System comprising glazing and an optical device and method of obtaining the optical device

Abstract

The present invention relates to a glazing system comprising a vehicle glazing (100), the glazing having a window (111) transmitting in a near infrared range and an optical device. According to the invention, the optical device comprises a multiface element (20), linked to the glazing, the multiface element (20) having a textured rear surface presenting a profile structured by a series of structures (24, 124, 224), and the multiface element (20) is arranged and configured so as to receive the emission beam (70) on the entry faces (25, 125, 225) of the series of structures (24, 124, 224), each entry face (25, 125, 225) forming a given angle (α, α0, α+, α-) with the vertical axis (Z) so as to angularly deflect the median pointing direction (45) of the emission beam leaving the glazing and to increase the vertical angular aperture (FOV2) of the external field of view. Figure for the abstract: Figure 1

Description

Title of the invention: System comprising glazing and an optical device and method for obtaining the optical device

[0001] The present invention generally relates to vehicle glazing associated with a lidar placed in the passenger compartment.

[0002] Laser remote sensing (LIDAR or lidar), an acronym for the English expression "light detection and ranging" or "laser detection and ranging" (or in French "detection and estimation of distance by light" or "by laser") is envisaged for road vehicles, particularly autonomous ones, to improve safety.

[0003] Recently, it has been proposed to place a lidar behind the windshield of a road vehicle, in order to protect the lidar from external conditions. However, this arrangement of the lidar behind a windshield, in particular a sloped windshield, poses several difficulties. The lidar is generally installed in the upper part of the passenger compartment (upper area of ​​the windshield) so that the beams emitted and received by the lidar pass through the glazing in an area close to the upper longitudinal edge of the glazing. On the one hand, the lidar has a significant bulk and must be placed so as not to obstruct the driver's vision. On the other hand, the lidar generates a near-infrared emission beam in a field of view having a vertical and horizontal angular opening. The projection of the emission beam onto the glazing requires reserving an area of ​​the glazing for the transmission of this near-infrared emission beam (called a near-infrared transmission window).This reserved area is preferably as small as possible, particularly in the vertical direction, so as not to obstruct vision through the glazing.

[0004] In practice, the manufacturer of the LIDAR provides that the beam emitted by the lidar has a given vertical field of view around a median pointing direction.

[0005] Document WO2023 / 274854 discloses a glazing comprising a lidar oriented towards the inner face of the inclined glazing of a road vehicle and a prism placed on the inner face of the glazing, to increase the vertical opening of the field of view of the lidar outside the vehicle.

[0006] However, this system is bulky and does not allow easy orientation of the pointing direction of the lidar, which is limited downwards by the prism.

[0007] It is desirable to propose an alternative glazing without the aforementioned drawbacks, still capable of reducing the spatial extent of the lidar emission beam on the windshield while increasing the vertical field of view of the lidar at the exit of the glazing.

[0008] In order to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of the state of the art, the present invention proposes a glazing system comprising vehicle glazing in particular road, the glazing, in particular windshield, in particular curved, comprising: a first sheet of glass (in particular clear) intended to form the exterior glazing with a first external main face and a second main face facing the passenger compartment, and, when the glazing is laminated (preferred embodiment), comprising a second sheet of glass intended to form the interior glazing with a third main face facing the second main face and a fourth main face facing the passenger compartment, and a lamination interlayer made of polymer material (in particular polyvinyl butyral PVB or ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer EVA or thermoplastic polyurethane TPU) arranged between the second internal main face and the third main face, the glazing being intended to form an angle of inclination (|3) of less than 90 degrees and even at most 60 or 50 degrees, with a horizontal axis (X) (in the reference plane),in particular glazing having an upper longitudinal edge and a lower longitudinal edge.

[0009] The glazing has a near-infrared transmission window at a working wavelength in a near-infrared range, in particular a range ranging from 800nm ​​to 1800nm, in particular from 850nm to 1600nm, in particular 905±30nm and / or 1550±30nm, the transmission window being capable of receiving an emission beam at said working wavelength from a lidar vision system intended to be arranged in the passenger compartment of the vehicle, the emission beam having, in a reference plane which is a lateral section plane of the glazing (comprising said horizontal axis X), a median pointing direction and, the reference plane comprising a normal to the glazing and a vertical axis (Z) in the vehicle (normal to said horizontal axis).

[0010] In the near infrared transmission window, an optical device (having a first surface, called the front surface, facing outwards and a second surface, opposite the first surface, facing towards the passenger compartment, called the rear surface), the emission beam extending over an internal field of view having an internal vertical angular opening (FOV1) determined inside the vehicle (upstream of the glazing) and at the exit of the glazing having an external field of view with an external vertical angular opening (FOV2).

[0011] The optical device comprises a multi-face element (in particular prismoid, prismastic or prismatic), linked to the glazing, the multi-face element having a textured rear surface (oriented towards the passenger compartment, free with a possible conformal functional coating, in particular protective or anti-reflective) having in the reference plane, a profile structured by a series of structures, each structure (in particular prisms, pyramids) having in the reference plane preferably a centimeter, millimeter or submillimeter height, each structure having an entry face.

[0012] The multiface element is arranged and configured so as to receive the emission beam on the input faces of the series of structures, each input face forming a given angle (a, a0, a+, a.) with the vertical axis (Z) in the reference plane so as to angularly deflect the median pointing direction (of the emission beam leaving the glazing) and so that the external vertical angular aperture (FOV2) is greater than the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1).

[0013] The multi-face element, in particular multi-prismatic, in particular prismatic film or prismatic coating, may be of a thickness less than that of a macroprism which collects the entire LIDAR beam. It may follow the curvature of the glazing, in particular laminated glazing.

[0014] Such a glazing system makes it possible to increase the vertical angular opening of the external field of view of the emission beam relative to the vertical angular opening of the internal field of view.

[0015] In particular, the median pointing direction of the emission beam at the exit (from the glazing) is deflected relative to the median pointing direction of the emission beam at the entry (from the glazing), forming an exit angle iO relative to the horizontal axis in the reference plane, with iO =0+5 degrees and even 0±2 degrees.

[0016] Advantageously, the entry angle (a) of the entry face of each prism is selected so that the external vertical angular aperture (FOV2) is greater than or equal to 26° and even 30°.

[0017] In particular, each structure or prism has an entry face joined by an edge to another neutral face, i.e. without optical function, flat or possibly of any shape if such a shape is simpler to manufacture. The prisms are arranged in series and advantageously joined and joined two by two by another edge or, alternatively, joined two by two by a valley.

[0018] Preferably the height of the structures or prisms is uniform. It is preferred that the height (thickness) of the prisms (from the edge) be at most 500 pm or 200 pm or 100 pm and in particular at least 20 pm.

[0019] It is preferred that the total thickness of said multi-faced element, in particular multi-prismatic (including a possible substrate, in particular a polymer substrate bearing a prismatic coating distinct from the second glass sheet) is at most 1 cm and even at most 5 mm or even 1 mm.

[0020] The multi-face element, in particular multi-prismatic, can be glued (face F4, F2, support) with an adhesive with a refractive index different by at most 0.1 (in absolute value).

[0021] The lidar vision system is spaced from the glazing, in particular from the main internal face of the glazing (F2 if simple or F4 if laminated) or from the first layer if optical device on or in a support, in particular multifunctional, in particular of at least plus 8cm or 5cm or 3cm. In particular, the lidar vision system is fixed to the glazing and / or to a body and / or to a support, in particular a multifunctional one, or to a box or cover (individual or common to other sensors, to one or more cameras for example).

[0022] The multi-face element, in particular multi-prismatic, may be on a main face of the glazing, in particular laminated, or in a (complete) through hole of the glazing, in particular forming a notch. The notch is individually dedicated or is a common notch housing a support, in particular multi-function (multi-sensor).

[0023] In the present text concerning a refractive index, a numerical index or a normal number (ni or ni etc.) is used indifferently, for degrees, deg. or the symbol ° is used indifferently, the term film or sheet is used indifferently, which designates a self-supporting element (an interlayer sheet becomes an adhesive layer after lamination). The term layer includes a sheet or a coating.

[0024] The glazing may be monolithic and comprises a sheet of glass or polymer (PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate, or polycarbonate (PC) or mineral). The glazing is preferably laminated.

[0025] According to a particular aspect, the glazing system comprises a (functional) coating conforming to the textured rear surface of the multi-sided element extending over said textured rear surface.

[0026] According to another particular and advantageous aspect, in the reference plane, the angle of the structures is constant and equal to an optimal angle value (±2 deg) to minimize the vertical angular opening of a lidar emission beam incident on the internal main face of the glazing as a function of the given optical refractive index of the structures, preferably ranging from 1.48 to 1.80 (and for a given FOV2),

[0027] the value of the optimal angle ranging from +32 deg. to +40 deg. for a glazing inclination angle of 20 +5 deg.,

[0028] the value of the optimal angle ranging from +25 deg. to +32 deg. for a glazing tilt angle of 30 +5 ​​deg. excluding 25 deg,

[0029] the value of the optimal angle ranging from +20 deg. to +26 deg. for a glazing tilt angle of 40 +5 deg excluding 35 deg.

[0030] According to yet another particular and advantageous aspect, in the reference plane, the angle of the structures varies progressively along the textured rear surface, from the so-called median entry face of a structure of the structured profile arranged to receive the median pointing direction of the emission beam to the entry faces of the structures of the textured rear surface arranged to respectively receive extreme rays of the emission beam corresponding to the internal vertical angular opening.

[0031] Preferably, in the reference plane, the angle of the structures (in particular prisms, in particular contiguous) has a first progressive variation from the angle of the median entry face of the structure arranged to receive the median pointing direction of the emission beam to the angle of the upper entry face of the structure arranged to receive the upper extreme ray of the lidar beam corresponding to the upper half-angular aperture of the lidar beam inside the vehicle and in which the angle of the structures (in particular prisms, in particular contiguous) has a second progressive variation from the angle of the entry face the median entry face of the structure arranged to receive the median pointing direction of the emission beam to the angle of the lower entry face of the structure arranged to receive a ray of the lidar beam propagating along a lower extreme ray corresponding to alower half-opening angle of the lidar beam inside the vehicle.

[0032] More preferably, from a minimum vertical angular aperture value, noted minFOVl, as a function of an optical refractive index of the structures, noted nB ranging from 1.48 to 1.80, for a series of reference structures having a constant angle (and for an external field of view preferably of at least 30 degrees), the angle of the upper entrance face is determined so that the internal vertical angular aperture is equal respectively: to a quarter of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.25*MinFOVl), to half of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.50*MinFOVl), to three-quarters of MinFOV 1 (FOV1= 0.75*MinFOV 1) or 1 degree lower than the minimum value MinFOVl (FOV1= MinFOVl-1 deg.), -while retaining the angular aperture FOV2-,

[0033] In particular:

[0034] -for the inclination angle equal to 20 ± 5 deg., the angle of the upper entry face ranging from 38 deg. to 48 deg. ± 2 deg., (and preferably ±1 deg.)

[0035] or

[0036] -for the inclination angle equal to 30 ±5 deg. excluding 25 deg, the angle of the upper inlet face ranging from 30 deg. to 43 deg. ± 2 deg., (and preferably ±1 deg.) -or for the inclination angle greater than 35 deg. and less than 50 deg., the angle of the upper inlet face ranging from 23 deg. to 39 deg. ± 2 deg (and preferably ±1 deg.).

[0037] More preferably, a minimum value of vertical angular opening, noted minFOVl, being calculated as a function of an optical index of refraction of the structures, noted ni, preferably ranging from 1.48 to 1.80, for a series of reference structures having a constant angle (and for an external vertical angular opening FOV2 of at least 30 degrees), the angle of the lower entrance face is determined so that the vertical angular opening of the internal field of view is equal respectively: to a quarter of MinFOVl (FOV1 = 0.25 * MinFOVl), to half of MinFOVl (FOV1 = 0.50 * MinFOVl), three-quarters of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.75* MinFOVl) or 1 degree lower than the minimum value MinFOVl (FOV1= MinFOVl-1 deg.), -while maintaining the external angular opening FOV2 -

[0038] In particular:

[0039] - for the tilt angle equal to 20 ±5 deg., the angle of the lower entrance face ranging from +27 deg. to +42 deg. + 2 deg., (and preferably +1 deg.)

