Packaging material

Abstract

Biodegradable pellets 500 for use as a packaging material comprise a porous support material for holding a liquid. The pellets 500, when containing the liquid, can be cooled to act as a heat sink for

Description

FIELD This invention relates to biodegradable packaging pellets for use in keeping goods cool during transportation. The invention also relates to a process for producing the pellets, and uses of the pellets. BACKGROUND Packaging materials play a crucial role in protecting and preserving goods during transportation and storage. In particular, temperature-sensitive items such as food, pharmaceuticals, and certain chemicals require specialized packaging to maintain their quality and safety. Conventional methods for keeping goods cool during transport often involve the use of ice packs or gel-based cooling elements. These traditional cooling methods, while effective, present several challenges. Ice packs and gel packs are typically encased in non-biodegradable plastic materials, contributing to environmental waste. They are often rigid and inflexible, which can lead to poor thermal contact with the goods being transported. Additionally, as these cooling elements thaw, condensation can form, potentially damaging the goods or the packaging itself. The packaging industry has been exploring alternative materials and methods to address these issues. There is a growing demand for packaging solutions that are not only effective at temperature control but also environmentally friendly. Biodegradable materials have gained attention in this context, as they offer the potential to reduce the environmental impact of packaging waste. However, developing biodegradable materials that can effectively regulate temperature while providing adequate cushioning and protection remains a challenge. Furthermore, the weight of packaging materials is a significant consideration in transportation logistics. Heavier packaging increases fuel consumption and transportation costs, contributing to a larger carbon footprint. As such, there is a need for lightweight, yet effective cooling and cushioning solutions that can minimize the overall environmental impact of product transportation. SUMMARY This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. In a first aspect of the invention, there is provided biodegradable pellets for use as a packaging material, comprising: a porous support material for holding a liquid; wherein, in use, the pellets comprising the liquid may be cooled to act as a heat sink for cooling a body. The biodegradable pellets may have a diameter of between 1mm and 12mm. Typically, the pellets are substantially spherical or ovoid. The diameter of a pellet is determined by measuring the longest dimension of the substantially spherical or ovoid shape. Advantageously, the biodegradable pellets of the examples herein can be loosely and evenly packed around the goods to be transported to act as a supportive and cushioning packaging material, and at the same time act as an efficient heat sink to cool the goods or keep them at a desired temperature. Importantly, the pellets are biodegradable and so are environmentally friendly. In use, the biodegradable pellets may comprise the liquid. The pellets may comprise between 5 and 75 weight % of the liquid, and optionally between 60 and 75 weight % of the liquid. The porous support material and the liquid may be environmentally friendly, inert and / or non-toxic. When the pellets are to be used as a heat sink, the pellets can be cooled so that the liquid retained in the porous structure of the pellets can be cooled and / or frozen. The liquid may have a heat capacity greater than 1 J / g°C, optionally between 1.5 and 5 J / g°C, further optionally between 3 and 4.2 J / g°C. Water has a heat capacity of 4.18 J / g°C and is excellent at holding heat. The porous support material has a lower heat capacity than the liquid material, so the porous support material acts as an insulating component. Preferably, the liquid may comprise or consist of water and / or rainwater. The liquid may comprise additives, such as one or more agents to promote the breakdown of the cellulosic material, a preservative, an anti-mould agent, a binding agent, and a colourant. Exemplary additives comprise: Stickies, PVA, Carrageenan, and Agar Agar. Typical %wt of the additives range from 25-40%. The porous support material may comprise a fibrous material, optionally a cellulosic material, and optionally comprises one or more of paper, cardboard, hemp fibres, bamboo fibres, coniferous wood, waste paper card mix, deciduous wood, and other wood-pulp material. Optionally, the porous support material may comprise or consist of paper. In particular, the porous support material may comprise recycled material. For example, the cellulosic material may be derived from the by-products of the paper-making process or from recycled paper / waste newspapers. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the cellulosic fibres produce wicking channels or discrete paths from the surface of the pellet to the interior of the pellet, so that capillary action draws liquid into the interior of the pellet. In this way, liquid is effectively retained in the pellet. The fibre composition of the pellets is insulating, and so in use the pellets effectively remain cool. Heat may be transferred from the body to be cooled to the pellets, and / or heat from the local environment is prevented from reaching the body. The pellets are free-flowing and can be easily packed directly around the goods to be transported. The pellets are effective at filling any voids, provide good support and are shock absorbing, and so can prevent damage to fragile objects during transport. As the pellets pack directly around the goods, a good thermal contact is achieved. Therefore, effective cooling of the goods is achieved. Advantageously, any condensation produced during cooling of the goods may be absorbed by the pellets rather than being transferred onto the goods or the container, due to the close contact of the pellets next to the goods and the porous nature of the pellets. Also, this means that an additional type of packaging material is not required to absorb condensation. The pellets may have a compacted outer skin. Advantageously, the liquid, including any condensation, is preferentially drawn into the looser fibrous interior of the pellet, leaving the