making or knitting or trimmings or non-woven fabrics, e.g., as defined by IPC code D04; a device for casting or powder metallurgy, e.g., as defined by IPC code B22; a device for chemistry or metallurgy, e.g., as defined by IPC code C; a device for cleaning, e.g., as defined by IPC code B08; a device for conveying or packing or storing; handling thin or filamentary material, e.g., as defined by IPC code B65; a device for crushing, pulverising, or disintegrating or preparatory treatment of grain for milling, e.g., as defined by IPC code B02; a device for crystal growth, e.g., as defined by IPC code C30; a device for decorative arts, e.g., as defined by IPC code B44; a device for dropping, releasing, or receiving articles from aircraft; a device for dyes or paints or polishes or natural resins or adhesives or compositions not otherwise provided for or applications of materials not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code C09; a device for electrolytic or electrophoretic processes; apparatus therefor, e.g., as defined by IPC code C25; a device for fertilisers or manufacture thereof, e.g., as defined by IPC code C05; a device for hoisting or lifting or hauling, e.g., as defined by IPC code B66; a device for inorganic chemistry, e.g., as defined by IPC code C01; a device for making articles of paper, cardboard or material worked in a manner analogous to paper or working paper, cardboard or material worked in a manner analogous to paper, e.g., as defined by IPC code B31; a device for mechanical metal-working without essentially removing material or punching metal, e.g., as defined by IPC code B21; a device for microstructural technology, e.g., as defined by IPC code B81; a device for nanotechnology, e.g., as defined by IPC code B82; a device for opening or closing bottles, jars or similar containers or liquid handling, e.g., as defined by IPC code B67; a device for organic chemistry, e.g., as defined by IPC code C07; a device for performing operations or transporting, e.g., as defined by IPC code B; a device for petroleum, gas or coke industries or technical gases containing carbon monoxide or fuels or lubricants or peat, e.g., as defined by IPC code C10; a device for physical or chemical processes or apparatus in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B01; a device for printing or lining machines or typewriters or stamps, e.g., as defined by IPC code B41; a device for separating solids from solids or sorting, e.g., as defined by IPC code B07; a device for separation of solid materials using liquids or using pneumatic tables or jigs or magnetic or electrostatic separation of solid materials from solid materials or fluids or separation by high-voltage electric fields, e.g., as defined by IPC code B03; a device for sewing or embroidering or tufting, e.g., as defined by IPC code D05; a device for spraying or atomising in general or applying fluent materials to surfaces, in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B05; a device for treatment of textiles or the like or laundering or flexible materials not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code D06; a device for treatment of water, waste water, sewage, or sludge, e.g., as defined by IPC code C02; a device for weaving, e.g., as defined by IPC code D03; a device for working cement, clay, or stone, e.g., as defined by IPC code B28; a device for working or preserving wood or similar material or nailing or stapling machines in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B27; a device for writing or drawing implements or bureau accessories, e.g., as defined by IPC code B43; a diffuser; a disc; a distributor; a divider; a divisional unit; a dock; a doors, windows, shutters, or roller blinds, in general or ladders, e.g., as defined by IPC code E06; a drier; a drilling device; a drive belt; a dropper; a drum; a dryer; a duct; a dynamometer; a dynamotor; an edge cogged belt; an ejection apparatus; an electric motor; an electrical panel; an electrodialysis membrane; an electromagnetic interference filter; a piston; an engineering elements or units or general measures for producing and maintaining effective functioning of machines or installations or thermal insulation in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code F16; an equipment for underwater dwelling or working; an escalator; an exhaust pipe; an exhaust valve; an extractor; an extruder; a fan heater; a fance; a fanlight; a fastener; a fence; a fender for vessel; a fender or mudguard; a fermentor; a filament; a film; a filter; a filter bed; a fin; a fire suppression system; a firearm; a fire-fighting device; a fishing tool; a fishing wire; a flap; a flash lamp; a flooring or floor layer; a flotation device; a fluid bed dryer; a fluid-pressure actuators or hydraulics or pneumatics in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code F15; footwear; a frame; a frame for building structure; a frame for tent; a fuel discharger; a funnel; a furnaces or kilns, ovens or retorts, e.g., as defined by IPC code F27; a fuselage; a gauge; a gear; a gearbox; a gelcoat; a glass or mineral or slag wool, e.g., as defined by IPC code C03; a glide fastener; a golf accessory; a grain; a granulator; a grass mower; a grenade; a grid as building element; a guide system; a gymnastic apparatus; a hairpin; a hand hammer; a hand tools or portable power-driven tools or handles for hand implements or workshop equipment or manipulators, e.g., as defined by IPC code B25; a handcuff; a handrail; a handwheel; a harpoon; a harvesting device; a hat boxe; a headrest; a housing; a housing for electric components or apparatus; a hub; a hydraulic system; an impeller; an incubator; an inflatable building; an inflatable device; an inflatable tyre; an inflatable vessel; an inhalator; an injector; an insulator; an intake manifold; an item for agriculture or forestry or animal husbandry or hunting or trapping or fishing, e.g., as defined by IPC code A01; an item for ammunition or blasting, e.g., as defined by IPC code F42; an item for butchering or meat treatment or processing poultry or fish, e.g., as defined by IPC code A22; a jack; a joint; a keel; a ladder; a lattice; a layered products, e.g., as defined by IPC code B32; a leg; a level for indicating or measuring horizontal or inclination; a lift; a loader; a location indicator; a loudspeaker; luggage; a machine tools or metal-working not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code B23; a machines or engines for liquids or wind, spring, or weight motors or producing mechanical power or a reactive propulsive thrust, not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code F03; a magnet; a manifold; a mantle; a mat; a medical or dental instrument; a membrane; a mesh; a metallurgy or ferrous or non-ferrous alloys; treatment of alloys or non-ferrous metals, e.g., as defined by IPC code C22; a microprocessor; a microscope; a missile; a mixing device; a motor housing (or casing); a mould; a mount; a moving carpet belt; a muffler; a muzzle; a nacelle; a natural or man-made threads or fibres or spinning, e.g., as defined by IPC code D01; a nozzle; an office equipment; an oil filter; an oil pipe; an oil tank; an o-ring; a pad; a paddle; a particle coater; a paste; a patch; a patient monitor; a pick; a pillar; a pipe; a piston; a plier; a pocket; a polymer; a pontoon; a pouch; a power hammer; a press; a presses, e.g., as defined by IPC code B30; a projectile; a projector; a propeller; a propulsion device; a pulley; a pulpit; a pump; a pump rotor; a radar deflector; a radiator; a raft; a railing; a ramp; a reactor; a receptacle; a reed for warping and beaming machines; a refrigerator; a reservoir; a resistor; a resonator; a rigging; a rim; a robot; a rocket launcher; a roller bearing; a roof; a rope; a ropes or cables other than electric, e.g., as defined by IPC code D07; a rotorcraft; a rowing device; a rowing machine; a rucksack; a sandal; a saw bench; a scaffold; scissors; a seat; a sewing machine; a shaft; a shank; a shelter; a shirt; a shock absorber; a shutter; a skin; a skins or hides or pelts or leather, e.g., as defined by IPC code C14; a slab; a slate; a socket; a solar energy collector; a sole; a solenoid; a spade; a spanner; a spark plug; a spectacle; a spindle; a splint; a sponge; a spool; a spout; a spreader; a spring board; a sproket; a stable; a stage; a stall; a stanchion; a stapling machine; a stationery product; a stator; a stay bolt; a stick; a storage tank; a strainer; a strap; a stretcher; a string; a strip; a stroller; a submarine; a subway; a suction device; a suit; a sunroof; a supercharger; a support; a surgical equipment; a tag; a tank truck; a telescope; a tensioner; a tether; a textile; a textile or paper, e.g., as defined by IPC code D; a thermal protection devices (e.g., thermistors, thermal switches); a tip; a tire / tyre; a tong; a tool; a tower; a tractor; a train wagon; a tramway; a transmission device; a transmission system; a transom; a transponder; a trap; a trapeze; a tray; a tread; a tunnel; a turbine; a turnscrew; a tweezer; underwear; a unicycle; a universal joint; a vacuum system; a v-belt; a vehicle; a vent; a ventilation duct; a vibration isolator or damper; a viewer; a viewfinder; a visual signaling equipment; a wall; a wallbracket; a warp; a waste bin; a water filtration system; a water heater; a water pipe; a water softener system; a weapons, e.g., as defined by IPC code F41; a weld; a wheel; a whisk; a wicket; a wig; windings (or coils); a wing; a wrench; a yarn; a yarns or mechanical finishing of yarns or ropes or warping or beaming, e.g., as defined by IPC code D02; a yoke; a jig; a joystick; a kettle; a key plate; a lancet; a land mine clearing device; a landing gear; a life boat; a life-saving device; a lifting platform; a locker; a locknut; a lockring; a looking glass; a lubricant; a main bearing; a main harness; a marker; a matrix; a mattress; a Measuring / testing / navigating equipment; a megaphone; a membrane housing; a mill disc; a mincing device; a mirror; a monocle; a monorail; a mooring device; a mortar; a mountaineering equipment; a nail nipper; an oar; an oil cooler; an oil pan; an oil pressure gauge; an osmosis system; an overflow tank; a package; a paper; a paravane; a particle; a pedometer; a periscope; a pervaporation membrane; a pin; a pincer; a plumb; a poncho; a pressure vessel; a pump endcap; a pump housing; a purse; a racket; a railroad track; a raingutter; a reactor agitation system; a reactor heating system; a reactor stirrer; a reactor vessel; a roof rack; a rope gearing; a rotary device; a running winding; a sailboard; a seat cover; a sewer; a shaft coupling; a shaft fixing; a skirt; a sleigh; a sling; a slipper; a snare; a snowboard; a spear; a spigot; a sports equipment; a spray dryer; a steering shaft; a structure; a subway tunnel; a suppository; a swab; a tank base; a tank cover; a tank roof; a tank shell; a tank trailer; a tie; a timing belt; a transmission chain; a trumpet; a turnstile; a turret; a tyre cord; a tyre patch; an undercarriage; an underframe; an underwater gun; a uniform; a vase; a vaulting pole; a ventilation device; a ventilator grille; a vertical take-off aircraft; a vessel; a vibration measuring device; a wallet; a washer; a wastewater treatment system; a weapon; a wheel bearing; a wheel rim; a wheel spoke; a whip; a window fitting; a window shade; a windvane; an adaptor; an air cushion; an air injection system; an ampoule; an armored device; an arresting mechanisms; an astronautic device; an astronomy device; a back rest; a basin; a baton; a belt tensioner; a blood pressure monitor; a torpedo; a bonding device; a borehole apparatus; a canal; a channel; a cooling tower; dice; a dimmer; a ditch; a dotter; a drainage; a drill jig; a duster; an elastic band; an exhaust muffler; an explosives or matches, e.g., as defined by IPC code C06; an eyepiece; a flotation tank; a footing; a grounding terminal; a guard for machine; a gun; a hand cutting tools or cutting or severing, e.g., as defined by IPC code B26; a headwear; a hood; a hospital bed; an air mover; an anti-freeze material; an anti-static material; an apparatus for electricity, e.g., as defined by IPC code H; an apparatus for photography or cinematography or analogous techniques using waves other than optical waves or electrography or holography, e.g., as defined by IPC code G03; an artificial body part; an assembling device; a barrier; a block; a bridge; a buzzer; a cabinet; a capacitor; a carpet; a centrifuge; a chute; a cleaning device; a concentrator; a converter; a cropper; a cultivator; a davit; a detonator; a document; a drogue; a dust cover; an ejector pump; a faucet; a feeding system; a filtration system; a fireplace; a flask; a foil for vessels or surfboard; a frame of engine or machine; a gate; a gimbal; a girder; a grid for electric battery; a guard for track; a hand tool; a harness; a hinge; a hydroplane; an inflatable tent; an instrument detail, e.g., as defined by IPC code G12; an insulation; a keyboard; a knob; a locks or keys or window or door fittings or safes, e.g., as defined by IPC code E05; a machines or engines in general; engine plants in general or steam engines, e.g., as defined by IPC code F01; a medical implant; a microphone; a molding press; a mower; a needle; a padlock; a pedal; a platform; a positive- displacement machines for liquids or pumps for liquids or elastic fluids, e.g., as defined by IPC code F04; a probe; a protractor; a pylon; a rain coat; a reel; a reflector; a roll; a rotor; a seal or gasket; a sheet; a sieve; a sleeping bag; a spacer ring; a spectrometer; a spike; a spur; a stabiliser; a stand for apparatus or articles in general; a steering device; a streetcar; a suitcase; a surgical light; a suspension; a thermostat; a throttling device; a tramway track; a transformer; a transporter crane; a tubing; an ultrafiltration membrane; a valve; a ventilator; a waistband; walking boots; a water tank; a watermeter; a whistle; a wrapper; a bodyboard; a dive tank; a jet ski; a pilot boat; a sonar system; a wet suit; a bulk carrier; a buoy; a buoyancy control device; a cabin cruiser; a cargo ship; a catamaran; a center console boat; a container ship; a dinghy; a dive fin; a dive mask; a dive regulator; a dredger; a dry suit; a ferry; a fishing boat; a flotation vest; a foresail; a frigate; goggles; a houseboat; a hovercraft; a hydrofoil; an inflatable boat; a jib; a kano; a kayak; a kiteboard equipment; a main sail; a motorboat; a nose clip; a paddleboat; a rigid inflatable boat; a ring; a roll-on / roll-off ship; a rowboat; a sailing yacht; a shortboard; a ski; a sloop; a speargun; a speedboat; a spinnaker; a surf board; a swim cap; a swimsuit; a tanker; a trawler; an underwater robot; a waterproof bag; a waterproof housing; a weight belt; a windsurfing equipment; a boat hook; a canoe; a cruise ship; a destroyer; a fishing net; a floating crane; a gondola; a jetty; a lifejacket; a rig; a sail drive; a snorkel; a surf wing; a trimaran; a tugboat; drones, helicopters, airplanes, and land transport including trains, buses, cars, and trucks, wind turbines and water mills, batteries, hydrogen and other gas storage tanks, coating with electromagnetic shielding, including radar absorption, coating and paint, 3D-Printing and additive manufacturing, tires and brake pads; fibers, foils, and threads. Thus, the present invention and / or the materials generated by the present invention, may be used for the production of virtually any physical product. ITEMS Item FF1. A composite comprising a nanotube and H2O. Item FF2. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and HCl. Item FF3. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and NaCl. Item FF4. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF5. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF6. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and N2. Item FF7. A composite comprising graphene and CO2. Item FF8. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF9. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF10. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF11. A composite comprising a ceramic material and H2O. Item FF12. A composite comprising a fullerene and H2O. Item FF13. A composite comprising graphane and H2O. Item FF14. A composite comprising graphene oxide and H2O. Item FF15. A composite comprising graphite and H2O. Item FF16. A composite comprising graphyne and H2O. Item FF17. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and H2O. Item FF18. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and H2O. Item FF19. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and H2O. Item FF20. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and H2O. Item FF21. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and H2O. Item FF22. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and H2O. Item FF23. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and H2O. Item FF24. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and H2O. Item FF25. A composite comprising a glass fibre and H2O. Item FF26. A composite comprising a nanotube and HCl. Item FF27. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and HCl. Item FF28. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and HCl. Item FF29. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and HCl. Item FF30. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and HCl. Item FF31. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and HCl. Item FF32. A composite comprising graphene and HCl. Item FF33. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and HCl. Item FF34. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and HCl. Item FF35. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and HCl. Item FF36. A composite comprising a ceramic material and HCl. Item FF37. A composite comprising a fullerene and HCl. Item FF38. A composite comprising graphane and HCl. Item FF39. A composite comprising graphene oxide and HCl. Item FF40. A composite comprising graphite and HCl. Item FF41. A composite comprising graphyne and HCl. Item FF42. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and HCl. Item FF43. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and HCl. Item FF44. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and HCl. Item FF45. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and HCl. Item FF46. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and HCl. Item FF47. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and HCl. Item FF48. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and HCl. Item FF49. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and HCl. Item FF50. A composite comprising a glass fibre and HCl. Item FF51. A composite comprising a nanotube and NaCl. Item FF52. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and NaCl. Item FF53. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and NaCl. Item FF54. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and NaCl. Item FF55. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and NaCl. Item FF56. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and NaCl. Item FF57. A composite comprising graphene and NaCl. Item FF58. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and NaCl. Item FF59. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and NaCl. Item FF60. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and NaCl. Item FF61. A composite comprising a ceramic material and NaCl. Item FF62. A composite comprising a fullerene and NaCl. Item FF63. A composite comprising graphane and NaCl. Item FF64. A composite comprising graphene oxide and NaCl. Item FF65. A composite comprising graphite and NaCl. Item FF66. A composite comprising graphyne and NaCl. Item FF67. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NaCl. Item FF68. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NaCl. Item FF69. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and NaCl. Item FF70. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NaCl. Item FF71. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and NaCl. Item FF72. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and NaCl. Item FF73. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and NaCl. Item FF74. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and NaCl. Item FF75. A composite comprising a glass fibre and NaCl. Item FF76. A composite comprising a nanotube and N2. Item FF77. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and N2. Item FF78. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and N2. Item FF79. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and N2. Item FF80. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and N2. Item FF81. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and N2. Item FF82. A composite comprising graphene and N2. Item FF83. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and N2. Item FF84. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and N2. Item FF85. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and N2. Item FF86. A composite comprising a ceramic material and N2. Item FF87. A composite comprising a fullerene and N2. Item FF88. A composite comprising graphane and N2. Item FF89. A composite comprising graphene oxide and N2. Item FF90. A composite comprising graphite and N2. Item FF91. A composite comprising graphyne and N2. Item FF92. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and N2. Item FF93. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and N2. Item FF94. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and N2. Item FF95. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and N2. Item FF96. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and N2. Item FF97. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and N2. Item FF98. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and N2. Item FF99. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and N2. Item FF100. A composite comprising a glass fibre and N2. Item FF101. A composite comprising a nanotube and CO2. Item FF102. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and CO2. Item FF103. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and CO2. Item FF104. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and CO2. Item FF105. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and CO2. Item FF106. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and CO2. Item FF107. A composite comprising graphene and CO2. Item FF108. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and CO2. Item FF109. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and CO2. Item FF110. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and CO2. Item FF111. A composite comprising a ceramic material and CO2. Item FF112. A composite comprising a fullerene and CO2. Item FF113. A composite comprising graphane and CO2. Item FF114. A composite comprising graphene oxide and CO2. Item FF115. A composite comprising graphite and CO2. Item FF116. A composite comprising graphyne and CO2. Item FF117. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and CO2. Item FF118. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and CO2. Item FF119. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and CO2. Item FF120. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and CO2. Item FF121. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and CO2. Item FF122. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and CO2. Item FF123. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and CO2. Item FF124. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and CO2. Item FF125. A composite comprising a glass fibre and CO2. Item FF126. A composite comprising a nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF127. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF128. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF129. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF130. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF131. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF132. A composite comprising graphene and biphenyl. Item FF133. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and biphenyl. Item FF134. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and biphenyl. Item FF135. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and biphenyl. Item FF136. A composite comprising a ceramic material and biphenyl. Item FF137. A composite comprising a fullerene and biphenyl. Item FF138. A composite comprising graphane and biphenyl. Item FF139. A composite comprising graphene oxide and biphenyl. Item FF140. A composite comprising graphite and biphenyl. Item FF141. A composite comprising graphyne and biphenyl. Item FF142. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF143. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF144. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF145. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and biphenyl. Item FF146. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and biphenyl. Item FF147. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and biphenyl. Item FF148. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and biphenyl. Item FF149. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and biphenyl. Item FF150. A composite comprising a glass fibre and biphenyl. Item FF151. A composite comprising a nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF152. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF153. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF154. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF155. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF156. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF157. A composite comprising graphene and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF158. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF159. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF160. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF161. A composite comprising a ceramic material and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF162. A composite comprising a fullerene and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF163. A composite comprising graphane and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF164. A composite comprising graphene oxide and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF165. A composite comprising graphite and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF166. A composite comprising graphyne and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF167. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF168. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF169. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF170. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF171. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF172. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF173. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF174. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF175. A composite comprising a glass fibre and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN . Item FF176. A composite comprising a nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF177. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN . Item FF178. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN . Item FF179. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF180. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN . Item FF181. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF182. A composite comprising graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF183. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- CN . Item FF184. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN . Item FF185. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN . Item FF186. A composite comprising a ceramic material and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN . Item FF187. A composite comprising a fullerene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF188. A composite comprising graphane and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF189. A composite comprising graphene oxide and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- CN . Item FF190. A composite comprising graphite and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF191. A composite comprising graphyne and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF192. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF193. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF194. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF195. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF196. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF197. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF198. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF199. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF200. A composite comprising a glass fibre and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN . Item FF201. A composite comprising a nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF202. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF203. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF204. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF205. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF206. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF207. A composite comprising graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF208. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF209. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF210. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF211. A composite comprising a ceramic material and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF212. A composite comprising a fullerene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF213. A composite comprising graphane and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF214. A composite comprising graphene oxide and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF215. A composite comprising graphite and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF216. A composite comprising graphyne and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF217. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF218. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF219. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF220. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF221. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2- O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF222. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF223. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF224. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FF225. A composite comprising a glass fibre and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN . Item FFF1. A composite comprising a nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF2. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF3. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF4. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF5. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF6. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF7. A composite comprising graphene and polyester and H2O. Item FFF8. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polyester and H2O. Item FFF9. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polyester and H2O. Item FFF10. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polyester and H2O. Item FFF11. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polyester and H2O. Item FFF12. A composite comprising a fullerene and polyester and H2O. Item FFF13. A composite comprising graphane and polyester and H2O. Item FFF14. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polyester and H2O. Item FFF15. A composite comprising graphite and polyester and H2O. Item FFF16. A composite comprising graphyne and polyester and H2O. Item FFF17. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF18. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF19. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF20. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyester and H2O. Item FFF21. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polyester and H2O. Item FFF22. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polyester and H2O. Item FFF23. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polyester and H2O. Item FFF24. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polyester and H2O. Item FFF25. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polyester and H2O. Item FFF26. A composite comprising a nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF27. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF28. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF29. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF30. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF31. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF32. A composite comprising graphene and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF33. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF34. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF35. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF36. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF37. A composite comprising a fullerene and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF38. A composite comprising graphane and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF39. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF40. A composite comprising graphite and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF41. A composite comprising graphyne and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF42. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF43. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF44. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF45. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF46. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF47. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF48. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF49. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF50. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polyamide and H2O. Item FFF51. A composite comprising a nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF52. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF53. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF54. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF55. