Aviation fuel with a high renewable fuel content and reduced aromatic compound content

Abstract

High Renewable Fuel Content, Low Aromatic Compound Aviation Fuel. The present invention relates to a jet fuel composition comprising, relative to the total volume of the composition: a. 9% to 60% by volume of a jet fuel conforming to ASTM D1655-21-c, b. 30% to 90% by volume of a renewable synthetic paraffinic kerosene base, said paraffinic base being obtained by hydrotreating esters and fatty acids, by a Fischer-Tropsch process, or by a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, and c. 1% to 15% by volume of an aromatic base comprising at least 70% by mass, preferably 80% by mass, of C8-C12 aromatic compounds, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base. Figure for abstract: None

Description

Title of the invention: Aviation fuel with a high renewable fuel content and a reduced aromatic compound content Technical field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of jet fuels and in particular to a jet fuel derived from a mixture of fossil feedstocks and a renewable feedstock, said mixture having a high content of renewable fuel and having a reduced content of aromatic compounds.

[0002] CONTEXT OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The current context is largely in favor of the decarbonization of the aviation sector, due to the high carbon footprint of this sector and its impact on the environment. The decarbonization of the aviation sector requires the increasing use of fuels called Semi Synthetic Jet Fuel (SSJF) including a fraction of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) whose carbon footprint is significantly reduced compared to the fossil jet currently used. SSJF is generally a mixture of a renewable paraffinic base and a jet fuel. There are international standards that limit the incorporation rate of the renewable paraffinic base to 50% for the production of SSJF with a fraction of SAF including a renewable source of jet fuel.However, this rate of incorporation of the renewable paraffinic base is in practice limited to lower contents, in particular due to constraints of density, density, freezing point, viscosity or aromatic compound content. Thus, the SSJF blends as currently proposed generally contain 30% to 40% by volume of renewable paraffinic base, and it is not always possible to reach 50% by volume of renewable paraffinic base in a blend with commercial jets. This delta between the actual limitation of 50% by volume and the observed limitation of 30 to 40% therefore limits the decarbonization of the aviation sector. STATE OF THE ART

[0004] Document EP4079827 describes in particular a jet fuel composition comprising an addition of aromatic compounds by addition of a bio-oil obtained by thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic product.

[0005] Document WO2016 / 060450 also describes a biofuel composition and its preparation process.

[0006] However, these solutions do not allow a basic incorporation rate to be obtained renewable paraffinic up to 50% in SSJF blends.

[0007] By extension, and for the same reasons, it is not always possible to incorporate more than 50% by volume of renewable paraffinic base.

[0008] There is therefore a need to provide a jet fuel composition that can solve the problems mentioned above.

[0009] There is also a need for a method for producing such a composition.

[0010] DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention proposes a formulation of SSJF comprising an S AF fraction based on a mixture of paraffinic SBC, a jet fraction and an aromatic base making it possible to overcome the current incorporation limit of 30%-40% of SAF while guaranteeing the specifications of the final SSJF obtained.

[0012] To this end, the invention relates to a jet fuel composition comprising, relative to the total volume of the composition:

[0013] a) from 9% to 60% by volume of a jet conforming to ASTM D1655-21-C,

[0014] b) from 30% to 90% by volume of a renewable synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) type paraffinic base, said paraffinic base being derived from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids (SPK-HEFA), a Fischer-Tropsch process (SPK-FT) or a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols,

[0015] c) from 1% to 15% by volume of an aromatic base comprising at least 70% by mass, preferably 80% by mass of C8-C12 aromatic compounds, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base.

[0016] The inventors have discovered that the composition described above, and in particular the addition of 1 to 15% by volume of an aromatic base, of renewable or fossil origin, makes it possible to solve the aforementioned technical problems. In particular, it makes it possible to meet all the specifications by maximizing the quantity of paraffinic base of renewable origin while minimizing the content of aromatic compounds which is responsible for particle emissions during combustion.

[0017] The invention also relates to a process for a jet fuel composition, comprising at least the following steps:

[0018] a) producing a jet conforming to ASTM D1655-21-C,

[0019] b) the production of a renewable synthetic paraffinic kerosene type paraffinic base by hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, by a Fischer-Tropsch process or by a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols,

[0020] c) producing an aromatic base comprising at least 70% by mass, preferably 80% by mass of C8-C12 aromatic compounds relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, and

[0021] d) mixing 9% to 60% by volume of the jet from step a), 30% to 90% by volume volume of the paraffinic base from step b) and from 1 to 15% by volume of the aromatic base from step c).