outer compacted skin relatively dry. As a result, the pellets tend not to stick to one another and remain free flowing, and so continue to provide good support to the goods being transported. Further, there is no need to package the pellets in a waterproof container, such as polystyrene. Instead, a recycled paper or carboard container can be used, which is good for the environment. The compacted skin provides the pellets with a generally smooth surface with few fibrous extensions extending from the surface, so that there is little dust produced by the pellets when used as a packaging material. The pellets may absorb at least 60 weight %, to 75 weight % of liquid without losing structural integrity. In particular, the pellets may absorb at least 90 weight %, and optionally at least 70 weight % of water without losing structural integrity. The cellulosic material is highly porous, and the compacted outer skin of the pellets help structural integrity to be maintained. This means the pellets continue to provide good support to the goods being transported and can be reused again and again. In a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for making the biodegradable pellets according to the first aspect of the invention, comprising the steps of: introducing the porous support material comprising the liquid into a rotatable container; optionally adding more of the liquid and / or additives; and rotating the rotatable container to cause agglomeration of the porous support material and compaction of the outer surface of the porous support material to form pellets; and optionally drying the pellets to achieve a specified level of liquid content. The porous support material may comprise cellulosic material in the form of a fibre crumb and the liquid may comprise water. The fibre crumb comprising water may be formed by applying pressure to a cellulosic pulp slurry to reduce the water content, and to form a cellulosic cake material (a semi-dry mass), followed by granulation of the cellulosic cake material to form the fibre crumb. The cellulosic material may comprise one or more of paper, cardboard, hemp fibres, bamboo fibres, or wood-pulp material. Preferably, the porous support material may comprise paper. In particular, the porous support material may comprise recycled material, which is good for the environment. For example, the cellulosic material may be derived from the by-products of the paper-making process or from any waste paper source. Cellulosic material may be shredded, mixed with water, and then processed in a pulper to form a cellulosic pulp slurry. The volume of water added to the pulper may be measured, so that a specified water content of the cellulosic pulp slurry is achieved. For example, the water content of the cellulosic material may be around 95 weight %. At this point foreign objects, such as staples and tape, are removed from the cellulosic pulp slurry. The water content of the cellulosic pulp slurry may be reduced using pressure by mechanical means, such as rollers and / or presses, to form the cellulosic cake material. The volume of water removed from the cellulosic pulp slurry may be measured, so that a specified water content of the cellulosic cake material is achieved. The cellulosic cake material may comprise between 20 to 70 weight % water, optionally between 35 to 65 weight % water, and optionally between 45 to 55 weight % water. Any removed water may be pumped back for re-use at the pulper. The cellulosic cake material may be shredded into small pieces (granulated), to form the fibre crumb. The water content of the fibre crumb may be between 20 to 70 weight % water, optionally between 35 to 65 weight % water, and optionally between 45 to 55 weight % water. The water content may be varied depending on the end application. Using fibre crumb with a high water content tends to result in larger pellets. The diameter of the fibre crumb granules may be between 1 and 5mm, optionally between 2 and 4mm, and optionally about 3mm. The diameter of the fibre crumb granules may be determined by measuring the largest dimension of a granule. The fibre crumb size may be varied depending on the end application. Using larger diameter fibre crumb granules, tends to result in larger pellets. Larger pellets tend to have a looser texture and a lower density. This provides for a greater liquid holding capacity and absorption speed into the cellulose matrix of the pellets. The fibre crumb is fed into the rotatable container, such as a drum. In use, the container is rotated and the fibre crumb is tumbled as it moves from the point of entry to the point of exit, which is typically at the lower end of the container. Typically, the apparatus causes the paper to form into substantially spherical or ovoid pellets, due to the tumbling action inside the container. Means may be provided to facilitate the introduction of chemicals or other additives into the drum, for example, an agent to promote breakdown of the cellulosic material, a preservative, an anti mould agent, and a colorant. This allows the pellets to be impregnated with the additive. The container may be rotatable about an axis which is slightly downwardly inclined from its inlet end to cause the fibre crumb (and later pellets) to be moved slowly towards its outlet end by gravity as well as being pushed by the incoming fibre crumb. The angle of inclination may be varied to control the time taken for the fibre crumb or pellets to pass through the container. For example, the angle of inclination may be between 0.5 and 6.5 degrees. The tumbling action of the fibre crumb inside the rotating container causes formation of the substantially spherical or ovoid pellets. The residence time of the pellets within the drum is in the range 3 to 40 minutes, and preferably 3 to 15 minutes. The longer the pellets remain in the container, the more compacted the outer surface becomes, resulting in formation of the compacted outer skin. The pellets which are discharged from the rotatable container may be graded by means of conventional grading equipment, such as vibrating screens. Any pellets which are too large or too small for their intended use may be recycled, for example by repulping them. The pellets are then bagged ready for use. The whole process from forming the cellulosic pulp slurry to the formation of the pellets may take place at ambient temperature using mains water, and therefore no additional energy