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF56. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF57. A composite comprising graphene and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF58. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF59. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF60. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF61. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF62. A composite comprising a fullerene and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF63. A composite comprising graphane and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF64. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF65. A composite comprising graphite and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF66. A composite comprising graphyne and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF67. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF68. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF69. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF70. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF71. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF72. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF73. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF74. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF75. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polyamide and HCl. Item FFF76. A composite comprising a nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF77. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF78. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF79. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF80. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF81. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF82. A composite comprising graphene and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF83. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF84. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF85. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF86. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF87. A composite comprising a fullerene and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF88. A composite comprising graphane and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF89. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF90. A composite comprising graphite and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF91. A composite comprising graphyne and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF92. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF93. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF94. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF95. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF96. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF97. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF98. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF99. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF100. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polyurethane and CO2. Item FFF101. A composite comprising a nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF102. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF103. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF104. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF105. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF106. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF107. A composite comprising graphene and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF108. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF109. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF110. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF111. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF112. A composite comprising a fullerene and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF113. A composite comprising graphane and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF114. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF115. A composite comprising graphite and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF116. A composite comprising graphyne and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF117. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF118. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF119. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF120. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF121. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF122. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF123. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF124. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF125. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polystyrene and CO2. Item FFF126. A composite comprising a nanotube and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF127. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF128. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF129. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polystyrene linked to - C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF130. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF131. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polystyrene linked to - C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF132. A composite comprising graphene and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF133. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF134. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF135. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF136. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF137. A composite comprising a fullerene and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF138. A composite comprising graphane and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF139. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF140. A composite comprising graphite and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF141. A composite comprising graphyne and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF142. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF143. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF144. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF145. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF146. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polystyrene linked to - C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF147. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polystyrene linked to - C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF148. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polystyrene linked to - C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF149. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polystyrene linked to - C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF150. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polystyrene linked to -C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF151. A composite comprising a nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF152. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF153. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF154. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF155. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF156. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF157. A composite comprising graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN. Item FFF158. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF159. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF160. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF161. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF162. A composite comprising a fullerene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF163. A composite comprising graphane and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN. Item FFF164. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF165. A composite comprising graphite and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN. Item FFF166. A composite comprising graphyne and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-CN. Item FFF167. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF168. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF169. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF170. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF171. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF172. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF173. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF174. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF175. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF176. A composite comprising a nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF177. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF178. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF179. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF180. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF181. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF182. A composite comprising graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF183. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF184. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF185. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF186. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF187. A composite comprising a fullerene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF188. A composite comprising graphane and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF189. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF190. A composite comprising graphite and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF191. A composite comprising graphyne and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF192. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF193. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF194. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF195. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF196. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF197. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF198. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF199. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polymethyl methacrylate linked to -C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF200. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polymethyl methacrylate linked to - C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF201. A composite comprising a nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF202. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF203. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF204. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF205. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF206. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF207. A composite comprising graphene and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF208. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF209. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF210. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF211. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF212. A composite comprising a fullerene and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF213. A composite comprising graphane and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF214. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF215. A composite comprising graphite and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF216. A composite comprising graphyne and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF217. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF218. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF219. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF220. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF221. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF222. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF223. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF224. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF225. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polyacrylate linked to a phenyl group. Item FFF226. A composite comprising a nanotube and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF227. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF228. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF229. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polyacrylate and NC- C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF230. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF231. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polyacrylate and NC- C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF232. A composite comprising graphene and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF233. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF234. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF235. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF236. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2- C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF237. A composite comprising a fullerene and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF238. A composite comprising graphane and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF239. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2- CN. Item FFF240. A composite comprising graphite and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF241. A composite comprising graphyne and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF242. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF243. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylate and NC- C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF244. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF245. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF246. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polyacrylate and NC- C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF247. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polyacrylate and NC- C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF248. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polyacrylate and NC- C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF249. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polyacrylate and NC- C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF250. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polyacrylate and NC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-CN. Item FFF251. A composite comprising a nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF252. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF253. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF254. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF255. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF256. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF257. A composite comprising graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF258. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF259. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF260. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF261. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF262. A composite comprising a fullerene and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF263. A composite comprising graphane and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF264. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF265. A composite comprising graphite and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF266. A composite comprising graphyne and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF267. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF268. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF269. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF270. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF271. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF272. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF273. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF274. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF275. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)- C(CH3)(CH2-CH3)-CN. Item FFF276. A composite comprising a nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF277. A composite comprising a carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF278. A composite comprising a multi-wall nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF279. A composite comprising a multi-wall carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF280. A composite comprising a single-wall nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF281. A composite comprising a single-wall carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF282. A composite comprising graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2- O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF283. A composite comprising a carbon fibre and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF284. A composite comprising a carbon nanofibre and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF285. A composite comprising a carbon nanothread and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF286. A composite comprising a ceramic material and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF287. A composite comprising a fullerene and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2- O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF288. A composite comprising graphane and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2- O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF289. A composite comprising graphene oxide and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF290. A composite comprising graphite and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2- O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF291. A composite comprising graphyne and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2- O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF292. A composite comprising a COOH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF293. A composite comprising a OH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF294. A composite comprising an NH2-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF295. A composite comprising an SH-functionalized carbon nanotube and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF296. A composite comprising COOH-functionalized graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF297. A composite comprising NH2-functionalized graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF298. A composite comprising OH-functionalized graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF299. A composite comprising thiol-functionalized graphene and polyacrylonitrile and NC- C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item FFF300. A composite comprising a glass fibre and polyacrylonitrile and NC-C(CH3)(CH2- C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-C(CH3)(CH2-C(CH3)2-O-CH3)-CN. Item GG 1. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an acrylic polymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG2. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG3. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an aldehyde condensation polymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG4. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an aliphatic polyether and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG5. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an alkyds and oil-free coating polyester and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG6. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an aramid and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG7. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and butyl rubber and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG8. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and cellulose acetate and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG9. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and cellulose nitrate and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG10. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a cellulosic and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG11. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a cyanoacrylate polymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG12. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a diene polymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG13. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an epoxy and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG14. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an ethylene-propylene copolymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG15. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a fluoroelastomer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG16. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a heterochain polymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG17. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a melamine-formaldehyde polymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG18. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a meta-aramid polymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG19. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and nitrile rubber and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG20. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and nylon and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG21. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a para-aramid and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG22. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG23. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly bisphenol A carbonate (PC) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG24. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly butylene terephthalate (PBT) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG25. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG26. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly dodecano-12-lactam (Nylon 12) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG27. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly ether ketone ketone (PEKK) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG28. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG29. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly methyl acrylate (PMA) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG30. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG31. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly vinyl acetate (PVA) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG32. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG33. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly vinylidene chloride (PVDC) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG34. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG35. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(acrylic acid) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG36. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(Bisphenol A isophthalate) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG37. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(Bisphenol A terephthalate) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG38. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(butyl acrylate) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG39. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(butyl methacrylate) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG40. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(butylene) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG41. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(caprolactone) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG42. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG43. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG44. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(ethyl acrylate) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG45. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(ethylene glycol) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG46. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(ethylene naphthalate) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG47. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(isobutylene) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG48. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(phenylsulfone) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG49. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(propylene glycol) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG50. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(tetrahydrofuran) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG51. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly(α-methylstyrene) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG52. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyacetal and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG53. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyacetal (POM) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG54. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyacrylate elastomers and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG55. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG56. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyamide and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG57. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polybutadiene (PBD) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG58. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polybutadiene (butadiene rubber, BR) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG59. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG60. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polycaprolactam and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG61. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polycarbonate (PC) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG62. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polychloroprene and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG63. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG64. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyesters and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG65. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG66. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyetherketone (PEK) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG67. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethers and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG68. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethersulfone (PES) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG69. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethyl acrylate and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG70. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene - cross-linked and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG71. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene - high density (HDPE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG72. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene - linear low density (LLDPE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG73. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene - low density (LDPE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG74. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene - medium density (MDPE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG75. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene - ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMWPE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG76. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene - very low density (VLDPE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG77. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG78. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyethylene (PE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG79. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyglycolide and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG80. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyhexamethylene adipamide (PA 6,6) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG81. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyimides and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG82. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyisoprene (natural rubber, NR; isoprene rubber, IR) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG83. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polylactic acid (PLA) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG84. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polymethyl acrylate and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG85. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG86. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG87. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG88. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly-p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole (PBO) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG89. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polypropylene (PP) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG90. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polysiloxanes (silicones) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG91. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polystyrene (PS) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG92. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polysulfide rubber and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG93. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polysulfides and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG94. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG95. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG96. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyurethane and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG97. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG98. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG99. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG100. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG101. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG102. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and rayon and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG103. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG104. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and styrene-butadiene and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG105. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and styrene-isoprene and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG106. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG107. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG108. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an unsaturated polyester and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG109. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a urea-formaldehyde polymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG110. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a vinyl copolymer and using a cavitation method to form a composite material. Item GG111. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an acrylic polymer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG112. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG113. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an aldehyde condensation polymer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG114. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an aliphatic polyether and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG115. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an alkyds and oil-free coating polyester and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG116. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an aramid and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG117. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and butyl rubber and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG118. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and cellulose acetate and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG119. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and cellulose nitrate and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG120. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a cellulosic and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG121. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a cyanoacrylate polymer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG122. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a diene polymer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG123. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an epoxy and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG124. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and an ethylene-propylene copolymer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG125. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a fluoroelastomer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG126. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a heterochain polymer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG127. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a melamine-formaldehyde polymer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG128. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a meta-aramid polymer and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG129. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and nitrile rubber and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG130. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and nylon and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG131. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and a para-aramid and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG132. A method for preparing a composite material, said method comprising providing a nanotube and poly 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and using a mechanical method with a grinding medium to form a composite material. Item GG133. A method for preparing a composite material, said method compri...

