reactive energy compensation method based on context data

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for transferring reactive power compensation into carbon credits in an electricity distribution system, comprising the steps of: using activity data and mapping data to distinguish overhead lines from underground lines in said medium and / or low-voltage electricity distribution network; selecting purely overhead lines or lines with at least 90% overhead power for compensation; using a plurality of machine learning approaches to activate and deactivate all reactive power compensation means, e.g., capacitors, along the same overhead line, or the same dominant overhead line, to globally compensate for reactive power; and monitoring and controlling the result of the reactive power compensation to transfer the saved electrical energy into carbon credits. Figure to be published with the abstract: Fig. 4

Description

Title of the invention: Method for compensating reactive energy according to context data FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] In large electricity transmission networks, high voltage and extra high voltage lines are the main forms of energy infrastructure and the main components. It is known that to limit losses, current is transmitted on high voltage power lines, which is greater than 765kV and extra high voltage, which is greater than 1100kV, over very long distances of electricity transmission network (more than 105,000 km). Because at equal delivered power, the higher the voltage and the lower the intensity, the lower the line losses (proportional to the square of the intensity). However, with the massive matching of renewable energy, more and more energy is transmitted over short distances by power lines in medium voltage between 1,000 volts (IkV) and 50,000 volts (50 kV) or low voltage less than 1,000V (IkV).On the distribution network, when the voltage is reduced, losses become greater. In addition, reactive energy exacerbates the losses. Although reactive power does not represent actual energy consumption (in fact, it is the energy bouncing between reactive and capacitive devices), it increases the magnitude of this current flow. From the perspective of a power distribution system, this increase in current flow results in both increased transfer losses and higher voltage drops on the supply lines.

[0002] The present invention relates to the compensation of electrical energy loss in an electrical distribution network including renewable energy production. In particular, the present invention relates to the compensation of reactive energy at the level of end-user loads to minimize Joule effect losses on the same line of the electrical distribution network.

[0003] TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] We know Martin Hennebel's thesis: Valorization of system services on an electricity transmission network in a competitive environment (February 17, 2009). Author Hennebel announced in 2010 the emergence of a new paradigm for the coming years. The electricity network is now mostly buried and therefore acts as a capacity. In addition, by favoring decentralized production, we have significantly reduced the path traveled by the electricity network. In the context where we have limited the transport distance between the production point and the delivery point, and also developed the underground network, it is necessary to propose new solution for electrical losses and to solve the problem of reactive energy.

[0005] We know Boris Berseneff's thesis: Voltage regulation in the distribution networks of the future (March 11, 2011). In this thesis, it is proposed that voltage regulation is done by the producer. Dispersed energy generation (DEG) offers the possibility of modulating the production of reactive power to intervene on the flow of reactive power within the distribution networks and also to try to resolve the voltage problems posed by DEG. According to the author, this regulation, both of the reactive power circulating on the network and of the voltage at the source substation, should make it possible to reduce losses on the network.

[0006] This method, which is suitable for the production of giant centralized energy, is not suitable for the dispersed distribution of renewable energy production.

[0007] Also known is the patent EP2461454A2 from General Electric: Integration of renewable energy generation technologies with integrated volt var control systems (June 6, 2012). This document presents the new data constituted by the massive arrival of renewable energy, their integration into the electrical distribution network, the technical and economic challenges and the global optimization solutions, in particular to minimize the losses of reactive energy created by the Joule effect in the power lines.

[0008] SUBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[0009] In large electricity transmission networks, the lines are overhead, underground or underwater. Conventionally, the lines are overhead. An overhead line is mainly inductive. It therefore consumes reactive power, which aggravates energy losses. Compensation is done by installing capacitors. Recently, a new paradigm is emerging: the electrical distribution network is now mostly buried and acts more and more like a capacitor, which can correct the reactive power problem. However, burying power lines leads to power lines and electrical distribution networks becoming more and more capacitive. Therefore, it would be better to deploy Selfs (inductance) at small consumers on these capacitive lines or networks, which would lead to an increase in the subscribed power, which is not desirable.Furthermore, the mixing of inductive networks with capacitive networks makes compensation more complicated. This is why we want to distinguish between overhead lines and underground lines and prioritize overhead lines. The idea is to use public electricity network mapping tools to determine overhead lines and, where appropriate, install suitable devices (capacitors with power electronics).