as heat is required. The size of the pellets may be adjusted to suit the particular packaging requirement or end application. Using larger fibre crumb granules with a high water content tends to result in larger pellets, and conversely smaller fibre crumb granules with a low water content tends to result in smaller pellets. In addition, a longer residence time of the pellets in the rotatable container results in pellets with a more compacted outer skin. In a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a container comprising the biodegradable pellets according to the first aspect of the invention, and / or formed by the process according to the second aspect of the invention. The pellets may be packaged into containers, such as bags or sleeves, which can themselves be packed against the goods. For example, this is useful if layers of packaging is required. The container may be biodegradable and / or made of a recycled material. Due to the absorbency of the pellets, the bags or containers need not be waterproof, and can be made of recycled paper or cardboard. If further insulation is required, corrugated cardboard may be used. In a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of the biodegradable pellets according to first aspect of the invention, and / or formed by the process according to the second aspect of the invention to cool a body, and / or to maintain the temperature of a body at a desired temperature. For use as a heat sink packaging material, the pellets comprising liquid, such as water, may be cooled or frozen. The pellets may be packed directly against the good to be transported. The pellets may be cooled to below 5°C, optionally below 0°C, further optionally between 5 and-10°C. The biodegradable pellets may absorb water condensation while retaining structural integrity. The cellulosic material is highly porous, and the compacted outer skin of the pellets helps structural integrity to be maintained. This means any condensation produced during cooling of the goods may be absorbed by the pellets rather than being transferred onto the goods, due to the close contact of the pellets next to the goods and the porous nature of the pellets. Also, this means that an additional type of packaging is not required to absorb condensation. As an alternative embodiment, the pellets may be used only as a packaging material and not also as a heat sink. In this case, it may be necessary to dry the pellets. This additional drying step may be carried out after the pellets have formed inside the rotating container. For example, after the pellets have formed inside the rotatable container, the rotatable container may be heated or hot air directed at the pellets. The dry pellets are lighter and so can reduce costs for transport and the associated positive environmental impact. If necessary, the pellets can be rehydrated once the destination is reached. In a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided use of the biodegradable pellets according to the fourth aspect of the invention, to absorb condensation within a container comprising a cooling medium and / or a cold body. The pellets may be used to help absorb condensation, and also a packaging material in cases where another cooling medium is used as a heat sink. In this case, it may be advantageous to use substantially dry pellets, as they will be more efficient at absorbing condensation and are lighter. In a sixth aspect of the invention, the pellets may be reconditioned after use for reuse indefinitely. In particular, the pellets may be dried and a set amount of water added, before reuse. Alternatively, the pellets may be reused without requiring any reconditioning treatment. If no longer required, the pellets may be recycled or composted. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS An embodiment in accordance with the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows an image of a paper pulp slurry. Figure 2 shows an image in which foreign objects are separated and removed from the paper pulp slurry. Figure 3 shows an image of the paper cake material. Figure 4 shows an image of the granulated paper fibre crumb. Figure 5 shows an image of the biodegradable pellets. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description sets forth exemplary aspects of the present disclosure. It should be recognised, however, that such a description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure. Rather, the description also encompasses combinations and modifications to those exemplary aspects described herein. The present disclosure provides biodegradable pellets that may serve as an environmentally friendly solution for packaging and cooling goods during transportation. These pellets comprise a porous support material capable of holding a liquid. In certain implementations, the liquid within the pellets may be cooled, enabling the pellets to function as a heat sink for cooling a body. The porous support material may be composed of a fibrous material, such as a cellulosic material, which may include paper, cardboard, hemp fibres, bamboo fibres, coniferous wood, deciduous wood, or wood-pulp material. In some examples, the porous support material may be a recycled material, further contributing to the environmental benefits of these pellets. The pellets may have a compacted outer skin and may be capable of absorbing a significant amount of liquid without losing structural integrity. This feature may be particularly advantageous in scenarios where condensation forms during the cooling process. The present disclosure also provides a process for making these biodegradable pellets, which may involve introducing the porous support material comprising the liquid into a rotatable container, adding more of the liquid and / or additives, rotating the container to cause agglomeration of the porous support material and compaction of the outer surface of the porous support material to form pellets, and optionally drying the pellets to achieve a specified level of liquid content. The resulting biodegradable pellets may offer a sustainable and effective solution for cooling and packaging goods during transportation, addressing common issues associated with traditional cooling packs. Referring to FIG. 1, an image of paper pulp slurry 100 is shown. In some examples, the paper pulp slurry 100 appears as a moist, homogeneous mass with a smooth, slightly textured surface. The material