Nanofiber quantum computing system and related method

Abstract

To provide a quantum computer cell system.SOLUTION: A quantum computing cell device is configured by the center portion of a fiber optic cable, and has a nanofiber region coupled between a first fiber Bragg grating and a second fiber Bragg grating. The fiber optic cable has a first taper region configured by a first part of the nanofiber region near the first fiber Bragg grating and a second taper region configured by a second part of the nanofiber region near the second fiber Bragg grating, has a plurality of atoms evanescently coupled to the nanofiber region, and comprises a camera which creates an optical tweezers array, and detects one or more photons emitted from one or more atoms.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to quantum computing technology. In particular, the present invention provides a system and method including a nanofiber cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) system. The system is comprised of an optical cable including a nanofiber region and a pair of reflectors, and an atom evanescently coupled to the nanofiber region, enabling an atom-cavity system for a quantum computing device. By way of example only, the present invention can be applied to a variety of applications including cryptography, drug discovery, optimization, machine learning and artificial intelligence, finance, weather forecasting, chemistry, mechanics, electricity, civil engineering, nuclear fusion and fission, economics, materials, and any other complex human or non-human affair.

[0002] Quantum computing is a type of computing that uses quantum mechanics to perform certain tasks more efficiently than classical computing. In classical computing, a bit can only exist in one of two states, 0 or 1, but in quantum computing, a qubit can exist in a superposition of both states 0 and 1 simultaneously. This allows quantum computers to perform certain calculations exponentially faster than classical computers, such as factoring large numbers, optimization problems, and simulating quantum systems.

[0003] However, quantum computing also has some drawbacks. One major challenge is that qubits are highly susceptible to noise and decoherence, which can cause computational errors. Therefore, quantum computers require careful error correction techniques to maintain computational accuracy. Practical fault-tolerant quantum computing would require more than one million qubits, which is beyond the scope of existing quantum computing platforms due to the limitations of the number of qubits per quantum computing device. To achieve scalable quantum computing, both increased processing power per quantum computing device and the ability to interconnect remote quantum computing devices using fiber optic networks are required.

[0004] All of this highlights the desirability of platforms and technologies for connectable quantum computing devices. Summary of the Invention

[0005] As an example, the present invention provides a quantum computer cell system. In one example, the system includes a fiber optic cable having a first end region and a second end region. The first end region has a first end and the second end region has a second end. In one example, the system includes a first fiber Bragg grating configured on the first end region and a second fiber Bragg grating configured on the second end region. In one example, the system includes a nanofiber region configured in a central portion of the fiber optic cable and coupled between the first end region and the second end region. In one example, the system includes a first tapered region configured from a first portion of the nanofiber region proximate the first fiber Bragg grating and a second tapered region configured from a second portion of the nanofiber region proximate the second fiber Bragg grating. In one example, the system includes a tapered region and a nanofiber region and includes a cavity formed between the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating. In one example, the system has a plurality of atoms evanescently coupled to a nanofiber region between a first fiber Bragg grating and a second fiber Bragg grating. In one example, the system includes an imaging system configured to generate an optical tweezers array and detect one or more photons from one or more atoms with a spatial resolution of 400 nanometers or better, although variations can be included.

[0006] In some examples, the present invention can achieve one or more of these benefits and / or advantages. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a quantum computing device that uses a nanofiber cavity QED system composed of an optical cable including a nanofiber region and a pair of reflectors, and an atom evanescently coupled to the nanofiber region to form an atom-cavity system for quantum computing. In one embodiment, the device uses conventional optical techniques and is compact and efficiently integrated by using fiber optic devices. In one embodiment, the present invention provides the benefits of both stationary and flying qubits by utilizing atoms and photons suitable for long distance quantum communication and efficient interconnection between distant quantum computing cells. In a preferred example, the present system allows for control of individual atoms one at a time using the present imaging system. These and other benefits and / or advantages are achievable by the devices and associated methods of the present invention. Further details of these benefits and / or advantages can be found throughout the present specification and more particularly below. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0007] [Figure 1] 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating a quantum computing cell device according to an example of the present invention. [Diagram 2] 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating a method of operating a quantum computing cell device according to an example of the present invention. [Diagram 3] 1 is a simplified diagram of a vacuum chamber configured with a quantum computing cell device according to an example of the present invention. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic of an optical tweezers device using standing waves disposed in a nanofiber region according to an example of the present invention. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustrating global microwave control of qubits according to an example of the present invention. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic showing local microwave control of qubits in combination with a locally addressing laser beam according to an example of the present invention. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustrating global qubit control with a pair of lasers according to an example of the present invention. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram showing local qubit control by a pair of global address lasers in combination with a local address laser beam for an example of the present invention. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustrating local qubit control with a pair of lasers according to an example of the present invention. [Figure 10] 1 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating a controlled phase-flip gate in accordance with an example of the present invention. [Figure 11] 1 is a simplified schematic illustrating control of connectivity of atoms within a cavity according to an example of the present invention. [Figure 12] FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram illustrating a distributed quantum computing system according to an example of the present invention. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified diagram of a distributed quantum computing system according to an example of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0008] The present invention generally relates to quantum computing technology. In particular, the present invention provides a system and method including a nanofiber cavity QED system configured with an optical cable including a nanofiber region and a pair of reflectors, with atoms evanescently coupled to the nanofiber region, to enable an atomic cavity system for a quantum computing device. By way of example only, the present invention can be applied to a variety of applications such as cryptography, drug discovery, optimization, machine learning and artificial intelligence, finance, weather forecasting, chemistry, mechanics, electricity, civil engineering, nuclear fusion and fission, economics, materials, and any other complex human or non-human affairs.