[0040] or for the inclination angle equal to 30 +5 ​​deg. excluding 25 deg., the angle of the lower entry face ranging from +15 deg. to +34 deg. + 2 deg., (and preferably +1 deg.)

[0041] or for the inclination angle greater than 35 deg. and less than 50 deg., (a) of the lower entry face ranging from +5 deg. to +27 deg. + 2 deg (and preferably +1 deg.).

[0042] The multi-faced element, in particular prismatic, is structured in a single direction, the series of prisms (unidirectional), having edges parallel to each other, in particular along an axis of at most 10 or 5 degrees or 2 degrees with the longitudinal axis. The multi-faced element can be structured in at least two directions. The series of prisms (two-dimensional) has two-dimensional geometric shapes (polyhedra or pyramids).

[0043] Other non-limiting and advantageous characteristics of the glazing system according to the invention, taken individually or in all technically possible combinations, concerning its arrangement in the glazing system (preferably laminated). They are described in the following paragraphs.

[0044] According to another particular aspect, the multi-faced element (self-supporting), in particular prismatic, is arranged in a partial hole of the glazing, in particular laminated or passing through the glazing, in particular laminated, in particular notch-forming hole, in particular the multi-faced element then being in particular linked to the second main face or to a support, in particular multi-function. Or the multi-faced element (self-supporting or coating) is linked to the fourth main face of the laminated glazing.

[0045] According to another particular and advantageous aspect, the front surface of the multi-face element (in particular self-supporting, part) is connected:

[0046] - on the second main face of the laminated glazing, in a through hole in the second sheet of glass

[0047] - on the fourth main face of the laminated glazing,

[0048] - to a support, in particular multifunctional, linked to the glazing, in particular laminated via a wall delimiting a through hole in the glazing - the multi-face element being in particular linked to the main rear surface of the support or in a through hole in the support -

[0049] - linked to a wall delimiting a through hole in the glazing, in particular forming notch,

[0050] -or to a rear main surface, facing the passenger compartment, of a part forming an insert in a partial hole in the glazing and linked to the second main face

[0051] The support (or plate), in particular multifunctional, can be shaped and arranged so as to close the through hole of the laminated glazing, in particular forming a notch. Preferably, the main external surface of the support is flush or sub-flush with the first face of the first glass sheet so as to form a continuous main external surface for the glazing. The support comprises the near-infrared transmission window for the lidar. The support comprises, for example, a plastic material or a glass transparent to the working wavelength of the lidar. The support, in particular multifunctional (glass, plastic, etc.) is monolithic or laminated, for example laminated glass with a glass or plastic sheet (inner).

[0052] The support, in particular multifunctional (plastic, glass), in particular multifunctional, can be at most 1cm or even 5mm thick.

[0053] The multi-sided element is for example a film (one piece) formed by molding and fixed to the internal main surface of the support for example by an adhesive.

[0054] The inner main surface of the multi-sided element may be flush with the inner main surface of the second glass sheet so as to form a continuous inner main surface for the glazing.

[0055] Preferably, the multi-face element is formed from a (partially) textured coating, in particular printed (by embossing or by inkjet printing, by 3D printing for example) using a resin, on the face F4 (or F2 if single glazing or if through hole) or on a flat substrate (part in and / or under through hole of the second sheet for example), which can be polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or glass or polycarbonate (PC).

[0056] The multifunctional support in particular can be fixed (to the face F4 or F2), for example by means of a masking adhesive to the glazing. The masking adhesive is for example a black OCA adhesive in the visible. The masking adhesive also makes it possible to mask and protect the plate. In addition, the masking adhesive makes it possible to hide the infrared lidar vision system from view from outside the vehicle.

[0057] The support (or plate) is in particular multifunctional, preferably carrying one or more functional elements such as sensors and / or with one or more transmission windows in the visible, in the far infrared from 5pm to 20pm and even 8pm to 15pm, transmission window(s) in particular adjacent to the near infrared transmission window (in an upper and even central part of the glazing, of the windshield, in particular in a reserve of the peripheral masking layer framing the glazing).

[0058] The (multifunctional) support may be in particular a plastic, in particular opaque, loaded with colorants, in particular black (loaded with carbon etc.), in particular for color continuity with the peripheral masking layer framing the glazing (the color difference is limited). The support is for example polyamide 66 (PA66), or PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), or ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), or ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate), or ABS / PC (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene / polycarbonate). It is preferably at least 1mm thick and, for example, less than or equal to the thickness of the glazing, particularly in the case of through-windows (notably notches).

[0059] Advantageously, the multi-face element, in particular prismatic, comprises a self-supporting element (part), possibly flexible, (preferably partially) textured, in particular glued or made of adhesive material to a main face of the glazing or of an insert part or of a support linked to the glazing, or is a coating, preferably partially textured, on a substrate which may be a part, a film, a support, in particular with an optical refractive index greater than or equal to 1.20 and less than or equal to 1.80 at the working wavelength.

[0060] Advantageously, said part forms said multi-face element, in particular prismatic, having a textured rear surface or the part comprises a partially textured coating on its main rear face, the textured rear surface is in particular flush with the fourth face or sub-flush (while avoiding a shadow effect).

[0061] Preferably, the glazing comprises a through hole in the second glass sheet, a partial or through hole in the lamination interlayer, called an interlayer hole at the right of the hole in the second sheet, in particular the multi-face element (self-supporting, part), in particular prismatic, is bonded by a thinner interlayer, in particular PVB without plasticizer, thermoplastic EVA, crosslinked adhesive layer including crosslinked EVA, polyacrylate (PSA film, part in particular overmolded, etc.).

[0062] According to a particular embodiment, the glazing comprises the glazing through hole preferably forming a notch, the support has a front main face flush with the first external main face and is in particular glued to the wall delimiting the through hole by a plate forming a support carrying sensor(s) and / or component(s), in particular with a transmission window in the visible and even in the far infrared (the two preferably aligned vertically) (support not protruding from the edge of the glazing or even set back).

[0063] The glazing system may comprise in the near infrared transmission window a part (sheet) transparent to the working wavelength, in particular glass or plastic, arranged in or under a through hole of the second glass sheet of the laminated glazing and bonded to the second main face, part of the multiface device, and preferably the structured free face comprises an anti-reflection layer at the working wavelength.

[0064] Preferably, the glazing system comprises a peripheral masking layer bonded to the second main face (mineral coating such as a enamel, black on the second side or an ink (black) on an interlayer, in particular PVB) and / or another masking layer on a surface of a support, in particular multifunctional, in a through hole (therefore complete) of the preferably laminated glazing or in a part in a through hole of the second sheet (partial hole of the laminated glazing), and in which the near infrared transmission window has an opening in the masking layer (through or closed opening).

[0065] Preferably, in the near infrared transmission window, the glazing comprises a functional layer which is preferably a camouflage layer (or a heating layer), in particular arranged in the opening of a masking layer (peripheral), upstream or downstream of the multi-face element. In particular, the camouflage layer is adhesive (for example made of crosslinked material), bonding the multi-prismatic element to one of the main faces of the glazing or of a support, in particular multifunctional, in a through hole of the laminated glazing or of a part in a through hole of the second sheet of the laminated glazing.

[0066] In the near infrared transmission window, the glazing may comprise a functional layer, in particular a heating or hydrophobic layer, upstream or downstream of the multi-face element.

[0067] The glazing system may comprise a lidar infrared vision system, the infrared vision system comprising a light source and a detection device in which the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) is less than 26 degrees, in particular between 10 degrees and 20 degrees, and in which the external vertical angular aperture (FOV2) is greater than the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) by at least 5° and even 10°.

[0068] There are different types of lidar depending on the angular aperture, the spatial extent and / or the scanning of the emission beam. The emission beam of the lidar can be emitted along a monodirectional optical axis which is scanned in two dimensions or the emission beam extends along a sheet which is scanned in a transverse direction or the emission beam is flash and illuminates a volume of space without scanning the beam. It is preferable to orient the median pointing direction of the lidar emission beam at the exit of the glazing so that it is approximately parallel to the ground, i.e. horizontal.

[0069] The lidar infrared vision system can be placed in a housing, for example made of plastic or metal. This housing can form a cover for the Lidar and more broadly for a set of elements (sensor components, camera(s) in this area and therefore cover areas of camera(s), sensor(s).

[0070] The housing is fixed to the main interior face of the glazing, in particular the fourth of the second sheet of glass, or to a support, in particular a multifunctional one (or plate). fixed to the glazing, in particular to the fourth main face of the second sheet of glass of the laminated glazing. Advantageously, the box is removable. The box is fixed, for example by clipping, to said support or to the innermost main face of the glazing and / or to an element of the vehicle (the interior trim of the vehicle passenger compartment and / or to the bodywork), for example the roof of the vehicle. For example (in its upper part), the box is fixed to the inner face of the glazing (face F4 for laminated glazing) through the bodywork perforated for this purpose.

[0071] The transmission window may be multispectral, in particular in the near infrared and in the visible (for example to allow the use of a sensor operating in the visible and in this case, no camouflage layer is added in the visible) and / or in the -far- infrared at a higher wavelength than the working wavelength of the lidar (for example to allow the use of a thermal camera or another infrared sensor).

[0072] The invention also proposes a method for obtaining said multi-prismatic element of refractive index ni for the glazing system already described, each entry face forming an angle (a, a0, a+, a.) with a vertical axis (Z) in the reference plane, the method comprising the following steps: -definition of an entry angle i' relative to the horizontal of a pointing direction of the lidar upstream of the multiface element as a function of the angle i of the pointing direction downstream of the glazing relative to the horizontal and of said entry angle a, definition of i' according to the following equation EQ1:

[0073] i( / , a) = arcsin(n^in(arcsin(^sin( / î + ï"-f))- / 5-a + f))+a^

[0074] - calculation of the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) as a function of the angle input a for the given optical refractive index ni and for the given external vertical angular aperture (FOV2),

[0075] FOVl(a) = li'(a, i=iO+FOV2 / 2) - i'(a, i=i0-FOV2 / 2)l

[0076] with iO of a median pointing direction (45) of the lidar downstream of the glazing relative to the horizontal preferably iO = 0+5 degrees,

[0077] so as to deduce therefrom a minimum value of vertical angular aperture (MinFOVl) and a corresponding value of optimal angle (aopt) for a series of reference structures having input faces forming a constant angle; - application of the value of the optimal angle (aopt) to a median entry face of a structure arranged on a median pointing direction of the emission beam; - calculation of an entry angle i' relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane, of the median pointing direction of the emission beam on the median entry face for a given angle i of the median pointing direction (45) of the emission beam at the exit of the glazing, relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane, by applying the formula EQ1 in which a is equal to the value of the optimal angle (aopt);

[0078] - setting a target value of the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) less than the minimum internal vertical angular aperture value (MinFOVl); - calculation of the angle a+ of the lower entrance face of a structure arranged to receive a higher extreme ray of the emission beam at an entrance angle (i'+0.5*FOVl) equal to the sum of the entrance angle i' on the median entrance face (25) and half the target value of the vertical angular aperture (FOV1), by inverting the formula EQ1 in which the entrance angle i' is replaced by i'+0.5*FOVl; - calculation of the angle a. of the upper entrance face of a structure arranged to receive a lower extreme ray of the emission beam at an entrance angle (F-0.5*FOV1) equal to the difference between the entrance angle i' on the middle entrance face and half the target value of the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1), by inverting the formula EQ1 in which the entrance angle i' is replaced by i'-0.5*FOV1.

[0079] An analogous alternative method can be proposed by fixing FOV1 instead of FOV2.

[0080] The following description with reference to the appended drawings, given as non-limiting examples, will make it clear what the invention consists of and how it can be implemented. The invention is not limited to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings. Consequently, it should be understood that, when the features mentioned in the claims are followed by reference signs, these signs are included solely for the purpose of improving the intelligibility of the claims and in no way limit the scope of the claims.

