Renewable jet fuel composition with high naphthenic content

Abstract

Renewable jet fuel composition with a high naphthenic content The present invention relates to a jet fuel composition derived from renewable feedstocks comprising, relative to the total volume of the composition: a. from 50 to 90% by volume of at least one paraffinic base derived from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, from a Fischer-Tropsch process or from a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, and comprising at least 90% by mass of paraffins relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base, b.from 10 to 50% by volume of at least one C8-C16 naphthenic base, said naphthenic base being derived from the hydrogenation of a C8-C16 aromatic base, said aromatic base corresponding to the C8-C16 fraction of a biofuel produced by a process for converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel, and said aromatic base containing at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted by at least m methyls, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3, wherein said jet fuel composition comprises from 10 to 49% by mass of naphthenic compounds relative to the total mass of the composition. Figure for abstract: None.

Description

Title of the invention: Renewable jet fuel composition with a high naphthenic content Technical field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of jet fuels and in particular to a jet fuel derived from renewable feedstocks with a high content of naphthenic compounds.

[0002] CONTEXT OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Conventional jet fuel is produced from crude oil and contains a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that typically have 6 to 18 carbon atoms. These hydrocarbons include linear and branched alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Due to the petroleum feedstock and production processes, conventional jet fuel typically contains up to 25% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, more specifically typically 10% to 25% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons. A significant proportion, usually in the order of less than 5% of aromatic hydrocarbons, are polycyclic (i.e., they contain two or more aromatic rings) and generally of the naphthalene type. Such compounds are harmful to health (e.g., carcinogenic) and have poor combustion properties.

[0004] Environmental, economic and energy constraints have encouraged the diversification of energy resources and the development of new fuels, particularly in the field of aviation.

[0005] Renewable fuels derived from biological material are an alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Conventional jets can be blended with paraffinic bases derived from renewable feedstocks as provided for in D7566-21, thus enabling the production of alternative aviation fuels. Aviation fuel bases derived from renewable feedstocks that can be incorporated into fossil jet are:

[0006] - synthetic paraffinic kerosenes [SPK], derived from processes such as the Fischer-Tropsch process, Hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids [HEFA-SPK] or produced by the Alcohol-to-jet route (transformation of alcohol into kerosene) [ATJ-SPK], - synthetic isoparaffins produced by hydrotreatment from fermented sugars [SIP-HFS], - synthetic aromatic kerosenes obtained by alkylation of light aromatics from non-petroleum sources [SPK / A], - synthetic kerosenes obtained from the hydrothermal conversion of fatty acid esters and fatty acids, and - synthetic paraffinic kerosenes [SPK] obtained from hydrocarbons, esters and hydrotreated fatty acids.

[0007] In the short term, renewable fuels are being introduced in a blend with fossil fuels, but it will soon be necessary to use pure renewable fuels, without blending them with fossil jet. It is therefore necessary to develop renewable fuel formulations that meet current specifications and / or are compatible with current and future aircraft.

[0008] Currently, most renewable aviation fuel bases cannot be used alone due to their composition, which is very different from fossil jets, which poses problems of compatibility with the materials of the elements with which the fuel is in contact. This is because these bases are mainly made of paraffins. They therefore have good combustion properties, but pose problems of use in current aircraft, including problems of material compatibility, low density, low lubricity, and too low auto-ignition temperature. One possibility to solve this problem is to add an aromatic base to the paraffinic base. The article - Kramer S, Andac G, Heyne J, Ellsworth J, Herzig P and Lewis KC (2022) Perspectives on Fully Synthesized Sustainable Aviation Fuels: Direction and Opportunities. Front. Energy Res. 9:782823. doi: 10.3389 / fenrg.202L782823 - thus presents the probable production routes for so-called 100% drop-in S AF, by mixing paraffinic bases and aromatic bases. However, even if aromatic compounds improve lubrication and seal performance, they have a negative impact on combustion emissions, mainly on the formation of fine particles and the presence of trails. STATE OF THE ART

[0009] US Patent 8,629,310 describes a production process for converting oxygenated feedstocks derived from biomass into various fuels, including gas-range hydrocarbons, jet fuels and diesel fuels. The resulting compositions comprise more than 50% by mass of naphthenic compounds.

[0010] Application WO 2021 / 237030 describes a kerosene composition produced from crude oil and shale oil, and comprising a substantial amount of aromatic compounds of between 4 and 10% by mass.

[0011] Application US 2019 / 0002778 describes a kerosene composition produced by mixing an a) aviation fuel component and a b) diesel fuel from renewable sources.

[0012] Application US 2009 / 0253947 describes a production process, in particular an integrated production process, of a fuel mixture from a paraffin-rich component and a cyclic-rich component, each of the components being generated from a renewable raw material.