[0010] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0011] In order to achieve this aim, the subject of the invention proposes a method of transfer of a reactive energy offset into a carbon credit in an electricity distribution system which includes: - a medium and / or low voltage electricity distribution network, - at least one renewable energy source, - a plurality of electrical loads of the users connected along the lines constituting the electricity distribution network, each of the plurality of electrical loads of the users being configured to receive electrical energy from the electricity distribution network, - a plurality of reactive energy compensation means, e.g. capacitor, installed at the level of said electrical loads of users along the lines constituting the electricity distribution network, - a reactive energy compensation management system.

[0012] The method of transferring a reactive energy compensation into carbon credit consists of several steps carried out by the reactive energy compensation management system, which: - Uses activity data and mapping data to distinguish overhead lines from underground lines in said medium and / or low voltage electricity distribution network; - selects purely overhead lines or lines with at least 90% overhead lines for compensation; - uses a plurality of Machine Learning approaches to activate and deactivate all means of reactive energy compensation, e.g. capacitor, along the same overhead line, or the same dominant overhead line, to globally compensate reactive power; - monitors and controls the result of reactive energy compensation to transfer the saved electrical energy into carbon credit.

[0013] According to other advantageous and non-limiting characteristics of the invention, the reactive energy compensation management system is configured to control the operation of said at least one renewable energy source, such that said at least one renewable energy source operates in coordination with said reactive energy compensation means, e.g. capacitor, to generate continuously variable reactive power required by the electricity distribution system to globally compensate the reactive power. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0014] Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge from the detailed description of the invention which follows with reference to the appended figures in which:

[0015] [Fig.l] [Fig.l] represents the distribution of electrical losses by activity in medium voltage;

[0016] [Fig.2] [Fig.2] represents the geographical distribution in Google Map of the distribution of electrical losses by activity in medium voltage.

[0017] [Fig.3] [Fig.3] represents a classification of users experiencing electrical losses by activity code.

[0018] [Fig.4] [Fig.4] shows the connections between the substation and the electrical loads of the users via the voltage distribution lines. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] This invention aims to solve the problems recently appeared on the electricity distribution lines. First, due to massive introduction of renewable energy, the distance covered by the electricity distribution lines is considerably shortened, which induces the drop of the voltage from the high and super high level to the medium or low voltage.

[0020] In addition, we are in the presence of an electrical distribution network that is now mainly buried and therefore a new physical phenomenon because the buried electrical network acts as a capacity. So the problem of reactive energy is theoretically solved. In reality, the mixture of overhead lines with underground lines makes the situation more complicated and the compensation covering these two types of networks together is not very effective. It is for this reason that we wish to distinguish overhead lines from underground lines and prioritize overhead lines. The idea is to use mapping tools of the public electrical network - now available in open data - in order to take a macro view of the electrical distribution networks to examine the nature of the power lines, whether each line is mainly buried and capacitive, or mainly overhead and inductive.In addition, the idea is to use public electricity network mapping tools to determine purely or predominantly overhead lines and to install, where appropriate, suitable compensation devices (such as capacitors with power electronics).

[0021] US patent 10707682 shows several examples of installing capacitors to compensate for reactive energy. In this patent, the choice of the location of the capacitors is determined in relation to the calculated data. For patent S10707682 the input data are the consumption data calculated by the meters and communicated to the compensation devices.

[0022] However, in the present invention, the implantation site is determined by context data. In particular, in the new invention, the input data is the "business" data of the companies. Here are some examples of the context data and the "business" data of the companies.