[0081] In the attached drawings:

[0082] - [Fig.l] schematically represents, in lateral sectional view along a plane for reference, a vehicle glazing according to the present disclosure, with an infrared lidar vision system;

[0083] - [Fig.2] shows in front view an example of a windshield incorporating a device optics comprising a multi-face element according to one embodiment;

[0084] - [Fig.3] schematically represents, in lateral sectional view along a plane of reference, a vehicle glazing incorporating an optical device comprising a multi-face element according to one embodiment;

[0085] - [Fig.3]' schematically represents in perspective two examples of a optical device comprising a multi-prismatic element comprising a one-dimensional prism array

[0086] - [Fig.4] schematically represents, in side section view along a reference plane, a vehicle window in which the angle of the prisms varies gradually;

[0087] - [Fig.4]' schematically represents in perspective an optical device comprising a multi-prismatic element comprising a network of two-dimensional pyramids

[0088] - [Fig.5] shows optimal values ​​of the angle a of the entrance face of the prisms depending on the optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80;

[0089] - [Fig.6] shows the minimum values ​​of internal vertical angular opening FOV1 corresponding to [Fig.5] as a function of the optical index of refraction of the prisms of the multiface element;

[0090] - [Fig.7] shows values ​​of the size L of the vertical projection window of the lidar emission beam on the main internal face of the glazing as a function of the optical refractive index or of the prisms of the multi-face element;

[0091] - [Fig.8] shows curves illustrating the internal vertical angular aperture FOV1 as a function of the entry angle a relative to a vertical axis for different optical refractive indices or prisms of the multiface element;

[0092] - [Fig.9] shows curves illustrating the entry angle noted i' of the direction median pointing, relative to the horizontal, of the lidar emission beam incident on the multi-face element linked to the main internal face of the glazing as a function of the entry angle a of the entry face of the prisms of the multi-face element relative to a vertical axis, for different optical refraction indices of the prisms, and for a horizontal median pointing direction outside the passenger compartment of the vehicle;

[0093] - [Fig. 10] shows curves similar to [Fig.9] for an extreme radius upper lidar beam inclined +15 degrees from horizontal outside the vehicle cabin;

[0094] - [Fig.l 1] shows curves similar to [Fig. 10] for an extreme radius lower lidar beam tilted -15 degrees from horizontal outside the vehicle cabin;

[0095] - [Fig. 12] schematically represents in side section view a glazing of vehicle with a multi-face element on the internal main face and a lidar according to a first embodiment in which the transmitter and the receiver of the lidar are arranged vertically in the passenger compartment;

[0096] - [Fig. 13] represents a variant of [Fig. 12] in which a layer 101 compliant anti-reflective or protective coating is added to the structures

[0097] - [Fig. 14] schematically represents in side section view a glazing of vehicle according to a second embodiment in which the multi-face element is arranged in a through hole of the internal glass sheet of the laminated glazing;

[0098] - [Fig. 15] represents a variant of [Fig. 14], in which the multi-face element is arranged in a thinned part of the lamination interlayer;

[0099] - [Fig. 16] represents another variant of [Fig. 14], in which the element multiface is arranged in a complete hole of the lamination interlayer;

[0100] - [Fig.16]' represents a variant of [Fig.16], in which the element multiface is arranged in a complete hole of the lamination interlayer;

[0101] - [Fig.17] represents another variant of [Fig.14]; in which the element multiface is arranged in a complete hole of the lamination interlayer and is in direct adhesive contact 91 with the second face 12

[0102] - [Fig.18] schematically represents in side section view a glazing of vehicle according to a fourth embodiment in which the multi-face element is arranged on the fourth main face in an orifice of a multi-function support on an edge of the laminated glazing;

[0103] - [Fig.19] schematically represents a front view of the glazing of [Fig.18]

[0104] - [Fig.20] schematically represents in side section view a glazing of vehicle according to a fourth embodiment in which the multi-face element is arranged in a partial notch on an edge of the laminated glazing;

[0105] - [Fig.21] schematically represents in side section view a glazing of vehicle according to a fifth embodiment in which the multi-face element is arranged in a through notch on an edge of the glazing;

[0106] - [Fig.22] shows a front view of the glazing of [Fig.21];

[0107] - [Fig.23] schematically represents in side section view a glazing of vehicle according to a sixth embodiment in which the multi-face element is arranged in a through notch on an edge of the glazing;

[0108] - [Fig.24] shows a front view of the glazing of [Fig.23].

[0109] Figures are not to scale.

[0110] In this document, the term "bonded surface" means a full-surface optical contact, bonded or in adhesive contact (with the internal main face of the glazing or an internal main surface of an insert part).

[0111] In [Fig. 1], a vehicle glazing (preferably a road vehicle windshield) is schematically represented in a reference plane, for example a laminated glazing with a first main face 11 (called F1) the outermost and an inner main face 14 F4, or F2 if single glazing. For the sake of clarity, it is assumed that the vehicle is on horizontal ground. The reference plane is the lateral section plane (in other words transverse), thus taken perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (to the upper longitudinal edge 10 and to the lower longitudinal edge 18 of the glazing if straight). An orthonormal reference frame XYZ is represented, in which the Z axis is vertical, the X and Y axes being horizontal, and the X axis being in the reference plane. The reference plane is taken, the reference plane comprising a normal to the laminated glazing and a vertical axis Z in the vehicle. The positive direction of the angles used in the present disclosure has also been shown. Advantageously, the reference plane passes through the middle of the upper longitudinal edge 10 of the glazing and is a plane of symmetry of the glazing.

[0112] The vehicle on which the glazing is installed or for which it is intended is, for example, a road vehicle (car, truck, public transport: bus, coach) or a railway vehicle (in particular at a maximum speed of at most 90km / h or at most 70km / h, in particular metros, trams). The glazing finds applications in particular in a windshield, or even a rear window, or even a side glazing (including the quarter window). For the sake of clarity, the figures show a flat glazing. However, the glazing may have at least one radius of curvature so as to be curved. The thickness of the glazing 100 is denoted E. The thickness E is generally less than or equal to 1cm, for example 9mm, 8mm, 7mm, 6mm, preferably at most 5mm.

[0113] The glazing 100, 200, 201 to 204, 300, 400, 500, 600, is installed or intended to be installed on a vehicle by forming an angle of inclination, noted [3, with a horizontal axis in the reference plane considered. For the clarity of the description, it is assumed that the vehicle is on horizontal ground. The angle of inclination [3 is greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees and even at most 60 degrees, generally between 15° to 20 and 60 degrees, preferably ranging from 20 to 50 degrees, for example 23 deg. or 30 deg. for a motor vehicle windshield. As indicated above, the angle of inclination [3 has a sign which is positive here.

[0114] The glazing 100, 200, 201 to 204, 300, 400, 500, 600, has an upper longitudinal edge 10 and a lower longitudinal edge 10'. The reference plane here is the lateral section plane of the glazing comprising a normal to the glazing and a vertical axis Z in the vehicle. The reference plane preferably passes through the middle of the upper longitudinal edge 10 and the middle of the lower longitudinal edge 10'.

[0115] A 7 lidar infrared vision system is placed inside the vehicle cabin, spaced apart and behind the laminated glazing.

[0116] In a known manner, the infrared vision system 7 comprises a light source 71 and a detection device 72. The light source 71 is arranged and configured to generate a near-infrared emission beam 70. The emission beam 70 is emitted at a working wavelength, LB1, in a spectral range from 800nm ​​to 1800nm, in particular from 850nm to 1600nm, in particular 905±30nm and / or 1550±30nm. The detection device 72 is arranged next to the light source 71 and configured to detect reflected radiation in at least a portion of the field of view of the lidar outside the vehicle. Depending on the type of lidar used, the emission beam 70 is emitted in a direction which is scanned in two transverse dimensions or the emission beam 70 extends along a sheet which is scanned in a single direction transverse to the sheet or the emission beam 70 is of the flash type and does not use scanning. With or without scanning, the emission beam 70 has a given vertical angular aperture and a given horizontal aperture.

[0117] In an example of application, the infrared vision system 7 is placed behind the glazing forming the windshield of a motor vehicle, facing an area, here called near infrared transmission window 111, which is preferably located in the central and upper part of the windshield. The sectional view figures show examples of window 111 of the windshield in different embodiments as well as the arrangement and orientation of the infrared vision system 7. The transmission window 11 is transparent to the emission beam of the infrared vision system 7. In this window 111, the infrared vision system is oriented with a certain angle of incidence with respect to the surface of the windshield, in particular the internal main face 14 of the glazing 100.In particular, the light source 71 may be oriented to form an angle 0 relative to a direction parallel to the ground, i.e. slightly inclined towards the sky, and preferably so that the angle of incidence is close to the normal to the surface of the windshield. In other words, the light source 71 of the LIDAR may be oriented slightly towards the sky at an angle 0 with a field of view adapted to fulfill its functions. The detection device 72 is generally oriented parallel to the light source 71.

[0118] The glazing may be a glazing comprising a single sheet of glass (see [Fig.3]). In this case, the glazing 100 has an external main face 11 called F1 oriented towards the outside of the vehicle and an internal main face called F2 oriented towards the passenger compartment of the vehicle.

[0119] In other particular and preferred embodiments, the glazing is a laminated glazing comprising (see figures 12-24):

[0120] - a first sheet of glass 1 intended to form the exterior glazing with a first external main face called Fl facing outwards and a second internal main face 12 called F2 facing towards the passenger compartment; for a motor vehicle, the first glass sheet 1 has a thickness preferably of at most 4mm, and even of at most 3mm or 2.5mm, - in particular 2.1mm, 1.9mm, 1.8mm, 1.6mm and 1.4mm - and preferably of at least 0.7mm or 1mm;

[0121] - a lamination interlayer 3 made of polymer material having a main face 38 oriented towards the second internal main face 12 and a main face 39 opposite the main face 38; the lamination interlayer 3 is single- or multi-layer, possibly neutral, clear, extra-clear or tinted, in particular gray or green, made of polymer material, preferably thermoplastic and better still of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), preferably for a road vehicle with a thickness of at most 1.8 mm, better still at most 1.2 mm and even at most 0.9 mm (and better still at least 0.3 mm and even at least 0.6 mm), the lamination interlayer 3 is possibly acoustic and / or possibly has a cross-section decreasing in a wedge shape from the top to the bottom of the glazing (in particular a windshield) for a head-up display (HUD for Head Up Display in English); and

[0122] - a second sheet of glass 2 intended to form the interior glazing with a third main face 13 called F3 oriented towards the second internal main face 12 of the first sheet of glass 1 and a fourth main face 14 oriented towards the passenger compartment called F4.

[0123] In the case of laminated glazing, the first main external face of the first glass sheet 1 forms the main external face 11 of the glazing and the fourth main face of the second glass sheet 2 forms the main internal face 14 of the glazing.

[0124] The first glass sheet 1, in particular based on silica, soda-lime, silicosodo-lime, or aluminosilicate, or borosilicate, has a weight content of total iron oxide (expressed in the form Fe2O3) of at most 0.05% (500 ppm), preferably at most 0.03% (300 ppm) and at most 0.015% (150 ppm) and in particular greater than or equal to 0.005%. The redox of the first glass sheet is preferably greater than or equal to 0.15 and in particular between 0.2 and 0.30, in particular between 0.25 and 0.30. In particular, an OPTWHITE glass with a thickness of 1.95 mm is chosen.

[0125] The second glass sheet 2, in particular based on silica, soda-lime, preferably silicosodo-lime, or even aluminosilicate, or borosilicate, preferably has a weight content of total iron oxide (expressed in the form Fe2O3) of at least 0.4% and preferably at most 1.5%. The second glass sheet 2 is for example based on a glass manufactured by the Applicant called TSAnx (0.5 to 0.6% iron) TSA2+, TSA3+ (0.8 to 0.9% iron), TSA4+ (1% iron), TSA5+, for example green. For example, a TSA3+ glass with a thickness of 1.6 mm is chosen.