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A process for making a component comprising a composite material, comprising the following steps: (a) providing a nanofiller in the form of a nanotube or graphene; (b) providing one or more molecules capable of providing a covalently closed ring around said nanofiller; (c) optionally, providing a structural entity, or providing one or more components necessary to form said structural entity, such as monomer building blocks and one or more catalysts, initiators, terminators, or cross-linkers; wherein steps (a) (b) and (c) can take place in any order, followed by the steps of: (d1) mixing said nanofiller, said structural entity or the components necessary to form said structural entity, and said one or more molecules; (d2) forming a complex between the nanofiller and the molecule, in which the molecule provides a covalently closed ring around the nanofiller; and (d3) optionally, forming a covalent bond between said one or more molecules and said structural entity, or between said one or more molecules and one of the components necessary to form said structural entity; (d4) optionally, allowing the components necessary to form said structural entity to form the structural entity, to form the composite material; wherein steps (d2) - (d4) may be performed in any order; or followed by the steps of: (e1) forming a complex between the nanofiller and the molecule, in which the molecule provides a covalently closed ring around the nanofiller; (e2) optionally, mixing said structural entity or the components necessary to form said structural entity, with the complex from step (e1); (e3) optionally, forming a covalent bond between said one or more molecules and said structural entity, or between said one or more molecules and one of the components necessary to form said structural entity, (e4) optionally, allowing the components necessary to form said structural entity to form the structural entity, to form the composite material; wherein steps (e3) - (e4) may be performed in any order; or followed by the steps of: (f1) forming a covalent bond between said one or more molecules and said structural entity or between said one or more molecules and one of the components necessary to form said structural entity; (f2) mixing said nanofiller with said structural entity, or the component necessary to form said structural entity, having said one or more molecules covalently bonded thereto; (f3) forming a complex between the nanofiller and the molecule, in which the molecule provides a covalently closed ring around the nanofiller; (f4) optionally, allowing the components necessary to form said structural entity to form the structural entity; to form the composite material; wherein steps (f2) - (f4) can take place in any order;followed by: (g) producing a component of a desired shape and form, from the composite material.