[0009] For further background, quantum computing is an evolving field that is revolutionizing computing by harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations that are difficult for classical computers to perform, with a wide variety of applications including cryptography, drug discovery, optimization, machine learning, artificial intelligence, finance, weather forecasting, chemistry, mechanics, electricity, civil engineering, nuclear fusion and fission, economics, materials, and other human and non-human subjects. Quantum computing can be used to crack many of the codes currently in use. Quantum computers can simulate complex molecular interactions, which can aid in new drug discovery and the improvement of existing drugs. Quantum computing has the potential to dramatically speed up the development of new drugs.

[0010] Furthermore, many real-world problems, such as logistics and resource allocation, involve the optimization of complex systems. Quantum computing can solve these problems exponentially faster than classical computers. Quantum computing can be used to train and optimize machine learning algorithms, potentially leading to new breakthroughs in areas such as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, and robotics. Quantum computing can be used to solve optimization problems related to portfolio management, risk analysis, and derivatives pricing. Quantum computing can simulate quantum systems, potentially helping to solve problems in materials science, condensed matter physics, and high-energy physics. Further details of our present systems and related methods can be found throughout this specification, and more particularly below.

[0011] FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a quantum computing cell device according to an example of the present invention. As shown, the diagram includes the device and associated systems. The device includes a nanofiber region having a narrower diameter. A plurality of atoms are located slightly above the surface of the nanofiber region. In one example, the atoms are localized approximately 200-400 nanometers above the nanofiber surface for a nanofiber diameter of 400-600 nanometers, although variations are possible. In one example, each face of the nanofiber region is comprised of a tapered region that is connected to a fiber Bragg grating structure. Each end of the fiber Bragg grating structure is connected to an optical cable having a photodetector device provided to a photon detection system.

[0012] In one example, the system includes an imaging system that includes an imaging device and a light source. The imaging system also includes various optical systems including an objective lens and a dichroic mirror device configured between the imaging device and the light source. The imaging device includes a CMOS or charge-coupled device camera that includes a pixel array.

[0013] In one example, the system also includes a controller coupled to the imaging system and the light source. The controller is also coupled to the computing device, the artificial intelligence engine, and the image processor. The controller can be any suitable controller device including a plurality of analog-to-digital / digital-to-analog conversion devices configured to interface with the computer. Thus, the controller, which controls the signals from the quantum computing device, is a specialized electronic system designed to interface with the quantum computing system and manipulate the signals sent and received by the device. The controller plays a key role in quantum computing as it is responsible for orchestrating the complex operations required to execute quantum algorithms and quantum measurements.

[0014] In one example, the controller typically has several components including an input / output interface, digital signal processing circuitry, and control logic. The input / output interface is used to communicate with the quantum device, receiving signals from the quantum device and sending control signals. These signals are typically in the form of electrical, microwave, or radio frequency signals. The digital signal processing circuitry processes the signals received from the quantum device, correcting for errors and noise, and performing operations such as pulse shaping and timing. This requires specialized algorithms and processing techniques optimized for quantum computing applications. The control logic is responsible for coordinating the operation of the controller and the quantum device and determining the proper sequence of operations to execute quantum algorithms and quantum metrology. The control logic is typically implemented in a combination of software and hardware, including field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and custom application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

[0015] In a preferred example, the system includes optical tweezers, a device that uses a focused laser beam to trap and manipulate microscopic objects such as atoms and molecules. In one example, the basic principle of optical tweezers is that a laser beam exerts a force on an object that is proportional to the gradient of the light intensity. In the example of manipulating atoms, optical tweezers typically use a laser beam that is focused to a diffraction-limited spot using a high numerical aperture objective. The laser beam is typically in the infrared or visible range and is generated by a solid-state or diode laser. When a laser beam of the appropriate wavelength is focused on an atom, a force is generated that pulls the atom to the center of the beam. This is known as optical trapping, or "optical tweezers." The strength of the trapping force depends on the intensity of the laser beam and the polarizability of the atom. By manipulating the position and intensity of the laser beam, the atom can be trapped at a fixed distance from the nanofiber surface due to interference between the incident tweezers beam and scattering from the nanofiber.