[0126] The second glass sheet 2 is optionally tinted. For a road vehicle, the second glass sheet 2 is preferably of a thickness less than that of the first glass sheet 1, even at most 3mm or 2mm - in particular 1.9mm, 1.8mm, 1.6mm and 1.4mm - or even at most 1.3mm, and preferably at least 0.7mm, the sum of the thicknesses of the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet preferably being strictly less than 5 or 4mm, even 3.7mm.

[0127] Advantageously, at least in the near infrared transmission window, the glass sheet(s) are made of glass transparent in the near infrared, as for example described in patent documents WO2018015312 and / or WO2018178278.

[0128] In particular, in the embodiments without a hole in the first or second glass sheet ([Fig.1], [Fig.12], [Fig.13], [Fig.18]) the first glass sheet 1 is made of clear or extra-clear glass and the second sheet is also made of clear or extra-clear glass.

[0129] The windshield of a road vehicle in particular is curved. In a conventional and well-known manner, the windshield is obtained by hot lamination of the first and second glass sheets 1, 2 and the lamination interlayer 3. For example, a lamination interlayer 3 made of clear (or tinted) PVB with a thickness of 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm is chosen.

[0130] In certain embodiments or variants, in particular here of the second and fourth embodiments, to transmit the LIDAR beam, the second glass sheet 2 is perforated (by a through hole 4 in particular forming a partial notch in the glazing) and preferably a part 9 (insert) is arranged in and / or under the through hole and even flush or projecting from the fourth main face, linked to the second internal main face 12 or to the edge of the glazing and preferably forms the multiface element 20 by being (preferably partially) textured on its main free face facing the passenger compartment to form the prisms or the part is a substrate and the main free face facing the passenger compartment comprising a coating (preferably partially) textured to form the prisms. The multiface element in a variant is linked (by gluing or direct adhesive contact to this part on its main face facing the passenger compartment).

[0131] Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments or variants, in particular here of the second embodiment, the lamination interlayer comprises a partial or through hole in the transmission window 111, interlayer hole at right angles to the through hole 4 of the second glass sheet (see figures 15-16). The multiface element 20, 9 is here partly within this partial or through hole 4, linked to the second internal main face 12 (or on or linked to the rear main face of the part 9 inserted in this hole).

[0132] The part 9 is for example glued by PVB without plasticizer (thin PVB 31 as in [Fig. 15])), thermoplastic ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA), by crosslinked adhesive layer including crosslinked EVA, polyacrylate (PSA film or coating).

[0133] As illustrated in the figures, the laminated glazing is arranged so as to receive the near-infrared emission beam 70 of the lidar 7 in the transmission window 111, in particular in a spacing of the usual masking layer 5 (top longitudinal edge 501, bottom edge 502) and even of a possible usual solar control layer 15 (stack with silver layer(s)) within the glazing (on the second internal main face 12 or the third internal main face 13 or on a polymer carrier film, in particular polyester). The near-infrared transmission window can be located in an enlarged zone of the enamel layer, often in the center and at the top (lower limit 50 of this enlarged zone).

[0134] In the reference plane, the emission beam 70 of the lidar has a median pointing direction 40 and extends over an internal field of view having a given internal vertical angular aperture FOV1. The internal vertical angular aperture FOV1 is for example at most 30 degrees or 25° and better still non-zero. Alternatively, the emission beam 70 being collimated, the vertical angular aperture FOV1 is zero (FOV1=0 deg.).

[0135] In [Fig.l], the infrared vision system 7 is shown in two distinct positions and orientations. In dotted lines, the lidar 7 is shown with a horizontal median pointing direction 40 and the internal vertical angular aperture FOV1. The internal vertical angular aperture of the emission beam 70 extends between the straight lines corresponding to the extreme rays 41 and 42 in the reference plane (plane of [Fig.l]). The internal vertical angular aperture FOV1 is the sum of the angle between the median direction 40 and the upper extreme radius 41 of the upper half-angular aperture of the lidar beam 70 propagating inside the vehicle 41 (also called half-opening angle 0.5*FOV1) and the angle between the median direction 40 and the lower extreme radius 42 of the lower half-angular aperture of the lidar beam 70 propagating inside the vehicle (also called half-opening angle 0.5*FOV1).The upper 41 and lower 42 extreme rays represent the extrema of the pointing direction inside the vehicle when the lidar scans the vertical field of view.

[0136] Through a conventional glazing, that is to say without multiface element 20 of the present disclosure, the emission beam 70 is refracted through the glazing of thickness E, assumed to be constant in the reference plane, and emerges through the first external main face 11 with a horizontal median pointing direction 45 and its internal vertical angular aperture FOV1. The median pointing direction 45 is parallel to the median pointing direction 40, and simply offset due to the refraction through the glazing 100 of thickness E. The vertical angular aperture of the emission beam exiting the first external main face 11 extends between the straight lines corresponding to the upper 43 and lower 44 extreme rays in the reference plane. The upper extreme ray 43 is parallel to the upper extreme ray 41, and, respectively, the lower extreme ray 44 is parallel to the lower extreme ray 42.The vertical angular aperture of the emission beam at the exit of the first external main face 11 is therefore equal to the internal vertical angular aperture FOV1 of the emission beam 70 incident on the glazing. The upper 43 and lower 44 extreme rays represent the extrema of the pointing direction outside the vehicle when the lidar scans the vertical field of view.

[0137] We note L the size of the vertical window for projecting the lidar emission beam 70 onto the main internal face 14 of the glazing in the transverse section plane. The size L of the vertical window depends on the vertical angular opening 2i, with FOVl=2z, the tilt angle [3 of the glazing, the angle 0 between a horizontal axis and the median pointing direction 40 of the lidar beam inside the passenger compartment and the distance d between the lidar and the fourth main face of the glazing according to the following formula: L r / tan / ( sin(64-^h-cos[S+fî)tanz sin(fZ+ / >)-cos(^+^)tani )

[0138] The distance d is taken along the median direction of point 40.

[0139] According to a first embodiment, illustrated in particular in [Fig.l], the glazing 100 comprises a multi-face element 20, for example here multi-prismatic, linked to the internal main face 14 of the glazing 100. In [Fig.l], the lidar 7 is shown in solid lines with a median pointing direction 40 inclined at an angle, noted 0, relative to a horizontal axis and with the same vertical angular aperture FOV1. The multi-face element 20 forms an optical device arranged and configured so as to receive the emission beam 70 and so as to angularly deflect the median pointing direction 45 of the emission beam at the exit of the external main face 11 of the glazing, by a deflection angle advantageously equal to -0, towards the lower longitudinal edge 18 of the glazing 100.In addition, at the exit from the external main face 11 of the glazing 100, the emission beam 70 has an external field of view with an external vertical angular opening FOV2 greater than the internal vertical angular opening FOV1.

[0140] [Fig.3] schematically represents an example of a multi-face element 20 according to the present disclosure, in the reference plane of the glazing.

[0141] The glazing 100 has an external main face 11 facing the outside of the vehicle and an internal main face 14 facing the passenger compartment of the vehicle. The glazing 100 comprises, for example, a single sheet of glass of thickness E and optical refractive index noted n v.

[0142] The multi-face element 20 comprises for example a part, in particular a film bonded to the main internal face 14 of the glazing 100. The film is for example molded in a clear optical adhesive (or OCA for “Optically clear adhesive” in English terminology) or is a textured coating directly on the main internal face 14 of the glazing. Alternatively, the multi-face element 20 is formed by direct machining of the glazing thus textured (see [Fig. 3]). Preferably, the multi-face element 20 is formed from a textured coating, in particular printed (by embossing or by inkjet printing, by 3D printing for example) using a resin, on the face F4 (or F2 if single glazing or if through hole) or on a flat substrate 21' -cf [Fig.3]'- (part in and / or under through hole of the second sheet for example), which can be polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or glass or polycarbonate (PC).

[0143] The multiface element 20 has a textured rear surface having, in the reference plane, a profile structured by a series of structures 24, for example prisms, having an optical refractive index nb. The optical refractive index ni generally ranges from 1.20 to 1.80 at the LIDAR wavelength. Each prism 24 has an entry face 25 joined by an edge 27 to another face 26 without optical function, of free form for example planar. The entry face 25 of each prism 24 is here closer to the lower longitudinal edge 18 of the laminated glazing 100 than the other face 26 of the prism 24 considered.

[0144] [Fig. 3] shows a line 28 representing the base of the series of prisms 24. In the case where the multiface element is attached to the main external face 14 of the glazing and has an optical refractive index ni different from the optical refractive index noted nv of the glazing, the interface 28 is real. In the case where the multiface element is machined directly on the main internal face of the glazing, the optical refractive index ni is equal to the optical refractive index nv of the glazing, and the interface 28 is virtual.

[0145] In the example of [Fig.3], the prisms 24 are all identical and of the same orientation. Alternatively or complementary, the prisms 24 have a progressively variable angle (see [Fig.4]).

[0146] The multiface element 20 is arranged so that the profile structured by the series of prisms 24 is oriented towards the interior of the vehicle. In the reference plane of the glazing, the multiface element 20 is inclined according to the curvature of the glazing or locally plane. In this reference plane, the entry face 25 of each prism 24 here forms an entry angle α with a vertical axis Z. As indicated above, the angle α has a sign, according to the trigonometric direction. In the example of [Fig.3], the angle α is positive.

[0147] In Figures 3 or 3', the edges of the prisms are sharp-angled. Alternatively, the edges of the prisms are rounded. According to another aspect, the prisms of the same series of prisms have variable dimensions. For example, the prisms all have the same angle α and increasing or decreasing dimensions going from the upper edge 10 towards the lower edge 18 of the glazing.

[0148] In an exemplary embodiment, the prisms 24 of the same series of prisms are single-dimensional and have edges 27 parallel to each other. For example, the edges 27 are all in a plane parallel to the ground, for example horizontal. In this way, the multi-face element does not modify the horizontal angular aperture of the emission beam of the lidar.

[0149] According to an exemplary embodiment, the prisms 24 are molded for example in OCA. According to another exemplary embodiment, the prisms 24 are printed directly on the main internal face of the glazing. According to yet another embodiment, the prisms 24 are machined on the main internal face of the glazing.

[0150] According to a particular aspect, all the prisms 24 of the multi-prismatic element 20 form the same angle α relative to the vertical axis Z.

[0151] The edges of the primes are sharp-angled. Alternatively, the edges of the prisms are rounded.

[0152] According to yet another particular aspect, the prisms 24 of the same series of prisms have two-dimensional geometric shapes, polyhedrons or pyramids. For example, the series of prisms 24 form protruding or hollow pyramids as illustrated in [Fig.4]' arranged in a two-dimensional network.

[0153] We will now describe in detail the operation of the glazing with multiface element 20 according to the present disclosure to deflect the lidar beam and increase the vertical angular aperture of the field of view of the lidar emission beam.

[0154] The glazing 100 receives the lidar emission beam propagating along a median pointing direction 40 inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle. The median pointing direction 40 is incident on the so-called median entry face 25 of a prism 24. The median pointing direction 40 forms an entry angle denoted i' with a horizontal axis in the reference plane. The lidar emission beam is refracted on the entry face of the prism and propagates in the prism 24 with an optical refractive index ni. The multiface element 20 is arranged and configured so as to receive the emission beam 70 on the entry faces 25 of the prisms 24 of the series of prisms. The lidar beam is refracted through the middle entrance face 25 of the prism 24, then successively through the main internal face 14 of the glazing and through the main external face 11 of the glazing.The median pointing direction 45 of the lidar emission beam emerging from the outer main face 11 forms an angle r with the normal to the outer main face 11 of the glazing 100. The angle r = -ji / 2 -[3 -i is calculated in which the angle i represents the exit angle of the median pointing direction 45 outside the passenger compartment of the vehicle relative to a horizontal axis. The relationship between the entry angle i' and the (exit) angle i is expressed according to the following equation EQ1: .

[0155] i = arcsin(« } sin(arcsin(^sin(0+i- j)) -+ + a>

[0156] in which ni represents the optical refractive index of the prism 24. It is observed here that the optical refractive index of the glazing 100 does not intervene in the equation EQ1.