[0013] US Patent 10,087,374 describes a process for converting triacylglycerides into crude oil precursors and / or distillate hydrocarbon fuels.

[0014] None of these compositions makes it possible to optimize their combustion quality while preserving, or even improving, their properties, such as their compatibility with materials, in particular with seals, their density, their lubricating power, their viscosity and / or their auto-ignition temperature.

[0015] There is therefore a need for new jet fuel compositions derived exclusively from renewable feedstocks, having improved combustion quality compared to existing jet fuel compositions, while preserving or even improving at least one of their properties chosen from their compatibility with materials, in particular with seals, their density, their energy density, their lubricating power and / or their auto-ignition temperature.

[0016] There is also a need for a process allowing the preparation of jet fuel compositions derived exclusively from renewable feedstocks and having an improved combustion quality compared to existing jet fuel compositions, while preserving or even improving at least one of their properties chosen from their compatibility with materials, in particular with seals, their density, their lubricating power, their viscosity, their auto-ignition temperature, and / or by improving their environmental impact.

[0017] DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0018] To this end, the invention relates to a jet fuel composition derived from renewable feedstocks comprising, relative to the total volume of the composition:

[0019] a. from 50 to 90% by volume of at least one paraffinic base resulting from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, from a Fischer-Tropsch process or from a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, and comprising at least 90% by mass of paraffins relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base,

[0020] b. from 10 to 50% by volume of at least one C8-C16 naphthenic base, said naphthenic base being derived from the hydrogenation of a C8-C16 aromatic base, said aromatic base corresponding to the C8-C16 fraction of a biofuel produced by a process for converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel, and said aromatic base containing at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted by at least m methyl, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3,

[0021] wherein said jet fuel composition comprises from 10 to 49% by mass of naphthenic compounds relative to the total mass of the composition.

[0022] The inventors have discovered that such a composition, comprising in particular from 10 to 50% by volume of at least one C8-C16 naphthenic base, makes it possible to solve the aforementioned technical problems. It has an improved combustion quality compared to existing jet fuel compositions, while preserving or even improving at least one of their properties chosen from their compatibility with materials, in particular with seals, their density, their lubricating power and / or their auto-ignition temperature.

[0023] Preferably, the composition comprises an amount less than or equal to 15% by volume, preferably less than 8% by volume, preferably less than or equal to 5% by volume of aromatic compounds, relative to the total volume of the composition.

[0024] Preferably, the naphthenic base comprises aromatic compounds and naphthenic compounds, and has a mass ratio between the naphthenic compounds and the aromatic compounds greater than or equal to 1, preferably greater than or equal to 2, preferably greater than or equal to 5.

[0025] Preferably, the composition further comprises from 1 to 18% by volume, preferably from 1 to 10% by volume, relative to the total volume of the composition, of at least one C8-C16 aromatic base, said aromatic base corresponding to the C8-C16 fraction of a biofuel produced by a process for converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel and characterized in that said aromatic base contains at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass of benzene substituted by at least m methyl, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3.

[0026] Preferably, the biofuel comprises at least 90% by volume of C4-C40 compounds, preferably C4-C20 compounds, relative to the total volume of the biofuel.

[0027] The invention also relates to a process for producing a jet fuel composition from renewable feedstocks, comprising at least the following steps:

[0028] a) producing at least one paraffinic base from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, a Fischer-Tropsch process or a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols (so-called to-jet alcohols), said paraffinic base comprising at least 90% by mass of paraffins,

[0029] b) the production of at least one C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least the following steps:

[0030] i) the production of a biofuel by a process of converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel,

[0031] ii) recovering said C8-C16 aromatic base by fractionation of said biofuel obtained in step i), said C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted with at least m methyl, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3, and

[0032] c) hydrogenation of the C8-C16 aromatic base.

[0033] According to one embodiment, step c) comprises the hydrogenation of the C8-C16 aromatic base obtained at the end of step b) to obtain a naphthenic base, and the method further comprises a step d) of mixing 50% to 90% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 10% to 50% by volume of the naphthenic base produced in step c), and obtaining a jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base and a naphthenic base, the % by volume being relative to the total volume of the composition.

[0034] According to another embodiment, the method comprises, between step b) and step c), a step b') of mixing 50% to 90% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step b) to obtain a mixture of paraffinic and aromatic bases, the % by volume being relative to the total volume of the mixture, and step c) of hydrogenation of the C8-C16 aromatic base comprises the hydrogenation of the mixture of paraffinic and aromatic bases obtained in step b'), and obtaining a jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base and a naphthenic base.