2. The process of claim 1 where step (g) involves at least one of the following processes: Blown Film, Extrusion Blow Molding, Extrusion Profiles & Sheet, Injection Blow Molding, Injection Molding, Gas Assisted Injection Molding, Injection Stretch Blow Molding, Insert Molding, Machining of Plastics, Molding Expanded Polypropylene (EPP), Molding Expanded Polystyrene (EPS), Process Cooling, Rotational Molding, Structural Foam, Thermoforming, Vacuum Forming, Other Extrusion Processes, Compression Molding, Pultrusion, Resin Transfer Molding, SMC / DMC Molding, GRP Molding Techniques, Welding, Thermoplastic Fabrication, Hard Coating Process, dispersion spinning, electrospinning, extrusion, gel spinning, high shear batch dispersing, hot pressing, infusion molding, liquid crystal spinning, melt spinning, reaction spinning, rotational molding, solution spinning, thin-film spin mixing, calendering, foam molding, filament winding, lamination, coating, casting, dip molding, resin transfer molding, extrusion pressing, thermoforming, 3D-printing, shear mixing, high shear mixing, speed mixing, compounding, and additive manufacturing.

3. The process of claim 1 or 2 where a further step is included before, during or after any of steps (a) – (g), where the further step involves providing one or more additional monomers, short polymers, hardeners, resins, other reactants, catalysts, initiators, and / or or terminator reagents, to allow further reaction(s) to occur, optionally at a later time.

4. The process of claim 1, 2, or 3 where a byproduct, such as water, hydrogen chloride, or carbon dioxide, is formed during any of the steps.

5. The process of any of claims 1-4 where a further step is included after step (e2), the further step involving dissociating at least one covalently closed ring from at least one nanofiller, by e.g. chemical or UV-induced cleavage of the covalently closed ring.

6. The process of any of claims 1-5 wherein the largest aggregate of nanofillers in said component has a smallest dimension of less than 1 cm, such as less than 1 mm, such as less than 0.1 mm, such as less than 10 µm, such as less than 1 µm, such as less than 0.1 µm, such as less than 10 nm.

7. The process of any of claims 1-6 wherein the concentration of monomer, catalyst, initiator, terminator, or cross-linker in the component after step (d3), (e2) or (f1) is at least 1 / 10,000 of its highest concentration in step (c), such as at least 1 / 1.000 of its highest concentration in step (c), such as at least 1 / 100 of its highest concentration during step (c), in the case where said monomer, catalyst, initiator, terminator, or cross-linker was added in step (c).

8. The process of any of claims 1-7 wherein the concentration of monomer, catalyst, initiator, terminator, or cross-linker in the component after step (d3), (e2) or (step (f ) is in the range of 1 nM - 10 nM, or in the range of 10 nM - 100 nM, or in the range of 100 nM - 1 µM, or in the range of 1 µM - 10 µM, or in the range of 10 µM - 100 µM, or in the range of 100 µM - 1 mM.

9. The process of any of claims 1-8 wherein the structural entity is a polymer or a monomer building block for said polymer; a component of cement such as a crystal, a component of a metal such as an iron atom or iron crystal; or a component of a ceramic, preferably wherein the structural entity is a polymer.

10. The process of any of claims 1-9 wherein at least one the components necessary to form said structural entity is a monomer building block, wherein the process further comprises polymerizing said monomer building blocks, optionally with one or more co-monomers, before or after a covalent bond has been formed between said one or more molecules and said monomer building blocks.

11. The process of any of claims 1-10 further comprising a step of (h) combining said component with one or more other components, to form a product; such as an airplane, a car, a bridge, a computer, a building or a tennis racket.

12. The process of any of claims 1-11, wherein step (g) comprises a step of subjecting the composite material to a treatment such as e.g. applying it to a mold of the desired shape and form, or shaping it by mechanical means.

13. The process of any of claims 1-12 further comprising a step producing a composite fiber from the composite material, where optionally the nanofillers have been partly or fully aligned.

14. The process of claim 13 further comprising a step where the fiber is embedded in a matrix of a polymer, where the polymer is of the same kind or type or is not of the same type as the polymer in the fiber, and where the matrix comprises nanofillers that are not aligned, partly aligned or fully aligned.

15. A composite material comprising a nanofiller in the form of a nanotube or a graphene, and further comprising a structural entity or matrix, such as a polymer, a component of cement such as a crystal, a component of a metal such as an iron atom or iron crystal, or a component of ceramics, and further comprising a byproduct, a monomer, a catalyst, an initiator, a terminator, or a cross-linker in a concentration in the range of 1 nM - 10 nM, or in the range of 10 nM - 100 nM, or in the range of 100 nM - 1 µM, or in the range of 1 µM - 10 µM, or in the range of 10 µM - 100 µM, or in the range of 100 µM - 1 mM.

16. The composite material of claim 15 where the largest nanotube aggregate has a smallest dimension smaller than 1 mm, such as smaller than 0.1 mm, such as smaller than 0.01 mm, such as smaller than 1 µm, such as smaller than 0.1 µm, such as smaller than 0.01 µm.

17. A composite material comprising a nanofiller in the form of a nanotube or a graphene, complexed to a covalently closed ring, said composite material further comprising a structural entity or matrix, such as a polymer, a component of cement such as a crystal, a component of a metal such as an iron atom or iron crystal, or a component of ceramics, where the structural entity is optionally covalently linked to the covalently closed ring, and where the composite material further comprises a byproduct, a monomer, a catalyst, an initiator, a terminator, or a cross-linker, in a concentration in the range of 1 nM - 10 nM, or in the range of 10 nM - 100 nM, or in the range of 100 nM - 1 µM, or in the range of 1 µM - 10 µM, or in the range of 10 µM - 100 µM, or in the range of 100 µM - 1 mM.

18. The composite material of any of claims 15-17 having a conductivity higher than 10exp-10 S / m, such as higher than 10E-8 S / m, such as higher than 10E-6 S / m, such as higher than 10E-4 S / m, such as higher than 10E-2 S / m, such as higher than 10 S / m, such as higher than 10E+2 S / m, such as higher than 10E+4 S / m, such as higher than 10E+6 S / m.

19. A component made from the composite material of any of claims 15-18, whose production involves at least one of the production methods selected from the following list: Blown Film, Extrusion Blow Molding, Extrusion Profiles & Sheet, Injection Blow Molding, Injection Molding, Gas Assisted Injection Molding, Injection Stretch Blow Molding, Insert Molding, Machining of Plastics, Molding Expanded Polypropylene(EPP), Molding Expanded Polystyrene (EPS), Process Cooling, Rotational Molding, Structural Foam, Thermoforming, Vacuum Forming, Other Extrusion Processes, Compression Molding, Pultrusion, Resin Transfer Molding, SMC / DMC Molding, GRP Molding Techniques, Welding, Thermoplastic Fabrication, Hard Coating Process, dispersion spinning, electrospinning, extrusion, gel spinning, high shear batch dispersing, hot pressing, infusion molding, liquid crystal spinning, melt spinning, reaction spinning, rotational molding, solution spinning, thin-film spin mixing, calendering, foam molding, filament winding, lamination, coating, casting, dip molding, resin transfer molding, extrusion pressing, thermoforming, 3D- printing, shear mixing, high shear mixing, speed mixing, compounding, and additive manufacturing.