[0022] Preferably, step c) comprises the conversion of biomass or alcohols, the conversion of lignin, or steam cracking or fluidized bed catalytic cracking (FCC, according to the English terminology) or catalytic reforming of a feedstock of renewable origin to obtain an aromatic base of renewable origin, and / or steam cracking or fluidized bed catalytic cracking and / or catalytic reforming of a fossil feedstock to obtain an aromatic feedstock of fossil origin, and optionally a step of mixing the aromatic base of renewable origin and the aromatic base of fossil origin. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] The term "jet" as used herein refers to a fuel for a turbine (turbojet or turboprop) aircraft engine.

[0024] The terms "comprising" and "comprises" as used herein are synonymous with "including," "includes," or "contains," "containing," and are inclusive or unbounded and do not exclude additional features, elements, or method steps not specified.

[0025] The expressions “from ... to ...”, “between ... and ...” include the limits.

[0026] The expressions % by weight and % by mass have an equivalent meaning and are refer to the proportion of the mass of a product relative to 100g of a composition comprising it.

[0027] The expression % by volume refers to the proportion of the volume of a product relative to 100 L of a composition comprising it. Paraffin base

[0028] Paraffinic base means a synthetic paraffinic fuel produced from raw material of non-petroleum origin.

[0029] Said paraffinic synthetic fuel is advantageously a synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) resulting from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids (SPK-HEFA), from a Fischer-Tropsch process (SPK-FT) or from a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols (SPK-ATJ).

[0030] The paraffinic synthetic fuel of the present invention is thus a renewable fuel obtained exclusively from compounds of non-fossil origin.

[0031] SPK-HEFA renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel may be produced from naturally occurring oil(s) by a process of hydrogenation and deoxygenation of fatty acid esters and free fatty acids and further processing of the product comprising hydrocracking, or hydroisomerization, or isomerization, or a combination of these steps, and may include other suitable refining processes. tionals. In other words, SPK-HEFA Renewable Paraffinic Synthetic Fuel is produced from the hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids from a naturally occurring oil. It is preferably compatible with ASTM D7566-22a Annex A2.

[0032] An oil of natural origin is defined as an oil of biomass origin and containing no mineral oil. In the description, "oil(s) of natural origin" refers indifferently to oils, fats and their mixtures. Where said oils of natural origin may contain one or more oils chosen from vegetable oils, animal fats, preferably non-edible highly saturated oils, used oils, by-products of the refining of vegetable oil(s) or animal oil(s) containing free fatty acids, tall oils and oils produced by bacteria, yeasts, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes.Suitable vegetable oils include palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil (colza or canola), sunflower oil, linseed oil, bran oil, rice oil, corn oil, olive oil, castor oil, sesame oil, pine oil, peanut oil, mustard oil, carinata oil, hemp oil, coconut oil, babasu oil, cottonseed oil, linola oil, jatropha oil. Animal fats include tallow, lard, fat (yellow and brown fat), fish oil / fat, butterfat, milk fats.

[0033] By-products of vegetable or animal oil refining are by-products containing free fatty acids that are removed from crude fats and oils by neutralization or vacuum or steam distillation. A typical example is PF AD (Palm Fatty Acid Distillate). Waste oils include used cooking oils (used edible oils) and oils recovered from waste water, such as grease / drainage oils, gutter oils, sewage oils, e.g., from water treatment plants, and waste fats from the food industry. Tall oils, including crude tall oils, distilled tall oils (DTOs) and tall oil fatty acids (TOFAs), preferably DTO and TOFA, may also be used in the present invention.Tall oil, or otherwise known as tallol, is a liquid by-product of the Kraft wood processing process, used to isolate wood pulp useful for the paper industry. Tall oil is mainly obtained when conifers are used in the Kraft process. After treating wood chips with sodium sulfide in aqueous solution, the isolated tall oil is alkaline. The latter is then acidified with sulfuric acid to produce crude tall oil. The oil(s) of natural origin used in the present invention also include oils produced by microorganisms, either natural microorganisms or genetically modified microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes. In par . Particularly such oils can be recovered by well-known mechanical or chemical extraction methods.

