Lipid nanoparticle compositions for localized treatment of skin diseases
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NAT INST OF BIOLOGICAL SCI BEIJING
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-03
AI Technical Summary
Current drug delivery systems for skin diseases face challenges such as low permeation, frequent application, and systemic toxicity, making it difficult to achieve precise and efficient delivery of active drugs across the skin without cytotoxicity or systemic release.
A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) composition is developed, comprising a nucleic acid and a lipid nanoparticle structure with specific lipid components, including a cationic lipid, phospholipid, structural lipid, and PEG lipid, optimized to form stable nanoparticles for efficient encapsulation and targeted release of active drugs at the skin site.
The LNP composition achieves high delivery efficiency of active drugs to specific skin layers with minimal systemic release, reducing cytotoxicity and improving patient compliance and safety.
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Figure PCTCN2024106900-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024106900-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024106900-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
LIPID NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS FOR LOCALIZED TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASESFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Provided herein is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) composition for the localized treatment of skin diseases and a method of treating skin diseases with the LNP composition.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) , usually consisting of four types of lipid components: cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and PEG lipids, have emerged as a promising drug delivery system due to their ability to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs such as RNA molecules and protect them from degradation.
[0003] The development of LNPs for drug delivery has led to several successful clinical applications. One example is the use of LNPs to deliver RNA-based therapeutics, such as messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. Those mRNA vaccines are administered via intramuscular injection. However, off-target toxicity of LNPs has been found after intramuscular injection, because the distribution of LNPs is not limited to the injected muscle tissue but is distributed throughout the body, with a significant accumulation in the liver, wherein the relevant proteins are expressed faster than in the muscle. LNPs have also been disclosed for the delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer or solid tumors, either via systemic delivery, or local delivery. See, WO2009127060A1, WO2011000107A1, and so on.
[0004] Although LNPs have shown great potential in delivering therapeutic agents to different tissues and organs to treat cancers and tumors, their specific application in the treatment of skin diseases is relatively limited.
[0005] The skin is the largest metabolically active organ of the human body. The skin can be affected by various pathological changes, i.e., inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, hormonal, degenerative, and even hereditarily determined. Infectious skin diseases such as bacterial, fungal, or viral affect people and cause various dermatological problems. Chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis, etc., are a consequence of infiltration of inflammatory T cells. Skin diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and skin cancer, present unique challenges for drug delivery due to the presence of the skin barrier. The outermost layer of the skin called the stratum corneum, acts as a protective barrier, limiting the penetration of drug molecules into the deeper skin layers.
[0006] Conventional treatment approaches for skin diseases can even lead to considerable systemic toxicity and are therefore are compromised in patient compliance, safety, and efficacy of therapy, and. Specifically, conventional topical preparation is limited by its efficacy due to low permeation, frequent application, and poor adherence to the therapy for a prolonged time. Topical drug delivery systems were found to be more effective than oral and parenteral drug delivery systems for treating skin diseases due to targeted localized applications with reduced side effects.
[0007] Therefore, there is a need for a drug delivery system to treat skin diseases that can precisely or preferentially deliver active drugs across the skin with a high or improved delivery efficiency, targeting specific skin layers, without causing cytotoxicity or morphological changes and / or without systemic delivery or toxicity.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] Provided herein is an LNP composition for localized treatment of skin diseases via a careful selection of lipid components that can form stable nanoparticles and efficiently encapsulate active drugs and enable precise or preferential release of the active drugs at the desired skin site with a high or improved delivery efficiency, without or substantially without any systemic release.
[0009] In the first aspect, provided herein is an LNP composition, comprising a nucleic acid; and a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating the nucleic acid and comprising a cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid, wherein
[0010] (a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0011] (b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 2 and about 4, and
[0012] (c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.05 and about 0.4.
[0013] In the second aspect, provided herein is a method for localized delivery of a nucleic acid to a subject in need thereof, said method comprising: administering topically, transdermally, subcutaneously, epicutaneously, or intradermally to the subject an LNP composition comprising the nucleic acid; and a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating the nucleic acid and comprising a cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a structural lipid and a PEG lipid, wherein
[0014] (a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0015] (b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 2 and about 4, and
[0016] (c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.05 and about 0.4.
[0017] In the third aspect, provided herein is a method for treating a skin disease in a subject, comprising delivering topically, transdermally, subcutaneously, epicutaneously, or intradermally to the subject an LNP composition comprising a nucleic acid; and a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating the nucleic acid and comprising a cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid, wherein
[0018] (a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0019] (b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 2 and about 4, and
[0020] (c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.05 and about 0.4.
[0021] In the fourth aspect, provided herein is the use of a composition in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of the second or third aspect, said composition comprising a nucleic acid; and a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating the nucleic acid and comprising a cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid, wherein
[0022] (a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0023] (b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 2 and about 4, and
[0024] (c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.05 and about 0.4.
[0025] In the fifth aspect, provided herein is an LNP composition for use in a method of the second or third aspect, said composition comprising a nucleic acid; and a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating the nucleic acid and comprising a cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid, wherein
[0026] (a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0027] (b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 2 and about 4, and
[0028] (c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.05 and about 0.4.
[0029] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid is an ionizable cationic lipid of Formula (I) or salts thereof,
[0030] Wherein
[0031] m is an integer of 1-6;
[0032] X is selected from the group consisting of OR5, SR5, NR5R6, or COOR5;
[0033] U and V are each independently an optionally substituted C1-C8alkylene, C2-C8alkenylene, or C2-C8alkynylene;
[0034] T is selected from the group consisting of C (O) O, OC (O) , O, S, N (R5) , C (O) , C (O) N (R5) , N (R5) C (O) , OC (O) N (R5) , N (R5) C (O) O, C (O) S, C (S) O, S (O) , S (O) (O) , or C (S) ;
[0035] wherein R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, or C2-C10 alkynyl; and
[0036] R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C6-C18alkyl, C6-C18alkenyl, or C6-C18alkynyl, provided that at most one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is hydrogen.
[0037] In some embodiments, m is 2 or 4.
[0038] In some embodiments, X is OH or SH. In some embodiments, X is OH.
[0039] In some embodiments, U and V are each independently C1-C8alkylene. In some embodiments, U and V are each independently C5-C8alkylene.
[0040] In some embodiments, T is C (O) O or OC (O) .
[0041] In some embodiments, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently an optionally substituted C6-C10alkyl, C6-C10alkenyl, or C6-C10alkynyl. In some embodiments, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently an optionally substituted C6-C8alkyl, C6-C8alkenyl, or C6-C8alkynyl. In some embodiments, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently C6-C8alkyl.
[0042] In some embodiments, R1 is an optionally substituted C10-C18alkyl, C10-C18alkenyl, or C10-C18alkynyl, and R2 is hydrogen; R3 and R4 are each independently an optionally substituted C6-C8alkyl, C6-C8alkenyl, or C6-C8alkynyl. In some embodiments, R1 is C10-C18alkyl, C10-C18alkenyl, or C10-C18alkynyl, R2 is hydrogen, R3 and R4 are each independently C6-C8alkyl, C6-C8alkenyl, or C6-C8alkynyl. In some embodiments, R1 is C10-C18alkyl, R2 is hydrogen, R3 and R4 are each independently C6-C8alkyl.