has a uniform light gray color, indicative of its composition of finely processed paper fibers mixed with water. The surface of the paper pulp slurry 100 exhibits a subtle, granular texture, suggesting the presence of small fiber particles suspended in the liquid mixture. This view provides a visual representation of the initial stage in the process of creating biodegradable pellets, where recycled paper is mixed with water to form a pulp slurry. In some examples, the paper pulp slurry 100 may have a water content of around 95 weight %. This high water content contributes to the malleability of the slurry, allowing it to be easily processed and formed into the desired pellet shape in subsequent stages of the production process. Referring to FIG. 2, an image 200 is shown depicting the process of removing foreign objects from the paper pulp slurry 100. In some examples, the paper pulp slurry 100 is placed on a mesh screen 205. The mesh screen 205, which may be a filter or similar device, serves to support the cellulosic material 210 while allowing for the removal of foreign objects. These foreign objects may include staples, tape strips 220, or other non-cellulosic materials that may be present in the recycled paper used to create the paper pulp slurry 100. The removal of these foreign objects may be facilitated by conventional means, such as filters and magnets (not shown in FIG. 2). The cellulosic material 210, which is visible on the mesh screen 205, appears as a moist, fibrous mass with a light brown color. The fibrous nature of the cellulosic material 210 is indicative of its composition, which may include one or more of paper, cardboard, hemp fibres, bamboo fibres, coniferous wood, deciduous wood, and other wood-pulp materials. In some examples, the cellulosic material 210 may be a recycled material, further contributing to the environmental benefits of the biodegradable pellets. The cellulosic material 210 has a rough, uneven texture with visible clumps and fibers, suggesting that it is at an intermediate stage in the pellet production process. The tape strips 220, which appear as white, curled pieces contrasting against the brown cellulosic material 210, are examples of foreign objects that may be removed during this stage of the process. The removal of these foreign objects is crucial to ensure the purity of the cellulosic material 210 and the quality of the final biodegradable pellets. After the removal of foreign objects, the cellulosic material 210 may undergo further processing, such as the reduction of water content and formation into a semi-dry mass or paper cake material 300, as shown in FIG. 3. Referring to FIG. 3, a close-up view of a paper cake material 300 is shown. In some examples, the paper cake material 300 appears as a grayish, fibrous mass with a rough and layered texture. The fibrous structure 310 of the material is clearly visible, showing a network of interlaced cellulose fibers. This structure contributes to the material's ability to absorb and retain liquid, which is a characteristic feature of the biodegradable pellets described herein The fibrous structure 310 of the paper cake material 300 exhibits a porous nature, with visible gaps and spaces between the fibers. This porosity allows the material to hold liquid effectively, which is essential for its function as a cooling medium when formed into pellets. The layered appearance of the paper cake material 300 is because it has undergone compression, as part of the process to reduce water content and form a semi-dry mass as described herein. The rough edges and uneven surface of the material indicate that it is at an intermediate stage of processing, prior to being granulated and formed into the final pellet shape. In some examples, the paper cake material 300 may comprise a fibrous material, such as a cellulosic material. The cellulosic material may include one or more of paper, cardboard, hemp fibres, bamboo fibres, coniferous wood, deciduous wood, and wood-pulp material. In some examples, the porous support material may be a recycled material, further contributing to the environmental benefits of these pellets. The paper cake material 300 may be formed by applying pressure to a cellulosic pulp material to reduce the water content. In some examples, the paper cake material 300 may have a water content of about 50 weight % water. This high water content contributes to the malleability of the material, allowing it to be easily processed and formed into the desired pellet shape in subsequent stages of the production process. Referring to FIG. 4, a close-up view of paper fibre crumb 400 is shown. In some examples, the paper fibre crumb 400 appears as a light gray or off-white substance with a fibrous, fluffy texture. The granulated material 410 consists of small, irregular pieces that resemble shredded or torn paper. These pieces vary in size and shape, creating a heterogeneous mixture. The fibrous nature of the granulated material 410 is clearly visible, with individual fibers and clumps discernible throughout the pile. This granulated form of the paper fibre crumb 400 represents an intermediate stage in the pellet production process, where the cellulosic material has been processed into a form suitable for further agglomeration and compaction. In some examples, the porous support material comprises cellulosic material in the form of a fibre crumb and the liquid comprises water. The fibre crumb is formed by granulation of the cellulosic cake material. The fibre crumb may comprise between 20 to 70 weight % water, optionally between 35 to 65 weight % water, and optionally between 45 to 55 weight % water. The water content of the fibre crumb may be varied depending on the end application. Using fibre crumb with a high water content tends to result in larger pellets. The diameter of the fibre crumb granules may be between 1 and 5mm, optionally between 2 and 4mm, and optionally about 3mm diameter. The diameter of the fibre crumb granules may be determined by measuring the largest dimension of a granule. The fibre crumb size may be varied depending on the end application. Using larger diameter fibre crumb granules, tends to result in larger pellets. Larger pellets tend to have a looser texture and a lower density. This provides for a greater liquid holding capacity and absorption speed into the cellulose matrix of the pellets. The average dimension of the paper fibre crumb