[0023] [Fig. 1] shows the distribution of electrical losses by activity on average voltage. These results by activity are taken from actual reactive energy consumption data in the geographical area of ​​Ile de France Est. It describes the distribution by activity of electrical losses from a sample of 141 medium voltage establishments out of a total of 912 companies and communities experiencing losses.

[0024]

[0025] Subsequently we developed the use of Google Maps as illustrated in [Fig.2]. The geographical coverage areas include departments 75, 77, 78, 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95. The same color represents the same activity. The economic nature of the activity is the first key deciding factor.

[0026] [Fig.3] shows a classification of users experiencing electrical losses by activity code

[0027] Here is an extract from this work:

[0028] The APE codes correspond to

[0029] cereal cultivation (0111Z)

[0030] other crops (0119Z)

[0031] fruit cultivation (0124Z)

[0032] nurseries and greenhouses (0130Z)

[0033] poultry farming (01047Z)

[0034] cultivation and breeding (0150Z)

[0035] stone extraction (0811Z)

[0036] sandpit operation (0812Z)

[0037] flour milling (1061 A)

[0038] manufacture of sugar (1081Z)

[0039] food manufacturing (1089Z)

[0040] manufacture of clothing (1413Z)

[0041] The context and business data are therefore the activity codes of the companies known as APE codes.

[0042] We have cited below the activities, which represent more than 50% of losses. - sand pit exploitation (0812Z), 64.29% correlation, 408,273.80 losses; - flour milling (1061A), 62.50% correlation, 354,041.20 losses; - sugar manufacturing (1081Z), 60% correlation, 173,043.20 losses.

[0043] We have discovered that the same types of activities in the same geographical area often use the same type of power line. For example, the large industries mentioned above are mainly connected to overhead electricity distribution lines. Therefore, the current proposal is to weight the activity characteristics and integrate geographical data in the presence of medium voltage or low voltage overhead lines.

[0044] Moreover, the thesis "Analysis, classification and prediction of water and electricity consumption using machine learning techniques" by Aida BOUDHAOUIA defended at the University of Haute Alsace Mulhouse 2022 presents numerous approaches to supervised Machine Learning. However, these are classifications according to the harmonic characteristics of the current generated by electrical appliances. No prior art method integrates activity classification to predict reactive energy consumption using context data.

[0045] The new proposal further includes a mapping-based decision support tool. The tool can determine the electrical losses of a set of users at the mesh:

[0046] -address -canton -department -region

[0047] [Fig. 4] illustrates the connection between the substation 102 and the electrical loads of the users 110, 112, 114 and 116 via the transformer services 108a, 108b, 108c and 108d. When an electrical load consumes reactive power as well as real power in a voltage distribution line 106, current must flow on the distribution line 106 in order to transfer the real power and reactive power from a substation 102 to the user electrical load. The capacitors 120 are installed at the initiative of the users and on the part of the network that belongs to them (private network).

[0048] In the example, there are three users connected to each transformer. All users 110 of transformer 108a have chosen to install capacitors 120 for compensation. While for the three users 112 and 114 connected to transformers 108b and 108c, only two users have chosen to install capacitors 120. At the end of the line, only one user among the three 116 has chosen to install a capacitor 120. The users can be small professionals or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which need low voltage. The users can also be industries, which need medium voltage.

[0049] This is indeed a physical compensation by the capacitors. The distribution plan of the capacitor thus constituted brings an overall benefit by limiting the transit of reactive energy throughout the power line.

[0050] It is necessary to distinguish between the following two types of compensation:

[0051] - individual user compensation

[0052] - global compensation of the electrical network

[0053] The proposal for a global solution is made from a set of users on the entire power line (physical compensation) through the INDIRECT impact on the entire power line.

[0054] Compensation devices, eg capacitors, are arranged throughout power line for all users who need it. This is indeed a physical compensation monitored, controlled and supervised by many different approaches of Machine Learning to select, activate and deactivate capacitors. The activation / deactivation plan of capacitors thus constituted brings an overall benefit by limiting the transit of reactive energy throughout the power line.