[0043] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid is selected from the group consisting of ( (4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl) bis (hexane-6, l-diyl) bis (2-hexyldecanoate) (ALC-0315) ; heptadecan-9-yl 8- ( (2-hydroxyethyl) (6-oxo-6- (undecyloxy) hexyl) amino) octanoate (SM-102) ; dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3) ; 3- (didodecylamino) -N1, N1, 4-tri-dodecyl-1-piperazineethylamine (KL10) ; N1- [2- (didodecylamino) ) ethyl] -N1, N4, N4-tri-dodecyl-1, 4-piperazine diethylamine (KL22) ; 14, 25-ditridecyl-15, 18, 21, 24-tetraaza-octadecane (KL25) ; 1, 2-Dilinoleyloxy-N, N-Dimethylaminopropane (DLin-DMA) ; ( (4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl) bis (hexane-6, l-diyl) bis (2-hexyldecanoate) ; l, 2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) ; N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-dioleyloxypropylamine (DODMA) ; l, 2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTMA) ; 3- (N- (N', N'-dimethylaminoethane) -carbamoyl) cholesterol (DC-Chol) ; dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDAB) ; l, 2-dioleoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DODAP) ; l, 2-diacyloxy-3-dimethylammonium propanes; l, 2-dialkyloxy-3-dimethylammonium propanes; dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DODAC) ; l, 2-distearyloxy-N, N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (DSDMA) ; 2, 3-di (tetradecoxy) propyl- (2-hydroxyethyl) -dimethylazanium (DMRIE) ; l, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DMEPC) ; l, 2-dimyristoyl-3- trimethylammonium propane (DMTAP) ; l, 2-dioleyloxypropyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide (DORIE) ; 2, 3-dioleoyloxy-N- [2 (spermine carboxamide) ethyl] -N, N-dimethyl-l-propanamium trifluoroacetate (DOSPA) ; l, 2-dilinoleyloxy-N, N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA) ; 1, 2-dilinolenyloxy-N, N-dimethylaminopropane (DLenDMA) ; dioctadecylamidoglycyl spermine (DOGS) ; 3-dimethylamino-2- (cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxybutan-4-oxy) -l- (cis, cis-9, 12-oc-tadecadienoxy) propane (CLinDMA) ; 2- [5'- (cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxy) -3'-oxapentoxy) -3-dimethyl-l- (cis, cis-9', 12'-octadecadienoxy) propane (CpLinDMA) ; N, N-dimethyl-3, 4-dioleyloxybenzylamine (DMOBA) ; l, 2-N, N'-dioleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DOcarbDAP) ; 2, 3-Dilinoleoyloxy-N, N-dimethylpropylamine (DLinDAP) ; l, 2-N, N'-Dilinoleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLincarbDAP) ; 1, 2-Dilinoleoylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLinCDAP) ; 2, 2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl- [l, 3] -dioxolane (DLin-K-DMA) ; 2, 2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl- [1, 3] -dioxolane (DLin-K-XTC2-DMA) ; 2, 2-dilinoleyl-4- (2-dimethylaminoethyl) - [1, 3] -dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA) ; N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) -1-propanaminium bromide (DMRIE) ; (±) -N- (3-aminopropyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (cis-9-tetradecenyloxy) -l-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DMORIE) ; (±) -N- (3-aminopropyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (dodecyloxy) -1-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DLRIE) ; (±) -N- (3-aminopropyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) -l-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DMRIE) ; N- (2-Aminoethyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) -l-propanaminium bromide (bAE-DMRIE) ; N- (4-carboxybenzyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (oleoyloxy) propan-l-aminium (DOBAQ) ; 2- ( {8- [ (3b) -cholest-5-en-3-yloxy] octyl} oxy) -N, N-dimethyl-3- [ (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-l-yloxy] propan-1-amine (Octyl-CLinDMA) ; l, 2-dimyristoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DMDAP) ; 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DPDAP) ; Nl- [2- ( (lS) -l- [ (3-aminopropyl) amino] -4- [di (3-amino-propyl) amino] butylcarboxamido) ethyl] -3, 4-di [oleyloxy] -benzamide (MVL5) ; 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DOEPC) ; 2, 3-bis (dodecyloxy) -N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -N, N-dimethylpropan-l-amonium bromide (DLRIE) ; N- (2-aminoethyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) propan-l-aminium bromide (DMORIE) ; di ( (Z) -non-2-en-l-yl) 8, 8'- ( ( ( (2 (dimethylamino) ethyl) thio) carbonyl) azanediyl) dioctanoate (ATX) ; N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (dodecyloxy) propan-1-amine (DLDMA) ; N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) propan-1-amine (DMDMA) ; Di ( (Z) -non-2-en-l-yl) -9- ( (4- (dimethylaminobutanoyl) oxy) heptadecanedioate (L319) ; N-Dodecyl-3- ( (2-dodecylcarbamoyl-ethyl) - {2- [ (2-dodecylcarbamoyl-ethyl) -2- { (2-dodecylcarbamoyl-ethyl) - [2- (2-dodecylcarbamoyl-ethylamino) -ethyl] -amino} -ethylamino) propionamide (lipidoid 98N12-5) ; or l- [2- [bis (2-hydroxydodecyl) amino] ethyl- [2- [4- [2- [bis (2-hydroxydodecyl) amino] ethyl] piperazin-l-yl] ethyl] amino] dodecan-2-ol (lipidoid 02-200) . In some embodiments, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid is selected from the group consisting of ( (4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl) bis (hexane-6, l-diyl) bis (2-hexyldecanoate) (ALC-0315) ; heptadecan-9-yl 8- ( (2-hydroxyethyl) (6-oxo-6- (undecyloxy) hexyl) amino) octanoate (SM-102) ; dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3) or salts thereof. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid is ( (4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl) bis (hexane-6, l-diyl) bis (2-hexyldecanoate) (ALC-0315) .
[0044] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 20 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 30 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 35 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises about 35 mol %, about 36 mol %, about 37 mol %, about 38 mol %, about 39 mol %, about 40 mol %, about 41 mol %, about 42 mol %, about 43 mol %, about 44 mol %, about 45 mol %, about 46 mol %, about 47 mol %, about 48 mol %, or about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.
[0045] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) , 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) , 1, 2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC) , 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DMPC) , 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) , 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) , 1, 2-diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC) , 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) , 1, 2-di-O-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18: 0 Diether PC) , 1-oleoyl-2-cholesterylhemisuccinoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OChemsPC) , 1-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 Lyso PC) , 1, 2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1, 2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1, 2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1, 2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (ME 16.0 PE) , 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac- (1-glycerol) sodium salt (DOPG) , sphingomyelin, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) , palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) and dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) -cyclohexane-1carboxylate (DOPE-mal) , dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE) , dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE) , distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) , 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE, 1-stearioyl-2-oleoylphosphatidyethanol amine (SOPE) , 1, 2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophoethanolamine (transDOPE) , phosphatidylcholine (PC) , phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phosphatidylserine (PS) , phosphatidic acid (PA) , and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) . In some embodiments, the phospholipid is DOPE. In some embodiments, the phospholipid is 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3phosphocholine (DSPC) .
[0046] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the phospholipid comprises from about 11 mol %to about 25 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the phospholipid comprises about 11 mol %, about 12 mol%, about 13 mol%, about 14 mol%, about 15 mol%, about 16 mol%, about 17 mol%, about 18 mol%, about 19 mol%, about 20 mol%, about 21 mol%, about 22 mol%, about 23 mol%, about 24 mol%, or about 25 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.
[0047] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the structural lipid is selected from the group consisting of cholesterol, fecosterol, sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, tomatidine, tomatine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, hopanoids, phytosterols, steroids. In some embodiments, the structural lipid is cholesterol.