granules is between 1 and 3mm. Referring to FIG. 5, a top view of biodegradable pellets 500 is shown. In some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 appear as light gray or off-white in color and have a rough, slightly textured surface. The individual pellets 510 vary in size and shape, with most being roughly spherical or ovoid. The diameters of the individual pellets 510 range from approximately 1 to 12 millimeters. In some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 are made from a porous support material capable of holding a liquid. The porous support material may be composed of a fibrous material, such as a cellulosic material, which may include paper, cardboard, hemp fibres, bamboo fibres, coniferous wood, deciduous wood, or wood-pulp material. In some examples, the porous support material may be a recycled material, further contributing to the environmental benefits of these pellets. The pellets may have a compacted outer skin and may be capable of absorbing a significant amount of liquid without losing structural integrity. This feature may be particularly advantageous in scenarios where condensation forms during the cooling process. In some embodiments, the pellets 500 comprise the liquid. The pellets 500 may comprise between 5 and 75 weight % of the liquid, and optionally between 60 and 75 weight % of the liquid. The porous support material and the liquid may be environmentally friendly, inert and / or non-toxic. The liquid within the pellets may be cooled, enabling the pellets to function as a heat sink for cooling a body. The varying sizes and shapes of the individual pellets 510 contribute to their ability to be loosely and evenly packed around goods for transportation, providing both support and cooling properties. Continuing with the description of FIG. 5, in some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 may have a compacted outer skin. This compacted outer skin may be formed during the process of rotating the rotatable container, which causes agglomeration of the porous support material and compaction of the outer surface of the porous support material to form the individual pellets 510. The compacted outer skin may provide the pellets 500 with a generally smooth surface with few fibrous extensions extending from the surface, so that there is little dust produced by the pellets when used as a packaging material. This compacted outer skin may also contribute to the structural integrity of the pellets 500, allowing them to maintain their shape and function even when absorbing a significant amount of liquid. In some embodiments, a container may comprise the biodegradable pellets 500. The container may be used for transporting goods, and the biodegradable pellets 500 within the container may serve as both a packaging material and a cooling medium. The container may be biodegradable and / or made of a recycled material, further contributing to the environmental benefits of this system. Due to the absorbency of the pellets 500, the container need not be waterproof, and can be made of recycled paper or cardboard. If further insulation is required, corrugated cardboard may be used. In some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 may absorb water condensation while retaining structural integrity. The cellulosic material of the porous support material is highly porous, and the compacted outer skin of the pellets 500 helps structural integrity to be maintained. This means any condensation produced during cooling of the goods may be absorbed by the pellets 500 rather than being transferred onto the goods, due to the close contact of the pellets 500 next to the goods and the porous nature of the pellets 500. Also, this means that an additional type of packaging material is not required to absorb condensation. In some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 may be used to absorb condensation within a container comprising a cooling medium and / or a cold body. The pellets 500 may be used to help absorb condensation, and also as a packaging material in cases where another cooling medium is used as a heat sink. In this case, it may be advantageous to use substantially dry pellets, as they will be more efficient at absorbing condensation and are lighter. Continuing with the description of FIG. 5, in some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 may be used to cool a body or maintain the temperature of a body at a desired temperature. This may be achieved by cooling the pellets 500 that comprise the liquid. The cooling process may involve reducing the temperature of the pellets 500 to below 5°C, optionally below 0°C, or further optionally between 5 and -10°C. The cooled pellets 500 may then act as a heat sink, absorbing heat from the body and thereby cooling it. This cooling capability may be particularly advantageous in scenarios where the goods being transported are temperature-sensitive, such as perishable food items or pharmaceutical products. In some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 may be used to maintain the temperature of a body at a desired temperature. This may involve adjusting the temperature of the pellets 500 to match the desired temperature of the body. The pellets 500 may then act as a thermal buffer, helping to maintain the temperature of the body by absorbing or releasing heat as needed. This temperature maintenance capability may be particularly beneficial in scenarios where the goods being transported need to be kept at a specific temperature range for optimal preservation or functionality. In some embodiments, the biodegradable pellets 500 may also be used to absorb condensation within a container comprising a cooling medium and / or a cold body. The high absorbency of the pellets 500, combined with their structural integrity, allows them to effectively absorb any condensation that forms during the cooling process. This feature may be particularly advantageous in scenarios where condensation could potentially damage the goods being transported or the container itself. By absorbing the condensation, the pellets 500 help to keep the goods and the container dry, thereby reducing the risk of damage or spoilage. In some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 may be reconditioned after use for reuse. This may involve drying the pellets 500 and adding a set amount of water before reuse. Alternatively, the pellets 500 may be reused without