[0157] The multi-face element 20 thus makes it possible to angularly deflect the median pointing direction 45 of the lidar emission beam outside the vehicle towards the lower longitudinal edge 18 of the laminated glazing, without reducing its angular opening. vertical and even by increasing the vertical angular aperture of the emission beam exiting through the first external main face 1 of the laminated glazing. Indeed, each prism 24 of the prism series receives the lidar beam at a different angle of incidence, taking into account the angular aperture F0V1.

[0158] According to a particular aspect, all the prisms 24 of the multiface element 20 form the same angle α with respect to the vertical axis Z. In a first example, the prisms 24 all have the same optical refractive index ni and the same dimensions. According to another particular aspect, the optical refractive index ni of the prisms 24 varies from the upper edge 10 to the lower edge 18 of the laminated glazing. According to yet another particular aspect, the optical refractive index ni of the prisms 24 is different from the optical refractive index of the glazing 100. The optical refractive index ni of 1.52 corresponds for example to a glass, the optical refractive index ni of 1.60 corresponds for example to polycarbonate (PC) and the optical refractive index ni between 1.20 and 1.40 corresponds for example to an optical clear adhesive (OCA).

[0159] We will now describe in detail a method for calculating the optimal angle a of the prisms of the multiface element to minimize the vertical opening angle FOV1 of the lidar beam inside the vehicle for a given vertical angular opening FOV2 of the field of view of the lidar emission beam outside the vehicle. Firstly, in connection with Figures 5 to 8, it is assumed that all the prisms have the same angle a and the same optical index of refraction ni.

[0160] The following calculations and results illustrated in connection with figures 5 to 8 are notably based on equation EQ1 and on minima calculations.

[0161] [Fig.5] shows optimal values ​​of the angle a of the entrance face of the prisms to obtain a minimum value of FOV1 for different values ​​of the optical index of refraction of the prisms, ni being between 1.20 and 1.80. It is assumed here that the emission beam 70 has an external field of view of vertical angular opening FOV2 equal to 30 degrees and that the inclination angle [3 is equal to 30°. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.20, the optimal angle a is about 15 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.30, the optimal angle a is about 19.5 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.40, the optimal angle a is about 23.0 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.52, the optimal angle a is approximately 26.0 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.60, the optimal angle a is approximately 28 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.80, the optimal angle a is approximately 32 degrees.

[0162] [Fig.6] shows the minimum values ​​of vertical angular aperture FOV1, noted minFOVl, corresponding to the points of [Fig.5], for different values ​​of the optical index of refraction of the prisms, ni being between 1.20 and 1.60. The field of view external also has a vertical angular aperture FOV2 equal to 30 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.20, the vertical angular aperture FOV1 is approximately 21 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.30, the vertical angular aperture FOV1 is approximately 19.5 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.40, the vertical angular aperture FOV1 is approximately 18.5 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.52, the vertical angular aperture FOV1 is approximately 18 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.60, the vertical angular aperture FOV1 is approximately 17.5 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.80, the vertical angular aperture FOV1 is approximately 17 degrees. We obtain an internal vertical angular opening FOV1 lower than the vertical angular opening FOV2 of 30 deg.In other words, the multi-face element 20 makes it possible to enlarge the vertical angular opening FOV2 of the transmission beam 70 outside the vehicle relative to the vertical angular opening FOV1 of the transmission beam 70 inside the vehicle.

[0163] [Fig.7] shows the calculated values ​​of the size L of the vertical window for projecting the lidar emission beam onto the inner main face of the glazing as a function of the optical index of refraction of the prisms for the corresponding optimal angle a indicated in [Fig.5]. The external field of view also has a vertical angular opening FOV2 equal to 30 degrees. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.20, the size L of the vertical window for projecting the lidar emission beam is about 26 mm. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.30, the size L is about 22.5 mm. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.40, the size L is about 20.5 mm. For the optical index of refraction ni of 1.52, the size L is about 19 mm. For the optical index of refraction of 1.60, the size L is approximately 18 mm.

[0164] The use of prisms having an optimal angle a for a given optical refractive index ni of the prisms makes it possible to reduce the size L of the projection window of the lidar emission beam onto the glazing 100.

[0165] In the following Tables I, II and III, by applying the above method, the minimum value MinFOVl, the optimal angle a for prisms of a multiface element having a constant angle a, and the angle i0 of the median pointing direction have been calculated for the following values ​​of the inclination angle [3 of the glazing: 20 ±5 deg., 30 ±5 deg. and 40 ±5 deg. More precisely, the angle i0 of the median pointing direction represents the angle of incidence of the median pointing direction 40 forming, by refraction through the so-called median entry face of the prism of angle aopt> a median pointing direction 45 of the emission beam at the exit of the glazing forming an (exit) angle ze equal to 0 deg. relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane.

[0166] The values ​​of the angles a indicated in tables LIX have an accuracy of ±2 degrees. ni 1.20 1.30 1.48 1.52 1.60 1.70 1.80 MinFOVl (deg.) 16 14 13 13 12 12 12 aopt(deg.) 20 25 32 33 35 38 40 z 0(deg.) 18 23 30 31 33 36 38

[0167] Table I: Minimum angular aperture, optimal angle a and angle of the median pointing direction for the inclination angle [3 of 20 ±5 deg.

[0168] From Table I, we deduce an optimal angle a, noted aopt, ranging from +20 deg. to +40 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and, preferably, an optimal angle aopt ranging from +32 deg. to +40 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80. ni 1.20 1.30 1.48 1.52 1.60 1.70 1.80 MinFOVl (deg.) 21 20 18 18 17 17 17 aopt(deg.) 15 20 25 26 28 30 32 i +;5(deg.) 31 33 36 37 38 40 41 z 0(deg.) 13 17 23 24 26 29 30 i «(deg.) -1 6 14 16 18 21 24

[0169] Table II: Minimum angular aperture, optimal angle a and the angle of the pointing directions for the inclination angle [3 equal to 30 +5 ​​deg.

[0170] In Table II, the angle i+i5 represents the angle of incidence of the upper extreme ray 41 of the lidar beam 70 on an entry face 225 forming an angle aopt and corresponding to an upper extreme ray 46 of the emission beam at the exit of the glazing forming an angle i equal to +15 deg. relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane. Similarly, the angle i.i5 represents the angle of incidence of the lower extreme ray 42 on a so-called lower entry face 125 forming an angle aopt and corresponding to a lower extreme ray 47 of the emission beam at the exit of the glazing forming an angle i equal to -15 deg. relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane.

[0171] From Table II, we deduce an optimal angle aopt ranging from 15 deg. to 32 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and, preferably, an angle optimal aopt ranging from +25 deg. to +32 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80. ni 1.20 1.30 1.48 1.52 1.60 1.70 1.80 MinFOVl (deg.) 25 23 22 22 22 21 21 aopt(deg.) 11 15 20 21 22 24 26 z 0(deg.) 10 14 18 19 21 23 24

[0172] Table III: optimal angle a and minimum angular opening for the inclination angle [3 equal to 40 +5 deg.

[0173] From Table III, an optimal angle a ranging from 11 deg. to 26 deg. is deduced for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and, preferably, an optimal angle a ranging from +20 deg. to +26 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80.

[0174] We will now describe a method for limiting the vertical angular aperture FOV1 of the lidar emission beam incident on the multi-face element 20 while maximizing the vertical angular aperture FOV2 of the lidar emission beam emerging from the glazing. For this purpose, it is proposed to use a multi-face element comprising a series of prisms in which the angles of the prisms of the prism series are variable along the profile of the textured rear surface.

[0175] The glazing is considered to be flat in the reference plane, and forms a positive inclination angle [3 with a horizontal axis in the reference plane.

[0176] [Fig.4] schematically illustrates such a multiface element 20 comprising a series of prisms 24, 124, 224 each having an angle α. More precisely, [Fig.4] shows a prism 24 arranged so as to receive on its entry face 25 called the median face the median pointing direction 40 of the lidar beam 70 and prisms 124 and 224 located at the two ends of the multiface element 20 in the reference plane. The series of prisms is arranged with a pitch between adjacent prisms adapted as a function of the scanning pitch of the lidar emission beam in the reference plane. Of course, the series of prisms generally comprises more than three prisms, all having different angles α. The median entrance face 25 of the prism 24 forms an angle a0 with a vertical axis 80. As indicated in connection with [Fig.3], the lidar beam incident on the face 25 of the prism 24 forms an entrance angle i' relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane.At one end of the multi-face element 20, the prism 124 is arranged so as to receive on its so-called lower entry face 125 the lower extreme ray 42 of the lower angular half-aperture of the lidar beam 70 propagating inside the vehicle. The entry face 125. lower face of the prism 124 forms an angle œ with a vertical axis 180. The lidar beam incident on the lower face 125 of the prism 124 forms an angle i'-0.5*FOVl relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane. At the opposite end of the series of prisms, the prism 224 is arranged to receive on its so-called upper entrance face 225 the upper extreme ray 41 of the upper half-angular aperture of the lidar beam 70 propagating inside the vehicle. The upper entrance face 225 of the prism 224 forms an angle a+ with a vertical axis 280. The lidar beam incident on the upper face 225 of the prism 224 forms an angle i'+0.5*FOVl relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane.

[0177] The multi-face element, here multi-prismatic, comprises a series of prisms 24, 124, 224, each forming an angle α less than 60 degrees for a given angle of inclination [3, for example 30 deg.

[0178] As detailed below, particularly advantageously, each prism has a particular angle α. More precisely, the angle α varies from the upper edge 10 to the lower edge 18 of the laminated glazing. For example, the angle α varies between -10 degrees and +60 degrees.

[0179] [Fig.8] shows curves illustrating the internal vertical angular aperture FOV1 of the lidar emission beam incident on the internal main face of the glazing as a function of the angle a of the entrance face of the prisms relative to a vertical axis for different values ​​of the optical refractive index ni of the prisms 24 of the multiface element 20, respectively having the value of: 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.48, 1.50, 1.60, 1.70 or 1.80. It is observed that the internal vertical angular aperture FOV1 of the internal lidar emission beam varies as a function of the optical refractive index of the prisms for the same vertical angular aperture FOV2 of the external lidar emission beam here equal to 30 degrees (represented by a dashed line in [Fig.8]). On each curve we observe a range of FOV1 values ​​which is less than 30 degrees.The higher the optical refractive index ni of the 24 prisms, the lower the minimum vertical angular aperture FOV1 of the internal lidar emission beam. In particular, on each curve of [Fig.8] we observe a minimum for the value of FOV1. For example, for n^gal at 1.80, the minimum value of FOV1 corresponds to a 24 prism angle a equal to approximately 32 degrees. The use of prisms all having the same 24 prism angle a equal to approximately 32 degrees therefore makes it possible to go from an internal angular aperture FOV1 equal to 17 deg. to an external angular aperture FOV1 equal to 30 deg., i.e. practically double. The method of the minimum of each curve of [Fig.8] makes it possible in particular to obtain the corresponding points of optimal angle in [Fig.5] and of minimum value of FOV1 in [Fig.6], as a function of the optical index of refraction ni of the prisms 24, for prisms of constant angle.

[0180] It is desirable to further reduce the internal angular aperture FOV1 of the lidar beam, so as to reduce the size L of the lidar window. For example, it is desired to limit the internal angular aperture FOV1 of the lidar beam to 10 degrees. For this purpose, prisms having variable angles a are used, as illustrated in [Fig.4]. The angle a0 of the median entrance face 25 of the prism 24 is calculated as indicated in [Fig.8], by seeking the minimum value of internal angular aperture FOV1, knowing the optical index of refraction ni of the prisms of the multiface element 20.