[0048] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the structural lipid comprises from about 25 mol %to about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the structural lipid comprises from about 30 mol %to about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the structural lipid comprises about 30 mol %, about 31 mol %, about 32 mol %, about 33 mol %, about 34 mol %, about 35 mol %, about 36 mol %, about 37 mol %, about 38 mol %, about 39 mol %, or about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.
[0049] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the PEG lipid is selected from the group consisting of PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine, PEG-modified phosphatidic acid, PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG-CerCl4 or PEG-CerC20) , PEG-modified dialkylamines, PEG-modified l, 2-diacyloxypropan-3 -amines, PEG-modified diacylglycerol, PEG-modified dialkylglycerol, PEG-c-DOMG, l, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG-DMG) , PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, l, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N- [amino (poly ethylene glycol) ] (PEG-DSPE) , PEG-disteryl glycerol (PEG-DSG) , PEG-dipalmetoleyl, PEG-dioleyl, PEG-distearyl, PEG-diacylglycamide (PEG-DAG) , PEG-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DPPE) , or PEG-l, 2-dimyristyloxlpropyl-3-amine (PEG-c- DMA) . In some embodiments, the PEG moiety has a size of about 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, 15,000, or 20,000 daltons. In some embodiments, the PEG lipid is DMG-PEG 2000.
[0050] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the PEG lipid comprises from about 0.5 mol %to about 5 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the PEG lipid comprises from about 0.5 mol %to about 4 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the PEG lipid comprises from about 0.5 mol %to about 3 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition. In some embodiments, the PEG lipid comprises about 0.5 mol %, about 1.0 mol %, about 1.5 mol %, about 2.0 mol %, about 2.5 mol %, and about 3 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.
[0051] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 2.4 to 3.6; in some embodiments, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5. In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.09 and about 0.4, or the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.1 and about 0.4, or the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.1 and about 0.3; in some embodiments, the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.1 and about 0.2; or between about 0.1 and about 0.15.
[0052] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 3.3 and 3.6; in some embodiments, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5. In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.1 and 0.12; in some embodiments, the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1.
[0053] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 20 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.3 to 3.6; and the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.08 to 0.12; in some embodiments, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 30 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5; and the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1. In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 20 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.3 to 3.6; and the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.08 to 0.12; in some embodiments, the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 30 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5; and the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1.
[0054] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the lipid nanoparticle comprises
[0055] (a) the ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %or from about 30 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0056] (b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5, and
[0057] (c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1.
[0058] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the lipid nanoparticle comprises
[0059] (a) the ionizable cationic lipid comprising about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0060] (b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5, and
[0061] (c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1.
[0062] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the lipid nanoparticle comprises
[0063] (a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprising about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0064] (b) the phospholipid comprising about 11 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0065] (c) the structural lipid comprising about 39 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, and
[0066] (d) the PEG lipid comprising about 1.0 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.
[0067] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the lipid nanoparticle comprises
[0068] (a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprising about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0069] (b) the phospholipid comprising about 16 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,
[0070] (c) the structural lipid comprising about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, and
[0071] (d) the PEG lipid comprising about 4.0 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.
[0072] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the LNPs have an encapsulation percentage of nucleic acids that is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is fully encapsulated within the lipid portion of the nucleic acid-lipid particle such that the nucleic acid is resistant in aqueous solution to nuclease degradation.
[0073] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the LNP composition has an N / P ratio of 3 to 8 (e.g. ratio of 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, or 6.5) .
[0074] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the composition comprises a weight ratio of the nucleic acid to the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid from about 1: 1 to about 1: 100. In some embodiments, the weight ratio is from about 1: 10 to about 1: 40 such as from about 1: 15 to about 1: 25 or such as about 1: 20.
[0075] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the nucleic acid is effective in treating skin disease. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of:
[0076] 1) Antisense oligonucleotides which target specific genes involved in skin diseases, such as psoriasis or eczema, and inhibit their expression;
[0077] 2) siRNA (small interfering RNA) which can be used to silence specific genes responsible for skin diseases, such as those involved in excessive melanin production in skin pigmentation disorders;
[0078] 3) Aptamers which can bind to specific targets, such as proteins or receptors involved in skin diseases, and modulate their activity;
[0079] 4) DNAzymes which can be designed to cleave specific RNA molecules involved in skin diseases, providing a potential therapeutic approach;
[0080] 5) Plasmid DNA which can be used for gene therapy approaches in skin diseases, where the DNA is delivered to skin cells to correct genetic defects or enhance the production of therapeutic proteins;
[0081] 6) Antiviral RNA which is designed to target and inhibit the replication of the viruses such as herpes or warts;
[0082] 7) Ribozymes which possess catalytic activity and can be designed to cleave specific RNA molecules involved in skin diseases, offering a potential therapeutic strategy;
[0083] 8) Antimicrobial peptides which are derived from nucleic acid sequences and have shown promise in treating skin infections and diseases caused by bacteria or fungi;
[0084] 9) mRNA for collagen proteins to reverse skin aging phenotypes, for example, Col1a1 mRNA and Col3a1 mRNA, which can generate collagen proteins, reducing skin wrinkles and improving skin elasticity, resulting in cosmetic effects;
[0085] 10) mRNA for gene editing tools, such as Cas9 mRNA and corresponding guide RNA, wherein Cas9 can repair mutation sites in disease-causing genes through NHEJ or HDR pathways. For example, using an exon skipping strategy to remove mutation sites in the Col7a1 gene, enables the production of shortened but functionally normal Col VII protein, thereby repairing the phenotype of Epidermolysis bullosa patients; or
[0086] 11) mRNA which can be used in protein replacement therapy. For example, genetic skin diseases caused by gene mutations such as epidermolysis bullosa can be treated by mRNA therapy using Col7a1 mRNA.
[0087] In some embodiments of the above third, fourth, and fifth aspects, the skin disease is selected from Genodermatoses (Genetic skin diseases) caused by a variety of single mutations in different genes including, but not limited to, epidermolysis bullosa, Netherton syndrome. Inflammatory diseases caused by immune response include, but not limited to psoriasis, vitiligo, and atopic dermatitis. In some embodiments, epidermolysis bullosa can be treated by mRNA therapy using Col7a1 mRNA; netherton syndrome can be treated by mRNA therapy using Spink5 mRNA; and atopic dermatitis can be treated by mRNA therapy using Fillaggrin mRNA.
[0088] In some embodiments of the above five aspects, the composition is formulated as a pharmaceutical composition and further comprises an excipient. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for localized delivery or administration. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated as a unit dose.
[0089] In addition to the high or improved delivery efficiency of the LNPs provided herein at the targeted skin site, the use of lipid nanoparticles in the instant invention provides several benefits, such as chemical protection of the incorporated active ingredient, i.e., nucleic acids, application to the skin of labile drug substances, improved bioavailability of drugs, and the ability for better release by provision penetration and retention in the skin.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0090] The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
[0091] Figure 1 shows the statistical results of in vivo fluorescence imaging after delivering Luciferase mRNA in mouse skin with different LNPs.
[0092] Figure 2 shows the change in the molar ratio of ionizable cationic lipids on the delivery effect.
[0093] Figure 3 shows the statistical results of using A13B to deliver GFP mRNA in mouse skin.
[0094] Figure 4 shows the statistical results of using A13C to deliver Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA in mouse skin.
[0095] Figure 5 shows the statistical results of using different LNPs to deliver GFP mRNA in mouse skin.