20. The component of claim 19 where the production involves injection molding.

21. A product comprising the composite material of any of claims 15-18 or the component of claim 19 or 20, where the product is chosen from the following list: an angle, shape or section of steel or an alloy; a door frame; a saw; an apparatus for building, e.g., as defined by IPC code E04; an apparatus for construction of roads, railways, or bridges, e.g., as defined by IPC code E01; an apparatus for earth or rock drilling or mining, e.g., as defined by IPC code E21; an apparatus for hydraulic engineering or foundations or soil- shifting, e.g., as defined by IPC code E02; an apparatus for water supply or sewerage, e.g., as defined by IPC code E03; a balcony; a brick; a bridge; a chain; a coating; a crane; a crate; a drill; an elevator; a fixed constructions, e.g., as defined by IPC code E; a flat-rolled product; a line; a lock; a multitool; a nameplate; a plier; a pole; a rivet; a roof tile; a shape for construction; a sign; a silo; a thread; a tool; a varnish; a webbing; a window frame; a billboard; a concrete mixer; a forklift; a moving walkway; a nail; a spray can; a staple; a traffic cone; a traffic light; an apparatus for mechanical engineering or lighting or heating or weapons or blasting, e.g., as defined by IPC code F; a building; a Ceramic sink, bath, water closet pans and similar sanitary fixtures; a floor covering; a hammer; a paint; a screw; a tile; a bag; a bottle; a bowl; a box; a bucket; a can; a container; a cup; a jar; a thermos; a trunk; a tube; a vial; a bubble wrap; a jug; a pill bottle; a plastic wrap; a backpack; a camera; a pot; a tank; a car; a fuel filter; a helicopter; a roller skate; a trailer; a windshield; an aeroplane; an aircraft; an aircraft carrier; an airfield or airport installation; an airplane; an ambulance; an amphibious vehicle; a bicycle; a brake; a bulldozer; a bus; a car roof box; a caravan; a carburetor; a compass; a crane truck; a cylinder block; a cylinder head; a de-icing system; a fuel gauge; a fuel injector; a fuel line; a fuel pump; a glider; a golf cart; a hang glider; a harvester; a jet; a kite; a land vehicles for travelling otherwise than on rails, e.g., as defined by IPC code B62; a locomotive; a moped; a motorcycle; a parachute; a paraglider; a quadricycle; a railway or tramway van or wagon; a railway, e.g., as defined by IPC code B61; a rocket; a rudder; a sailplane; a satellite; a scooter; a segway; a ships or other waterborne vessels or related equipment, e.g., as defined by IPC code B63; a skateboard; a snowmobile; a spacecraft; a starter motor; a tire; a tractor; a tram; a tricycle; a truck; a turbocharger; a van; a vehicles in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B60; a walker; a water pump; a windshield wiper; a wiring harness; an aircraft launch device; an aircraft or aviation or cosmonautics, e.g., as defined by IPC code B64; a balloon; a car rack; a convertible hood; a drone; a fuel tank; a heading indicator; a mobile home; a pickup truck; a pylon; a seaplane; a seat belt; a space capsule; a train; a turbofan; a wheelchair; a beach bag; a bobsled; a clock; a firepit; a furniture or domestic articles or appliances or coffee mills or spice mills or suction cleaners in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code A47; a hair curler; an item for health or life-saving or amusement; a massage apparatus; a parasol foot; a rug; a sleeping mat; a trouser; a baby walker; a ball; a band-aid; a bass; a bed; a bench; a bib; a billiards; a binocular; a bird house; a blanket; a blender; a book; a bookcase; a books, binders or stationary of paper; a boomerang; a bottle; a bow; a bowling ball; a bracelet; a casserole§; a ceiling fan; a chair; a chopping board; a contact lens; a credit card; a cupboard; a curtains; a desk; a diaper; a door; a drawer; an equipment used for baking; an extractor hood; a face shield; a fan; a fishing line; a fishing lure; a fishing wheel; a fitness equipment; a flagpole; a footwear, e.g., as defined by IPC code A43; a freezer; a frisbee; a game piece; a gameboard; glasses; a glove; a grill; a guitar; a haberdashery or jewellery, e.g., as defined by IPC code A44; a hair band; a hair straightener; ahairbrush; a hammock; a hand or travelling articles, e.g., as defined by IPC code A45; a handle; a hat; a headlamp; a headwear, e.g., as defined by IPC code A42; a hose; an inflatable pool; an inflatable sofa; an item for foods or foodstuffs; or treatment thereof, not covered by IPC code A23; an item for human necessities, e.g., as defined by IPC code A; an item for life-saving or fire-fighting, e.g., as defined by IPC code A62; an item for medical or veterinary science or hygiene, e.g., as defined by IPC code A61; an item for sports or games or amusements, e.g., as defined by IPC code A63; jeans; a jewelry; a key; a keycard; a lamp; a light; a light chain; a makeup equipment brush, lipstick; a mob; a money; a monocular; a mug; a musical instruments or acoustics, e.g., as defined by IPC code G10; an oven; a pacemaker; a pan; a pen; a pencil; a picnic table; a picture frame; a plate; a playing card; a pool; a poster; a pyjamas; a rake; a rock climbing equipment; a roller ski; a ruler; a saddlery or upholstery, e.g., as defined by IPC code B68; a scarf; a shelf; a shovel; a sink; a skate; a ski; a smoothing iron; a sock; a sofa; a sticker; a sunbed; a table; a tape; a teddy bear; a toothbrush; a toy; a trampoline; a treadmill; an umbrella; a vacuum cleaner; a vest; a visor; a water hose; a wearing apparel, e.g., as defined by IPC code A41; a window; a writing surface; an athletics equipment; a beach chairs; a binder; a blinds; a boot; a brushware, e.g., as defined by IPC code A46; a cap; a cutlery; a deck; an earplug; a fishing hook; a flag; a furniture; a goal; a hair clip; a handball; a helmet; a hockey stick; a jacket; a javelin; a knife; a mirror frame; a musical instrument; a parasol; a pillow; a poster frame; a puzzle; a shield; a shoe; a stove; a stylos; a terrace heater; a tumble dryer; a washing machine; an energy or electronics product; a broadcasting device; a concentrated solar power system; a fermentation tank; a heat exchanger; a power line; a smartwatch; a tidal turbine; an alarm; an altimeter; an an entity used for producing, transporting or storing energy; an anode; an antenna; an apparatus for electric communication technique, e.g., as defined by IPC code H04; an audio device; a battery; a biogas plant; a bioreactor; a cable; a calculator; a carbon capture system; a cathode; a combustion boiler; a combustion turbine; a compressed gas energy storage; a computer; a cooling system; a cpu; a dam; a detector; a drill rig; a dynamo; an electiricity discharger; an electric elements, e.g., as defined by IPC code H01; an electro- mechanical tool; an electronic card; an electronic circuitry, e.g., as defined by IPC code H03; an electroscope; a fuel cell; a fuel rod; a gaming device; a gas compressor; a generator; a gps unit; a gpu; a gyroscope; a heater; a heating appliance; a hydrogen tank; a laptop; a mining equipment; an optical fibre; an outlet; a phone; a pickup for gramophone; a plug; a power band; a power bank; a power plant; a printer; a radar; a radio; a rig for oil or gas; a router; a scale; a scanner; a semiconductor devices or electric solid-state devices, e.g., as defined by IPC code H10; a sensor; a server; a smart lock; a solar inverter; a solar thermal collector; a soundbar; a speedometer; a streaming device; a switch; a tablet; a tidal barrage; a transducer; a transmission apparatus; a transmitter; a video conference system; a wave energy converter; a wind turbine; a wire; an amplifier; an apparatus for electric techniques not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code H05; an apparatus for generation, conversion, or distribution of electric power, e.g., as defined by IPC code H02; a catode; a charger; a diode; a doorbell; an electrode; a flywheel; a gasifier; a hard disk; a lightning conductor; a phone cover; a phonograph; a refinery; a remote control; a screen; a solar cell; a steam turbine; a transceiver; a water turbine; a lock; a net; a panel; a rod; a sail; a stud; a band; a bearing; a clutch; a cover; a dashboard; an enclosing; an evaporator; an exhaust fan; a fiber; an air intake; an anti-friction material; an apparatus for information storage, e.g., as defined by IPC code G11; an apparatus for weapons or blasting; a bandage; a berth; a boiler; a bumper; a cantilever; a casing; a ceiling; a checking-devices, e.g., as defined by IPC code G07; clothing; a compressor; a connector; a cooling device; a curtain; a device for additive manufacturing technology, e.g., as defined by IPC code B33; a device for bookbinding or albums or files or special printed matter, e.g., as defined by IPC code B42; a device for combinatorial technology, e.g., as defined by IPC code C40; a device for disposal of solid waste or reclamation of contaminated soil, e.g., as defined by IPC code B09; a device for generating or transmitting mechanical vibrations in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B06; a device for metallurgy of iron, e.g., as defined by IPC code C21; a device for organic macromolecular compounds or their preparation or chemical working-up or compositions based thereon, e.g., as defined by IPC code C08; a device for paper-making or production of cellulose,e.g., as defined by IPC code D21; a device for sugar industry, e.g., as defined by IPC code C13; a device for textiles or flexible materials not otherwise provided for; a device for working of plastics or working of substances in a plastic state in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B29; a display; an accumulator; an alternator; an apparatus for educating or cryptography or display or advertising or seals, e.g., as defined by IPC code G09; an apparatus for physics, e.g., as defined by IPC code G; an axe; a beam; a blade; a briefcase; a camshaft; a case; a chain tensioner; a circuit; a coin; a controller; a cradle; a dagger; a degasser; a device for coating metallic material or coating material with metallic material or chemical surface treatment or diffusion treatment of metallic material or coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering, by ion implantation or by chemical vapour deposition, in general or inhibiting corrosion of metallic material or incrustation in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code C23; a device for grinding or polishing, e.g., as defined by IPC code B24; a device for separating or mixing; a dispenser; a driver; electric insulation; a fabric; a filterplate; a flat belts; a fuel cell membrane; a granulate; a hanger; an ignition system; an item for baking or equipment for making or processing doughs or doughs for baking, e.g., as defined by IPC code A21; a lens; a medical device; a monitor; an oil pump; a plank; a pressure relief device; a rack; a rifle; a sack; a shell; a sleeve; a spotlight; a stealth coating or material; studio equipment; a tent; a tow; a trolley; a vaporiser; a watch; a wiper; an actuator; an aggregator; an air conditioning system; an air filter; an air or gas compressor; an air or vacuum pump; an air pump; an alloy; an anchoring device; an anti-corrosion material or device; an anti-fogging material; an anti-fouling material or device; an anti-icing material or device; an anti-jamming device; an anti-lock device; an anti- slip material; an apparatus for combustion apparatus or combustion processes, e.g., as defined by IPC code F23; an apparatus for computing or calculating or counting, e.g., as defined by IPC code G06; an apparatus for controlling; regulating, e.g., as defined by IPC code G05; an apparatus for drying, e.g., as defined by IPC code F26; an apparatus for heat exchange in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code F28; an apparatus for heating or ranges or ventilating, e.g., as defined by IPC code F24; an apparatus for horology, e.g., as defined by IPC code G04; an apparatus for information and communication technology, e.g., as defined by IPC code G16; an apparatus for lighting, e.g., as defined by IPC code F21; an apparatus for measuring or testing, e.g., as defined by IPC code G01; an apparatus for nuclear physics or nuclear engineering, e.g., as defined by IPC code G21; an apparatus for optics, e.g., as defined by IPC code G02; an apparatus for refrigeration or cooling or combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat pump systems or manufacture or storage of ice or liquefaction or solidification of gases, e.g., as defined by IPC code F25; an apparatus for signalling, e.g., as defined by IPC code G08; an apparatus for steam generation, e.g., as defined by IPC code F22; an apparatus for storing or distributing gases or liquids, e.g., as defined by IPC code F17; an applicator; an arm; an array; an arrow; an atomizer; an attenuator; an autopilot; an awner; an axle; a balance; a ball; a ball joint; a bar; a barge; a barrage; a barricade; a baseball; a basket; a beacon; a bead; a beater; a bell; a bellow; a belt; a bezel; a bin; a biochemistry analyzer; a bit; a blood analyzer; a blower; a blowpipe; a board; a bolt; a bomb; a boring device; a breathing appliances; a brim; a brush; a bulb; a bulkhead; a bunk; a bunker; a burner; a button; a cage; a cam shaft; a camouflage coating or material; camping gear; a cane; a cannister; a cannon; a canopy; a capstan; a capsule; a car press; a card; a carriage; a carrier; a cart; a cartridge; a cask; a cassette; a catalytic converter; a catheter; a cell; a cellar; a cements or concrete or artificial stone or ceramics or refractories, e.g., as defined by IPC code C04; a centrifugal apparatus or machines for carrying-out physical or chemical processes, e.g., as defined by IPC code B04; a chainguard; a chainplate; a chamber; a chassis; a chiller unit; a chisel; a chopper; a chronograph; a cistern; a clading; a clamp; a clasp; a cleat; a clip; a closet; a cloth; a coat; a coating device; a coffin; a coil; a collector; a comb; a combustion engines or hot-gas or combustion-product engine plants, e.g., as defined by IPC code F02; a compactor; a condenser; a conductor; a cone; a connecting rod; a console; a construction frame; a contact; a control panel; a conveyor belt; a cooker; a cooler; a cooling box; a copyer; a cot; a counter; a coupler; a cramp; a crank; a crankshaft; a crib; a crown; a crutches; a cube; a cubicle; a cushion; a cutter; a cycle frame; a cylinder; a daggerboard; a damper; a dart; a dartboard; a decanter; a defibrillator; a deflector; a defroster; a dehydrator; a derrick; a desalination device; a destiller; a devicefor animal or vegetable oils, fats, fatty substances or waxes or fatty acids therefrom or detergents or candles, e.g., as defined by IPC code C11; a device for as defined by IPC code B99; a device for as defined by IPC code C99; a device for biochemistry or beer or spirits or wine or vinegar or microbiology or enzymology or mutation or genetic engineering, e.g., as defined by IPC code C12; a device for braiding or lace-making or knitting or trimmings or non-woven fabrics, e.g., as defined by IPC code D04; a device for casting or powder metallurgy, e.g., as defined by IPC code B22; a device for chemistry or metallurgy, e.g., as defined by IPC code C; a device for cleaning, e.g., as defined by IPC code B08; a device for conveying or packing or storing; handling thin or filamentary material, e.g., as defined by IPC code B65; a device for crushing, pulverising, or disintegrating or preparatory treatment of grain for milling, e.g., as defined by IPC code B02; a device for crystal growth, e.g., as defined by IPC code C30; a device for decorative arts, e.g., as defined by IPC code B44; a device for dropping, releasing, or receiving articles from aircraft; a device for dyes or paints or polishes or natural resins or adhesives or compositions not otherwise provided for or applications of materials not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code C09; a device for electrolytic or electrophoretic processes; apparatus therefor, e.g., as defined by IPC code C25; a device for fertilisers or manufacture thereof, e.g., as defined by IPC code C05; a device for hoisting or lifting or hauling, e.g., as defined by IPC code B66; a device for inorganic chemistry, e.g., as defined by IPC code C01; a device for making articles of paper, cardboard or material worked in a manner analogous to paper or working paper, cardboard or material worked in a manner analogous to paper, e.g., as defined by IPC code B31; a device for mechanical metal-working without essentially removing material or punching metal, e.g., as defined by IPC code B21; a device for microstructural technology, e.g., as defined by IPC code B81; a device for nanotechnology, e.g., as defined by IPC code B82; a device for opening or closing bottles, jars or similar containers or liquid handling, e.g., as defined by IPC code B67; a device for organic chemistry, e.g., as defined by IPC code C07; a device for performing operations or transporting, e.g., as defined by IPC code B; a device for petroleum, gas or coke industries or technical gases containing carbon monoxide or fuels or lubricants or peat, e.g., as defined by IPC code C10; a device for physical or chemical processes or apparatus in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B01; a device for printing or lining machines or typewriters or stamps, e.g., as defined by IPC code B41; a device for separating solids from solids or sorting, e.g., as defined by IPC code B07; a device for separation of solid materials using liquids or using pneumatic tables or jigs or magnetic or electrostatic separation of solid materials from solid materials or fluids or separation by high-voltage electric fields, e.g., as defined by IPC code B03; a device for sewing or embroidering or tufting, e.g., as defined by IPC code D05; a device for spraying or atomising in general or applying fluent materials to surfaces, in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B05; a device for treatment of textiles or the like or laundering or flexible materials not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code D06; a device for treatment of water, waste water, sewage, or sludge, e.g., as defined by IPC code C02; a device for weaving, e.g., as defined by IPC code D03; a device for working cement, clay, or stone, e.g., as defined by IPC code B28; a device for working or preserving wood or similar material or nailing or stapling machines in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code B27; a device for writing or drawing implements or bureau accessories, e.g., as defined by IPC code B43; a diffuser; a disc; a distributor; a divider; a divisional unit; a dock; a doors, windows, shutters, or roller blinds, in general or ladders, e.g., as defined by IPC code E06; a drier; a drilling device; a drive belt; a dropper; a drum; a dryer; a duct; a dynamometer; a dynamotor; an edge cogged belt; an ejection apparatus; an electric motor; an electrical panel; an electrodialysis membrane; an electromagnetic interference filter; a piston; an engineering elements or units or general measures for producing and maintaining effective functioning of machines or installations or thermal insulation in general, e.g., as defined by IPC code F16; an equipment for underwater dwelling or working; an escalator; an exhaust pipe; an exhaust valve; an extractor; an extruder; a fan heater; a fance; a fanlight; a fastener; a fence; a fender for vessel; a fender or mudguard; a fermentor; a filament; a film; a filter; a filter bed; a fin; a fire suppression system; a firearm; a fire-fighting device; a fishing tool; a fishing wire; a flap; a flash lamp; a flooring or floor layer; a flotation device; a fluid bed dryer; a fluid-pressure actuators or hydraulics or pneumatics in general, e.g.,as defined by IPC code F15; footwear; a frame; a frame for building structure; a frame for tent; a fuel discharger; a funnel; a furnaces or kilns, ovens or retorts, e.g., as defined by IPC code F27; a fuselage; a gauge; a gear; a gearbox; a gelcoat; a glass or mineral or slag wool, e.g., as defined by IPC code C03; a glide fastener; a golf accessory; a grain; a granulator; a grass mower; a grenade; a grid as building element; a guide system; a gymnastic apparatus; a hairpin; a hand hammer; a hand tools or portable power-driven tools or handles for hand implements or workshop equipment or manipulators, e.g., as defined by IPC code B25; a handcuff; a handrail; a handwheel; a harpoon; a harvesting device; a hat boxe; a headrest; a housing; a housing for electric components or apparatus; a hub; a hydraulic system; an impeller; an incubator; an inflatable building; an inflatable device; an inflatable tyre; an inflatable vessel; an inhalator; an injector; an insulator; an intake manifold; an item for agriculture or forestry or animal husbandry or hunting or trapping or fishing, e.g., as defined by IPC code A01; an item for ammunition or blasting, e.g., as defined by IPC code F42; an item for butchering or meat treatment or processing poultry or fish, e.g., as defined by IPC code A22; a jack; a joint; a keel; a ladder; a lattice; a layered products, e.g., as defined by IPC code B32; a leg; a level for indicating or measuring horizontal or inclination; a lift; a loader; a location indicator; a loudspeaker; luggage; a machine tools or metal- working not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code B23; a machines or engines for liquids or wind, spring, or weight motors or producing mechanical power or a reactive propulsive thrust, not otherwise provided for, e.g., as defined by IPC code F03; a magnet; a manifold; a mantle; a mat; a medical or dental instrument; a membrane; a mesh; a metallurgy or ferrous or non-ferrous alloys; treatment of alloys or non-ferrous metals, e.g., as defined by IPC code C22; a microprocessor; a microscope; a missile; a mixing device; a motor housing (or casing); a mould; a mount; a moving carpet belt; a muffler; a muzzle; a nacelle; a natural or man-made threads or fibres or spinning, e.g., as defined by IPC code D01; a nozzle; an office equipment; an oil filter; an oil pipe; an oil tank; an o-ring; a pad; a paddle; a particle coater; a paste; a patch; a patient monitor; a pick; a pillar; a pipe; a piston; a plier; a pocket; a polymer; a pontoon; a pouch; a power hammer; a press; a presses, e.g., as defined by IPC code B30; a projectile; a projector; a propeller; a propulsion device; a pulley; a pulpit; a pump; a pump rotor; a radar deflector; a radiator; a raft; a railing; a ramp; a reactor; a receptacle; a reed for warping and beaming machines; a refrigerator; a reservoir; a resistor; a resonator; a rigging; a rim; a robot; a rocket launcher; a roller bearing; a roof; a rope; a ropes or cables other than electric, e.g., as defined by IPC code D07; a rotorcraft; a rowing device; a rowing machine; a rucksack; a sandal; a saw bench; a scaffold; scissors; a seat; a sewing machine; a shaft; a shank; a shelter; a shirt; a shock absorber; a shutter; a skin; a skins or hides or pelts or leather, e.g., as defined by IPC code C14; a slab; a slate; a socket; a solar energy collector; a sole; a solenoid; a spade; a spanner; a spark plug; a spectacle; a spindle; a splint; a sponge; a spool; a spout; a spreader; a spring board; a sproket; a stable; a stage; a stall; a stanchion; a stapling machine; a stationery product; a stator; a stay bolt; a stick; a storage tank; a strainer; a strap; a stretcher; a string; a strip; a stroller; a submarine; a subway; a suction device; a suit; a sunroof; a supercharger; a support; a surgical equipment; a tag; a tank truck; a telescope; a tensioner; a tether; a textile; a textile or paper, e.g., as defined by IPC code D; a thermal protection devices (e.g., thermistors, thermal switches); a tip; a tire / tyre; a tong; a tool; a tower; a tractor; a train wagon; a tramway; a transmission device; a transmission system; a transom; a transponder; a trap; a trapeze; a tray; a tread; a tunnel; a turbine; a turnscrew; a tweezer; underwear; a unicycle; a universal joint; a vacuum system; a v-belt; a vehicle; a vent; a ventilation duct; a vibration isolator or damper; a viewer; a viewfinder; a visual signaling equipment; a wall; a wallbracket; a warp; a waste bin; a water filtration system; a water heater; a water pipe; a water softener system; a weapons, e.g., as defined by IPC code F41; a weld; a wheel; a whisk; a wicket; a wig; windings (or coils); a wing; a wrench; a yarn; a yarns or mechanical finishing of yarns or ropes or warping or beaming, e.g., as defined by IPC code D02; a yoke; a jig; a joystick; a kettle; a key plate; a lancet; a land mine clearing device; a landing gear; a life boat; a life-saving device; a lifting platform; a locker; a locknut; a lockring; a looking glass; a lubricant; a main bearing; a main harness; a marker; a matrix; a mattress; a Measuring / testing / navigating equipment; a megaphone; a membrane housing; a mill disc; a mincing device; a mirror; a monocle; a monorail; amooring device; a mortar; a mountaineering equipment; a nail nipper; an oar; an oil cooler; an oil pan; an oil pressure gauge; an osmosis system; an overflow tank; a package; a paper; a paravane; a particle; a pedometer; a periscope; a pervaporation membrane; a pin; a pincer; a plumb; a poncho; a pressure vessel; a pump endcap; a pump housing; a purse; a racket; a railroad track; a raingutter; a reactor agitation system; a reactor heating system; a reactor stirrer; a reactor vessel; a roof rack; a rope gearing; a rotary device; a running winding; a sailboard; a seat cover; a sewer; a shaft coupling; a shaft fixing; a skirt; a sleigh; a sling; a slipper; a snare; a snowboard; a spear; a spigot; a sports equipment; a spray dryer; a steering shaft; a structure; a subway tunnel; a suppository; a swab; a tank base; a tank cover; a tank roof; a tank shell; a tank trailer; a tie; a timing belt; a transmission chain; a trumpet; a turnstile; a turret; a tyre cord; a tyre patch; an undercarriage; an underframe; an underwater gun; a uniform; a vase; a vaulting pole; a ventilation device; a ventilator grille; a vertical take-off aircraft; a vessel; a vibration measuring device; a wallet; a washer; a wastewater treatment system; a weapon; a wheel bearing; a wheel rim; a wheel spoke; a whip; a window fitting; a window shade; a windvane; an adaptor; an air cushion; an air injection system; an ampoule; an armored device; an arresting mechanisms; an astronautic device; an astronomy device; a back rest; a basin; a baton; a belt tensioner; a blood pressure monitor; a torpedo; a bonding device; a borehole apparatus; a canal; a channel; a cooling tower; dice; a dimmer; a ditch; a dotter; a drainage; a drill jig; a duster; an elastic band; an exhaust muffler; an explosives or matches, e.g., as defined by IPC code C06; an eyepiece; a flotation tank; a footing; a grounding terminal; a guard for machine; a gun; a hand cutting tools or cutting or severing, e.g., as defined by IPC code B26; a headwear; a hood; a hospital bed; an air mover; an anti-freeze material; an anti-static material; an apparatus for electricity, e.g., as defined by IPC code H; an apparatus for photography or cinematography or analogous techniques using waves other than optical waves or electrography or holography, e.g., as defined by IPC code G03; an artificial body part; an assembling device; a barrier; a block; a bridge; a buzzer; a cabinet; a capacitor; a carpet; a centrifuge; a chute; a cleaning device; a concentrator; a converter; a cropper; a cultivator; a davit; a detonator; a document; a drogue; a dust cover; an ejector pump; a faucet; a feeding system; a filtration system; a fireplace; a flask; a foil for vessels or surfboard; a frame of engine or machine; a gate; a gimbal; a girder; a grid for electric battery; a guard for track; a hand tool; a harness; a hinge; a hydroplane; an inflatable tent; an instrument detail, e.g., as defined by IPC code G12; an insulation; a keyboard; a knob; a locks or keys or window or door fittings or safes, e.g., as defined by IPC code E05; a machines or engines in general; engine plants in general or steam engines, e.g., as defined by IPC code F01; a medical implant; a microphone; a molding press; a mower; a needle; a padlock; a pedal; a platform; a positive- displacement machines for liquids or pumps for liquids or elastic fluids, e.g., as defined by IPC code F04; a probe; a protractor; a pylon; a rain coat; a reel; a reflector; a roll; a rotor; a seal or gasket; a sheet; a sieve; a sleeping bag; a spacer ring; a spectrometer; a spike; a spur; a stabiliser; a stand for apparatus or articles in general; a steering device; a streetcar; a suitcase; a surgical light; a suspension; a thermostat; a throttling device; a tramway track; a transformer; a transporter crane; a tubing; an ultrafiltration membrane; a valve; a ventilator; a waistband; walking boots; a water tank; a watermeter; a whistle; a wrapper; a bodyboard; a dive tank; a jet ski; a pilot boat; a sonar system; a wet suit; a bulk carrier; a buoy; a buoyancy control device; a cabin cruiser; a cargo ship; a catamaran; a center console boat; a container ship; a dinghy; a dive fin; a dive mask; a dive regulator; a dredger; a dry suit; a ferry; a fishing boat; a flotation vest; a foresail; a frigate; goggles; a houseboat; a hovercraft; a hydrofoil; an inflatable boat; a jib; a kano; a kayak; a kiteboard equipment; a main sail; a motorboat; a nose clip; a paddleboat; a rigid inflatable boat; a ring; a roll-on / roll-off ship; a rowboat; a sailing yacht; a shortboard; a ski; a sloop; a speargun; a speedboat; a spinnaker; a surf board; a swim cap; a swimsuit; a tanker; a trawler; an underwater robot; a waterproof bag; a waterproof housing; a weight belt; a windsurfing equipment; a boat hook; a canoe; a cruise ship; a destroyer; a fishing net; a floating crane; a gondola; a jetty; a lifejacket; a rig; a sail drive; a snorkel; a surf wing; a trimaran; a tugboat; drones, helicopters, airplanes, and land transport including trains, buses, cars, and trucks, wind turbines and water mills, batteries, hydrogen and other gas storage tanks, coating with electromagnetic shielding, including radarabsorption, coating and paint, 3D-Printing and additive manufacturing, tires and brake pads; fibers, foils, and threads.