requiring any reconditioning treatment. If no longer required, the pellets 500 may be recycled or composted, further contributing to their environmental benefits. Referring to FIG. 6, a table is presented detailing various parameters and results for producing biodegradable pellets. The table comprises seven columns: liquid type 610, viscosity range 620, fiber type 630, fiber length 640, liquid percentage 650, agitation method 660, and ball size 670. In some examples, the liquid type 610 column lists different liquids used in the pellet production, including rainwater, rainwater with additives (Stickies), water with PVA, water with Carrageenan, and water with Agar Agar. These additives may be used to modify the properties of the liquid, such as its viscosity or its ability to bind with the cellulosic material. For instance, Stickies, PVA, Carrageenan, and Agar Agar may be used to increase the viscosity of the liquid, thereby enhancing the structural integrity of the resulting pellets. The fiber type 630 column specifies the materials used, such as waste paper card mix, coniferous wood, and deciduous wood. These fiber types may be selected based on their availability, cost, environmental impact, and their suitability for the intended application of the pellets. For example, waste paper card mix may be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option, while coniferous wood and deciduous wood may provide different structural properties to the pellets. The agitation method 660 column describes the method used to form the pellets, either "Tumble" or "oscillation". These methods may be selected based on the desired size and shape of the pellets, as well as the specific equipment available for the production process. For instance, tumbling may result in more spherical or ovoid pellets, while oscillation may produce pellets with a more irregular shape. The ball size 670 column presents the resulting average size of the produced pellets in millimeters. The table shows how different combinations of materials and methods affect the final pellet size. For example, one row shows rainwater with Stickies combined with waste paper card mix, using a tumble agitation method, resulting in pellets 3 to 5 mm in size. This information may be used to optimize the production process for specific applications, such as packaging for small items or cooling for large containers. In some examples, the table in FIG. 6 provides a comprehensive overview of the various parameters that can be adjusted in the production of biodegradable pellets. By varying these parameters, the properties of the pellets, such as their size, shape, liquid content, and structural integrity, can be tailored to meet specific requirements. This flexibility in the production process enhances the versatility and adaptability of the biodegradable pellets, making them suitable for a wide range of packaging and cooling applications. In some examples, the liquid within the biodegradable pellets 500 may comprise or consist of water. The water content within the pellets 500 may contribute to their cooling capabilities, as water has a high heat capacity and can absorb a significant amount of heat. In some examples, the liquid within the pellets 500 may have a heat capacity of greater than 1 J / g°C, optionally between 1.5 and 5 J / g°C. This high heat capacity allows the pellets 500 to effectively absorb heat from a body, thereby cooling the body. In some embodiments, the biodegradable pellets 500 may be capable of absorbing at least 90 weight %, and optionally at least 70 weight % of the liquid without losing structural integrity. This high absorbency, combined with the structural integrity of the pellets 500, allows them to effectively function as a cooling medium while also serving as a packaging material. The ability of the pellets 500 to absorb a significant amount of liquid without losing structural integrity may be particularly advantageous in scenarios where condensation forms during the cooling process. In some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 may be cooled to below 5°C, optionally below 0°C, further optionally between 5 and - 10°C. The cooling of the pellets 500 may be achieved by placing them in a refrigerated environment or by exposing them to a cooling medium. Once cooled, the pellets 500 may act as a heat sink, absorbing heat from the body and thereby cooling it. This cooling capability may be particularly advantageous in scenarios where the goods being transported are temperature-sensitive, such as perishable food items or pharmaceutical products. In some examples, the biodegradable pellets 500 may be used to maintain the temperature of a body at a desired temperature. This may involve adjusting the temperature of the pellets 500 to match the desired temperature of the body. The pellets 500 may then act as a thermal buffer, helping to maintain the temperature of the body by absorbing or releasing heat as needed. This temperature maintenance capability may be particularly beneficial in scenarios where the goods being transported need to be kept at a specific temperature range for optimal preservation or functionality. In some examples, the process of forming the biodegradable pellets 500 involves introducing the porous support material, which comprises the liquid, into a rotatable container. The rotatable container may be a drum or similar apparatus capable of agitating the porous support material. The rotation of the container may cause the porous support material to agglomerate and compact, forming the individual pellets 510. The rotation of the container may also contribute to the formation of the compacted outer skin of the pellets 500, which may enhance their structural integrity and ability to absorb liquid. In some examples, additional liquid and / or additives may be added to the porous support material in the rotatable container. These additives may include agents to promote the breakdown of the cellulosic material, preservatives, anti-mould agents, binding agents, or colorants. The addition of these additives may modify the properties of the porous support material and the resulting pellets 500, such as their absorbency, structural integrity, or visual appearance. In some examples, the rotatable container may be rotated about its longitudinal axis, which is slightly downwardly inclined from its inlet end. This inclination may facilitate the movement of the