[0181] The entry angle i' of the median pointing direction 40 of the lidar beam incident on the median entry face 25 of the prism 24 is then calculated as a function of the angle a and the optical refractive index ni of the prisms of the multiface element 20. [Fig.9] shows simulation curves illustrating the entry angle denoted i' of the median pointing direction, relative to the horizontal, of the lidar emission beam incident on the multiface element 20 as a function of the angle a of the entry face of the prisms relative to a vertical axis, for different values ​​of the optical refractive index of the prisms of the multiface element. More precisely, [Fig.9] represents the curves of this entry angle i' for nitaking the respective value of: 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.48, 1.50, 1.60, 1.70 or 1.80. We seek to have a median direction of pointing outside the vehicle, for example horizontal (curve i=0 deg., represented in dashed line on [Fig.9]).On the curves of [Fig.9], the angle of incidence i' of the median pointing direction being positive, this means that the median pointing direction of the lidar is oriented upwards, which makes it possible to reduce the size of the lidar beam on the glazing (see also [Fig.7]). For example, for the angle a0 of 32 deg. and ni equal to 1.80, we deduce the angle i' equal to approximately +30 deg. .

[0182] The external vertical angular aperture FOV2 being given and here equal to 30 degrees corresponds to the extreme rays 46, respectively 47 refracted through the prism 124, respectively 224. In this example, the angle of the beam 46 relative to a horizontal axis is +15 deg. and the angle of the beam 47 relative to a horizontal axis is -15 deg. These extreme rays correspond to the extreme rays 42, respectively 41, of the lidar beam incident on the prism 124, respectively 224. We seek to calculate the angle a-, and respectively a+, of the prism 124, respectively 224, to limit FOV1 for example to 10 degrees.

[0183] For this purpose, in [Fig. 10], we calculate the angle, denoted i'+0.5*FOVl, with respect to the horizontal of the upper extreme ray 41 of the lidar beam incident on the prism 224, as a function of the angle a+ of the prism 224. In this example, the angle of the upper extreme ray 46 with respect to a horizontal axis is +15 deg. (represented by a dashed line in [Fig. 10]). We are looking for the prism angle 224 making it possible to obtain an upper extreme ray 41 forming with the horizontal an angle equal to a0 + 0.5*FOV1 = 30 +0.5*10 or 35 deg. The curves in [Fig. 10] allow us to determine, for a 224 prism with an optical index ni of 1.80, the angle a+ of the 224 prism of approximately 40 degrees.

[0184] Similarly, in [Fig. 11], the angle, denoted i'-0.5*FOVl, with respect to the horizontal of the lower extreme ray 42 of the lidar beam incident on the prism 124 is calculated, as a function of the angle a- of the prism 124. In this example, the angle of the lower extreme ray 47 with respect to a horizontal axis is -15 deg. (represented by a dashed line in [Fig.l 1]). We are looking for the prism angle 124 making it possible to obtain a lower extreme ray 42 forming with the horizontal an angle of a0 - 0.5*FOV1 = 30 - 0.5*10 or 25 deg. The curves in [Fig.l 1] allow us to determine, for a 124 prism having an optical index ni of 1.80, that the angle a- of the 124 prism is approximately 33 degrees.

[0185] We thus obtain a range of prism angle values ​​between 32 deg. and approximately 43 deg. for a lidar having an internal angular aperture FOV1 equal to 10 degrees, for prisms having an optical refractive index ni of 1.80 and a given external angular aperture value FOV2 of 30 degrees.

[0186] The same reasoning applies for a collimated lidar, i.e. having a zero angular aperture FOV1. This gives a range of prism angle values ​​between 20 deg. and approximately 45 deg. for a collimated lidar and prisms having an optical refractive index ni of 1.80 and a given external angular aperture value FOV2 of 30 degrees.

[0187] From the values ​​of tables I, II or III, in particular the minimum value of FOV1, noted MinFOVl, we calculated, in the following tables IV to IX, respectively for the following values ​​of the inclination angle [3: 20 deg., 30 deg. and 40 deg, and by applying the above method, the values ​​of the angles of the variable angle prisms: the values ​​of the angles a+ and respectively a of the prisms at the ends of a multiface element, and, possibly the value of the angle a0 of the prism on the median pointing direction, either for a collimated lidar beam (FOV1 = 0 deg.), or to reduce the angular aperture FOV1 of the lidar beam respectively: to a quarter of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.25*MinFOVl), to half of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.50* MinFOVl), to three-quarters of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.75* MinFOV 1) and 1 degree compared to the minimum value MinFOV 1 (FOV 1= MinFOVl-1 deg.), while maintaining the angular aperture FOV2 of 30 degrees. FOV1 0 deg. 0.25*MinFOV 1 0.50*MinFOV 1 0.75*MinFOV 1 MinFOVl-1 d eg- ni a+(deg.) a+(deg.) a+(deg.) a+(deg.) a+(deg.) 1.20 60 57 50 42 35 1.30 55 50 45 39 35 1.48 50 46 43 40 38 1.52 49 46 43 40 38 1.60 49 47 44 41 40 1.70 49 47 45 43 41 1.80 50 48 46 44 43

[0188] Table IV: angles a+variables for the inclination angle [3 equal to 20 ±5 deg.

[0189] From Table IV, for the angle of inclination [3 equal to 20 ±5 deg., we deduce an angle a+ ranging from +35 deg. to +60 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg., for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from 0 deg. to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). We also deduce from Table IV, the angle a+ ranging from +38 deg. to +48 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from a quarter of the minimum value MinFOV 1 (i.e. 0.25*MinFOVl) to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). FO VI 0 deg. 0.25*MinFOV 1 0.50*MinFOV 1 0.75*MinFOV 1 MinFOVl-1 d eg- ni a-(deg.) a-(deg.) a-(deg.) a-(deg.) a-(deg.) 1.20 -6 3 13 22 29 1.30 9 15 21 27 31 1.48 23 27 30 33 35 1.52 25 28 31 34 36 1.60 29 31 34 36 38 1.70 32 34 36 38 40 1.80 35 37 39 40 42

[0190] Table V: a-variable angles for the inclination angle [3 equal to 20 +5 deg.

[0191] From Table V, for the angle of inclination [3 equal to 20 +5 deg., we deduce an angle a. ranging from -6 deg. to +42 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg., for a given optical index of refraction ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from 0 deg. to 1 degree below the value minimum MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). We also deduce from Table V, the angle a. ranging from +27 deg. to +42 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from a quarter of the minimum value MinFOV 1 (i.e. 0.25*MinFOVl) at 1 degree below the minimum MinFOVl value (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). FO VI 0 deg. 0.25* MinFOV 1 0.50*MinFOVl 0.75* MinFOVl MinFOVl-1 deg. ni a+j5(deg •) «o(deg •) a+15(deg.) a+j5(deg •) «o (deg.) a+15(deg.) a+j5(de g-) «o (deg.) 1.20 60 15 57 47 15 36 26 15 1.30 54 20 48 41 20 33 27 20 1.48 47 25 43 38 25 34 30 25 1.52 46 26 42 38 26 34 31 26 1.60 45 28 42 38 28 35 32 28 1.70 45 30 42 39 30 36 34 30 1.80 45 32 42 40 32 37 35 32

[0192] Table VI: angles a+variables and angle a0 for [3 equal to 30 +5 ​​deg.

[0193] From Table VI, for the angle of inclination [3 equal to 30 +5 ​​deg., we deduce an angle a+ ranging from +15 deg. to +60 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg., for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from 0 deg. to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). We also deduce from Table VI, the angle a+ ranging from +30 deg. to +43 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg., for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from a quarter of the minimum value MinFOV 1 (i.e. 0.25*MinFOVl) to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). FO VI 0 deg. 0.25*MinFOV 1 0.50*MinFOV 1 0.75*MinFOV 1 MinFOVl-1 d eg- ni a-15(deg.) a-15(deg.) a-15(deg.) a-15(deg.) a-15(deg.) 1.20 -25 -15 -3 10 20 1.30 -6 1 9 17 23 1.48 10 15 20 24 28 1.52 13 17 21 25 29 1.60 17 20 24 28 30 1.70 21 24 27 30 32 1.80 24 27 29 32 34

[0194] Table VII: variable angles for [3 equal to 30 ±5 deg.

[0195] From Table VII, for the tilt angle [3 equal to 30 ±5 deg., we deduce an angle a. ranging from -25 deg. to +34 deg. ± 2 deg., preferably ± 1 deg., for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from 0 deg. to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). We also deduce from Table VII the angle a. ranging from +15 deg. to +34 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from a quarter of the minimum value MinFOV 1 (i.e. 0.25*MinFOVl) to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). FO VI 0 deg. 0.25*MinFOV 1 0.50*MinFOV 1 0.75*MinFOV 1 MinFOVl-1 d eg- ni a+15(deg.) a+15(deg.) a+15(deg.) a+15(deg.) a+15(deg.) 1.20 60 56 45 32 19 1.30 53 46 38 28 20 1.48 44 39 34 28 23 1.52 43 39 34 28 24 1.60 42 38 33 29 25 1.70 41 37 34 30 27 1.80 40 37 34 31 28

[0196] Table VIII: angles a+variables for the inclination angle [3 greater than 35 deg. and less than 50 deg.

[0197] From Table VIII, for the inclination angle [3 greater than 35 deg. and less than 50 deg., we deduce an angle a+ ranging from +19 deg. to +60 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg., for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from 0 deg. to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). And we also deduce from Table VIII, the angle a+ ranging from +23 deg. to +39 deg. + 2 deg., preferably ± 1 deg., for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from a quarter of the minimum value MinFOV 1 to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). FO VI 0 deg. 0.25*MinFOV 1 0.50*MinFOV 1 0.75*MinFOV 1 MinFOVl-1 d eg- ni a-15(deg.) a-15(deg.) a-15(deg.) a-15(deg.) a-15(deg.) 1.20 -30 -26 -14 1 14 1.30 -18 -10 -1 9 17 1.48 0 5 11 17 21 1.52 2 7 13 18 22 1.60 7 11 16 20 24 1.70 11 15 18 22 25 1.80 14 18 21 24 27

[0198] Table IX: Variable angles for the inclination angle [3 greater than 35 deg. and less than 50 deg.

[0199] From Table IX, for the tilt angle [3 greater than 35 deg. and less than 50 deg., an angle a. ranging from -30 deg. to +27 deg. ± 2 deg., preferably ± 1 deg., for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from 0 deg. to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.). From Table IX, the angle a. ranging from +5 deg. to +27 deg. + 2 deg., preferably + 1 deg. for a given optical refractive index ni ranging from 1.48 to 1.80 and for a vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view ranging from a quarter of the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. 0.25*MinFOVl) to 1 degree below the minimum value MinFOVl (i.e. MinFOVl -Ideg.).

[0200] For each angle of inclination [3, we thus obtain a multi-face element 20 in which the angle of the prisms varies progressively from the prism 24 (on the median direction of pointing) towards each of the extreme edges.

[0201] The above tables of values ​​make it possible to manufacture a multi-face element having prisms of variable angle in the reference plane so as to adjust as needed the angular opening of the lidar emission beam inside the vehicle, while maximizing the angular opening of the lidar emission beam outside the vehicle.

[0202] Remarkably, it is thus possible to use a lidar having an internal field of view with a very reduced vertical angular aperture FOV1, for example 10 deg. or even 9 deg. or 8 deg., while obtaining an external field of view with an enlarged vertical angular aperture FOV2, for example here 30 deg.

[0203] Figures 12 to 24 show different ways of integrating the multiface element 20 into a glazing unit. These figures include the following common elements. The laminated glazing unit 100, 100', 200, 201 to 204, 300, 400, 500, 600 includes a first glass sheet 1, a lamination interlayer 3 and a second glass sheet 2. The infrared vision system 7 is placed in a housing 8, for example made of plastic or metal. The housing 8 is fixed by a fixing means in a removable manner, for example by clipping. The housing 8 is fixed, for example (entirely) to the fourth main face 14 of the second glass sheet 2 by the fixing means in a removable manner, for example by clipping. Alternatively, the housing 8 is fixed to a support 80, preferably multifunctional (a multi-sensor plate, with antenna, etc.) fixed (glued) to the fourth main face 14 of the second glass sheet 2.According to another variant, the housing 8 is fixed to the face F4 or to the support 80 and also to an element of the vehicle, for example the roof of the vehicle, in particular to the interior trim of the passenger compartment of the vehicle and / or to the bodywork 160 which is glued to the periphery of the glazing (on face 14 or face 12 if partial hole or on the support 80 if through hole of the glazing) via an adhesive 60. A seal 161 (extrudate etc.) with preferably a lip 162 is between the bodywork 160 and the edge of the glazing (and even of the support 80 if applicable, see figures 25 and 27).

