The invention discloses a screw hole plugging robot and a building system provided with the same, wherein the screw hole plugging robot is used for plugging a screw hole, and comprises a turntable anda twisted auger mechanism, a water spraying mechanism, a mortar blasting mechanism and a trowelling mechanism that are arranged on the turntable in the circumferential direction, the turntable can rotate relative to the screw hole, an acting end of the twisted auger mechanism can extend or retract relative to the turntable, the twisted auger mechanism is used for expanding the screw hole, the water spraying mechanism is used for spraying water to the screw hole, the mortar blasting mechanism is used for filling the screw hole with mortar, the trowelling mechanism is used for trowelling the screw hole, and the twisted auger mechanism, the water spraying mechanism, the mortar blasting mechanism and the trowelling mechanism are arranged on the turntable at intervals in the circumferential direction. According to the screw hole plugging robot disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, the twisted auger mechanism, the water spraying mechanism, the mortar blasting mechanism and the trowelling mechanism are arranged on the turntable at intervals in the circumferential direction, when the turntable rotates, the screw hole can be expanded, sprayed with water, filled with the mortar andtrowelled, and therefore, the whole plugging process is automatic.