[0035] The invention therefore relates in particular to a process for producing a jet fuel composition from renewable feedstocks, comprising at least the following steps:

[0036] a) the production of at least one paraffinic base from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, a Fischer-Tropsch process or a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, said at least one paraffinic base comprising at least 90% by mass of paraffins,

[0037] b) the production of at least one C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least the following steps:

[0038] i) the production of a biofuel by a process of converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel,

[0039] ii) the recovery of said C8-C16 aromatic base by fractionation of said bio fuel obtained in step i), said C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted by at least m methyls, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3,

[0040] c) hydrogenation of the C8-C16 aromatic base obtained at the end of step b) to obtain a naphthenic base, and

[0041] d) mixing 50% to 90% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 10 to 50% by volume of the naphthenic base produced in step c), and obtaining a jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base and a naphthenic base.

[0042] The invention also relates in particular to a process for producing a jet fuel composition from renewable feedstocks comprising at least the following steps:

[0043] a) the production of at least one paraffinic base from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, a Fischer-Tropsch process or a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, said at least one paraffinic base comprising at least 90% by mass of paraffins,

[0044] b) the production of at least one C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least the following steps:

[0045] i) the production of a biofuel by a process of converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel,

[0046] ii) recovering said C8-C16 aromatic base by fractionation of said biofuel obtained in step i), said C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted with at least m methyl, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3,

[0047] c) mixing 50% to 90% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step b) to obtain a mixture of paraffinic and aromatic bases, and

[0048] d) hydrogenation of the mixture of paraffinic and aromatic bases obtained in step c), and obtaining a jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base and a naphthenic base.

[0049] According to one embodiment, the hydrogenation of the processes according to the invention is total.

[0050] According to another embodiment of the invention, the hydrogenation of the processes according to the invention is partial.

[0051] Preferably, in the processes according to the invention, the at least one paraffinic base resulting from step a) is produced from one or more oils chosen from vegetable oils, animal fats, preferably non-edible highly saturated oils, used oils, by-products of the refining of vegetable oils or animal oil(s) containing free fatty acids, tall oils, and oils produced by bacteria, yeasts, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes.

[0052] Preferably, the processes according to the invention further comprise a step e) of adding 1% to 18% by volume relative to the total volume of the composition, preferably 1% to 10% by volume, of the aromatic base produced in step b) in the jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base and a naphthenic base.

[0053] Preferably, in the methods according to the invention, steps a), b), c), d), and optionally e) when present, are carried out in separate methods. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0054] The terms "comprising" and "comprises" as used herein are synonymous with "including," "includes," or "contains," "containing," and are inclusive or unbounded and do not exclude additional features, elements, or method steps not specified.

[0055] The expressions % by weight and % by mass have an equivalent meaning and refer to the proportion of the mass of a product relative to 100g of a composition comprising it.

[0056] The expression % by volume refers to the proportion of the volume of a product relative to 100 L of a composition comprising it.

[0057] By “naphthenic compounds” is meant C8-C16 cycloalkanes or polycycloalkanes, optionally substituted by one or more C1-C5 alkyl groups. Paraffin base according to the invention

[0058] Paraffinic base means a paraffinic synthetic fuel produced from non-petroleum raw material compatible with specification ASTM D7566:21 and containing at least 95% by mass of paraffinic compounds.

[0059] Said synthetic paraffinic fuel is advantageously a renewable synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) derived from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids (SPK-HEFA) or derived from a Fischer Tropsch process (SPK-FT) or derived from a process for transforming alcohol into isoparaffinic kerosene (SPK-ATJ).

[0060] The paraffinic synthetic fuel of the present invention is thus a renewable fuel obtained exclusively from compounds of non-fossil origin.

[0061] SPK-HEFA renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel is compatible with ASTM D7566:21 Annex 2 specification.

[0062] The SPK-HEFA renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel may be produced from naturally occurring oil(s) by a process of hydrogenation and deoxygenation of fatty acid esters and free fatty acids and further processing of the product comprising hydrocracking, or hydroisomerization, or isomerization, or a combination of these steps, and may include other conventional refining processes. In other words, the SPK-HEFA renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel is produced from the hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids of a naturally occurring oil.

[0063] An oil of natural origin is defined as an oil of biomass origin and containing no mineral oil. In the description, "oil(s) of natural origin" refers indifferently to oils, fats and their mixtures. Said oil(s) of natural origin may contain one or more oils chosen from vegetable oils, animal fats, preferably non-edible highly saturated oils, used oils, by-products of the refining of vegetable oil(s) or animal oil(s) containing free fatty acids, tall oils and oils produced by bacteria, yeasts, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes.Suitable vegetable oils include palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil (colza or canola), sunflower oil, linseed oil, bran oil, rice oil, corn oil, olive oil, castor oil, sesame oil, pine oil, peanut oil, mustard oil, carinata oil, hemp oil, coconut oil, babasu oil, cottonseed oil, linola oil, jatropha oil. Animal fats include tallow, lard, fat (yellow and brown fat), fish oil / fat, butterfat, milk fats.