[0204] According to various exemplary embodiments, the light source 71 and the detection device 72 are arranged side by side in a vertical plane (Figures 12-13), in a horizontal plane (not shown) or even in a plane inclined relative to a horizontal plane ([Fig. 14]). The laminated glazing advantageously comprises a masking layer 5 arranged between the first glass sheet 1 and the lamination interlayer 3. The masking layer 5 is bonded to the second internal main face 12 of the first glass sheet 1. The masking layer 5 is also bonded to the main face 38 of the lamination interlayer 3. The masking layer 5 is opaque to visible and near infrared radiation, for example black, such as an enamel layer or a lacquer. The masking layer 5 is capable of masking the housing 8 of the lidar. Masking layer 5 includes a saving of dimensions larger than the horizontal and vertical field of view of lidar 7.The gap in the masking layer 5 allows the passage of the emission beam 70 of the lidar and the reflected beam in the direction of the detection device 72. The gap in the masking layer has, for example, a rectangular or trapezoidal shape with two large horizontal sides 501, 502 and two small sides (see front view figures).

[0205] In a particularly advantageous manner, the glazing system comprises a support or plate 80 perforated (on the face F4) perforated or even housing via an orifice 81 the multiface element 20 or forming a base for the multiface element 20. The plate 80 possibly forms a base for one or more other sensors 601, 602, 603, such as a rain sensor, visible camera, etc. The plate 80 is linked to the rear main face 14 of the glazing and / or to the housing 8 and / or to the interior trim of the passenger compartment of the vehicle.

[0206] According to an exemplary embodiment ([Fig.23]), the plate 80 is transparent to the radiation of the lidar, the multi-face element then being placed on the rear face of this plate 80, on the passenger compartment side.

[0207] According to other exemplary embodiments (figures 18, 21), the plate 80 is opaque or absorbent to the radiation of the lidar, the plate comprising a through hole 81 or a notch in which the multiface element is arranged.

[0208] In Figures 12 and 13, a laminated glazing unit 100 is shown comprising a multi-face element 20 according to a first embodiment, in which the multi-prismatic element 20 is bonded to the fourth main face 14 of the second glass sheet 2. The multi-prismatic element 20 is for example that illustrated in [Fig.3], 3' or 4 (or 4'). This embodiment has the advantage of not weakening the structure of the laminated glazing unit. This example can be manufactured in different ways. For example, the multi-face element 20 is bonded, for example by an adhesive 6 (in particular forming a camouflage layer), to the fourth main face 14 of the second glass sheet 2. Alternatively, the multi-face element is shaped, for example by deposition or etching on the second glass sheet to form the series of prisms 24.Alternatively, the multi-face element 20 is shaped, for example in a material having the refractive index ni, to form the series of prisms 24, which is then attached to the fourth main face 14 of the second glass sheet 2.

[0209] In [Fig. 12], the textured rear surface of the prism array is exposed inside the vehicle.

[0210] In [Fig. 13], the second face 12 of the glazing 100' comprises a camouflage layer 110 in the space delimited by the edges 501, 502 of the layer 5.

[0211] In Figures 13-17 in particular, a coating 101 conforming to the textured rear surface extends over the series of prisms. The conformal coating 101 in no way modifies the optical function of the rear surface textured by the series of prisms. The coating 101 forms, for example, an anti-reflection layer in the IR or an anti-scratch protection. Patent document WO2022 / 200735 describes, for example, such an anti-reflection layer in the IR. Advantageously, the first glass sheet 1, the lamination interlayer 3, the part 9 comprising the multiface element 20 with coating 101 has a total transmission of at least 90.0% at working wavelength LB1.

[0212] Optionally, the glazing 100 further comprises a functional layer 110 arranged on the second internal main face 12 called F2 of the first glass sheet 1. The functional layer 110 is for example a heating layer transparent in the IR or a camouflage layer. The patent document WO2022 / 208025 describes for example a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, transparent in the IR and making it possible to locally heat the glazing. The patent document WO2022 / 219273 describes for example a camouflage layer arranged between the face F2 of a glazing and the front face of a part. The patent document WO2023 / 118710 describes for example an adhesive camouflage layer.

[0213] Figures 14-19 schematically represent in side section view a vehicle glazing according to different variants of a second embodiment.The glazing 200 is here a laminated glazing and an insert or part 9 forming the multi-face element 20 is arranged at least partly in a complete through hole 4 of the second glass sheet 2 of the laminated glazing. In figures 14-17 the hole 4 is closed, that is to say distant from the edge of the glazing.

[0214] The part 9 is for example made of mineral material (in particular glass or glass-ceramic) or transparent at least to the working wavelength LB1 of the lidar. The patent document WO2022 / 175634 describes for example a material suitable for such a mineral part.

[0215] Alternatively, the part 9 is made of a polymer transparent at least to the working wavelength LB1 of the lidar. Patent document WO2022 / 175635 describes, for example, a material suitable for such a polymer part.

[0216] In the example illustrated in [Fig.14], the part 9 has a main front surface called a connecting surface, bonded, preferably by gluing, with the main rear face 39 of the lamination interlayer 3. The rear surface of the part 9 here forms the textured rear surface of the multi-face element 20 having, in the reference plane, a profile structured by a series of structures, in particular a series of prisms.

[0217] According to the variant illustrated in [Fig. 15], the lamination interlayer 3 is locally thinned at the right of the through hole 4, to form an upper interlayer 31 bonded on one face to the first glass sheet 1 and on the opposite face to the main front surface of the part 9 ([Fig. 15]).

[0218] In the example illustrated in [Fig.16], the multi-prismatic element 20 including the part 9 has a front main surface which is bonded to a thin adhesive layer for example of PVB or EVA or OCA 31'. A camouflage film 110 is sandwiched between another thin adhesive layer on the face F2 12 and the thin adhesive layer 31'.

[0219] In the example illustrated in [Fig.17], the multi-prismatic element 20 including the part 9 has a front main surface 91 which is in adhesive contact (directly) with the face F2 12.

[0220] It is preferred that the prismatic element be spaced from the walls delimiting the through hole 4. It can be placed before lamination (in particular if the interlayer is kept even thinned) or after lamination (in particular if layer(s) of OC A glue, in particular PSA).

[0221] Advantageously, the first glass sheet 1, the lamination interlayer 3, the multiprismatic element 20 (the part 9) with the antireflective element 110 has a total transmission of at least 90.0% at the working wavelength. Optionally, the glazing 100 further comprises a functional layer 110 arranged on the second internal main face 12 called F2 of the first glass sheet 1 ([Fig.21]). The functional layer 110 is for example a heating layer transparent in the IR or a camouflage layer. The patent document WO2022 / 208025 describes for example a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, transparent in the IR and making it possible to locally heat the glazing. Patent document WO2022 / 219273 describes, for example, a camouflage layer placed between the F2 face of a glazing unit and the front face of a part. Patent document WO2023 / 118710 describes, for example, an adhesive camouflage layer.

[0222] According to a particular and advantageous aspect that can be combined with any of the embodiments described, the support 80 is multifunctional, arranged so as to allow the integration of several other sensors, such as a rain sensor 601 and / or an area for a thermal camera 602 and / or an area for a camera operating in the visible range 603. The sensors are for example arranged on the periphery of the plate 80 around the multi-prismatic element 20 dedicated to the lidar (see figures 19, 24).

[0223] Figures 19, 22 and 24 show a front view of a glazing according to embodiments. The edges 801, 802, 803, 804 of the support 80 and possibly the edges 401, 402, 403, 404 of the through hole are observed. In Figures 23 and 24, the multi-prismatic element 20 is mounted on the support 80 inside the vehicle.

[0224] The through hole 4 is for example trapezoidal in shape and comprises a first large side 401 or so-called upper longitudinal edge closest to the edge of the upper longitudinal edge of the glazing 10, preferably parallel to this edge 10, of length of at most 20cm for example 8cm and spaced at least 5cm or 6cm from the edge 10, a second large side 402 or so-called lower longitudinal edge (furthest from the edge of the upper longitudinal edge 10, close to the central zone) parallel to the first large side of length of at most 25cm or 20cm and preferably larger than that of the first large side, for example 14cm, two small sides 403, 404 or straight or oblique side edges. The height (between the large sides 401 and 402) is at least 5cm here of 0cm. The through hole 4 may have rounded corners.

[0225] The through hole 4 is advantageously in a peripheral central region along the upper longitudinal edge 10 of the laminated glazing forming the windshield. The closed or emerging through hole 4 may be in another region of the windshield 200 or even in another glazing of the vehicle, in particular the rear window.

[0226] The spacing of the masking layer 5 is of dimensions greater than or equal to those of the through hole 4. Preferably, the spacing of the masking layer 5 is arranged in line with the through hole 4. The dimensions of the through hole 4 are adapted for the passage of the emission beam 70 of the lidar over the horizontal and vertical field of view of the lidar 7. The through hole also allows the passage of the reflected beam in the direction of the detection device 72 over the entire field of view of the lidar.

[0227] Figures 2 and 19 show a front view of a glazing 100, 200 according to the first or second embodiment. The multi-face element 20 is mounted on a plate 29 inside the vehicle. The edges 501, 502, 503, 504 of the gap in the masking layer 5 and possibly the edges 401, 402, 403, 404 of the through hole are observed in the case of the second embodiment.

[0228] Figures 21 to 24 show a glazing according to fifth and sixth embodiments in which the laminated glazing comprises a complete through hole 4 and even here a notch 4' through all the sheets of the glazing 500, 600 in particular the two glass sheets 1, 2, the lamination interlayer 3 and the masking layer 5 and in which the multi-prismatic element 20 comprising a part 9 is inserted into the through hole and fixed to a support 80 in particular multifunctional inserted into the notch 4'. The through hole 4' or the notch passes through the first glass sheet 1, the lamination interlayer 3 and the second glass sheet 2 of the laminated glazing. The support (or plate 80) is shaped and arranged so as to close the through hole 4'.Preferably, the main external surface of the support 80 is flush or sub-flush with the main external surface 11 of the first glass sheet 1 so as to form a continuous main external surface for the glazing 400 (see [Fig.21], 23).

[0229] The support 80 (too opaque for the lidar) may have an orifice 81 to house the multi-prismatic element 20 ([Fig.21]).

[0230] The support 80 may be part of the near infrared transmission window 111 for the lidar ([Fig.23]). In this case, the support 80 comprises, for example, a plastic material or a glass transparent to the working wavelength of the lidar. The support 80 is monolithic or laminated, for example laminated with a plastic sheet. The multi-prismatic element 20, for example formed by molding, is fixed to the internal main surface of the support 80, for example by an adhesive 6, for example of camouflage 110. Optionally, the internal main surface of the multi-prismatic element 20 is flush with the internal main surface 12 of the second glass sheet 2 so as to form a continuous internal main surface for the glazing 600.

[0231] According to an advantageous aspect, the support 80 arranged on the external face of the glazing ([Fig.21], 23) may comprise a hydrophobic external coating which prevents the stagnation of raindrops. Such a hydrophobic coating comprises, for example, fluoropolymer which provides self-cleaning, anti-stain and / or moisture-resistant properties.

[0232] In the fifth and sixth embodiments, in particular as illustrated in figures 25 and 27, the plate 80 forming a support is fixed, for example by gluing or by a seal 61 to the glazing.

[0233] According to a particular aspect applicable to embodiments 500 and especially 600, a masking layer 82 (coating) is arranged on the support 80 (possibly transparent), opaque in the visible and in the near infrared, for example black in color, in particular at the working wavelength. The masking layer 82 protects the glue 60 from UV rays, in particular if necessary.

[0234] According to a particular aspect applicable to all embodiments, a camouflage layer (adhesive coating or not) is arranged on the front face of the multi-prismatic element 20 or on the support 80 or the face F2 or F4. The camouflage layer extends at least over the front surface of the multi-prismatic element. Advantageously, the camouflage layer extends over the surface of the spare part of the masking layer 5 so as to ensure the continuity of the masking layer 5. The camouflage layer is opaque in the visible, for example black in color, and transparent in the near infrared, in particular at the working wavelength. The camouflage layer is in the form of a film or adhesive coating.