[0034] The renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel SPK-FT is derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process and can be produced from solid biomass. It is preferably compatible with the specification ASTM D7566-22a Annex Al. The thermochemical conversion of biomass (Fischer-Tropsch gasification and synthesis), also called BtL (Biomass to Liquid), comprises the following steps: conditioning of the biomass (preparation, crushing, torrefaction), gasification of the biomass (obtaining a synthesis gas), purification of the synthesis gas, Fisher-Tropsch synthesis to transform the gas into synthetic biofuel.

[0035] Regardless of the aforementioned process used, the paraffinic synthetic fuel may have been subjected to an isomerization and / or distillation step before its incorporation into the composition of the invention, in order to eliminate the heaviest linear paraffins which would not allow the cold properties of the jet to be respected, in particular the point of disappearance of the crystals which must be less than -47°C for Jet Al or -40°C for Jet A), preferably less than or equal to -40°C for SBC mixtures of the SBC-FT or SBC-HEFA type. The lightest compounds may also be separated by distillation, in order to respect, in particular, the volatility and flash point properties of the Jet (Al or A). Regardless of the aforementioned process used, the renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel may have one or more of the following characteristics:

[0036] - a paraffin content greater than 90% by mass, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base,

[0037] - a cycloparaffin content of less than 10% by mass, relative to the mass total paraffinic base,

[0038] - a freezing point below -30°C, preferably below -40°C, by example below -47°C,

[0039] - a density at 15°C between 730 and 780kg / m3,

[0040] - a distillation range of 145°C to 315°C,

[0041] - an isoparaffin content of 70% by mass or more, preferably 75% by mass mass or more, relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base.

[0042] SPK-ATJ renewable paraffinic synthetic fuel may conform to ASTM D7566-22a Appendix A5 but may also be produced from any alcohol of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. SPK-ATJ renewable fuel is obtained by dehydrating alcohols to produce olefins, followed by oligomerization of the olefins to obtain unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules in the boiling temperature range of SAF. These unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules are then hydrogenated to produce the paraffinic base.

[0043] Preferably the alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol and iso-butanol and any of their mixtures.

[0044] Preferably, the paraffinic base comprises at least 90% by mass of paraffins relative to the total mass of the paraffinic base. Aromatic Base

[0045] The composition according to the invention comprises an aromatic base comprising at least 70%, preferably 80% by mass of C8-C12 aromatic compounds, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base.

[0046] The aromatic base may be a base of renewable origin or a base of fossil origin.

[0047] A base of renewable origin is understood to mean an aromatic base resulting from the conversion of biomass or alcohols, from the conversion of lignin, from steam cracking or by fluidized bed catalytic cracking (FCC according to English terminology), from catalytic reforming, of a charge of renewable origin.

[0048] A renewable source base is understood to mean a charge of biological origin.

[0049] The composition of the aromatic base is optimized to improve the properties of the paraffinic base and jet mixture, while minimizing its incorporation rate in order to limit the aromatic content of the final composition.

[0050] The aromatic base mainly contains compounds comprising from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and preferably mainly compounds comprising from 8 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0051] Preferably, the aromatic base comprises from 70% to 99.8% by mass of C8-C12 aromatic compounds, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, preferably from 80% to 99% by mass, preferably from 85% to 98% by mass, preferably from 90 to 95% by mass.

[0052] Preferably, the aromatic base comprises from 60% to 99% by mass of C8-C10 aromatic compounds, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, preferably from 70% to 90% by mass, preferably from 80 to 95% by mass.

[0053] Preferably, the aromatic base has a mass ratio between the mass quantity of C8-C10 aromatic compounds of the aromatic base and the mass quantity of C6-C14 compounds of the aromatic base, greater than or equal to 0.80, preferably greater than or equal to 0.85, preferably between 0.80 and 0.99.

[0054] Preferably, the aromatic base has a mass ratio between the mass quantity of C8-C12 aromatic compounds of the aromatic base and the mass quantity of C6-C14 compounds of the aromatic base, greater than or equal to 0.90, preferably greater than or equal to 0.95, preferably between 0.90 and 1.

[0055] Preferably, the average carbon number Cmoy of the aromatic compounds of the aromatic base is less than or equal to 10.0, preferably less than or equal to 9.8, preferably less than or equal to 9.5. Preferably, the average carbon number Cmoy of the aromatic compounds of the aromatic base is between 7.5 and 10.0, preferably between 8.0 and 10.0, preferably between 8.2 and 9.8, preferably between 8.5 and 9.5.