[0096] Figure 6 shows the statistical results of using A13B to deliver GFP mRNA in human skin.
[0097] Figure 7 shows the effect of topical delivery of LNPs.
[0098] Figure 8 shows the systemic effects of localized delivery of LNPs, and in Figure 8B the three columns of each organ are intravenous injection, intradermal injection, and topical delivery from left to right.
[0099] Figure 9 shows the adhesion ratio of the epidermis of Col7a1 c. 6485G>A mut / mu t mice treated with LNP.
[0100] Figure 10 shows the ratio of the skin with human Col VII expression treated with LNP.
[0101] Figure 11 shows a representative image of immunofluorescence staining of samples taken at different time points after treatment with LNP A13F delivery of Human Col7a1 mRNA.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0102] DEFINITIONS
[0103] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skilled in the relevant art.
[0104] As used herein, the following terms and phrases are intended to have the following meanings:
[0105] The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.
[0106] As used herein, the term “comprising” or “comprises” is used in reference to compositions, methods, and respective component (s) thereof, that are present in a given embodiment, yet open to the inclusion of unspecified elements.
[0107] As used herein, the term “about” means acceptable variations within 20%, 10%, and 5%of the stated value. In certain embodiments, “about” can mean a variation of + / -1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, or 20%. In certain embodiments, “about” can mean a variation of + / -1%or 2%.
[0108] As used herein, the term “lipid nanoparticle” or “LNP” refers to a particle having at least one dimension on the order of nanometers (nm) (e.g., 1 to 1,000 nm) , which contains one or more types of lipid molecules. The LNP provided herein can further contain at least one non-lipid payload molecule (e.g., one or more nucleic acid molecules) . In some embodiments, the LNP comprises a non-lipid payload molecule either partially or completely encapsulated inside a lipid shell. In some embodiments, the payload is a negatively charged molecule (e.g., mRNA) . Without being bound by any theory, it is contemplated that the cationic lipids in the LNPs can interact with the negatively charged payload molecules and facilitates incorporation and / or encapsulation of the payload into the LNPs during LNP formation. The LNPs provided herein can be prepared by any conventional methods with any conventional apparatuses, such as a microfluidic mixing system, T-type mixer and ethanol injection method, and so on.
[0109] As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid” , “nucleic acid molecule” , and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein and encompass any compounds that comprise a polymer of nucleotides linked via a phosphodiester bond. Exemplary nucleic acids include but are not limited to RNA and DNA molecules, including molecules comprising cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, and DNA or RNA molecules containing nucleic acid analogs. Nucleic acid molecules can have any three-dimensional structure. A nucleic acid molecule can be double-stranded or single-stranded (e.g., a sense strand or an antisense strand) . Other non-limiting examples of nucleic acid molecules include genes, gene fragments, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA) , transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, siRNA, micro-RNA, tracrRNAs, crRNAs, guide RNAs, ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, nucleic acid probes, and nucleic acid primers. A nucleic acid molecule may contain unconventional or modified nucleotides.
[0110] As used herein, the term “ionizable cationic lipid” refers to any lipid that carries a net neutral charge at about physiological pH but is capable of becoming positively charged at a lower pH, e.g., pH below about 7. As used herein, the term “cationic lipid” refers to any lipid that carries a net positive charge at a selected pH, such as physiological pH.
[0111] As used herein, the term “phospholipid” refers to a lipid comprising a fatty acid chain and a phosphate group. Phospholipids are typically neutral molecules in that they do not have an overall charge or may carry a negative charge, unlike a cationic lipid which is positively charged. Phospholipids are typically zwitterionic compounds comprising both positive and negatively charged components, but no overall charge. As such, phospholipids are typically classified as neutral lipids. Without being bound by the theory, it is contemplated that phospholipids may assemble into one or more lipid-bilayered structures.
[0112] As used herein, the term “PEG lipid” refers to polyethylene glycol (PEG) -modified lipids.
[0113] As used herein, the term “encapsulate or encapsulation” refers to complete, substantial, or partial enclosure, confinement, surrounding, or encasement. In some embodiments, a compound, the nucleic acid (e.g., an mRNA) , or other composition may be fully encapsulated, partially encapsulated, or substantially encapsulated.
[0114] As used herein, the term “encapsulation efficiency” refers to the amount of the nucleic acid that becomes part of an LNP, relative to the initial total amount of the nucleic acid used in the preparation of an LNP. For example, if 97 mg of the nucleic acid is encapsulated in an LNP out of a total of 100 mg of the nucleic acid initially provided to the composition, the encapsulation efficiency may be given as 97%.
[0115] As used herein, the term “patient” or “subject” refers to a living mammalian organism, such as a human, monkey, cow, sheep, goat, dog, cat, mouse, rat, guinea pig, or transgenic species thereof. In certain embodiments, the patient or subject is a primate. Non-limiting examples of human subjects are adults, juveniles, infants, and fetuses.
[0116] As used herein, the term “localized treatment” refers to the treatment of a skin disease wherein the active ingredient or the composition is delivered locally and is not delivered via systemic delivery. An example is the treatment of skin, wherein the drug may be applied to many different locations or a few different locations on the skin, and wherein the drug is delivered to tissues within and adjacent to the skin by absorption through the skin. In some embodiments, localized treatment is achieved by localized delivery or administration of LNPs. In some embodiments, localized delivery comprises, but not limited to, topical, transdermal, subcutaneous, epicutaneous, or intradermal administration of LNPs. As used herein, “topical delivery or administration” refers to delivery or administration onto any accessible body surface (skin) of the subject or patient. In certain embodiments of this invention, “topical” refers to an external application to the skin epithelium. As used herein, transdermal, subcutaneous, epicutaneous, or intradermal delivery or administration of LNPs may be achieved by injection via needles.
[0117] As used herein, the term “alkyl” includes a straight chain or branched, noncyclic or cyclic, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, e.g., 1 to 18, or 1 to 12, or 1 to 8, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
[0118] As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to monovalent unsaturated hydrocarbonyl groups having to 24 carbon atoms, e.g., 1 to 18, or 1 to 12, or 1 to 8, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1 to 2 sites of double bond unsaturation.
[0119] As used herein, the term “alkynyl” refers to monovalent unsaturated hydrocarbonyl groups having to 24 carbon atoms, e.g., 1 to 18, or 1 to 12, or 1 to 8, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1 to 2 sites of triple bond unsaturation.
[0120] As used herein, the term “alkylene” refers to a divalent alkyl as defined herein.
[0121] As used herein, the term “alkenylene” refers to a divalent alkenyl as defined herein.
[0122] As used herein, the term “alkynylene” refers to a divalent alkynyl as defined herein.
[0123] The term “optionally substituted, ” when used before a list of substituents, means that each of the substituents in the list may be optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of, for example, halogen, alkyl, halo-alkyl, alkoxy, halo-alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aminosulfonyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylthio, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyloxy, cycloalkenylthio, halo, hydroxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heterocyclic, heterocyclyloxy, heterocyclylthio, nitro, SO3H, sulfonyl, sulfonyloxy, thiol, and alkylthio.