22. The product, the component, or the composite material of any of claims 15-21 further comprising, at a concentration in the range of 1 nM - 10 nM, or in the range of 10 nM - 100 nM, or in the range of 100 nM - 1 µM, or in the range of 1 µM - 10 µM, or in the range of 10 µM - 100 µM, or in the range of 100 µM - 1 mM, of a byproduct, monomer, initiator, terminator, cross-linker, or catalyst chosen from the following list: benzaldehyde; benzoic acid; benzyl alcohol; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; chlorine; divinylbenzene; ethylbenzene; formaldehyde; gas; glass particles; grease; hydrogen chloride; hydrogen cyanide; lipids; metal particles; oxidative degradation product; rubber particles; sulfur dioxide; traces of glass; an amine of the formula R1-NH2, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; in which x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, - C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a polyamine of the formula NH2-R1-NH2, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, - C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a secondary amine of the formula R1-NH-R3, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, - C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, - C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a tertiary amine of the formula R1-N(R2)-R3, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O- C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, - OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an amino acid of the formula R1-NH-C(O)-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, - NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, - N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an amide of the formula R1-C(O)-NH-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, - OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a cyclic amide of the formula cyclo[-R1-C(O)-NH-], wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, - N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, - SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and - S(O)2-NH2; an acid of the formula R1-COOH, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a polyacid of the formula HOOC-R1-COOH, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, - C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an ester of the formula R1-O-C(O)-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, - C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, - NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, - N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a cyclic ester of the formula cyclic[-R1-O-C(O)-],wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O- C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, - NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a polyester of the formula R1-O- C(O)-R2-O-C(O)-R3, R1-C(O)-O-R2-O-C(O)-R3, or R1-O-C(O)-R2-C(O)-O-R3, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2- C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, - OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an isocyanate of the formula R1-NCO, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, - C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a polyisocyanate of the formula OCN-R1-NCO, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an alcohol of the formula R1-OH, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, - C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a dialcohol of the formula HO-R1-OH, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, - C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groupseach independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an ether of the formula R1-O-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, - N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3- C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, - CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, - OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an epoxide of the formula R1-cyclo[-C(R2)-O-C(R3)-]-R4, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, R3 and R4, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1- C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, R3 and R4, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, -S(O)2-NH2, and epoxide; an olefin of the formula R1-C(R2)=C(R3)-R4, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, R3 and R4, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, R3 and R4, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, - C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a cyclic olefin of the formula cyclic[-R1-C(R2)=C(R3)-], wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, - C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, - I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, - N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a peroxide of the formula R1-O-O-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O- C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2- C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, - OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a radical of the formula R1-O*, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, adouble bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, - C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a phenol of the formula C6H4R1R2-OH, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, - C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, - NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, - N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an aldehyde of the formula R1-C(O)-H, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)- O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2- C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, - I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, - N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a ketone of the formula R1-C(O)-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O- C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2- C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, - OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a carbamate of the formula R1-NH-C(=O)-OH, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a carbamate of the formula R1-NH-C(=O)-O-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, - C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, - NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a carbamate of the formula R1-N(R3)-C(=O)-O-R2, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, - C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, - SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and - S(O)2-NH2; a Biuret compound of the formula R2-N(C(O)NH-R3)-C(O)-NH-R1, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2- C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, - OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a carbodiimide of the formula R1-N=C=N-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, - C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, - NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, - N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a polyurea of the formula R1-(-NH-C(O)-NH-R2-)n- R3, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, - C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, - SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and - S(O)2-NH2; an allophanate of the formula R1-O-C(O)-N(-C(O)-NH-R3)-R2, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, - C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, and R3, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, - C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a cyanate ester of the formula R1-O-CN, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an acrylate of the formula R1-CH=CH-C(O)-O-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, - NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, - NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, - N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an azo initiator of the formula R1-C(R2)(R3)-N=N- C(R4)(R5)-R6, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, - Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, - NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; a cyanoacrylate of the formula R1- CH=C(CN)-C(O)-O-R2, wherein R1 and R2 are each optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, - C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1 and R2, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, - CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, - OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; an epoxide of the general formula R4-cyclo[C(R5)-O-R(R6)-]-R7, wherein R⁴ and R⁶, which can be the same or different, in each case represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms -- and wherein R⁵ and R⁷, which can be the same or different, in each case represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, an alkoxy alkyl group of formula R⁸-O-R⁹, in which R⁸ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 59 carbon atoms and R⁹ represents an alkylene group having 1 to 59 carbon atoms and R⁵ can also represent an alkoxycarbonyl alkylene group of formula R8-O-C(O)-R9 or an or an alkylcarbonly oxyalkylene group of formula R8-C(O)-O-R9, in which R⁸ and R⁹ have the definition given hereinbefore and at least one of the groups R⁴ to R⁷ has at least 6 carbon atoms; a maleimide (1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione) substituted with R1 and R2, wherein R1 and R2 are optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2- C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, - I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; X1 and X2 are each independently chosen from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I; a dihalide of the formula X1-R1-X2, wherein R1 is optionally linked to x groups denoted G1 to Gx via corresponding linkers L1 to Lx; x = 2 to 20; each Lx is independently chosen from a single bond, a double bond, a triple bond, -O-, -C(O)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -N(Rx)-, -C(Rx)(Ry)-, -C(=N(Rx))-, -NH(SO2)-; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is independently chosen from H, Cl, F, Br, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 alkoxy, C2-C30 alkenyl, C2-C30 alkynyl, C3-C60 cycloalkyl, C3-C60 aryl, C3-C60 heterocyclyl, and C3-C60 heteroaryl; each R1, Rx, Ry and Gx is optionally substituted with 1-10 groups each independently chosen from -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2, -NO2, -CO2H, -CO2CH3, -CN, -SH, -OCH3, -OCH2-CH3, -C(O)CH3, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -N(CH3)2, -C(O)NH2, -OC(O)CH3, and -S(O)2-NH2; X1 and X2 are each independently chosen from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I; a compound of the formula H2C=CHR, wherein R is H, phenyl, -CN, -C(O)-O-CH3, -C(O)-OH, -Cl, -O-C(O)-CH3; a compound of the formula R1-C(R2)=C(R3)-R4, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, straight or branched alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, halogen-substituted straight or branched alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, β-unsubstituted straight or branched alkenyl having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, halogen-substituted, -straight or branched alkenyl having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, unsubstituted straight or branched alkynyl having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, halogen-substituted straight or branched alkynyl having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, amines, substituted phosphorus, sylyl, siloxy, epoxy, isocyanate, and hydroxyl; a Ziegler-Natta catalyst represented by the formula MRx, wherein M is a transition metal compound, R is a halogen or a hydrocarboxyl, and x is the valence of the transition metal, wherein M is selected from a group IV to VII metal such as titanium, chromium, or vanadium, and R is chlorine, bromine, or an alkoxy group, preferably said common transition metal compound is chosen from TiCl4, TiBr4, Ti(OC2H5)3Cl, Ti(OC3H7)2Cl2, Ti(OC6H13)2Cl2, Ti(OC2H5)2Br2, and Ti(OC12H25)Cl3, or a mixture thereof, and preferably, said transition metal compound is supported on an inert solid, and preferably said solid is magnesium chloride; a catalyst or initiator comprising a metal compound MXq and an organic ligand, M is a transition metal, X is a halogen or pseudohalogen, q is the valence of the transition metal, wherein M is Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ru or Re, wherein the pseudohalogen is —NCS, —NCO, —SCN, — CN, —N3, —SO4, carboxylate group, or -NO2, wherein the organic ligand is bipyridine, triphenylphosphine, 2-pyridyl diphenylphosphine or an organic compound containing multiple nitrogen atoms (e.g. PMDETA, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine), and a molar ratio of organic ligand to metal is 1- 4; a catalyst or initiator of the formula X(CH2)nPO3(R1)2, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of 2-pyridyl, -NH2, -NH(R2), and -N(R2)2, n is 2 to 5 and R1 and R2 independently are H or alkyl a phosphorus compound represented by the general formula (PR4) (X)+ (I)-, wherein R each independently represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylaryl group, and a plurality of R are optionally bonded to each other to form a ring structure; and X represents a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, an alkyloxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylcarbonyloxy group, an arylcarbonyloxy group, HC 3, or BR14, where R1 is each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group; a peroxyester having the general structure Ry -(C(O)OO)n R'xx, wherein (a) x, y, and n are 1 or 2; (b) when x is 2, y is 1 and n is 2; (c) when y is 2, x is 1 and n is 2; (d) when x, y and n are 1, p is selected from the group consisting of a primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl of 1 to 17 carbons, aryl or substituted aryl of 6 to 14 carbons, and cycloalkyl of 3 to 12 carbons, and R' is selected from the group consisting of a tertiary alkyl of 4 to 12 carbons, a tertiary aralkyl of 9 to 18 carbons, and tertiary cycloalkyl of 6 to 12 carbons; (e) when x is 2, R is a diradical selected from alkylene of 1 to 16 carbons, arylene of 6 to 14 carbons, cycloalkylene of 3 to 12 carbons, and aralkylene of 7 to 18 carbons; (f) when y is 2, R' is a di- tertiary diradical selected from alkylene of 6 to 16 carbons, aralkylene of 12 to 18 carbons, and cycloalkylene of 7 to 12 carbons; a peroxide - or a radical formed from a peroxide - of the general formula R2-O-O-R3 or R1-C(O)-O-O-C(O)-R2, in which R2 and R3, which may be identical or different,are independently chosen from an alkyl, an acyl, a linear or branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, or a cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally aromatic, and which is optionally substituted by one or more C1-C3, in particular C1, alkyl groups; and where R2 and R3 in particular can represent a cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally aromatic, and which is optionally substituted by one or more C1-C3, in particular C1, alkyl groups - and where more particularly, R2 and R3 can represent a nonaromatic cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally substituted by a C1 alkyl group - and where, preferably, R2 and R3, which are identical or different, represent a branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups - and where preferably, R2 and R3, which are identical or different, represent a branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group - and where, in preferred embodiments, the dialkyl peroxide is symmetrical, that is to say that the groups flanking the O—O group are identical, such that R2 and R3 are identical and represent a branched C4- C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group; a compound of the general formula (R3)(R4)C(—OR1)(—OOR2) -- in which R1 represents a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, preferably C1-C4, more preferably C1, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R2 -- wherein R2 represents a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, preferably C4-C12, more preferably C5, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R1 -- wherein R3 represents a hydrogen or a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C4-C12, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R4 -- wherein R4 represents a hydrogen or a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C4-C12, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R3 -- wherein, preferably, R3 forms a cycloalkyl group with R4 -- wherein, preferably, when R3 is a hydrogen, R4 is a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C C4-C12, alkyl group; a compound of the general formula Me-C(X)(R)-N=N-C(X)(R)-Me, wherein R is an alkyl group and X is a carboxylic acid derivative such as a nitrile or ester group; a compound of the general formula R1-C(=S)-S-(CR2R3)n-cyclo[N-C(=Y)-C(R4)-C(R5) -C(=Y)-], wherein n is an integer of 0 to 3; R1 is alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, haloalkylaryl, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkoxyaryl, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl; R2 and R3 are independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl; R4 and R5 are independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl, or R4 and R5 link together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a ring system; and Y is O or S; a a compound of the general fromular S=C(Ph)S−R] where R is −C(Alkyl)2CN, −C(Me)2Ar, −C(Me)2C(=O)O(alkyl), −C(Me)2C(=O)NH(alkyl), −C(Me)2CH2C(Me)3, −C(Me)HPh, −C(Me)3, −CH2Ph; a transition metal complex comprising Cu, Fe, Ru, Ni, or Os; Cu with N-containing ligands; tris[2-(dimethylamino ethyl]amine or tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, a catalyst containing one or more than one metal of groups IVb, Vb, VIb or VIII of the Periodic Table, where the metal optionally has one or more than one ligand chosen from oxides, halides, alcoholates, esters, ethers, amines, alkyls, alkenyls and / or aryls that may be either π- or σ-coordinated, where these said complexes may be in the free form or fixed on substrates, such as on activated magnesium chloride, titanium(lll) chloride, alumina or silicon oxide; an activator chosen from metal alkyls, metal hydrides, metal alkyl halides, metal alkyl oxides or metal alkyloxanes, said metals being elements of groups Ia, Na and / or Ilia of the Periodic Table, wherein said activators may be modified with further ester, ether, amine or silyl ether groups a catalyst or initiator of cationic polymerization is chosen from the group consisting of aromatic diazonium salts, aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, alkyl sulfonium salts, (6- cumene)(5-cyclopentadienyl)iron hexafluorophosphate, titanocenes, sulfonyloxy ketones and triaryl- siloxyethers, and any combinations thereof, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and the aryl group has 7 to 30 carbon atoms; a metallocene catalyst or initiator comprising a metal chosen from zirconium, titanium, or hafnium, wherein said metal sandwiched between two 5-membered aromaticrings, said rings being isolated or being part of a C3-C60 aryl or C3-C60 heteroaryl; 1,3-diiodo-4- nitrobenzene; 2,2'-azo-bis-isobutyrylnitrile (AIBN); 2,2'Azodi-(2-methylbutyronitrile) (AIVN); a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising actinium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and actinium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising actinium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and actinium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising actinium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and actinium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising actinium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and actinium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising actinium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and actinium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising actinium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and actinium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising aluminum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and aluminum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising aluminum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and aluminum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising aluminum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and aluminum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising aluminum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and aluminum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising aluminum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and aluminum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising aluminum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and aluminum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising boron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and boron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising boron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and boron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising boron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and boron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising boron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and boron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising boron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and boron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising boron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and boron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cadmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and cadmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cadmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and cadmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cadmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and cadmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cadmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and cadmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cadmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and cadmium coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cadmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and cadmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cobalt with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and cobalt coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cobalt with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and cobalt coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cobalt with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and cobalt coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cobalt with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and cobalt coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cobalt with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and cobalt coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising cobalt with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and cobalt coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising copper with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and copper coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising copper with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and copper coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising copper with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and copper coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising copper with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and copper coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising copper with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and copper coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising copper with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and copper coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising gold with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and gold coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising gold with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and gold coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising gold with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and gold coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising gold with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and gold coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising gold with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and gold coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising gold with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and gold coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising hafnium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and hafnium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising hafnium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and hafnium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising hafnium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and hafnium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising hafnium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and hafnium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising hafnium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and hafnium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising hafnium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and hafnium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iridium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and iridium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iridium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and iridium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iridium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and iridium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iridium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and iridium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iridium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and iridium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iridium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and iridium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and iron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and iron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and iron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and iron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and iron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising iron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and iron coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising lanthanum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and lanthanum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising lanthanum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and lanthanum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising lanthanum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and lanthanum coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising lanthanum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and lanthanum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising lanthanum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and lanthanum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising lanthanum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and lanthanum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising magnesium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising magnesium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising magnesium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising magnesium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising magnesium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising magnesium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising manganese with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and manganese coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising manganese with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and manganese coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising manganese with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and manganese coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising manganese with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and manganese coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising manganese with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and manganese coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising manganese with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and manganese coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising mercury with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and mercury coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising mercury with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and mercury coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising mercury with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and mercury coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising mercury with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and mercury coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising mercury with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and mercury coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising mercury with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and mercury coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising molybdenum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising molybdenum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising molybdenum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising molybdenum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising molybdenum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising molybdenum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising nickel with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and nickel coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising nickel with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and nickel coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising nickel with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and nickel coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising nickel with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and nickel coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising nickel with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and nickel coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising nickel with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and nickel coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising niobium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and niobium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising niobium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and niobium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising niobium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and niobium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising niobium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and niobium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising niobium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and niobium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising niobium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and niobium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising palladium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and palladium coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising palladium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and palladium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising palladium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and palladium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising palladium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and palladium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising palladium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and palladium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising palladium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and palladium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising platinum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and platinum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising platinum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and platinum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising platinum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and platinum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising platinum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and platinum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising platinum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and platinum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising platinum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and platinum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and rhenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and rhenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and rhenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and rhenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and rhenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and rhenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhodium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and rhodium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhodium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and rhodium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhodium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and rhodium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhodium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and rhodium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhodium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and rhodium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising rhodium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and rhodium coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising scandium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and scandium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising scandium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and scandium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising scandium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and scandium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising scandium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and scandium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising scandium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and scandium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising scandium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and scandium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising silver with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and silver coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising silver with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and silver coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising silver with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and silver coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising silver with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and silver coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising silver with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and silver coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising silver with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and silver coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tantalum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and tantalum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tantalum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and tantalum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tantalum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and tantalum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tantalum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and tantalum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tantalum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and tantalum coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tantalum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and tantalum coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising technetium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and technetium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising technetium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and technetium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising technetium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and technetium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising technetium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and technetium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising technetium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and technetium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising technetium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and