[0064] By-products of vegetable or animal oil refining are by-products containing free fatty acids that are removed from crude fats and oils by neutralization or vacuum or steam distillation. A typical example is PF AD (Palm Fatty Acid Distillate). Waste oils include used cooking oils (used edible oils) and oils recovered from wastewater, such as grease / drainage oils, gutter oils, sewage oils, e.g., from water treatment plants, and waste fats from the food industry. Tall oils, including crude tall oils, distilled tall oils (DTOs) and tall oil fatty acids (TOFAs), preferably DTO and TOFA, may also be used in the present invention.Tall oil, or tallol, is a liquid by-product of the Kraft wood processing process, used to isolate wood pulp for the paper industry. Tall oil is mainly obtained when conifers are used in the Kraft process. After treating wood chips with sodium sulfide in aqueous solution, tall . The isolated oil is alkaline. The latter is then acidified with sulfuric acid to produce crude tall oil. The naturally occurring oil(s) used in the present invention also include oils produced by microorganisms, either naturally occurring microorganisms or genetically modified microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes. In particular, such oils can be recovered by well-known mechanical or chemical extraction methods.

[0065] SPK-FT renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel is derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process and can be produced from solid biomass. It is compatible with ASTM D7566:21 Annex 1 specification. Thermochemical conversion of biomass (Fischer-Tropsch gasification and synthesis), also called BtL (Biomass to Liquid), includes the following steps: biomass conditioning (preparation, crushing, torrefaction), biomass gasification (obtaining a synthesis gas), synthesis gas purification, Fisher-Tropsch synthesis to transform the gas into synthetic biofuel.

[0066] Whatever the aforementioned process used, the paraffinic synthetic fuel may have been subjected to an isomerization and / or distillation step before its incorporation into the composition of the invention, in order to eliminate the heaviest linear paraffins which would not allow the cold properties of the jet to be respected, in particular the point of disappearance of the crystals which must be less than -47°C for the AL Jet. The lightest compounds may also be separated by distillation, in order to respect, in particular, the volatility and flash point properties of the AL Jet. Whatever the aforementioned process used, the renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel may have one or more of the following characteristics:

[0067] - a paraffin content greater than 90% by mass,

[0068] - a cycloparaffin content of less than 10% by mass,

[0069] - a freezing point below -30°C, preferably below -40°C, by example below -47°C,

[0070] - a density at 15°C between 730 and 780kg / m3,

[0071] - a distillation range of 145°C to 315°C,

[0072] - an isoparaffin content of 70% by mass or more.

[0073] SPK-ATJ renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel meets, among other things, ASTM D7566:21 Annex 5 specification but can also be produced from any alcohol with 1 to 6 carbon atoms. SPK-ATJ renewable fuel is obtained by dehydrating alcohols to produce olefins, then by oligomerizing the olefins to obtain unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules in the boiling temperature range of SAF. These unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules are then hydrogenated to produce the paraffinic base. Naphthenic base according to the invention

[0074] The C8-C16 naphthenic base is produced by hydrogenation of a C8-C16 aromatic base, the aromatic base being as defined below.

[0075] Hydrogenation of the C8-C16 aromatic base partially or completely hydrogenates the aromatic compounds.

[0076] The hydrogenation of the C8-C16 aromatic base can be carried out on the aromatic base alone or in a mixture with other compounds, in particular in the presence of the paraffinic base according to the invention. The hydrogenation of the C8-C16 aromatic base can therefore be carried out when the aromatic base is mixed with the paraffinic base according to the invention.

[0077] Hydrogenation is for example carried out in one or more fixed bed reactors (descending or ascending) and in mixed phase, the fraction to be hydrogenated being mainly in the liquid phase.

[0078] The hydrogenation is for example carried out at a temperature between 50°C and 350°C, in particular between 100°C and 300°C. It is carried out under a pressure preferably greater than 10 bara and in particular between 20 bara and 80 bara.

[0079] A hydrogen stream is fed into the or each reactor in a mixture with the aromatic base stream to be hydrogenated. The ratio of the volume flow rate of the hydrogen stream to the volume flow rate of aromatic base (not including the recycled stream) to be hydrogenated is advantageously between 50 NL / L and 3000 NL / L, in particular between 100 NL / L and 500 NL / L. The hydrogen can be added to the aromatic base stream in several stages along the catalytic bed. The hourly space velocity is advantageously between 0.5 and 3 and in particular between 1 and 2 h1. The excess hydrogen can be recycled into the reaction zone after separation and compression.