[0124] EXAMPLES
[0125] The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
[0126] Example 1: Preparation of LNPs
[0127] The lipid nanoparticles provided herein were prepared as follows:
[0128] (1) an ionizable cationic lipid, a structural lipid, a phospholipid, and a PEG lipid were sequentially dissolved and mixed in ethanol according to the molar percentages in Table 1;
[0129] (2) the active ingredient mRNA was dissolved in 100mM sodium acetate solution (pH=4) ;
[0130] (3) the organic phase in which the lipid mixture was dissolved and the aqueous phase in which the mRNA component was dissolved were mixed in a ratio of 1: 3 by using a microfluidic mixing system with the mixed flow rate of 4 mL / min;
[0131] (4) the prepared lipid nanoparticles were diluted with phosphate buffered saline, and the nanoparticle solution was ultrafiltered with an ultrafiltration tube with a molecular weight cut-off of 30 kDa to obtain the original preparation volume; and
[0132] (4) the resultant nanoparticles were stored in a sealed glass bottle at low temperature after being sterilized by a bacterial filtration membrane.
[0133] In the examples, the ionizable cationic lipids are ALC-0315, SM-102 and Dlin-MC3 and are all available from Glpbio Inc; the structural lipid, namely cholesterol is available from Glpbio Inc; the phospholipid, namely DOPE, is available from Glpbio Inc; the PEG lipid, namely DMG-PEG200 (dimyristoylglycerol-polyethylene glycol 2000) is available from Avanti Inc; the mRNA nucleic acid, namely Luciferase mRNA is available from Novoprotein Inc with a loading amount of 1.25ug.
[0134] LNPs, i.e., A1 to A13, and S1 to S13, were prepared by the above method with the molar percentages of each component shown in Table 1.
[0135] Table 1: the molar percentages of each LNP
[0136] The particle size, particle size dispersion index (PDI) , and Zeta potential of the prepared lipid nanoparticles were measured using a nanoparticle size and zeta potential instrument (available from Brookhaven, USA) . The encapsulation degree of lipid nanoparticles for RNA is characterized by encapsulation efficiency and empty ratio. The encapsulation efficiency reflects the ratio of RNA encapsulated by lipid nanoparticles, and the empty ratio reflects the ratio of empty-shell lipid nanoparticles (that is, no RNA is carried) . Both the encapsulation efficiency and the empty ratio were measured by a Flow NanoAnalyzer purchased from NanoFCM Inc by labeling all the nucleic acids in the lipid nanoparticles with a transmembrane fluorescent dye, and then distinguishing the free nucleic acids, empty-shell lipid nanoparticles, RNA-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles by the fluorescence intensity and the particle sizes. LNP A13 was characterized as shown in Table 2.
[0137] Table 2: characterization of LNP A13
[0138] Example 2: Evaluation of the intradermal delivery effect of LNPs in mouse
[0139] The luciferase mRNA-encapsulated LNPs prepared in Example 1 were intradermally injected into the mouse skin to highly express the fluorescent protein, to evaluate the delivery effect of different LNPs in the mouse skin.
[0140] The test mice are SPF grade CD1 mice, female, 6-8 weeks old, weighing 20g-30g, purchased from Beijing Sironax Ltd. All animals were fed adaptively for more than 7 days before the experiment. During the experiment, they had free access to food and water, 12 / 12 hours of light and dark alternately with a room temperature of 20-26 ℃, and a humidity of 40 -70%. Mice were randomly grouped. The luciferase mRNA-encapsulated LNPs prepared in Example 1 were injected into mice by intradermal injection. 24 hours after the administration, the mice were detected with a small animal in vivo imaging system (IVIS LUMINA III, purchased from PerkinElmer) for in vivo bioluminescence detection. The detailed procedures were as follows: a 15 mg / mL D -fluorescein solution was prepared with phosphate buffer solution, and each mouse was given the substrate (the prepared 15 mg / mL D -fluorescein solution) by intraperitoneal injection; five minutes after substrate administration, the mice were anesthetized with 2.5%isoflurane in an anesthesia cabinet; and the anesthetized mice were put into the IVIS to perform fluorescence imaging, and data was collected and analyzed concerning the parts where the fluorescence was concentrated.
[0141] The in vivo delivery efficiency of lipid nanoparticles is expressed as the average fluorescence intensity of different animals within the same test group, wherein the higher the values of the fluorescence intensity, the higher the in vivo delivery efficiency of the lipid nanoparticles.
[0142] Figure 1 shows the statistical results of in vivo fluorescence imaging after delivering Luciferase mRNA in mouse skin with different LNPs, wherein the statistical time is 24 hours after injection; the statistical presentation method is a box plot, which respectively reflects the maximum value, upper quartile, median, lower quartile and minimum number of data from top to bottom; and each bar represents the average value of the fluorescent expression levels of 5 mice in the skin (n=5) .
[0143] It can be seen from Figure 1 that LNPs Nos. 13 and 5, such as A13, A5, D13, D5, S5, S13, etc., showed excellent expression effects after intradermal injection of mice for 24 hours.
[0144] Example 3: The change of the molar ratio of ionizable cationic lipids on the delivery effect
[0145] This example is to study the effect of the change of the molar ratio of ionizable cationic lipids on the delivery effect in the skin starting from A13.
[0146] LNP Nos. A13-2 to A13-16 were prepared by the method of Example 1, wherein the molar ratios of the ionizable cationic lipid in the lipid were changed, but the relative proportions of the other three lipids remained unchanged. Then the intradermal delivery effect of the resultant LNPs in mice was evaluated by following Example 2. The composition and delivery efficiency of LNPs are shown in Table 3 and Figure 2.
[0147] Table 3: The composition and delivery efficiency of LNPs with different molar ratios of ionizable cationic lipids
[0148] Unlike WO2009127060 A1 and WO2011000107A1 which require the molar ratio of ionizable cationic lipids to be about 50 %to about 85 %, the inventors of the present invention unexpectedly found that LNPs containing a higher molar ratio of ionizable cationic lipid, exceeding 50%, exhibit intradermal delivery efficiency significantly lower, by approximately three orders of magnitude, compared to LNPs with a molar ratio of ionizable cationic lipid below 50%, such as A13-8 v A13-12. This indicates that LNPs with a molar ratio of ionizable cationic lipids below 50 %exhibit precise or preferential delivery to the skin site with a high delivery efficiency.
[0149] Example 4: Efficient delivery of GFP mRNA-encapsulated LNPs in mouse skin
[0150] A13B was prepared in a manner similar to in Example 1, and A13B has the same lipid compositions as those of A13, except that 1.25 ug luciferase mRNA in Example 1 was replaced by 10 ug GFP mRNA. GFP mRNA is purchased from Novoprotein Inc
[0151] The experimental mice were P3 neonatal mice of SPF grade C57. C57 neonatal mice at P3 were used for experiments, and A13B LNP encapsulated with 10 ug GFP mRNA was injected into the back of the neonatal mice. Samples were collected 48 hours after injection. The skin in the injection area was excised, fixed with 4%PFA, embedded in OCT, and frozen for sectioning. A K14 antibody (prepared in the laboratory) was used for stain and the cells in the basal layer of the epidermis were marked. After staining, the slides were mounted and photographed using a confocal microscope. Cells labeled with DAPI were then identified by using the Spots function of the Imari software to obtain the total number of cells; and then cells labeled with GFP were identified by using the Spots function to obtain the number of GFP-positive cells. The percentage of GFP-positive cells in the total number of cells can be obtained by comparing the number of GFP-positive cells and the total number of cells.
[0152] The delivery efficiency of A13B in delivering GFP mRNA in mouse skin is expressed by the percentage of GFP positive cells in the total number of cells, and the higher the ratio, the higher the delivery efficiency of A13B.