technetium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising titanium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising titanium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising titanium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising titanium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising titanium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising titanium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tungsten with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and tungsten coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tungsten with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and tungsten coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tungsten with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and tungsten coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tungsten with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and tungsten coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tungsten with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and tungsten coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising tungsten with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and tungsten coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising vanadium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising vanadium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising vanadium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising vanadium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising vanadium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising vanadium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising yttrium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and yttrium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising yttrium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and yttrium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising yttrium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and yttrium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising yttrium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and yttrium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising yttrium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and yttrium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising yttrium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and yttrium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zinc with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zinc with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zinc with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zinc with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zinc with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zinc with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zirconium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zirconium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zirconium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zirconium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zirconium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst comprising zirconium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and osmium coordinated to oxygen;a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and osmium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a radical catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a metathesis catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a metathesis catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a metathesis catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a metathesis catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a metathesis catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a metathesis catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Phillips catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Phillips catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Phillips catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Phillips catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Phillips catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a Phillips catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to oxygen; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising scandium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and scandium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising titanium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to oxygen.;a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising vanadium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and vanadium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising chromium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and chromium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising manganese with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and manganese coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising iron with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and iron coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising cobalt with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and cobalt coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising nickel with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and nickel coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising copper with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and copper coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising zinc with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zinc coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising yttrium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and yttrium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising zirconium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising niobium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and niobium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising molybdenum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and molybdenum coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising technetium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and technetium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising ruthenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and ruthenium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising rhodium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and rhodium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising palladium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and palladium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising silver with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and silver coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising cadmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and cadmium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising lanthanum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and lanthanum coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising hafnium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising tantalum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and tantalum coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising tungsten with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and tungsten coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising rhenium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and rhenium coordinated to oxygen.;a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising osmium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and osmium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising iridium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and iridium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising platinum with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and platinum coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising gold with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and gold coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising mercury with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and mercury coordinated to oxygen.; a compound formed by reaction of a metallocene catalyst comprising actinium with O2; i.e., a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and actinium coordinated to oxygen.; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to oxygen; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to hydrogen sulfide;a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to carbon disulphide;a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to methylmercaptan;a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to carbon dioxide;a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to methylacetylene;a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane;a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to ethyl benzoate;a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to ammonia;a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to acetone;a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising hydrides of lithium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising hydrides of sodium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising hydrides of potassium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising hydrides of magnesium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising hydrides of calcium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising hydrides of aluminium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising hydrides of tin coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising hydrides of lead coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising hydrides of zinc coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of lithium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of sodium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of potassium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of magnesium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of calcium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of aluminium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of tin coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of lead coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkyls of zinc coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising aryls of lithium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising aryls of sodium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising aryls of potassium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising aryls of magnesium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising aryls of calcium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising aryls of aluminium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising aryls of tin coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising aryls of lead coordinated to ethyl acetate;a compound comprising aryls of zinc coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide;a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to methylmercaptan;a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to ethylmercaptan;a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to acetylene;a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to methylacetylene;a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide;a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to ethyl benzoate;a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ammonia;a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to acetone;a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and titanium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and chromium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising alkoxy groups, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and titanium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and chromium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising acetylacetonyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and titanium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and chromium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising cyclopentadienyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising halides, and titanium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising halides, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising halides, and chromium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising halides, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl acetate;a compound comprising halides, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and titanium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and chromium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising oxyhalides, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising phenyl, and titanium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising phenyl, and vanadium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising phenyl, and chromium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising phenyl, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising phenyl, and molybdenum coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to hydrogen sulfide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to carbonyl sulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to carbon disulphide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to methylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to ethylmercaptan; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to acetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to methylacetylene; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to carbon dioxide; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to ethyl benzoate; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to valero nitrile; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to valero nitrile;a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to ammonia; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to methanol; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to acetone; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and titanium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and zirconium coordinated to ethyl acetate; a compound comprising cyclopentadiene, and hafnium coordinated to ethyl acetate; 12-dimethylimidazole; 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl-hydroperoxide (OHP); 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene; 2- azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes; a Grubbs 1st generation catalyst or a derivative thereof; 2-imidazole; a Grubbs 3rd generation catalyst or a derivative thereof; 2-phenylimidazole, and benzimidazole; a heterogeneous metathesis catalyst on a Lewis acidic oxide carrier; 4-dimethylaminopyridine; 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en; a homogeneous metathesis catalyst; a Brønsted acid; a carboxylate; a iodonium salt; 2-(2'-pyridyl)ethylphosphonic acid; a lactam anion; a catalyst containing one or more than one metal of groups IVb, Vb, VIb or VIII of the Periodic Table, where the metal optionally has one or more than one ligand chosen from oxides, halides, alcoholates, esters, ethers, amines, alkyls, alkenyls and / or aryls that may be either π- or σ-coordinated, where these said complexes may be in the free form or fixed on substrates, such as on activated magnesium chloride, titanium(lll) chloride, alumina or silicon oxide; a catalyst or initiator of cationic polymerization is chosen from the group consisting of aromatic diazonium salts, aromatic sulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, alkyl sulfonium salts, (6-cumene)(5-cyclopentadienyl)iron hexafluorophosphate, titanocenes, sulfonyloxy ketones and triaryl- siloxyethers, and any combinations thereof, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and the aryl group has 7 to 30 carbon atoms; a chloride; a Lewis acid; a compound of the general formula (R3)(R4)C(— OR1)(—OOR2) in which R1 represents a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, preferably C1-C4, more preferably C1, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R2; wherein R2 represents a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, preferably C4-C12, more preferably C5, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R; wherein R3 represents a hydrogen or a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C4-C12, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R4; wherein R4 represents a hydrogen or a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C4-C12, alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group with R3; wherein, preferably, R3 forms a cycloalkyl group with R4; wherein, preferably, when R3 is a hydrogen, R4 is a linear or branched, preferably C1-C12, more preferably C4- C12 alkyl group; a compound of the general formula R1-C(=S)-S-(CR2R3)n-cyclo[N-C(=Y)-C(R4)-C(R5) -C(=Y)- ] wherein n is an integer of 0 to 3; R1 is alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, haloalkylaryl, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkoxyaryl, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl; R2 and R3 are independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl; R4 and R5 are independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkyl sulfide, or alkylsilyl, or R4 and R5 link together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a ring system; and Y is O or S; a a compound of the general fromular S=C(Ph)S−R] where R is −C(Alkyl)2CN, −C(Me)2Ar, −C(Me)2C(=O)O(alkyl), −C(Me)2C(=O)NH(alkyl), −C(Me)2CH2C(Me)3, −C(Me)HPh, −C(Me)3, −CH2Ph; a transition metal complex comprising Cu, Fe, Ru, Ni, or Os; Cu with N-containing ligands; tris[2- (dimethylamino ethyl]amine or tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine,; a covalent initiator; a mercaptan; 2,2-Di-(tert.- butylperoxy)-butane (PK234); a metallocene catalyst ; a metathesis catalyst; a mixed organic – inorganic peroxide; a perketal; a peroxodisulfate salt; 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; a free radical initiator; 2,5-Dimethyl- 25-di-(tert.-butylperoxy)-hexane (HX); a Friedel crafts catalyst; 2,5-Trimethyl-4-phenyl3-azahexane-3-nitroxide; a germanium-based catalyst; 2,2'Azodi-(2-methylbutyronitrile) (AIVN); a peracid; a peroxide; a metal complexinitiator; 1,1-Di-(tert.-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane (PK122); 1,3-diiodo-4-nitrobenzene; a dithioesters; 2- aminoethylphosphonic acid; a Grignard reagent; 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN); 2-azanorbomane; a Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst or a derivative thereof; 2-methyl-2-azanorbomane; a guanidine-derived base; 3 - hydroxy- 1 -azabicyclo [2.2.2]octane; a high-oxidation-state transition-metal alkylidenes; a calcium compound; a hydroperoxide; 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU); a carboxylic anhydride; a ketone peroxide; a catalyst or initiator comprising a metal compound MXq and an organic ligand, M is a transition metal, X is a halogen or pseudohalogen, q is the valence of the transition metal, wherein M is Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ru or Re, wherein the pseudohalogen is —NCS, —NCO, —SCN, —CN, —N3, —SO4, carboxylate group, or -NO2, wherein the organic ligand is bipyridine, triphenylphosphine, 2-pyridyl diphenylphosphine or an organic compound containing multiple nitrogen atoms (e.g. PMDETA (pentamethyldiethylenetriamine), and a molar ratio of organic ligand to metal is 1-4.; a catalyst or initiator of the formula X(CH2)nPO3(R1)2, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of 2-pyridyl, -NH2, -NH(R2), and -N(R2)2, n is 2 to 5 and R1 and R2 independently are H or alkyl; a cobalt catalyst; a compound of the general formula Me-C(X)(R)-N=N-C(X)(R)-Me, wherein R is an alkyl group and X is a carboxylic acid derivative such as a nitrile or ester group; a magnesium-based catalyst; a coordination catalyst; a diaryliodonium salt; a dithiobenzoate; a metal alkoxide; a metal salt; a metallocene catalyst or initiator comprising a metal chosen from zirconium, titanium, or hafnium, wherein said metal sandwiched between two 5-membered aromatic rings, said rings being isolated or being part of a C3-C60 aryl or C3-C60 heteroaryl; a mixed alkyl-acyl peroxide; a perester; a peroxide - or a radical formed from a peroxide - of the general formula R2-O-O-R3 or R1-C(O)-O-O-C(O)-R2, in which R2 and R3, which may be identical or different, are independently chosen from an alkyl, an acyl, a linear or branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, or a cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally aromatic, and which is optionally substituted by one or more C1-C3, in particular C1, alkyl groups; and where R2 and R3 in particular can represent a cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally aromatic, and which is optionally substituted by one or more C1-C3, in particular C1, alkyl groups - and where more particularly, R2 and R3 can represent a nonaromatic cyclic group comprising from 5 to 8 carbon atoms which is optionally substituted by a C1 alkyl group - and where, preferably, R2 and R3, which are identical or different, represent a branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups - and where preferably, R2 and R3, which are identical or different, represent a branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group - and where, in preferred embodiments, the dialkyl peroxide is symmetrical, that is to say that the groups flanking the O—O group are identical, such that R2 and R3 are identical and represent a branched C4-C10, preferably C4-C8, more preferentially C4-C6, alkyl group; a peroxo compound; a peroxydicarbonate; a dithiocarbamates; 1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec-5-ene; 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(2- ethylhexanoylperoxy)-hexane (HXP); a free radical; a disulfides; 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(tert.-butylperoxy)-hexine-3 (HXY); a Friedel-Crafts catalyst; 2,2'-azo-bis-isobutyrylnitrile (AIBN); 2,2'-Azodiisobutyronitrile (AZDN); a nitrosyl; a base catalyst; a Lewis acid catalyst; NH4OH; cuprous bromide; Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-peroxydicarbonate (EPS); Di- (4-tert.-butyl-cyclohexyl)-peroxydicarbonate (BCC); di(tert-alkyl) peroxide; di(tert-butyl) peroxide; di(tert-octyl) peroxide; dialkyl peroxide; dibutyltin diacetate; dicumyl peroxide; Didecanoyl-peroxide (DDP); Di- isopropylbenzol-mono-hydroperoxide (IHP); Dimethylaminopropylamine; Dimyristil-peroxidicarbonate (C126); di- tert-butyl peroxide; Formaldehyde; H2C = CH–CH2 +; H2SO4; HCl; an alkali-earth-metal-lactamates; a peroxyester having the general structure Ry -(C(O)OO)n R'xx, wherein (a) x, y, and n are 1 or 2; (b) when x is 2, y is 1 and n is 2; (c) when y is 2, x is 1 and n is 2; (d) when x, y and n are 1, p is selected from the group consisting of a primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl of 1 to 17 carbons, aryl or substituted aryl of 6 to 14 carbons, and cycloalkyl of 3 to 12 carbons, and R' is selected from the group consisting of a tertiary alkyl of 4 to 12 carbons, a tertiary aralkyl of 9 to 18 carbons, and tertiary cycloalkyl of 6 to 12 carbons; (e) when x is 2, R is a diradical selected from alkylene of 1 to 16 carbons, arylene of 6 to 14 carbons, cycloalkylene of 3 to 12 carbons, and aralkylene of 7 to 18 carbons; (f) when y is 2, R' is a di-tertiary diradical selected from alkylene of 6 to 16carbons, aralkylene of 12 to 18 carbons, and cycloalkylene of 7 to 12 carbons;; a peroxymonocarbonate; a Phillips catalyst; a polyol; a radical anion; a ruthenium carbene; Ba(OH)2; benzoyl peroxide; BF3; biphenyltriphenylphosphonium hydroxide; biphenyltriphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate; bismuth neodecanoate; bismuth; calcium acetate; calcium peroxide; CH3COONa ; cobalt octoate; copper chloride; copper(II) halide; copper(II) oxide; copper; Cr(II); Cr(IV); Cr(VI); Cumol-peroxyneodecanoate (CND); cupric bromide; X represents a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, an alkyloxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylcarbonyloxy group, an arylcarbonyloxy group, HC 3, or BR14, where R1 is each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group.; aluminum chloride; cuprous chloride; Di-(2-tert.butyl-peroxyisopropyl)- benzene (BIB); di(methylcyclopentyl) peroxide; di(tert-amyl) peroxide; a Schrock-type carbene; di(tert-hexyl) peroxide; diacyl peroxide; Dibenzoyl-peroxide (BP); Dicetyl-peroxydicarbonate (C124); Dicumyl-peroxide (DC); diisobutyryl-peroxide; Dilauroyl-peroxide (LP); a silanolate; a tin compound; Dimethylpiperazine; di-tert-butyl peroxide; an organic sulfur compound; an organometallic compound; an organotin compound; aluminum isopropoxide; aminoalkylphosphonic acid; ferric chloride; a tin-based catalyst; an oxychloride of tungsten or molybdenum; glucose; H2O2; H3PO4; an ozonide; a transition metal complex; ammonium persulfate ; a single site catalyst (SSC); ammonium; a zinc compound; and naphthylphenyltriphenylphosphonium chloride.; an acid catalyst ; an acidic catalyst; anionic or coordination catalysts,; a tin-based catalyst; an acrylamide; a zinc-based catalyst; a sodium peroxoborat; an activator chosen from metal alkyls, metal hydrides, metal alkyl halides, metal alkyl oxides or metal alkyloxanes, said metals being elements of groups Ia, Na and / or Ilia of the Periodic Table, wherein said activators may be modified with further ester, ether, amine or silyl ether groups; an alcoholate; a triarylsulfonium salt; a strong acid; a strong anion; acetanilide; a trithiocarbonate; antimony octoate; a titanium(IV) alkoxide; an aliphatic amine; a sulfonated styrene; an alkyl iodide; an allyl compound; a sulfonium; a titanium-based catalyst; an aluminum-based catalyst; an amine; AlBr3; an anhydrous halide of a metal of Group III of the Periodic Table; a xanthate; an anionic initiator; a superoxide; a peroxymonoacylcarbonate; an antimony- based catalyst; an aromatic amine; an aryldiazonium salt; a tertiary amine; a persulfate initiator; AlCl3; a TNZ (DuPont) catalyst; a phosphorus compound represented by the general formula (PR4) (X)+ (I)-, wherein R each independently represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylaryl group, and a plurality of R are optionally bonded to each other to form a ring structure; and; a photoinitiator; antimony pentachloride; an azo compound; AlCl3; an electron transfer agent; a Ziegler-Natta catalyst; a quaternary ammonium salt; a thiolate; antimony trioxide; ascorbic acid; an inorganic peroxide; azobisdimethylvaleronitrile; a redox initiator system; an onium ion; a transition metal catalyst; an organic peroxide; a Ziegler-Natta catalyst represented by the formula MRx, wherein M is a transition metal compound, R is a halogen or a hydrocarboxyl, and x is the valence of the transition metal, wherein M is selected from a group IV to VII metal such as titanium, chromium, or vanadium, and R is chlorine, bromine, or an alkoxy group, preferably said common transition metal compound is chosen from TiCl4, TiBr4, Ti(OC2H5)3Cl, Ti(OC3H7)2Cl2, Ti(OC6H13)2Cl2, Ti(OC2H5)2Br2, and Ti(OC12H25)Cl3, or a mixture thereof, and preferably, said transition metal compound is supported on an inert solid, and preferably said solid is magnesium chloride; azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN); benzoyl peroxide; benzyl alcohol; biphenyltriphenylphosphonium chloride; biphenyltriphenylphosphonium phenoxide; bis(2- dimethylaminoethyl)ether; bismuth octoate; bisulfites; alkali metal; calcium octoate; Al-monoalkoxide; calcium stearate; Al-trialkoxide; chromium oxide; cobalt(II)acetate; aluminum acetylacetoacetate methane sulfonic acid; copper(I) sulfate; copper(II) nitrate; copper(II) sulfate; Cr(I); aluminum alkoxide; Cr(III); Cr(V); Cumolhydroperoxide (CU); cupric acetate,; cupric chloride; an acrylic acid; a strong protonic acid; HClO4; hexamethylenetetramine; HOSO2CF3; hydrazine; hydrogen peroxide; imidazole; isoquinoline; K2S2O8 ; KOH; lanthanum octoate; Lewis acid catalyst; LiOH; lithium chloride; lithium octoate; Lithium; magnesium acetate; manganese acetate; methoxyphenyltriphenylphosphonium chloride; methoxyphenyltriphenylphosphonium hydroxide; methoxyphenyltriphenylphosphonium phenoxide; methoxyphenyltriphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate; Mg(OH)2; N -heterocyclic carbenes; N,N,N’,N’,N”-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine; N,N’- Dimethylethanolamine; N,N-Dimethylaminoethylmorpholine; naphthylphenyltriphenylphosphonium phenoxide;naphthylphenyltriphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate; N-ethylmorpholine; nickel octoate; N-methylmorpholine; N-tert-Butyl-N-(2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl)-O-(1-phenylethyl); N-tert-Butyl-O-[1-[4-(chloromethyl) phenyl]ethyl]-N- (2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl)hydroxylamine hydroxylamine; organomanganese compounds; organotin; oxonium; peroxohydrate; persulfate; phenoxyphenyltriphenylphosphonium chloride; phenoxyphenyltriphenylphosphonium hydroxide; phenoxyphenyltriphenylphosphonium phenoxide; phenoxyphenyltriphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate; phosphonium; p-Menthanhydroperoxide (PAM); potassium acetate; potassium hydroxide; potassium octoate; potassium persulfate; potassium superoxide; p-toluenesulfonic acid; pyridine; pyridylalkylphosphonic acid; quinoline; Schrock's catalyst; 1,3,5-triaminotriazine; 1,1-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5- trimethylcyclohexane (BPTMC); 1-hexene; 4,4′-Sulfonyldiphenol; diamine; 4,40-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS); dianhydride; 4,4'-bis(chlorophenyl)sulfone; dichlorobenzene; a branched polyol; 2,6- Dicarbomethoxynaphthalene; diester; a salt of hydroquinone; a tetrafunctional epoxy resin; dihalides and alkali metal salts of polysulfide anions; 3,4,5,6-tetrahy-drophthalic anhydride (3,4,5,6-THPA); dimethyldichlorosilane; acrylic acid; adipic acid; benzylammonium; diphenyl carbonate; benzylsulfonium; bis-(2-chloroethyl)formal (ClCH2CH2OCH2OCH2CH2Cl), 1,3-dichloropropane; bisphenol A; dithiocarbamate; 3,4,5,6-tetrahy-drophthalic anhydride (3,4,5,6-THPA); ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ECA); ethylene glycol; fluorine-containing epoxy system; Hydroquinone; isoprene; 1,4-dichlorobenzene; carbonyl dichloride (phosgene); 4,4’-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone; cyclic amide; 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl ether; cyclohexylthiophthalimide; 2-Methylidenebutanedioic acid; hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA); isobutylene; epsilon-caprolactone; 1,2-dichloroethane; 1,3-bis[3-(4,5- epoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimido) propyl] tetramethyldisiloxane (BISE); butyl acrylate; 4,4′- Methylenediphenol; diacid; 1-octene; 4,40-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM); diamino benzene; 4,4'-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)sulfone; dibasic acid; 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone; dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (DCBS); a silicon-containing epoxy resin; difluoroethene or triflouroethene; 2,6-dimethylphenol; a trifunctional epoxy resin; diisocyanate; acrylonitrile; azelaic acid; benzylpyridinium; beta-propiolactone; disulfur dichloride; bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone; bisphenol S; But-2-ynedioic acid; Epichlorohydrin (2-(Chloromethyl)oxirane); ethene; ethyl acrylate; ethylene oxide; hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane; isobutene; isophthalic acid; lactic acid, lactide; butadiene; 1-butene; 30,40-epoxycyclohexyl-methyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (CAE); chloroprene; bisphenol-A epoxy resin; 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl; cycloaliphatic epoxy resin; 2-Decenedioic acid, Dodec-2- enedioic acid; 2-octyl cyanoacrylate; formaldehyde; a curing agent; diphenoxide; isobutene; ethyl 2- cyanoacrylate (ECA); ethylene glycol; fluorine-containing epoxy system; hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA); Hydroquinone; isobutylene; isoprene; lactide; Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS); a polyamine ; a tertiary amine ; an amide ; an acid ; an ester ; a polyester ; a polyisocyanate ; an alcohol ; an epoxide ; methyl 2- cyanoacrylate (MCA); lactide; Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS); a polyamine ; an amide ; an acid ; an ester ; styrene; succinic acid; terephthalic acid dimethyl ester; tetrabromobisphenol A; tetrafluoroethylene (TFE); Tetramethyl-bisphenol A; thiuram; urea; vinyl chloride; cyclic amide; cyclohexylthiophthalimide; diamine; dianhydride; dichlorobenzene; diester; dihalides and alkali metal salts of polysulfide anions; dimethyldichlorosilane; diphenyl carbonate; dithiocarbamate; epsilon-caprolactone; a tertiary amine ; Hydroquinone; ethyl acrylate; ethylene oxide; formaldehyde; hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane; a cyclic ester ; isobutene; isophthalic acid; lactic acid, lactide; Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT); an amine ; a secondary amine ; an amino acid ; a polyester ; a phenol ; a cyclic amide ; a polyacid ; phosphorus-containing epoxy resin; phthalic anhydride; polybutadiene; isobutene; isobutylene; a cyclic ester ; an epoxide ; polyisocyanates; an isocyanate ; an alcohol ; a polyalcohol ; polymeric sulfur; a polyurea ; isophthalic acid; an isocyanate ; isoprene; a maleimide; polyol or polyacid; lactic acid, lactide; lactide; propylene; an aldehyde ; Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT); a dihalide a polyisocyanate ; methacrylamide; methacrylate; an allophanate ; an alcohol ; an alcohol ; ethene; a cyanate ester ; propylene oxide; a ketone ; methacrylic acid; an epoxide ; methyl acrylate; methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA); an olefin ; a carbamate ; methyl methacrylate; methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA); ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ECA); Na2S; an acrylate ; Na2S5; a cyclic olefin ; Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT); naphthalene 1,4-dicarboxylate; N-benzylpyrazinium hexa-fluoroantimonate (BPH); N-benzylquinoxalinium hexafluor-oantimonate (BQH); a peroxide ; an amine ; ethyl acrylate; a Biuret compound ; a secondary amine ; an amino acid ; propylene sulfide; N-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA); ethylene glycol; N- Cyclohexylbenzothiazol-2-sulfenamide (CBS); an azo initiator ; a cyclic amide ; a radical ; sebacic acid; silyl acetate; novolac epoxy resin; sodium disulfide; a polyacid ; octyl cyanoacrylate; a carbodiimide ; Perfluorosulfonylfluoride; a cyanoacrylate ; sodium sulfide; styrene oxide; terephthalic acid; terephthaloyl dichloride; tetrafluoroethene; tetramethylbisphenol A; thietane; trimethylol propane-N-triglycidyl ether; ethylene oxide; vinyl acetate; fluorine-containing epoxy system; xanthate; formaldehyde; cycloaliphatic epoxy resin; diacid; hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA); diamino benzene; dibasic acid; dicyclohexyl-2- benzothiazolesulfenamide (DCBS); difluoroethene or triflouroethene; hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane; diisocyanate; diphenoxide; disulfur dichloride; Epichlorohydrin (2-(Chloromethyl)oxirane); ethene; Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS); a polyalcohol ; an olefin ; a cyclic olefin ; a peroxide ; a radical ; a phenol ; an aldehyde ; a ketone ; a carbamate ; a Biuret compound ; a carbodiimide ; a polyurea ; an allophanate ; a cyanate ester ; an acrylate ; an azo initiator ; a cyanoacrylate ; an epoxide ; a maleimide; a dihalide ; ethene; ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ECA); ethyl acrylate; ethylene glycol; ethylene oxide; fluorine-containing epoxy system; formaldehyde; hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA); hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane; Hydroquinone; isobutylene; isophthalic acid; isoprene; lactic acid, lactide; lactide; Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT); Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS); methacrylamide; methacrylate; methacrylic acid; methyl 2-cyanoacrylate (MCA); methyl acrylate; methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA); methyl methacrylate; methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA); Na2S; Na2S5; naphthalene 1,4-dicarboxylate; N-benzylpyrazinium hexa-fluoroantimonate (BPH); N- benzylquinoxalinium hexafluor-oantimonate (BQH); N-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA); N-Cyclohexylbenzothiazol-2- sulfenamide (CBS); novolac epoxy resin; octyl cyanoacrylate; Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Potassium, Calcium, Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Gallium, Germanium, Arsenic, Rubidium, Strontium, Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Technetium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Cadmium, Indium, Tin, Antmony, Tellurium, Cesium, Barium, Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium, Hafnium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Rhenium, Osmium, Iridium, Platinum, Gold, Mercury, Thallium, Lead, Bismuth, Polonium, Francium, Radium, Actinium, Thorium, Protactinium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium, Curium, Berkelium, Californium, Einsteinium, Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, Lawrencium, Rutherfordium, Dubnium, Seaborgium, Bohrium, Hassium, Meitnerium, Darmstadtium, Roentgenium, Copernicium, Nihonium, Flerovium, Moscovium, Livermorium.