porous support material and the formed pellets 500 towards the outlet end of the container, driven by both gravity and the incoming material. The angle of inclination may be adjusted to control the time taken for the porous support material or pellets 500 to pass through the container. For example, the angle of inclination may be between 0.5 and 6.5 degrees. In some embodiments, the residence time of the pellets 500 within the rotatable container is about 15 minutes. This residence time may be sufficient for the porous support material to agglomerate and compact into the desired pellet shape. The longer the pellets 500 remain in the container, the more compacted the outer surface becomes, resulting in the formation of the compacted outer skin. This compacted outer skin may contribute to the structural integrity of the pellets 500, allowing them to maintain their shape and function even when absorbing a significant amount of liquid. In some examples, the process may optionally include drying the pellets 500 to achieve a specified level of liquid content. This drying step may be carried out after the pellets 500 have formed inside the rotatable container. For example, after the pellets 500 have formed inside the rotatable container, the rotatable container may be heated or hot air directed at the pellets 500. The dry pellets 500 are lighter and so can reduce costs for transport and the associated positive environmental impact. If necessary, the pellets 500 can be rehydrated once the destination is reached. In some examples, after the biodegradable pellets 500 have been used, they may be reconditioned for reuse. This reconditioning process may involve grading the pellets 500 using vibrating screens or similar equipment. The grading process may serve to separate the pellets 500 based on their size, shape, or other physical characteristics. For instance, pellets 500 that are too large or too small for their intended use may be separated out and recycled. This grading process may ensure that the reconditioned pellets 500 meet the desired specifications for their subsequent use. In some examples, the reconditioning process may also involve preparing the pellets 500 for reuse. This preparation may include drying the pellets 500 to remove any excess liquid, and then adding a set amount of liquid to the pellets 500 before they are reused. This process may ensure that the reconditioned pellets 500 have the appropriate liquid content for their intended use. For example, if the pellets 500 are to be used as a cooling medium, they may be rehydrated with a liquid that has a high heat capacity, such as water. On the other hand, if the pellets 500 are to be used primarily as a packaging material, they may be dried to reduce their weight and improve their absorbency. In some examples, the reconditioning process may contribute to the sustainability of the product lifecycle of the biodegradable pellets 500. By reusing the pellets 500, the need for new materials and energy for the production of new pellets may be reduced. Furthermore, the reconditioning process may prevent the used pellets 500 from becoming waste, thereby reducing the environmental impact of the product lifecycle. If the pellets 500 are no longer required, they may be recycled or composted, further contributing to their environmental benefits. Referring to FIG. 7, a flowchart is presented depicting a method 700 for pellet formation using a rotatable container. The primary function of this method is to agglomerate and compact a porous support material into pellets, which may be used in various industrial applications. The flowchart begins with step 702, where a porous support material comprising liquid is introduced into a rotatable container. This step sets the foundation for the pellet formation process. The porous support material may be a fibrous material, such as a cellulosic material, which may include paper, cardboard, hemp fibres, bamboo fibres, coniferous wood, deciduous wood, or wood-pulp material. In some cases, the porous support material may be a recycled material, further contributing to the environmental benefits of these pellets. Following this, step 704 is optional and involves the addition of more liquid and / or additives to the container, depending on the desired properties of the final pellets. These additives may include agents to promote the breakdown of the cellulosic material, preservatives, anti-mould agents, binding agents, or colorants. The addition of these additives may modify the properties of the porous support material and the resulting pellets, such as their absorbency, structural integrity, or visual appearance. Step 706 involves rotating the container. This rotation causes the agglomeration and compaction of the porous support material, which is crucial for forming the structure of the pellets. The process then progresses to step 708, where the rotation continues to form the pellets to a specified shape and size. Optionally, in step 710, the pellets may be dried to achieve a specified level of liquid content. This step is dependent on the requirements of the final pellet product, such as hardness or moisture content. The drying process may involve heating the container or directing hot air at the pellets. The dry pellets are lighter and so can reduce costs for transport and the associated positive environmental impact. If necessary, the pellets can be rehydrated once the destination is reached. The flowchart clearly delineates the sequence of steps, starting from the introduction of materials to the optional drying of the formed pellets. Each step is connected in a linear progression, with optional branches that allow for customization of the pellet's characteristics. This neutral and concise description effectively communicates the process depicted in the flowchart. In some aspects, the method 700 utilizes the rotational force within the container to efficiently compact and shape the porous material into pellets, highlighting an innovative approach to pellet formation. The optional steps for adding liquids and drying provide flexibility in tailoring the pellet's characteristics to specific needs. A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. Biodegradable pellets for use as a packaging material, comprising:a porous support material for holding a liquid;wherein, in use, the pellets comprising the liquid may be cooled to act as a heat sink for cooling a body.