[0153] Figure 3 shows the statistical results of using A13B to deliver GFP mRNA in mouse skin, wherein the statistical time was 48 h after injection; and each bar represents the average value of the fluorescent expression levels of 5 mice in the skin (n=5) . Figure 3 shows that A13B can efficiently deliver GFP mRNA in mouse skin, with an average delivery efficiency of about 30%.
[0154] Example 5: Efficient delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA-encapsulated LNPs in mouse skin
[0155] A13C was prepared in a manner similar to in Example 1, and A13C has the same lipid compositions as those of A13, except that 1.25 ug luciferase mRNA was replaced by 10 ug Cas9 mRNA and 2.5 ug sgRNA. Cas9 mRNA is available from Apexbio Inc and sgRNA is chemically synthesized by GENEWIZ Inc.
[0156] The experimental mice were P3 neonatal mice of SPF grade Ai14. Ai14 neonatal mice at P3 were used for experiments, and A13C LNP encapsulated with 10 ug Cas9 mRNA and 2.5 ug sgRNA was injected into the back of the neonatal mice. Samples were collected 48 hours after injection. The skin in the injection area was excised, fixed with 4%PFA, embedded in OCT, and frozen for sectioning. The K14 antibody (prepared in the laboratory) was used for stain and the cells in the basal layer of the epidermis were marked. After staining, the slides were mounted and photographed using a confocal microscope. Cells labeled with DAPI were then identified by using the Spots function of the Imari software to obtain the total number of cells; and then cells labeled with RFP were identified by using the Spots function to obtain the number of RFP-positive cells. The percentage of RFP-positive cells in the total number of cells can be obtained by comparing the number of RFP-positive cells and the total number of cells.
[0157] The delivery efficiency of A13C in delivering Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA in mouse skin is expressed by the percentage of RFP positive cells in the total number of cells, and the higher the ratio, the higher the delivery efficiency of A13C.
[0158] Figure 4 shows the statistical results of using A13C to deliver Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA in mouse skin, wherein the statistical time was 48 h after injection; and each bar represents the average value of the RFP positive cells of 5 mice in the skin (n=5) . Figure 4 shows that A13C can efficiently deliver Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA in mouse skin, with an average delivery efficiency of about 10%.
[0159] Example 6: Comparison of A13B with Commercial LNPs
[0160] This example compares the delivery effect of A13B and commercial LNPs encapsulated with GFP mRNA in mouse skin, wherein A13B is the LNP of Example 4, and the LNPs of BioNTech, Moderna and Alnylam are their commercial LNPs, which also contain GFP mRNA.
[0161] Table 4: the specific compositions of LNPs
[0162] The experimental mice were P3 neonatal mice of SPF grade C57. C57 neonatal mice at P3 were used for experiments, and different LNPs encapsulated with 10 ug of GFP mRNA were injected into the back of the neonatal mice. Samples were collected 48 hours after injection. The skin in the injection area was excised, fixed with 4%PFA, embedded in OCT, and frozen for sectioning. A K14 antibody (prepared in the laboratory) was used for stain and the cells in the basal layer of the epidermis were marked. After staining, the slides were mounted and photographed using a confocal microscope. Cells labeled with DAPI were then identified by using the Spots function of the Imari software to obtain the total number of cells; and then cells labeled with GFP were identified by using the Spots function to obtain the number of GFP-positive cells. The percentage of GFP-positive cells in the total number of cells can be obtained by comparing the number of GFP-positive cells and the total number of cells.
[0163] The delivery efficiency of different LNPs in delivering GFP mRNA in mouse skin is expressed by the percentage of GFP positive cells in the total number of cells, and the higher the ratio, the higher the delivery efficiency of the LNP.
[0164] Figure 5 and Table 4 show the statistical results of using different LNPs to deliver GFP mRNA in mouse skin, wherein the statistical time was 48 h after injection; and each bar represents the average value of the GFP positive cells of 5 mice in the skin (n=3) . Figure 5 and Table 4 show that the efficiency of A13B in delivering GFP mRNA in mouse skin is significantly better than other commercial formulations.
[0165] Example 7: Intradermal Delivery To Human Skin
[0166] This Example evaluates the delivery effect of LNP encapsulated with GFP mRNA A13B in human skin. Discarded human skin was collected on the day of surgery, adipose tissue was removed using a scalpel and forceps and the human skin was cut into small pieces of 1 cm2. The human skin was washed with phosphate buffered solution containing 1 %Penicillin / Streptomycin. After washing, the human skin dermis was placed down in Millicell Hanging Cell Culture Insert (PET 0.4 um, 6-well) for culture. The culture medium is DMEM+10%FBS+1%Pencillin / Streptomycin. The culture conditions were 37 ℃, and 5 %CO2. After culturing for 2 to 4 hours, LNP encapsulated with 10 ug of GFP mRNA, i.e., A13B, was injected intradermally. Samples were collected 48 hours after injection. The skin in the injection area was excised, fixed with 4%PFA, embedded in OCT, and frozen for sectioning. A K14 antibody (prepared in the laboratory) was used for stain and the cells in the basal layer of the epidermis were marked. After staining, the slides were mounted and photographed using a confocal microscope. Cells labeled with DAPI were then identified by using the Spots function of the Imari software to obtain the total number of cells; and then cells labeled with GFP were identified by using the Spots function to obtain the number of GFP-positive cells. The percentage of GFP-positive cells in the total number of cells can be obtained by comparing the number of GFP-positive cells and the total number of cells.
[0167] The delivery efficiency of A13B in delivering GFP mRNA in human skin is expressed by the percentage of GFP positive cells in the total number of cells, and the higher the ratio, the higher the delivery efficiency of A13B.
[0168] Figure 6 shows the statistical results of using A13B to deliver GFP mRNA in human skin, wherein the statistical time was 48 h after injection; and each bar represents the average value of the fluorescent expression levels of 3 pieces of human dermis. (n=3) . Figure 6 shows that A13B can efficiently deliver GFP mRNA in human skin, with an average delivery efficiency of about 40%.
[0169] Example 8: Topical delivery of LNPs
[0170] LNPs (LNP A13D: 5ug and LNP A13E: 10ug) were prepared in a manner similar to in Example except that the encapsulating amount of luciferase mRNA was 5ug for LNP A13D and 10ug for LNP A13E.
[0171] Similar to Example 2, LNPs A13 (1.25ug luciferase mRNA) , A13D (5ug luciferase mRNA) , and A13E (10ug luciferase mRNA) were administered to mice to evaluate the intradermal delivery effect of LNP, except that the LNPs were administered by topical administration.
[0172] The data was collected in accordance with Example 2 and the results are shown in Figure 7, which shows that the LNPs provided herein can effectively deliver mRNA in mouse skin by topical administration, and the delivery efficiency increases with the amount of the mRNA encapsulated in the LNPs in a certain range.
[0173] Example 9: Systemic Effects of Localized Delivery
[0174] LNP A13E (i.e., LNP encapsulated with 10ug luciferase mRNA) was administered via intradermal injection, and topical application to the epidermis., respectively, in accordance with Example 2.
[0175] The data was collected in accordance with Example 2 and the results are shown in Figure 8, wherein each column represents the distribution in vivo of 3 mice (n= 3) .
[0176] Figure 8 shows that the fluorescence after intradermal injection and epidermal application is limited to the skin and does not influx to other organs in the body; while the fluorescence after tail vein injection is mainly concentrated in the liver and spleen, and does not appear on the skin.
[0177] Example 10
[0178] LNP A13F was prepared in a manner similar to Example 1 except that 1.25ug luciferase mRNA was replaced by 30 ug human Col7a1 mRNA.