23. The product, the component, or the composite material of any of claims 14-22 further comprising any of the following structural entities: acrylic polymer; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS); an aldehyde condensation polymer; an aliphatic polyether; an alkyds and oil-free coating polyester; an aramid; butyl rubber; cellulose acetate; cellulose nitrate; a cellulosic; a cyanoacrylate polymer; a diene polymer; an epoxy; an ethylene-propylene copolymer; a fluoroelastomer; a heterochain polymer; a melamine- formaldehyde polymer; a meta-aramid polymer; nitrile rubber; nylon; a para-aramid; poly 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA); poly bisphenol A carbonate (PC); poly butylene terephthalate (PBT); poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS); poly dodecano-12-lactam (Nylon 12); poly ether ketone ketone (PEKK); poly ethylene terephthalate (PET); poly methyl acrylate (PMA); poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA); poly vinyl acetate (PVA); poly vinyl chloride (PVC); poly vinylidene chloride (PVDC); poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF); poly(acrylic acid); poly(Bisphenol A isophthalate); poly(Bisphenol A terephthalate); poly(butyl acrylate); poly(butyl methacrylate); poly(butylene); poly(caprolactone); poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene); poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate); poly(ethyl acrylate); poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ethylene naphthalate); poly(isobutylene); poly(phenylsulfone); poly(propylene glycol); poly(tetrahydrofuran); poly(α-methylstyrene); polyacetal; polyacetal (POM); polyacrylate elastomers; polyacrylonitrile (PAN); polyamide; polybutadiene (PBD); polybutadiene (butadiene rubber, BR); polybutylene terephthalate (PBT); polycaprolactam; polycarbonate (PC); polychloroprene; polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE); polyesters; polyether ether ketone (PEEK); polyetherketone (PEK); polyethers; polyethersulfone (PES); polyethyl acrylate; polyethylene - cross-linked; polyethylene - high density (HDPE); polyethylene - linear low density (LLDPE); polyethylene - low density (LDPE); polyethylene - medium density (MDPE); polyethylene - ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMWPE); polyethylene - very low density (VLDPE); polyethylene terephthalate (PET); polyethylene (PE); polyglycolide; polyhexamethylene adipamide (PA 6,6); polyimides; polyisoprene (natural rubber, NR; isoprene rubber, IR); polylactic acid (PLA); polymethyl acrylate ; polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); polyphenylene oxide (PPO); polyphenylene sulfide (PPS); poly-p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole (PBO); polypropylene (PP); polysiloxanes (silicones); polystyrene (PS); polysulfide rubber; polysulfides; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT); polyurethane; polyvinyl acetate (PVAc); polyvinyl chloride (PVC); polyvinyl fluoride (PVF); polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC); polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); rayon; styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN); styrene-butadiene; styrene-isoprene; a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer; a thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU); an unsaturated polyester; a urea-formaldehyde polymer; a vinyl copolymer.

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