[0016] In one example, the present invention provides a quantum computer cell system. In one example, the system includes a fiber optic cable having a first end region and a second end region. The first end region has a first end and the second end region has a second end. In one example, the fiber optic cable is constructed of a silicon dioxide material having a dopant material (such as germanium) distributed within a core region.

[0017] In one example, the system has a first fiber Bragg grating configured at a first end region and a second fiber Bragg grating configured at a second end region. In one example, the system is comprised of a central portion of a fiber optic cable, with a nanofiber region coupled between the first end region and the second end region. The nanofiber region has a transmittance of 99% or greater. In one example, the nanofiber region has a diameter in the range of 300 nanometers to 1.5 micrometers. In one example, the nanofiber region has a length in the range of 10 micrometers to 10 centimeters.

[0018] In one example, the system has a first tapered region comprised of a first portion of the nanofiber region in proximity to a first fiber Bragg grating and a second tapered region comprised of a second portion of the nanofiber region in proximity to a second fiber Bragg grating. In one example, the system has a cavity formed between the first and second fiber Bragg gratings that includes the tapered region and the nanofiber region.

[0019] In one example, a plurality of atoms ranging from 1 to 100,000, including alkali metal atoms including cesium and rubidium, alkaline earth metal atoms and alkaline earth-like atoms including ytterbium and strontium, and other laser-coolable atoms, are evanescently coupled to the nanofiber region between the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating.

[0020] In one example, the system has an imaging system characterized by a numerical aperture of 0.1 or greater, although variations may occur. In one example, the imaging system is configured to generate an optical tweezers array and detect one or more photons originating from one or more of the plurality of atoms with a spatial resolution of 400 nanometers or greater.

[0021] In one example, photons emitted from one or more of the plurality of atoms trapped proximate the cavity are coupled from the nanofiber region to a fiber optic cable, the fiber optic cable having a collection efficiency of 99% or greater. In one example, the photons are collected using a photon detection system coupled to at least a first end or a second end of the fiber optic cable.

[0022] In one example, the imaging system comprises a first lens through an nth lens, where n is an integer greater than 1. In one example, the one or more lenses are configured to magnify an image in a range of 3x to 50x and capture the magnified image within a predetermined spectral range using an array of pixels. The array of pixels may comprise at least 100x100 pixels, creating a spatial resolution in a range of 0.5 microns to 2 microns over a spatial area of ​​0.1x0.1 millimeters or greater.

[0023] The imaging system, in one example, is coupled to an image processing device configured to receive a data stream including the captured image, process the captured image into a grayscale image map, threshold the grayscale image map, and output a binary representation of the captured image to identify one or more of the plurality of atoms.

[0024] In one example, the imaging system is configured to align the nanofiber region with the imaging system. In one example, the image processing device is configured to receive a stream of data comprising an imaged image and is configured to process the imaged image to identify a spatial location of a portion of the nanofiber region. In a preferred example, the image processing device is configured to provide feedback for altering the spatial location of the objective lens and other lenses to align the imaging system with the nanofiber region.

[0025] In one example, the imaging system includes a laser source configured for a predetermined wavelength range. The laser source includes a spatial light modulator configured with an objective lens to focus a plurality of laser beams configured as an optical tweezer array onto a selected portion of the nanofiber region. The laser source includes a dichroic mirror configured to reflect or transmit the laser beams and configured to focus the selected portion of the nanofiber region through the objective lens such that a portion of the laser beams are reflected from the nanofiber region through the dichroic mirror and imaged onto the array of pixels. In one example, the laser beams are characterized by a single mode of frequency having a wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 2000 nm, among other wavelength ranges.

[0026] In one example, a laser source is configured with a spatial light modulator configured with an objective lens to form a plurality of laser beams configured as a photo-addressable array for focusing selected portions of the nanofiber region, with some of the laser beams being reflected through a dichroic mirror and imaged onto an array of pixels.

[0027] 2 is a simplified diagram of a method of operating a quantum computing cell device according to an example of the present invention. As shown, the method begins at START. The method includes generating a laser beam using a laser light source. The laser beam is applied to a spatial light modulator to generate a plurality of light beams. The plurality of beams are transmitted through an objective lens and focused onto a nanofiber region. The plurality of beams are partially reflected to determine an alignment between the nanofiber region and an imaging system. If the alignment is not within a predetermined criterion, the relationship between the imaging system and the nanofiber region is spatially adjusted to accommodate any misalignment, including imperfections in the objective lens. Once the relationship is adjusted, the method is repeated to determine if the alignment meets the predetermined criterion.