[0055] The intended means of the method consists, through the compensation of reactive energy at the end of the electrical line, that is to say as close as possible to the electrical loads of the users, which is accepted as being the most effective, in reducing the losses due to Joule effects in the entire electrical network provided that there are overhead lines.

[0056] The proposal is a capacitor distribution plan. This capacitor distribution plan is located at the user level along the overhead lines. Indeed, the transit of reactive energy, which is very real in overhead lines, accentuates the Joule effect losses on the distribution network. However, it is not up to each user to decide when to activate or deactivate their installed capacitor. It is a reactive energy compensation management system, which deploys reactive energy compensation devices, e.g. capacitor, to users along the overhead lines. The goal is to lead to the elimination of reactive energy billed to each user while ensuring an overall gain in electrical energy across the entire distribution line.

[0057] Another advantage is that the regulating transformer in charge of the voltage is less stressed in the case of reactive energy compensation at the end of the electrical line.

[0058] We select the medium voltage and / or low voltage overhead lines, for example, of all livestock crops, in a canton or a department (eg 78), and install the capacitors all along at the end users of the breeders of these overhead lines, who need them.

[0059] Then, we distinguish another activity, for example, the exploitation of sand pits in the Aude department (11), and install the capacitors for all the sand pit factories along these overhead lines in the department 11 for the sand pit factories, which need.

[0060] Many other sectors of activity can be chosen in combination with geographical locations. Thus, voltage distribution networks are classified and divided into sectors according to the context data and businesses of activities, and companies of the same activity and in the same geographical location are grouped into the same overhead line networks to install compensation capacitors.

[0061] Then, many Machine Learning approaches are used to monitor, selectively activate or deactivate the compensation capacitors for a optimization of overall energy consumption.

[0062] The use of context and business data for the selection of capacitor installation sites makes it possible to compensate the public electricity network line thanks to the distribution plan thus constituted. The reduction in Joule effect losses of the entire overhead network line reaches 40.83%.

[0063] Zvei, the German electricity industry union, estimated that by increasing Cos (phi) from 0.73 to 0.95 in Europe, reactive energy would be reduced from 1,657 TVAr.h to 588 TVA rh over 1 year and 48 TWh of active energy would be saved.

[0064] By adjusting the power factor to 0.95 we can reduce the amount of current carried: _ P _ 500C _ _ 31.133 / 23.923=7.30 11 “ 17 costpl “ 220 * 0.73 ~ P 5000 / 2 =------=------— 23. «23 V cos'p2 220 *0.95

[0065] We know that by simply dividing the intensity of the transported current by 10, we divide by 100 the losses due to the resistance of the electric cables, the power dissipated in a resistance being proportional to the square of the intensity of the current (P = RP)

[0066] In this case, by dividing the intensity of the transported current by 7.30, the losses are divided by 1.32.

[0067] Example: 100 / 1.69= 59.171

[0068] The reduction reaches 40.83%

[0069] This is not the case for more randomly chosen installation sites because the network is mainly underground. Compensation at user level alone makes it possible to achieve a maximum of 1% reduction in electrical energy consumption.

[0070] To make the calculation, we start from the environmental gains validated by EIME software. The calculations according to EIME software for a 1,000 m2 supermarket show the difference between the starting and finishing situation, i.e. 1.6 tonnes of CO2 reduced per year in 2010. In 2010, 10,000 kWh of electricity was needed to produce one tonne of CO2 equivalent. By retaining 450,000 kWh / year of consumption for this supermarket (sector average), we deduce that the electricity gain is 3.5% (16,000 kWh to reduce 1.6 t of CO2 and 16,000 / 450,000 = 3.55).

[0071] The compensation will be made with a view to global optimization. The overall gain for the planet is in fact immensely greater than the individual gain and even than the gain resulting from the sum of the individual gains of each of the sites. This improvement makes it possible to achieve national and international objectives for reducing energy consumption more quickly because it acts as a catalyst for activity, especially since the solution takes the form of carbon compensation. allowing the avoidance for each project of a few thousand or even tens of thousands of teq CO2 per year. The technical solution also consists of targeting and grouping the construction sites in a large-scale project to achieve a critical volume of avoided emissions.