[0080] The reaction is carried out in the presence of at least one catalyst comprising one or more metals from group VIII (typically Pt, Pd, Ni) supported on a support such as silica, alumina or any mixture of these two compounds or carbon. The reaction can also be carried out in the presence of a sulfide type catalyst containing an element from group VIB (Cr, Mo, W) and an element from group VIIIB (Fe, Ru, Co, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Pd, Ni, Pt) or mixtures of these two groups of metals.

[0081] The hydrogenation step is preferably followed by a step of separation of the light compounds, generally carried out by stripping or distillation. This separation step makes it possible to produce a hydrogenated cut of the C8-C16 type, suitable for incorporation into aviation fuel.

[0082] According to one variant, the hydrogenation of the aromatic base is total. This means that the aromatic compounds contained in the aromatic base are hydrogenated to more than 99%.

[0083] According to another variant, the hydrogenation of the aromatic base is partial. Preferably, between 10% and 99%, preferably between 10% and 90% by mass of the aromatic compounds contained in the aromatic base to be hydrogenated, preferably between 30% by mass and 80% by mass of the aromatic compounds contained in the aromatic base to be hydrogenated, are hydrogenated into naphthenic compounds. Partial hydrogenation can be achieved by choosing the operating conditions to hydrogenate only a fraction of the aromatic compounds, or by subjecting only a fraction of the aromatic base to the hydrogenation step; the non-hydrogenated fraction is then mixed with the fully hydrogenated fraction.

[0084] According to this variant, the naphthenic base comprises a mixture of aromatic compounds and naphthenic compounds.

[0085] According to this variant, the naphthenic base preferably comprises at least 60% by mass of naphthenic compounds, preferably from 70% to 95% by mass of naphthenic compounds, preferentially from 75% to 95% by mass of naphthenic compounds.

[0086] According to this variant, the naphthenic base preferably has a mass ratio between the naphthenic compounds and the aromatic compounds greater than or equal to 1, preferably greater than or equal to 2, preferably greater than or equal to 5, preferably between 1 and 99, preferably between 5 and 24, preferably between 5 and 10. Aromatic base according to the invention

[0087] The C8-C16 aromatic base is used to prepare the naphthenic base according to the invention. In certain embodiments, the aromatic base is further added as such in the composition according to the invention, in order to adjust the aromatic compound content of the composition to the required specifications.

[0088] The C8-C16 aromatic base can be produced according to the following steps:

[0089] i) production of a biofuel by subjecting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol derived of at least one renewable feedstock to a process for converting alcohol into fuel,

[0090] ii) recovery by fractionation of said C8-C16 aromatic base from said biofuel obtained in step i).

[0091] Step i): production of a biofuel

[0092] The production of the biofuel according to step i) can be carried out by conversion of at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol, in a catalytic process. The catalytic process can be carried out on a bed of aluminosilicate, preferably of the zeolite type.

[0093] The C1-C6 bioalcohol contains predominantly alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanols (n-propanol, i-propanol), butanols (n-butanol, i-butanol), pentanols (n-pentanols, i-pentanol) and hexanols. The C1-C6 bioalcohol preferably contains more than 80% by mass of C1 to C6 alcohols, preferably more than 90% in mass of alcohols from Cl to C6.

[0094] The C1-C6 bioalcohol can be:

[0095] - Methanol obtained from biomass:

[0096] Biomass may include, but is not limited to, wood fuels from natural forests and woodlands (e.g., sawdust), agricultural residues (e.g., rice husks, straw manure), energy crops that are grown exclusively for energy production (e.g., corn and oil palm), municipal waste (e.g., wood waste, rice, straw manure), energy crops that are grown exclusively for energy production (e.g., corn and oil palm), municipal waste (e.g., municipal solid waste and wastewater), and waste-derived biomass fuel (e.g., wood pellets). Renewably sourced methanol may include the conversion of a CO / H2-rich synthetic gas, wherein the synthetic gas is derived from biomass.Biomass can, for example, be gasified to produce a CO / H2-rich synthetic gas (or "syngas"), which is then converted into methanol in the presence of a catalyst. A method of this type is, for example, described in WO2018134853A1. A synthetic gas suitable for subsequent conversion into methanol can also be obtained by partial oxidation in the presence of oxygen of a biogas containing methane and CO2, this biogas resulting, for example, from the anaerobic digestion of biomass in the presence of one or more microorganisms. A method of this type is, for example, described in WO2019060988A1.

[0097] - Methanol obtained from carbon dioxide:

[0098] Several transformation routes exist. For example, we can cite the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol in the presence of hydrogen. Another route consists of converting carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide by electroconversion or by reverse reaction of gas with water in the presence of hydrogen. The carbon monoxide is then converted by catalytic conversion into methanol, in the presence of hydrogen. The hydrogen used for the various operations described above is obtained in particular by steam reforming of methane, by reaction of gas with water, or is produced by electrolysis from renewable energies such as solar energy, wind, geothermal energy, waves or currents.