[0056] The average carbon number Cmoy of the aromatic compounds of the aromatic base corresponds to the average of the carbon number of all the aromatic compounds of the aromatic base. This average can be calculated according to the following formula:

[0057] [Math.l]

[0058] i being an integer,

[0059] imin being the carbon number of the aromatic compound of the aromatic base having the lowest carbon number among all the aromatic compounds of the aromatic base,

[0060] imax being the carbon number of the aromatic compound of the aromatic base having the highest carbon number among all the aromatic compounds of the aromatic base, and

[0061] Xi being the mass fraction of all the aromatic compounds of the aromatic base having a number of carbon atoms equal to i.

[0062] Preferably, i ranges from 6 to 14, preferably from 8 to 12. In other words, preferably, i min = 6 and imax = 14, preferably imin = 8 and imax = 12.

[0063] Preferably, the aromatic base comprises, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, from 5% to 25% by mass of C8 aromatic compounds, preferably from 8% to 20% by mass.

[0064] Preferably, the aromatic base comprises, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, from 25% to 70% by mass of C9 aromatic compounds, preferably from 30% to 65% by mass.

[0065] Preferably, the aromatic base comprises, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, from 10% to 35% by mass of CIO aromatic compounds, preferably from 10% to 25% by mass.

[0066] Preferably, the aromatic base comprises, relative to the total volume of the aromatic base, a quantity of naphthalene less than or equal to 1% by volume, preferably less than or equal to 0.5% by volume, preferentially less than or equal to 0.1% by volume, advantageously between 0.0005% and 1% by volume. The presence of at least 70% by mass, preferably 80% by mass of C8-C12 aromatic compounds in the aromatic base, furthermore having an average carbon number less than or equal to 10, advantageously allows the naphthalene content to be low.

[0067] Preferably, the aromatic base is chosen from an aromatic base of renewable origin resulting either from the conversion of biomass or alcohols, or from the conversion of lignin, or from steam cracking or fluidized bed catalytic cracking (FCC) or from the catalytic reforming of a feedstock of renewable origin, an aromatic base of fossil origin resulting from a steam cracking or fluidized bed catalytic cracking process or from the catalytic reforming of a fossil feedstock, and any of their mixtures.

[0068] According to a variant of the invention, the aromatic compounds resulting from the processes described can undergo an additional concentration step by a solvent extraction process for the aromatics.

[0069] According to one embodiment, the aromatic base is an aromatic base of renewable origin, preferably as described above.

[0070] According to another embodiment, the aromatic base is an aromatic base of fossil origin, preferably as described above. Jet conforms to ASTM D1655-21-C

[0071] The composition according to the invention comprises a jet conforming to the ASTM D1655-21-C standard.

[0072] Preferably, the jet conforming to ASTM D1655-21-C is a Jet Al, or a Jet A.

[0073] Jet Al or A is generally produced by atmospheric distillation of a crude oil followed by additional treatment such as sweetening or hydrodesulfurization to produce a hydrocarbon fraction with a reduced mercaptan content. It may also contain fractions from hydrocracking processes of vacuum gas oil fractions. Jet fuel composition according to the invention

[0074] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises, relative to the total volume of the composition, from 1% to 15% by volume of aromatic base, preferably from 1% to 8% by volume, preferably from 1% to 5% by volume.

[0075] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises, relative to the total volume of the composition, from 30% to 50% by volume of paraffinic base, alternatively from 50% to 80% by volume.

[0076] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises, relative to the total volume of the composition, from 12% to 55% by volume of jet conforming to the ASTM standard. D1655-21-C, preferably 15% to 50% by volume.

[0077] Preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises a quantity less than or equal to 25% by volume, preferably less than 15% by volume, preferably less than or equal to 10% by volume of aromatic compounds, relative to the total volume of the composition.

[0078] The examples below illustrate the invention without limiting its scope. EXAMPLES

[0079] In all examples, the composition of the aromatic bases was determined according to the following method: the UOP 744 method was used to determine the composition of the aromatics up to C12, and a GC2D method was then used to specify the nature of the compounds not determinable by UOP 744.

[0080] Method UOP 744: The sample is injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a fused silica capillary column internally coated with crosslinked polyethylene glycol. The mass % composition of the sample is obtained by normalizing the peak areas after applying relative response factors to correct for differences in detector mass response.

