A vacuum insulating panel may include: a first glass substrate; a second glass substrate; a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at a pressure less than
atmospheric pressure; a seal provided between at least the first and second substrates, the seal including a first
ceramic seal layer and a second
ceramic seal layer, wherein the second
ceramic seal layer is located between at least the first ceramic seal layer and the first glass substrate; and wherein one or more of: (i) a thermal (TC)
conductivity of the first ceramic seal layer is be less than a
thermal conductivity of the first glass substrate, and wherein the
thermal conductivity of the first glass substrate is less than a
thermal conductivity of the second ceramic seal layer, so that the thermal
conductivity of the second ceramic seal layer is greater than the thermal
conductivity of the first substrate and greater than the thermal conductivity of the first ceramic seal layer; (ii) a thermal conductivity of the second ceramic seal layer is greater than a thermal conductivity of the first ceramic seal layer; and / or (iii) a ratio TDp1 / TDg, where TDp1 represents a
thermal diffusivity (TD) of the second ceramic seal layer and TDg represents a
thermal diffusivity of the first glass substrate, is at least 1.020 and wherein the
thermal diffusivity of the second ceramic seal layer is greater than a thermal diffusivity of the first ceramic seal layer.