[0072] Thus, the overall compensation of the electricity network carried out by carbon credit comprises three modules. • The 1st module is a decision-making tool

[0073]

[0074] The input data are context data, the choice of capacitor installation sites is determined in relation to activity classifications. The operator enters the input data himself and the tool confirms the carbon offset when it recognizes an overall electricity loss.

[0075]

[0076] Repeating the operation of entering the input data into the tool results, where appropriate, in a carbon compensation plan thanks to the capacitor distribution plan, consisting of the choice of installation sites.

[0077]

[0078] The operator may be an energy saving operator, a supplier, an installer or a user.

[0079] • The 2nd module includes the phase shift as input and reports it to the reference in the form of a graph.

[0080]

[0081] Phase shift refers to the current / voltage delay, i.e. the loss of power which accentuates the Joule effect losses along the entire length of the power lines.

[0082]

[0083] The reference is the situation of an electric line in which we inject 100 and we recover 100. But this is unfortunately not always the case because of the dispersion of the electric lines.

[0084]

[0085] The phase shift justifies the installation of a capacitor or the replacement of the capacitor if it is faulty.

[0086] • The 3rd module is a system for calculating and granting compensation credits

[0087]

[0088] The compensation credit calculation system multiplies the compensated energy, from the original data of module no. 2, by a CO2 coefficient of the original electrical energy to determine the overall amount of carbon compensation.

[0089]

[0090] The CO2 coefficient is an indicator of carbon dioxide emitted when an electricity production company produces a certain quantity of electricity. Indeed, when there is a lack of reagent, a generator is needed and if it is a conventional means, this emits CO2.

[0091]

[0092] The carbon credit granting system concerns the installation, according to the distribution plan of the decision tool, and the maintenance of the capacitors.

[0093]

[0094] Given the environmental gain and its high predictability, the system calculates and issues carbon credits upon installation for a total amount of several years of compensation.

[0095] Each annual periodic inspection coincides with the annual validation of CO2 gains and gives rise to the issue of carbon credits for the remainder of the total compensation amount calculated and remaining to be received, divided by the number of periodic inspections to come.

[0096]

[0097] Capacitors have an average lifespan of 10 years. However, periodic inspection is necessary.

[0098]

[0099] The operator ensures the installation and maintenance of the capacitor for the entire distribution plan determined by the decision tool.

[0100]

[0101] When a user has a carbon offset target, the amount reached above the target generates carbon offset credits.

[0102] For the case of a user without a carbon offset objective, all carbon gains generated in the form of carbon offset credits can be sold.

Claims

Claims

1. A method of transferring a reactive energy saving into a carbon credit, in an electricity distribution system, which comprises: - a medium and / or low voltage electricity distribution network, - at least one renewable energy source, - a plurality of electrical loads of the users connected along the lines constituting the electricity distribution network, each of the plurality of electrical loads of the users being configured to receive electrical energy from the electricity distribution network, - a plurality of reactive energy compensation means, e.g. capacitor, installed at the level of said electrical loads of users along the lines constituting the electricity distribution network, - a reactive energy compensation management system; characterized in that: the reactive energy compensation management system: - Use activity data and mapping data to distinguish overhead lines from underground lines in said medium and / or low voltage electricity distribution network; - select purely overhead lines or lines with at least 90% of overhead lines for compensation; - use a plurality of Machine Learning approaches to activate and deactivate all means of reactive energy compensation, e.g. capacitor, along the same overhead line, or the same line with at least 90% of the overhead lines, to globally compensate the reactive power; - monitor and control the result of reactive energy compensation to transfer the saved electrical energy into carbon credit.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the system of reactive energy compensation management is configured to control the operation of said at least one renewable energy source, such that said at least one renewable energy source operates in coordination with said reactive energy compensation means, eg capacitor, to generate continuously variable reactive power required by the electricity distribution system to globally compensate the reactive power.

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