[0081] Chromatographic column, 60 m of fused silica capillary of 0.32 mm Inner Diameter, internally coated with crosslinked polyethylene glycol with a film thickness of 0.5 µm.

[0082] GC2D was performed with the conditions cited in the publication: Marko R. Djokic et al. Quantitative analysis of crude and stabilized bio-oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1257 (2012) pp 131-140, table 1.

[0083] The jet and the HEFA bases used in examples 1 and 2 have the following compositions (in mass percentage): Jet HEFA-1 HEFA-2 Compounds ISO-Paraffin 21.37 84.41 80.50 N-Par affine 18.89 12.10 14.56 Saturates <C8 0,53 0.17 Saturés <C9 3,82 Saturés >C28 Naphthenes 21.23 2.78 4.76 Polynaphthenes 11.26 Mono-aro + NMA 20.16 0.19 0.00 Diaromatics 3.24 Naphtheno-di-aromatics 0.02

[0085] The aromatic bases of renewable origin used in examples 1 and 2 have the following compositions (in mass percentage): Arol Aro2 Compounds C6 Aromatics 0.00 0.03 C7 Aromatics 0.35 0.21 C8 Aromatics 14.32 8.94 C9 Aromatics 31.52 55.21 C10 Aromatics 22.42 24.08 Of which naphthalene 0.02 0.00 Cl 1 Aromatics 9.84 1.07 Of which 1 and 2 methyl-naphthalene 0.11 0.00 C12 Aromatics 3.32 0.01 Non-aromatics 17.50 8.93 C13 and C14 Aromatics 0.74 Other aromatics - 1.51 Average carbon number of aromatic compounds 9.5 9.0

[0087] The different bases used in examples 1 and 2 have the following characteristics: Property Standard Jet HEFA1 HEFA2 Arol Aro2 Density @15°C (kg / m3) ASTM D1298 808.8 759.8 753.6 859.4 867.6 Freezing point auto 5G2s (°C) ASTM D7153 -48.1 -43.7 -41.1 Freezing point auto OptiFZP (°C) -48.9 -43.1 -41.2 Viscosity @ 40°C (mm2 / s) ASTM D445 1.274 1.482 1.251 0.778 0.7600 Viscosity @ 20°C (mm2 / s) 1.726 2.077 1.695 0.99 0.9483 Viscosity @ 0°C (mm2 / s) 2.525 3.111 2.474 1.321 1.280 Viscosity @-20°C (mm2 / s) 4.176 5.547 4.155 1.915 1.851 Viscosity @-40°C (mm2 / s) 8.384 12.45 8.374 3.135 3.116 Example 1

[0089] A comparative composition Cl* and two compositions according to the invention C2 and C3 are prepared.

[0090] Cl* comprises 50% by volume of a fossil jet base a) and 50% by volume of HEFA-1 conforming to the paraffinic base b) according to the invention.

[0091] C2 comprises 50% by volume of a fossil jet base a), 45% by volume of HEFA-1 conforming to the paraffinic base b) according to the invention and 5% by volume of a base aromatic 1 c) according to the invention.

[0092] C3 comprises 50% by volume of a fossil jet base a), 40% by volume of HEFA-1 conforming to the paraffinic base b) according to the invention and 10% by volume of an aromatic base 1 c) according to the invention.

[0093] Compositions Cl*, C2 and C3 have the properties detailed in the following table (these characteristics were determined according to the standards specified in each column):

[0094] [Tables4] Property Standard Cl* C2 C3 Density at 15°C (kg / m3) ASTM D4052 784.4 789.1 794.5 Freezing point (°C) OptiFZP ASTM D7153 -46.4 -47.2 -48.4 5G2s -46.9 -47.9 -48.9 Viscosity (mm2 / s) -20°C ASTM D445 4.796 4.528 4.117 -40°C 10.03 9.351 8.262

[0095] *: comparative

[0096] These results show that:

[0097] - The mixture 50% jet and 50% HEFA (comparative Cl* composition) is not conforms to the level of its freezing point,

[0098] - The addition of 5% of aromatic cut lowers the freezing point by approximately 1°C, and the addition of 10% aromatic cut lowers the freezing point by approximately 2°C, making compositions C2 and C3 compliant with the standards concerning the freezing point,

[0099] - The addition of 5% aromatic cut lowers the viscosity by approximately 0.27 mm2 / s at -20°C, and the addition of 10% aromatic cut lowers the viscosity at -20°C by about 0.68 mm2 / s, and

[0100] - The addition of 5% aromatic cut lowers the viscosity by approximately 0.68 mm2 / s at -40°C, and the addition of 10% aromatic cut lowers the viscosity at -40°C by about 1.77 mm2 / s.