Claims

1. Claims Glazing system comprising a vehicle glazing (100 to 600), the glazing comprising: a first sheet of glass (1) intended to form the exterior glazing with a first external main face (11) and a second main face (12) facing the passenger compartment, and, when the glazing is laminated, comprising a second sheet of glass (2) intended to form the interior glazing with a third main face (13) facing the second main face (12) and a fourth main face (14) facing the passenger compartment, and a lamination interlayer (3) made of polymer material arranged between the second internal main face (12) and the third main face (13), the glazing being intended to form an angle of inclination (|3) of less than 90 degrees with a horizontal axis in the vehicle, the glazing having a near-infrared transmission window (111) at a working wavelength LB1 in a near-infrared range, the near-infrared transmission window (111) being capable of receiving an emission beam (70) at said working wavelength from a lidar (7) intended to be arranged in the passenger compartment of the vehicle, the emission beam (70) having, in a reference plane which is a lateral section plane of the glazing, a median pointing direction (30) and extending over an internal field of view of determined vertical angular aperture (FOV1), the reference plane comprising a normal to the glazing and a vertical axis (Z) in the vehicle, in the near-infrared transmission window, an optical device,the emission beam (70) having an internal field of view with internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) and at the exit of the glazing having an external field of view with external vertical angular aperture (FOV2) characterized in that the optical device comprises a multiface element (20), linked to the glazing, the multiface element (20) having a textured rear surface presenting in the reference plane, a profile structured by a series of structures (24, 124, 224), each structure (24, 124, 224) having an entry face (25, 125, 225), and in that the multi-face element (20) is arranged and configured to receive the emission beam (70) on the input faces (25, 125, 225) of the series of structures (24, 124, 224), each entry face (25, 125, 225) forming a given angle (a, a0, a+, a.) with the vertical axis (Z) in the reference plane so as to angularly deflect the median pointing direction (45) of the emission beam leaving the glazing and so that the external vertical angular aperture (FOV2) is greater than the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1).

2. The system of claim 1 comprising a coating (101) conforming to the textured back surface of the multi-sided element (20) extending over said textured back surface.

3. System according to one of the preceding claims wherein, in the reference plane, the angle (a, a0, a+, a.) of the structures (24, 124, 224) is constant and equal to an optimal angle value (aopt) as a function of the given optical refractive index of the structures, preferably ranging from 1.48 to 1.80, -the optimal angle value ranging from +32 deg. to +40 deg. for a glazing tilt angle of 20 +5 deg., -the optimal angle value ranging from +25 deg. to +32 deg. for a glazing tilt angle of 30 +5 deg. excluding 25 deg., -the optimal angle value ranging from +20 deg. to +26 deg. for a glazing tilt angle of 40 +5 deg excluding 35 deg.

4. System according to one of claims 1 or 2 wherein, in the reference plane, the angle (a, a0, a+, a.) of the structures (24, 124, 224) varies progressively along the textured rear surface, from the so-called median entry face (25) of a structure (24) of the structured profile arranged to receive the median pointing direction of the emission beam (70) to the entry faces (125, 225) of the structures (124, 224) of the textured rear surface arranged to receive respectively extreme rays of the emission beam (70) corresponding to the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1).

5. System according to claim 4, in which, in the reference plane, the angle (a, a0, a+, a.) of the structures (24, 224) has a first progressive variation from the angle (a0) of the middle entrance face (25) of the structure (24) arranged to receive the middle pointing direction of the emission beam (70) to the angle (a+) of the upper entrance face (225) of the structure (224) arranged to receive the upper extreme ray (41) of the lidar beam (70) corresponding to the upper half-angular aperture of the lidar beam inside the vehicle and in which the angle (a, ao, a+, a.) of the structures (24, 124) has a second progressive variation from the angle (a0) of the entrance face the middle entrance face (25) of the structure (24) arranged to receive the median pointing direction of the emission beam (70) to the angle (a.) the lower entrance face (125) of the structure (124) arranged to receive a ray of the lidar beam (70) propagating along a lower extreme ray (42) corresponding to a lower half-angular aperture of the lidar beam inside the vehicle.

6. System according to one of claims 4 or 5 in which, from a minimum value of vertical angular aperture (FOV1), noted minFOVl, as a function of an optical index of refraction of the structures (24, 124, 224), noted nb preferably ranging from 1.48 to 1.80, for a series of reference structures having a constant angle, the angle (a+) of the upper entrance face (225) is determined so that the vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view is equal respectively: to a quarter of MinFOV 1 (FOV1= 0.25*MinFOVl), to half of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.50*MinFOVl), to three-quarters of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.75*MinFOVl) or 1 degree lower than the minimum value MinFOV 1 (FOV1= MinFOVl-1 deg.).

7. System according to one of claims 4 to 6 wherein: - for the inclination angle (|3) equal to 20 ±5 deg., the angle (a+) of the upper inlet face (225) ranging from 38 deg. to 48 deg. ± 2 deg., - or for the inclination angle (|3) equal to 30 ±5 deg. excluding 25 deg., the angle (a+) of the upper inlet face (225) ranging from 30 deg. to 43 deg. ± 2 deg., - for the inclination angle (|3) greater than 35 deg. and less than 50 deg., the angle (a+) of the upper inlet face (225) ranging from 23 deg. to 39 deg. ± 2 deg.

8. System according to one of claims 4 to 7 in which, from a minimum value of vertical angular aperture (FOV1), noted minFOVl, as a function of an optical index of refraction of the structures (24, 124, 224), noted nB preferably ranging from 1.48 to 1.80, for a series of reference structures having a constant angle, the angle (a.) of the lower entrance face (125) is determined so that the vertical angular aperture (FOV1) of the internal field of view is equal respectively: to a quarter of MinFOV 1 (FOV1= 0.25*MinFOVl), to half of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.50*MinFOVl), to three-quarters of MinFOVl (FOV1= 0.75*MinFOVl) or 1 degree lower than the minimum value MinFOV 1 (FOV1= MinFOVl-1 deg.),

9. System according to one of claims 4 to 8 wherein: - for the angle of inclination (|3) equal to 20 ±5 deg., the angle (œ) of the lower entry face (125) ranging from +27 deg. to +42 deg. + 2 deg., - or for the angle of inclination (|3) equal to 30 +5 deg. excluding 25 deg., the angle (a.) of the lower entry face (125) ranging from +15 deg. to +34 deg. + 2 deg., - or for the angle of inclination (|3) greater than 35 deg. and less than 50 deg., (œ) of the lower entry face (125) ranging from +5 deg. to +27 deg. + 2 deg.

10. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the multi-faced element, in particular prismatic (20), is structured in a single direction or in which the series of prisms (24) has two-dimensional geometric shapes such as polyhedra or pyramids.

11. System according to one of the preceding claims in which the multi-face element, in particular prismatic, is arranged in a partial or through hole (4) of the glazing, in particular laminated, in particular notch-forming hole, the multi-face element then being in particular linked to the second main face (12) or to a support (80) in particular multi-function, or in that the multi-face element is linked to the fourth main face (14) of the laminated glazing.

12. System according to one of the preceding claims in which the front surface of the multiface element (20) is connected: - to the second main face (12) of the laminated glazing, in a hole (4) passing through the second sheet of glass - to the fourth main face (14) of the laminated glazing, - to a support (80), in particular multifunctional, connected to the glazing via a wall delimiting a through hole (4') of the glazing, in particular laminated, the multiface element being in particular connected to the rear main surface of the support or in a through orifice of the support - connected to a wall delimiting a through hole (4) of the glazing, in particular forming a notch, -or to a main rear surface, facing the passenger compartment, of a part forming an insert in a partial hole in the glazing and linked to the second main face (12).

13. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the multi-face element (20), in particular prismatic, comprises a textured part or is a textured coating, in particular with an optical refractive index greater than or equal to 1.20 and less than or equal to 1.80 at the working wavelength.

14. System according to one of the preceding claims in which the laminated glazing comprises a through hole (4) in the second sheet of glass, a partial or through hole in the lamination interlayer, called an interlayer hole at right angles to the hole in the second sheet.

15. System according to one of claims 1 to 14 in which the laminated glazing comprises a through hole, preferably forming a notch, a support (80) is housed in the through hole, preferably has a main front surface flush with the first main external face (11) and is in particular glued to the wall delimiting the through hole (4), and comprising a main rear surface carrying the multi-faced or textured element to form the multi-faced element or the support is perforated to house the multi-faced element.

16. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which it comprises a peripheral masking layer (5) bonded to the second main face (12) and possibly another masking layer (82) on a main surface of a support (80), in particular multifunctional, in a through hole of the laminated glazing, in particular in which the near infrared transmission window is in an opening of the masking layer (5) and even of the possible other masking layer (82).

17. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which, in the near infrared transmission window, the glazing comprises a functional layer which is preferably a camouflage layer, in particular arranged in the opening of a masking layer, upstream or downstream of the multi-face element (20) or forming part of the multi-face element (20), and in which in particular the camouflage layer is adhesive, bonding the multi-face element to one of the main faces of the glazing or of a support (80) in particular multifunctional in a through hole of the glazing laminated or one piece (9) in a through hole of the second sheet of the laminated glazing.

18. System according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a lidar infrared vision system, the infrared vision system comprising a light source (71) and a detection device (72), the light source being capable of generating the near infrared emission beam (70) in which preferably the external vertical angular aperture (FOV2) is greater than the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) by at least 5°, the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) is less than or equal to 26 degrees.

19. Method for obtaining said multi-face element of refractive index ni for the glazing system according to one of the preceding claims, each input face (25, 125, 225) forming an angle (a, a0, a+, a.) with a vertical axis (Z) in the reference plane, the method comprising the following steps: -definition of an input angle i' with respect to the horizontal of a pointing direction (45) of the lidar upstream of the multi-face element as a function of the angle i of the pointing direction (45) downstream of the glazing with respect to the horizontal and of said input angle a, definition of i' according to the following equation EQ1: i(i, a)-arcsin( n^in(arcsinP + i-j')) -fj-a + ÿ)) + a) - calculation of the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) as a function of the entrance angle a for the given optical index of refraction ni and for the given external vertical angular aperture (FOV2), FOV1(°) = li'(a, i= iO+FOV2 / 2 ) - i'(a,i=i0- FOV2 / 2 )l with iO of a median pointing direction (45) of the lidar downstream of the glazing relative to the horizontal, preferably iO = 0+5 degrees, so as to deduce therefrom a minimum value of vertical angular aperture (MinFOVl) and a corresponding value of optimal angle (aopt) for a series of reference structures having entrance faces forming a constant angle; - application of the value of the optimal angle (aopt) to a median entrance face (25) of a structure (24) arranged on a median pointing direction (40) of the emission beam; - calculation of an entry angle i' relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane, of the median pointing direction (40) of the beam, emission (70) on the median entry face (25) for a given angle i of the median pointing direction (45) of the emission beam exiting the glazing, relative to a horizontal axis in the reference plane, by applying the formula EQ1 in which a is equal to the value of the optimal angle (aopt); - setting a target value of the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1) lower than the minimum internal vertical angular aperture value (MinFOVl); - calculation of the angle a+ of the lower entrance face (125) of a structure (124) arranged to receive an upper extreme ray (41) of the emission beam at an entrance angle (i'+0.5*FOVl) equal to the sum of the entrance angle i' on the middle entrance face (25) and half the target value of the vertical angular aperture (FOV1), by inverting the formula EQ1 in which the entrance angle i' is replaced by i'+0.5*FOVl; - calculation of the angle a of the upper entrance face (225) of a structure (224) arranged to receive a lower extreme ray (42) of the emission beam at an entrance angle (F-0.5*FOV1) equal to the difference between the entrance angle i' on the middle entrance face (25) and half the target value of the internal vertical angular aperture (FOV1), by inverting the formula EQ1 in which the entrance angle i' is replaced by i'-0.5*FOV1.

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