[0179] Col7a1 c. 6485G>A mut / mut mice was transplanted to the back of Nu / Nu nude mice, and the experiment was carried out after the wounds healed 20 days after the transplantation. LNP A13F encapsulated with 30ug human Col7a1 mRNA was intradermally injected into the skin of the transplanted area, once every 5 days, for a total of 3 times. Samples were taken and analyzed 5 days and 15 days after the last administration, respectively. The skin of the drug-administered area was excised for OCT embedding and then frozen for sectioning. Human Col VII antibody (available from Abcam) and Nidogen antibody (available from Santa Cruz) were used for staining. After staining, the slides were mounted and photographed using a confocal microscope. The phenotype restoration is judged by analyzing the degree of connection between the epidermis and dermis and the expression of the human Col VII antibody. The better the connection between the epidermis and the dermis and the more expression of Human Col VII, the better the phenotype restoration. The statistical presentation method is a box plot, which respectively reflects the maximum value, upper quartile, median, lower quartile, and minimum value of the data from top to bottom. Each column represents the repair of 3 mice (n= 3) .
[0180] Figure 9 shows that, on the 5th day after administration, the adhesion ratio of the epidermis of Col7a1 c. 6485G>A mut / mu t mice treated with LNP was 80%, while the adhesion ratio of the PBS group was only 35 %. On the 15th day after administration, the epidermis of the PBS group had been completely separated, while the epidermis of the LNP group was still partially adhered.
[0181] Figure 10 shows that, on the fifth day after administration, 60%of the skin of Col7a1 c. 6485G>A mut / mut mice treated with LNP expressed Human Col VII, while there was no expression in the PBS group. 15 days after administration, about 10%of the skin in the LNP group still expressed Human Col VII.
[0182] Figure 11 shows a representative image of immunofluorescence staining of samples taken at different time points after treatment of Col7a1 c. 6485G>A mut / mut mouse phenotype with A13F delivery of Human Col7a1 mRNA. Scale bar: 50um
[0183] This example shows that delivery of Human Col7a1 mRNA using A13F can restore the Col7a1 c. 6485G>A mut / mut mouse phenotype.
[0184] Patients with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (RDEB) have mutations in the Col7a1 gene, which encodes the Col VII protein. These mutations result in dysfunctional Col VII protein, preventing it from playing its role in binding the epidermis and dermis together. As a result, the patient's epidermis and dermis easily separate, leading to symptoms such as blisters and skin lesions. A mouse model, Col7a1 c. 6485G>A mut / mut, created based on the mutations found in RDEB patients, exhibits similar phenotypes and typically dies shortly after birth. This example also confirms that the delivery of the present invention's lipid nanoparticle (LNP) can be used for treating skin diseases.
[0185] It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein; such references do not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art in any country.
[0186] The disclosures of all publications, patents, patent applications, and published patent applications referred to herein by an identifying citation are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that certain minor changes and modifications will be practiced. Therefore, the description and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Claims
1.an LNP composition, comprising a nucleic acid; and a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating the nucleic acid and comprising a cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid, wherein(a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 2 and about 4, and(c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.05 and about 0.4.2.A method for localized delivery of a nucleic acid to a subject in need thereof, said method comprising: administering topically, transdermally, subcutaneously, epicutaneously, or intradermally to the subject an LNP composition comprising the nucleic acid; and a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating the nucleic acid and comprising a cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid, wherein(a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 2 and about 4, and(c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.05 and about 0.4.3.A method for treating a skin disease in a subject, comprising delivering topically, transdermally, subcutaneously, epicutaneously, or intradermally to the subject an LNP composition comprising a nucleic acid; and a lipid nanoparticle encapsulating the nucleic acid and comprising a cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid, a phospholipid, a structural lipid and a PEG lipid, wherein(a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 10 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 2 and about 4, and(c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.05 and about 0.4.4.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid is an ionizable cationic lipid of Formula (I) or salts thereof, Whereinm is an integer of 1-6;X is selected from the group consisting of OR5, SR5, NR5R6, or COOR5;U and V are each independently an optionally substituted C1-C8alkylene, C2-C8alkenylene, or C2-C8alkynylene;T is selected from the group consisting of C (O) O, OC (O) , O, S, N (R5) , C (O) , C (O) N (R5) , N (R5) C (O) , OC (O) N (R5) , N (R5) C (O) O, C (O) S, C (S) O, S (O) , S (O) (O) , or C (S) ;wherein R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, or C2-C10 alkynyl; andR1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C6-C18alkyl, C6-C18alkenyl, or C6-C18alkynyl, provided that at most one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is hydrogen.5.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid is selected from the group consisting of ( (4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl) bis (hexane-6, l-diyl) bis (2-hexyldecanoate) (ALC-0315) ; heptadecan-9-yl 8- ( (2-hydroxyethyl) (6-oxo-6- (undecyloxy) hexyl) amino) octanoate (SM-102) ; dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3) ; 3- (didodecylamino) -N1, N1, 4-tri-dodecyl-1-piperazineethylamine (KL10) ; N1- [2- (didodecylamino) ) ethyl] -N1, N4, N4-tri-dodecyl-1, 4-piperazine diethylamine (KL22) ; 14, 25-ditridecyl-15, 18, 21, 24-tetraaza-octadecane (KL25) ; 1, 2-Dilinoleyloxy-N, N-Dimethylaminopropane (DLin-DMA) ; ( (4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl) bis (hexane-6, l-diyl) bis (2-hexyldecanoate) ; l, 2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) ; N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-dioleyloxypropylamine (DODMA) ; l, 2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTMA) ; 3- (N- (N', N'-dimethylaminoethane) -carbamoyl) cholesterol (DC-Chol) ; dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDAB) ; l, 2-dioleoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DODAP) ; l, 2-diacyloxy-3-dimethylammonium propanes; l, 2-dialkyloxy-3-dimethylammonium propanes; dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DODAC) ; l, 2-distearyloxy-N, N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (DSDMA) ; 2, 3-di (tetradecoxy) propyl- (2-hydroxyethyl) -dimethylazanium (DMRIE) ; l, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DMEPC) ; l, 2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DMTAP) ; l, 2-dioleyloxypropyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide (DORIE) ; 2, 3-dioleoyloxy-N- [2 (spermine carboxamide) ethyl] -N, N-dimethyl-l-propanamium trifluoroacetate (DOSPA) ; l, 2-dilinoleyloxy-N, N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA) ; 1, 2-dilinolenyloxy-N, N-dimethylaminopropane (DLenDMA) ; dioctadecylamidoglycyl spermine (DOGS) ; 3-dimethylamino-2- (cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxybutan-4-oxy) -l- (cis, cis-9, 12-oc-tadecadienoxy) propane (CLinDMA) ; 2- [5'- (cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxy) -3'-oxapentoxy) -3-dimethyl-l- (cis, cis-9', 12'-octadecadienoxy) propane (CpLinDMA) ; N, N-dimethyl-3, 4-dioleyloxybenzylamine (DMOBA) ; l, 2-N, N'-dioleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DOcarbDAP) ; 2, 3-Dilinoleoyloxy-N, N-dimethylpropylamine (DLinDAP) ; l, 2-N, N'-Dilinoleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLincarbDAP) ; 1, 2-Dilinoleoylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLinCDAP) ; 2, 2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl- [l, 3] -dioxolane (DLin-K-DMA) ; 2, 2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl- [1, 3] -dioxolane (DLin-K-XTC2-DMA) ; 2, 2-dilinoleyl-4- (2-dimethylaminoethyl) - [1, 3] -dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA) ; N- (2-Hydroxyethyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) -1-propanaminium bromide (DMRIE) ; (±) -N- (3-aminopropyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (cis-9-tetradecenyloxy) -l-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DMORIE) ; (±) -N- (3-aminopropyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (dodecyloxy) -1-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DLRIE) ; (±) -N- (3-aminopropyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) -l-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DMRIE) ; N- (2-Aminoethyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) -l-propanaminium bromide (bAE-DMRIE) ; N- (4-carboxybenzyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (oleoyloxy) propan-l-aminium (DOBAQ) ; 2- ( {8- [ (3b) -cholest-5-en-3-yloxy] octyl} oxy) -N, N-dimethyl-3- [ (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-l-yloxy] propan-1-amine (Octyl-CLinDMA) ; l, 2-dimyristoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DMDAP) ; 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DPDAP) ;Nl- [2- ( (lS) -l- [ (3-aminopropyl) amino] -4- [di (3-amino-propyl) amino] butylcarboxamido) ethyl] -3, 4-di [oleyloxy] -benzamide (MVL5) ; 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DOEPC) ; 2, 3-bis (dodecyloxy) -N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -N, N-dimethylpropan-l-amonium bromide (DLRIE) ; N- (2-aminoethyl) -N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) propan-l-aminium bromide (DMORIE) ; di ( (Z) -non-2-en-l-yl) 8, 8'- ( ( ( (2 (dimethylamino) ethyl) thio) carbonyl) azanediyl) dioctanoate (ATX) ; N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (dodecyloxy) propan-1-amine (DLDMA) ; N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis (tetradecyloxy) propan-1-amine (DMDMA) ; Di ( (Z) -non-2-en-l-yl) -9- ( (4- (dimethylaminobutanoyl) oxy) heptadecanedioate (L319) ; N- Dodecyl-3- ( (2-dodecylcarbamoyl-ethyl) - {2- [ (2-dodecylcarbamoyl-ethyl) -2- { (2-dodecylcarbamoyl-ethyl) - [2- (2-dodecylcarbamoyl-ethylamino) -ethyl] -amino} -ethylamino) propionamide (lipidoid 98N12-5) ; or l- [2- [bis (2-hydroxydodecyl) amino] ethyl- [2- [4- [2- [bis (2-hydroxydodecyl) amino] ethyl] piperazin-l-yl]ethyl] amino] dodecan-2-ol (lipidoid 02-200) , or salts thereof.6.