[0099] - Bioethanol produced from ethanolic fermentation by the action of fer- supplementary material of microorganisms, yeasts and / or bacteria from at least one raw material of plant origin:

[0100] Bioethanol can advantageously be obtained by:

[0101] - anaerobic fermentation of a sugar-rich substrate from biomass, or

[0102] - anaerobic fermentation of a gas comprising CO, which may be derived from biomass or not.

[0103] For anaerobic fermentation of a sugar-rich substrate, the sugars are composed of chains of 6 or 5 carbons, such as glucose, sucrose (dimer of glucose and fructose), xylose and arabinose.

[0104] This substrate may for example comprise, or come directly from agrifood plants, sugar cane, sugar beet, sugar sorghum, or by depolymerization of starch from corn, wheat, barley, rye, sorghum, triticale, potato, sweet potato, cassava, and / or cellulose and hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass.

[0105] The sugar-rich substrate may also be obtained from lignocellullosic biomass by a treatment comprising (i) a step of separating the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contained in the lignocellullosic biomass, followed by (ii) a step of converting the cellulose and / or hemicellulose into sugars. Obtaining this type of substrate from lignocellulosic biomass is well known to those skilled in the art. The sugar-rich substrate is then subjected to fermentation, for example using microorganisms.

[0106] Ethanol can also be produced by anaerobic fermentation of a gas comprising CO. The substrate is then a gaseous substrate (a gas) containing CO. This gaseous substrate can be a by-product of an industrial process, such as the manufacture of ferrous metal products, in particular steel mills, the manufacture of non-ferrous products, oil refining processes, the gasification of coal and / or biomass or biochar, the production of electric power, the production of carbon black, the production of ammonia, the production of methanol, the manufacture of coke, catalytic cracking (in particular during the regeneration of the catalyst carbon monoxide is produced) and the reforming of methane.

[0107] In other embodiments, the gaseous substrate may be derived from the gasification of biomass, such as biomass by-products obtained during the extraction and processing of food products. The gasification process involves partial combustion of the biomass in a restricted supply of air or oxygen. The resulting gas generally comprises primarily CO and H2, with minor volumes of CO2, methane, ethylene, and ethane. The CO content of the gaseous substrate is typically 15% to 100% by volume, 15% to 95% by volume, 40% to 95% by volume, 40% to 60% by volume, and 45% to 55% by volume or is within any two of these limits.

[0108] Any microorganism capable of fermenting a gaseous substrate comprising CO to produce ethanol can be used.

[0109] - Bioethanol produced from biomass by conversion of a gas from synthesis rich in CO / H2, this synthetic gas being derived from biomass.

[0110] Biomass can for example be gasified to produce a synthesis gas (or "syngas" in English) rich in CO / H2, this synthetic gas then being converted into methanol in the presence of a catalyst. A process of this type is for example described in document WO2012003901.

[0111] - Any other alcohol comprising from 3 to 6 carbon atoms obtained for example by:

[0112] - catalytic reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide carbon;

[0113] - catalytic reaction of hydrogen with carbohydrates;

[0114] - ABE fermentation, a bacterial fermentation producing a mixture of ethanol, acetone and butanol from carbohydrates such as glucose or starch;

[0115] - anaerobic fermentation of sugars from biomass, in particular to obtain propanol (iso or n), butanol (iso or n) or isoamyl alcohol;

[0116] - anaerobic fermentation of a mixture containing at least carbon monoxide carbon, carbon dioxide and hydrogen to obtain in particular propanol (iso or n), butanol (iso or n) or isoamyl alcohol.

[0117] Step ii): recovery of the C8-C16 aromatic base

[0118] The biofuel obtained during step i) is fractionated to recover the C8-C16 fraction in order to satisfy the volatility properties of aviation fuels.

[0119] The C8-C16 aromatic base according to the invention may have one or more of the following characteristics:

[0120] - at least 60% by mass of C8-C16 aromatic compounds, in particular monoaromatic compounds, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted with at least m methyl, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3,

[0121] - from 8% by mass to 15% by mass of naphthenic compounds,

[0122] - from 5% by mass to 15% by mass of isoparaffins,

[0123] - less than 5% by mass of n-paraffins.

[0124] It will be noted that said aromatic compounds, present in a content of at least 60% by mass, comprise benzene substituted by at least m methyl and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl. These aromatic compounds may thus comprise a mixture of benzene molecules substituted by at least m methyls, m being an integer ranging from 1 to 3, and optionally benzene molecules substituted by at least m methyls, m being an integer ranging from 1 to 3, and / or n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer ranging from 1 to 3.

[0125] In particular, the production of the paraffinic and naphthenic bases according to the invention can be carried out from different renewable sources, and in particular by separate processes. Mixing step according to the invention

[0126] Preferably, the process according to the invention comprises a step of mixing the paraffinic base with another base.