[0101] In conclusion: On the freezing point

[0102] The mixed jet and HEFAl have freezing points close to the specification (-46.4°C but not compliant since the ASTM D7566-22a regulation provides for a maximum freezing point of -47°C) and their mixture has proportions of 50 / 50 (volumes) does not allow for a compliant freezing point. Adding 5% aromatics allows for a drop below -47°C by lowering the freezing point by 1°C and therefore becoming compliant. Adding 10% allows for a 2°C lowering of the freezing point (-48.4°C). On viscosity

[0103] The addition of 5 or 10% of aromatics advantageously makes it possible to further reduce the viscosity of the HEFA / jet 50 / 50 mixture. Example 2

[0104] A comparative composition C4* and two compositions according to the invention C5 and C6 are prepared.

[0105] C4* comprises 50% by volume of a fossil jet base a) (the same as that of example 1) and 50% by volume of HEFA-2 in accordance with the paraffinic base b) according to the invention.

[0106] C5 comprises 45% by volume of a fossil jet base a), 50% by volume of HEFA-2 in accordance with the paraffinic base b) according to the invention and 5% by volume of the aromatic base Aro2 in accordance with the invention.

[0107] C6 comprises 40% by volume of a fossil jet base a), 50% by volume of HEFA-2 in accordance with the paraffinic base b) according to the invention and 10% by volume of the aromatic base Aro2 in accordance with the invention.

[0108] Compositions C4*, C5 and C6 have the properties detailed in the following table (these characteristics were determined according to the standards specified in each column):

[0109] [Tables5] Property Standard C4* C5 C6 Density at 15°C (kg / m3) ASTM D4052 781.2 784.1 786.9 Freezing point (°C) 5G2s ASTM D7153 -50.0 -51.3 -52.2 Viscosity (mm2 / s) -20°C ASTMD445 8.302 7.665 7.145 -40°C 4.176 3.846 3.616

[0110] *: comparative

[0111] These results show that:

[0112] - The addition of 5% organic aromatic cut lowers the freezing by approximately 1.3°C point, and the addition of 10% aromatic cut lowers the freezing point by approximately 2.2°C;

[0113] - The addition of 5% aromatic cut lowers the viscosity by approximately 0.64 mm2 / s at -40°C and the addition of 10% aromatic cut lowers the viscosity at -40°C by about 1.16 mm2 / s;

[0114] - The addition of 5% aromatic cut lowers the viscosity by approximately 0.33 mm2 / s at -20°C and the addition of 10% aromatic cut lowers the viscosity at -20°C by about 0.56 mm2 / s; and

[0115] - The addition of 5% aromatic cut increases the density by 3 kg / m3, and the addition of 10% aromatic cut increases the MV (Densities) by approximately 6 kg / m3.

[0116] Example 3: impact of the aromatic compound content

[0117] Four blend compositions of a renewable paraffinic base (HEFA-3) and two fossil-based aromatic bases were prepared. The compositions of the two aromatic bases are shown in the following table. The Aro4 base is a blend of two commercial aromatic bases, and the Aro3 base is a commercially available aromatic base.

[0118] [Tableauxô] Compounds Aro3 Aro4 C6 aromatics C7 aromatics 0.03 C8 aromatics 0.01 18.11 C9 aromatics 5.72 53.30 C10 aromatics 70.54 27.60 Of which naphthalene 7.20 0.02 Cl 1 aromatics 21.31 0.52 Of which 1 and 2 methyl-naphthalene 0.06 C12 aromatics 1.61 0.02 Non-aromatics 0.76 0.42 C13 aromatics 0.05 Average carbon number of aromatic compounds 10.1 9.1

[0119] Compositions C7*, C8*, C9* and CIO* have the compositions and properties detailed in the following table (these characteristics were determined according to the standards specified in each column):