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid is selected from the group consisting of ( (4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl) bis (hexane-6, l-diyl) bis (2-hexyldecanoate) (ALC-0315) ; heptadecan-9-yl 8- ( (2-hydroxyethyl) (6-oxo-6- (undecyloxy) hexyl) amino) octanoate (SM-102) ; dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3) .7.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 30 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.8.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises from about 35 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.9.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprises about 35 mol %, about 36 mol %, about 37 mol %, about 38 mol %, about 39 mol %, about 40 mol %, about 41 mol %, about 42 mol %, about 43 mol %, about 44 mol %, about 45 mol %, about 46 mol %, about 47 mol %, about 48 mol %, or about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.10.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) , 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) , 1, 2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC) , 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DMPC) , 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) , 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) , 1, 2-diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC) , 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) , 1, 2-di-O-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18: 0 Diether PC) , 1-oleoyl-2-cholesterylhemisuccinoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OChemsPC) , 1-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 Lyso PC) , 1, 2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1, 2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1, 2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1, 2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (ME 16.0 PE) , 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac- (1-glycerol) sodium salt (DOPG) , sphingomyelin, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) , palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) and dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) -cyclohexane-1carboxylate (DOPE-mal) , dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE) , dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE) , distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) , 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE, 1-stearioyl-2-oleoylphosphatidyethanol amine (SOPE) , 1, 2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophoethanolamine (transDOPE) , phosphatidylcholine (PC) , phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phosphatidylserine (PS) , phosphatidic acid (PA) , and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) .11.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the phospholipid is DOPE.12.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the structural lipid is selected from the group consisting of cholesterol, fecosterol, sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, tomatidine, tomatine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, hopanoids, phytosterols, steroids.13.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the structural lipid is cholesterol.14.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the structural lipid comprises from about 25 mol %to about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.15.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the structural lipid comprises from about 30 mol %to about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.16.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the PEG lipid is selected from the group consisting of PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine, PEG-modified phosphatidic acid, PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG-CerCl4 or PEG-CerC20) , PEG-modified dialkylamines, PEG-modified l,2-diacyloxypropan-3 -amines, PEG-modified diacylglycerol, PEG-modified dialkylglycerol, PEG-c-DOMG, l, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG-DMG) , PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, l, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N- [amino (poly ethylene glycol) ] (PEG-DSPE) , PEG-disteryl glycerol (PEG-DSG) , PEG-dipalmetoleyl, PEG-dioleyl, PEG-distearyl, PEG-diacylglycamide (PEG-DAG) , PEG-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DPPE) , or PEG-l, 2-dimyristyloxlpropyl-3-amine (PEG-c-DMA) .17.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the PEG moiety has a size of about 1000, 2000, 5000, 10, 000, 15, 000, or 20, 000 Daltons.18.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the PEG lipid is DMG-PEG 2000.19.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 2.4 to 3.6.20.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5.21.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.09 and about 0.4, or between about 0.1 and about 0.4, or between about 0.1 and about 0.3; or between about 0.1 and about 0.2; or between about 0.1 and about 0.15.22.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is between about 3.3 and 3.6; or about 3.5.23.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is between about 0.1 and 0.12; or about 0.1.24.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, whereinthe ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 20 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.3 to 3.6; and the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.08 to 0.12; orthe cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 30 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5; and the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1; orthe ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 20 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.3 to 3.6; and the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.08 to 0.12; orthe cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 30 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5; and the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1.25.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises(a) the ionizable cationic lipid comprising from about 20 mol %to about 49 mol %or from about 30 mol %to about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5, and(c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1.26.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises(a) the ionizable cationic lipid comprising about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(b) the molar ratio of the structural lipid to the phospholipid is about 3.5, and(c) the molar ratio of the PEG lipid to the phospholipid is about 0.1.27.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises(a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprising about 49 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(b) the phospholipid comprising about 11 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(c) the structural lipid comprising about 39 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, and(d) the PEG lipid comprising about 1.0 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.28.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises(a) the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid comprising about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(b) the phospholipid comprising about 16 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition,(c) the structural lipid comprising about 40 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition, and(d) the PEG lipid comprising about 4.0 mol %of the total lipid present in the composition.29.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the LNPs have an encapsulation percentage of nucleic acids that is at least about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%.30.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the LNP composition has an N / P ratio of 3 to 8.31.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the composition comprises a weight ratio of the nucleic acid to the cationic lipid or ionizable cationic lipid from about 1: 1 to about 1: 100.32.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the nucleic acid is effective to treat skin disease.33.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of antisense oligonucleotides; siRNA; aptamers; DNAzymes; Plasmid DNA; antiviral RNA; Ribozymes; or antimicrobial peptides.34.The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the skin disease is selected from genetic skin diseases caused by functional protein deficiencies, congenital ichthyosis, psoriasis, melanoma, or aesthetic skin condition.35.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the composition is formulated as a pharmaceutical composition and further comprises an excipient.36.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the composition is formulated for localized delivery or administration.37.The LNP of claim 1 or the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the composition is formulated as a unit dose.