[0127] According to one embodiment, the mixing step is carried out after step c) of hydrogenation of the aromatic base, and corresponds to a step d) of mixing 50 to 90% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 10% to 50% by volume of the at least one naphthenic base produced in step c).

[0128] Preferably according to this embodiment, the mixture of step d) comprises the mixture of 50% to 85% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 15% to 50% by volume of the at least one naphthenic base produced in step c), preferably, step d) comprises the mixture of 55% to 80% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 20% to 45% by volume of the at least one naphthenic base produced in step c), preferentially, step d) comprises the mixture of 55% to 75% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 25% to 45% by volume of the at least one naphthenic base produced in step c).

[0129] According to another embodiment, the mixing step is carried out between step b) and the hydrogenation step, and corresponds to a step of mixing 50% to 90% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step b) to obtain a mixture of paraffinic and aromatic bases.

[0130] Preferably according to this embodiment, the mixing step comprises mixing 50% to 85% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 15% to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step b), preferably, the mixing step comprises mixing 55% to 80% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 20% to 45% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step b), preferentially, the mixing step comprises mixing 55% to 75% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 25% to 45% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step b). Jet fuel composition according to the invention

[0131] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises from 50% to 85% by volume, preferably from 55% to 80% by volume, preferentially from 55% to 75% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base.

[0132] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises from 15% to 50% by volume, preferably from 20% to 45% by volume, preferentially from 25% to 45% by volume of at least one naphthenic base.

[0133] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises less than 18% by volume, preferably less than 10% by volume, preferably less than 8% by volume, preferably less than 5% by volume, preferably from 1% to 18% by volume, preferably from 1 to 10% by volume of the at least one aromatic base.

[0134] Preferably, the composition according to the invention has a mass ratio of naphthenic compounds / aromatic compounds greater than or equal to 1, preferably greater than or equal to 2, preferably greater than or equal to 3, preferably between 3 and 5.

[0135] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises from 15% to 48% by mass of naphthenic compounds, preferably from 25% to 45% by mass of naphthenic compounds.

[0136] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises a quantity of aromatic compounds of less than or equal to 15% by volume, preferably less than or equal to 8% by volume, preferably less than or equal to 5% by volume, relative to the total volume of the composition. Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises a quantity of aromatic compounds of between 1 and 15% by volume, preferably between 1 and 8% by volume, relative to the total volume of the composition.

[0137] The quantity of aromatic compounds included in the composition according to the invention is defined by volume in accordance with the specifications of standard ASTM D7566:21.

[0138] Advantageously, the jet fuel composition according to the invention may comply with the Jet A or Jet Al requirements as defined in the ASTM D7566:21 standard of July 2021 or in DefStan 91-091 Issue which refers to the ASTM D7566:21 standard.

[0139] For example, the composition according to the invention has a density of between 755 kg / m3 and 840 kg / m3, preferably of between 775 kg / m3 and 840 kg / m3.

[0140] In particular, the contents of paraffinic base, naphthenic base, and aromatic base when present, in the jet fuel composition according to the invention can be chosen such that the jet fuel composition according to the invention complies with these requirements.

[0141] In an advantageous embodiment, the at least one paraffinic base and the at least one naphthenic base are derived from separate treatments of renewable feedstocks (from separate processes), in particular from separate renewable feedstocks. In a preferred embodiment, the jet fuel composition according to the invention is made up of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic bases when present, derived from renewable feedstocks.

[0142] According to one embodiment, the jet fuel composition according to the invention is free of components of petroleum origin.

[0143] The example below illustrates the invention without limiting its scope. EXAMPLES

[0144] Two compositions C1 and C2 according to the invention are prepared.

[0145] Cl comprises 68% by volume of HEFA in accordance with the paraffinic base a) according to the invention and 32% by volume of the naphthenic base b).

[0146] C2 comprises 61% by volume of HEFA in accordance with the paraffinic base a) according to the invention and 39% by volume of the naphthenic base b).

[0147] Compositions C1 and C2, as well as the HEFA base conforming to the paraffinic base a) have the characteristics detailed in the following table (these characteristics were determined according to the standards specified in each column):

[0148] [Tableauxl] Auto-ignition point (°C) Density (kg / m3) Viscosity @ - 20 °C (mm2 / s) Viscosity @ -40°C (mm2 / s) BOCLE (mm) ASTM E659-15 ASTM D1298-06 ASTM D445-21 ASTM D5001 (19el) HEFA 198 760.9 5.794 13.28 0.85 Cl 230 773.5 4.274 8.594 0.77 C2 249 776.3 4.024 7.897 0.77

[0149] The addition of the naphthenic base b) to a paraffinic base a) therefore makes it possible to obtain compositions having improved properties. In particular, the addition of the naphthenic base b) surprisingly improves the viscosity at - 40°C of the paraffinic base, as well as its lubricity (BOCLE). This shows that it is possible to replace at least part of the aromatic base, frequently used in combination with paraffinic bases, with a naphthenic base, and thus reduce the formation of fine particles and the presence of streaks.