2. The biodegradable pellets according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the pellets is between 1mm and 12 mm, optionally between 5 and 50mm, and optionally between 10 and 30 mm.

3. The biodegradable pellets according to claim 1, wherein the pellets comprise the liquid.

4. The biodegradable pellets according to claim 3, wherein the pellets comprise between 5 and 75 weight % of the liquid, and optionally between 60 and 75 weight % of the liquid.

5. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the porous support material and the liquid is environmentally friendly, inert and / or non-toxic.

6. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the liquid has a heat capacity of greater than 1 J / g°C, optionally between 1.5 and 5 J / g°C, further optionally between 3 and 4.2 J / g°C.

7. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the liquid comprises or consists of water.

8. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the porous support material comprises a fibrous material.

9. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the porous support material comprises a cellulosic material, and optionally the porous support material comprises one or more of paper, cardboard, hemp fibres, bamboo fibres, coniferous wood, deciduous wood, and wood-pulp material.

10. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the porous support material comprises or consists of paper.

11. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the porous support material is a recycled material.

12. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the pellets have a compacted outer skin.

13. The biodegradable pellets according to any preceding claim, wherein the pellets can absorb at least 90 weight %, and optionally at least 70 weight % of the liquid without losing structural integrity.

14. A process for making the biodegradable pellets according to any one of claims 1 to 13, comprising the steps of:introducing the porous support material comprising the liquid into a rotatable container; optionally adding more of the liquid and / or additives; androtating the rotatable container to cause agglomeration of the porous support material and compaction of the outer surface of the porous support material to form pellets; and optionally drying the pellets to achieve a specified level of liquid content.

15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the porous support material comprises cellulosic material in the form of a fibre crumb and the liquid comprises water.

16. The process according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the fibre crumb comprising water is formed by:applying pressure to a cellulosic pulp material to reduce the water content, and to form a cellulosic cake material; andgranulation of the cellulosic cake material to form the fibre crumb.

17. The process according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the fibre crumb comprises between 20 to 70 weight % water, optionally between 35 to 65 weight % water, and optionally between 45 to 55 weight % water.

18. The process according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the diameter of the fibre crumb granules is between 1 and 5mm, optionally between 2 and 4mm, and optionally about 3mm diameter.

19. A container comprising the biodegradable pellets according to any one of claims 1 to 13, and optionally formed by the process according to any one of claims 14 to 18.

20. The container of claim 19, wherein the container is biodegradable and / or made of a recycled material.

21. Use of the biodegradable pellets according to any one of claims I to 13, and optionally formed by the process according to any one of claims 14 to 18, to cool a body, and / or to maintain the temperature of a body at a desired temperature.

22. Use according to claim 21, wherein the pellets are cooled to below 5°C, optionally below 0°C, further optionally between 5 and -10°C.

23. Use according to claim 21 or 22, wherein the biodegradable pellets absorb water condensation while retaining structural integrity.

24. Use of the biodegradable pellets according to any one of claims 21 to 23, to absorb condensation within a container comprising a cooling medium and / or a cold body.

25. Use according to any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the pellets are reconditioned after use for reuse.

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