[0120] [Tables?] Property Standard HEFA- 3 Aro3 C7* (84.5 vol% HEFA + 15.5 vol% Aro3) Aro4 C8* (82.5 vol% HEFA + 17.5 vol% Aro4) C9* (91.0 vol% HEFA + 9.0 vol% Aro4) CIO* (96.0 vol% HEFA + 4.0 vol% Aro4) Aromatic content - >99 18.3 >99 19.8 10.3 4.6 Density at 15°C (kg / m3) ASTM D4052 754.0 895.5 775.7 877.4 775.0 764.7 758.7 Visco sity (mm2 / s) -20° C ASTM D445 4.197 3.243 3.866 3.575 3.732 3.981 -40°C 8.601 6.372 7.662 6.467 7.361 8.058

[0121] These results show that the viscosity of compositions comprising the aromatic base Aro4 (C8* to C10*) is lower than the C7* composition comprising the aromatic base Aro3 (compare C7* and C8*). The decrease in viscosity compared to that of HEFA alone is greater by adding the aromatic base Aro4 than the aromatic base Aro3, whose average carbon number is higher.

[0122] A corollary of the lower average carbon number of the aromatic base Aro4 is that it is substantially free of naphthalene, which reduces fine particle emissions during combustion.

Claims

Claims

1. A jet fuel composition comprising, based on the total volume of the composition: a. from 9% to 60% by volume of a jet conforming to ASTM D1655-21-C, b. from 30% to 90% by volume of a paraffinic base of the renewable synthetic paraffinic kerosene type, said paraffinic base being derived from a hydrotreatment of esters and fatty acids, a Fischer-Tropsch process or a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, and c. from 1% to 15% by volume of an aromatic base comprising at least 70% by mass, preferably 80% by mass of C8-C12 aromatic compounds, based on the total mass of the aromatic base.

2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic base comprises from 70% to 99.8% by mass of C8-C12 aromatic compounds, relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, preferably from 85% to 98% by mass, preferably from 90 to 95% by mass.

3. Composition according to claim 1 or 2, in which the aromatic base has a mass ratio between the mass quantity of C8-C10 aromatic compounds and the mass quantity of C6-C14 compounds, greater than or equal to 0.80, preferably greater than or equal to 0.85, preferably between 0.80 and 0.

99.

4. A composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the average carbon number of the aromatic compounds of the aromatic base is less than or equal to 10.0, preferably less than or equal to 9.8, preferably less than or equal to 9.

5.

5. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising an amount less than or equal to 25% by volume, preferably less than 15% by volume, preferably less than or equal to 10% by volume of aromatic compounds, relative to the total volume of the composition.

6. A composition according to any preceding claim, comprising, relative to the total volume of the composition, from 1% to 8% by volume of aromatic base, preferably from 1% to 5% by volume.

7. A composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the aromatic base comprises, relative to the total volume of the aromatic base, a quantity of naphthalene less than or equal to 1% by volume.

8. Composition according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the aromatic base is chosen from: an aromatic base of renewable origin resulting either from the conversion of biomass or alcohols, or from the conversion of lignin, or from steam cracking or catalytic cracking in a fluidized bed or from the catalytic reforming of a feedstock of renewable origin, an aromatic base of fossil origin resulting from a steam cracking or catalytic cracking process in a fluidized bed or from the catalytic reforming of a fossil feedstock, and any of their mixtures.

9. A process for producing a jet fuel composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising at least the following steps: a) producing a jet conforming to ASTM D1655-21-C, b) producing a renewable synthetic paraffinic kerosene-type paraffinic base by hydrotreating esters and fatty acids, by a Fischer-Tropsch process or by a process for producing jet fuel from alcohols, c) producing an aromatic base comprising at least 70% by mass, preferably 80% by mass of C8-C12 aromatic compounds relative to the total mass of the aromatic base, and d) mixing 9% to 60% by volume of the jet from step a), 30% to 90% by volume of the paraffinic base from step b) and 1 to 15% by volume of the base aromatic from step c).

10. Process according to claim 9, in which step c) comprises: - the conversion of biomass or alcohols, the conversion of lignin, or the steam cracking or fluidized bed catalytic cracking or the catalytic reforming of a feedstock of renewable origin to obtain an aromatic base of renewable origin, and / or - the steam cracking or fluidized bed catalytic cracking and / or the catalytic reforming of a fossil feedstock to obtain an aromatic feedstock of fossil origin, and - Optionally a step of mixing the aromatic base of renewable origin and the aromatic base of renewable origin fossil.