Claims

Claims

1. A jet fuel composition derived from renewable feedstocks comprising, relative to the total volume of the composition: a. from 50 to 90% by volume of at least one paraffinic base derived from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, from a Fischer-Tropsch process or from a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, and comprising at least 90% by mass of paraffins relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base, b.from 10 to 50% by volume of at least one C8-C16 naphthenic base, said naphthenic base being derived from the hydrogenation of a C8-C16 aromatic base, said aromatic base corresponding to the C8-C16 fraction of a biofuel produced by a process for converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel, and said aromatic base containing at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted by at least m methyls, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3, wherein said jet fuel composition comprises from 10 to 49% by mass of naphthenic compounds relative to the total mass of the composition.

2. A jet fuel composition according to claim 1, comprising an amount less than or equal to 15% by volume, preferably less than 8% by volume, preferably less than or equal to 5% by volume of aromatic compounds, relative to the total volume of the composition.

3. A jet fuel composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the naphthenic base comprises aromatic compounds and naphthenic compounds, and has a mass ratio between the naphthenic compounds and the aromatic compounds greater than or equal to 1, preferably greater than or equal to 2, preferably greater than or equal to 5.

4. J. A jet fuel composition according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising from 1 to 18% by volume, preferably from 1 to 10% by volume, relative to the total volume of the composition, of at least one C8-C16 aromatic base, said aromatic base corresponding to the C8-C16 fraction of a biofuel produced by a process for converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel and characterized in that said aromatic base contains at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass of benzene substituted by at least m methyl, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3.

5. A process for producing a jet fuel composition from renewable feedstocks, comprising at least the following steps: a) producing at least one paraffinic base from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, a Fischer-Tropsch process or a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, said at least one paraffinic base comprising at least 90% by mass of paraffins, b) producing at least one C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least the following steps: (i) the production of a biofuel by a process of converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel, ii) recovering said C8-C16 aromatic base by fractionating said biofuel obtained in step i), said C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted with at least m methyls, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3, c) hydrogenating the C8-C16 aromatic base obtained at the end of step b) to obtain a naphthenic base, and d) mixing 50% to 90% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 10 to 50% by volume of the naphthenic base produced in step c), and obtaining a jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base and a naphthenic base.

6. A process for producing a jet fuel composition from renewable feedstocks comprising at least the following steps: a) producing at least one paraffinic base from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, a Fischer-Tropsch process or a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, said at least one paraffinic base comprising at least 90% by mass of paraffins, b) producing at least one C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least the following steps: i) producing a biofuel by a process for converting at least one C1-C6 bioalcohol into fuel, ii) recovering said C8-C16 aromatic base by fractionating said biofuel obtained in step i), said C8-C16 aromatic base comprising at least 60% by mass of aromatic compounds, said aromatic compounds comprising at least 50% by mass, preferably at least 80% by mass, of benzene substituted with at least m methyl, m being an integer from 1 to 3, and optionally n C2-C5 alkyl, n being an integer from 1 to 3, c) mixing 50% to 90% by volume of the at least one paraffinic base produced in step a) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step b) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step c) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step d) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step e) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step f) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step g) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step g) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step h) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step h) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step h) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step g) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step h) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base produced in step h) with 10 to 50% by volume of the at least one aromatic base step b) to obtain a mixture of paraffinic and aromatic bases, and d) hydrogenation of the mixture of paraffinic and aromatic bases obtained in step c),and obtaining a jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base and a naphthenic base.,

7. A process for producing a jet fuel composition from renewable feedstocks according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the hydrogenation is complete.

8. A process for producing a jet fuel composition from renewable feedstocks according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the hydrogenation is partial.

9. A process for producing a jet fuel composition from renewable feedstocks according to any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein the at least one paraffinic base from step a) is produced from one or more oils chosen from vegetable oils, animal fats, preferably non-edible highly saturated oils, waste oils, by-products of refining vegetable oils or animal oil(s) containing free fatty acids, tall oils, and oils produced by bacteria, yeasts, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes.

10. A process for producing a jet fuel composition according to any one of claims 5 to 9, further comprising a step e) of adding from 1% to 18% by volume relative to the total volume of the composition, preferably from 1% to 10% by volume, of the aromatic base produced in step b) to the jet fuel composition comprising a paraffinic base and a naphthenic base.

11. A process for producing a jet fuel composition according to any one of claims 5 to 10, wherein steps a), b), c), d), and optionally e) when present, are carried out in separate processes.