[0028] In one example, the method then uses a light beam to capture the atoms and position the atoms at a selected portion of the nanofiber region. Once the atoms are positioned, multiple laser beams are used to excite the atoms. The excited atoms emit photons, which are transmitted through an objective lens. The photons are transmitted through a bandpass filter at a predetermined wavelength. The transmitted photons are then captured using an imaging device, which is a camera assembly that includes a pixel array. Further details of the method can be found throughout this specification, and more particularly below.

[0029] 3 is a simplified diagram of a vacuum chamber configured with a quantum computing cell device according to an example of the present invention. As shown, the vacuum chamber is configured around the nanofiber cavity device. In one example, the vacuum chamber is configured to immerse the nanofiber region in a predetermined vacuum environment, e.g., 10 -10Torr. In one example, the chamber is maintained in a predetermined temperature environment ranging from room temperature to 4 Kelvin, but other temperature environments are possible. In one example, the chamber is kept substantially free of magnetic field fluctuations that may interact with one or more of the plurality of atoms. Preferably, magnetic field fluctuations from the environment are shielded from the interior of the vacuum chamber using a magnetic shielding device configured with the vacuum chamber. In one example, the plurality of atoms are cooled to a temperature of 1 millikelvin or less near absolute zero by magneto-optical trapping resulting from a combination of magnetic field gradients from three orthogonal spatial directions and laser illumination, and then the atoms trapped by the tweezers array are cooled to a ground state or near ground state of motional freedom by laser cooling.

[0030] FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram of an optical tweezers device configured to control the spatial position of a cavity mode relative to a standing wave pattern in a nanofiber region according to an example of the present invention. As shown, the amplitude of the cavity mode forms a standing wave pattern between a pair of fiber Bragg gratings that include the nanofiber region. As shown, one or more atoms are configured to be coupled to a region within a surface vicinity of the nanofiber region. As shown, the one or more atoms are positioned within a vicinity of the amplitude of the standing wave that resonates between the Bragg gratings. During operation, the optical tweezers device traps the atoms and positions the individual atoms at the maximum amplitude location of the standing wave. At the apex of the amplitude region, atom-photon coupling is maximized, allowing detection of the excited atom. Stronger atom-photon coupling also facilitates logic gates for reflection of photons with higher fidelity.

[0031] 5 is a simplified diagram showing global microwave control of a qubit according to an example of the present invention. In one example, microwave radiation is applied to all trapped atoms in the vicinity of a nanofiber region. The microwaves flip the state of the qubit from up to down or down to up, and other variations.

[0032] 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating local microwave control of qubits according to examples of the present invention. In one example, microwaves are directed at one or more selected atoms using an optical address array to shift the resonant frequency of the one or more atoms.

[0033] 7 is a simplified diagram showing global qubit control with a pair of lasers according to an example of the invention. In one example, a pair of lasers is directed at all atoms trapped near the nanofiber region. The pair of lasers controls any qubit state from up to down or down to up, and other variations.

[0034] 8 is a simplified diagram illustrating local qubit control using a combination of an optically addressable array and a pair of lasers according to an example of the invention. In one example, the pair of lasers is directed at one or more atoms selected using the optically addressable array to shift the resonant frequency of the one or more atoms.

[0035] 9 is a simplified diagram showing local qubit control with a pair of lasers according to an example of the invention. In one example, a pair of lasers from an optically addressable array selects one or more atoms and controls any of their qubit states from up to down or down to up, as well as other variations.

[0036] FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram showing a controlled phase-flip gate according to an example of the present invention (Non-Patent Documents 1, 2). As shown, when an atom is bound to the cavity, the resulting photon is reflected from the fiber Bragg grating. When no atom is bound to the cavity, the photon enters the cavity and exits the cavity with a relative phase difference of 180 degrees. Also, when there are two or more atoms (e.g., n atoms), when one of the n atoms is bound to the cavity, the resulting photon is reflected from the fiber Bragg grating. When no atom is bound to the cavity, the resulting photon enters the cavity and exits the cavity with a relative phase difference of 180 degrees. FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram showing a cavity-mediated spin-spin interaction according to an example of the present invention (Non-Patent Document 3). As shown, the optically addressable array is configured such that the i-th atom emits a virtual photon into the cavity, flipping its spin accordingly, and the j-th atom absorbs the same virtual photon, flipping the spin of the j-th atom, where i and j are integers. This spin-spin interaction allows single-qubit control to be combined to control a phase-flip gate.

[0037] 12 is a simplified diagram illustrating control of connectivity of atoms within a cavity according to an example of the present invention. As shown, an optical addressing array is configured to selectively select one or more atoms from among a plurality of atoms coupled to the cavity.

[0038] 13 is a simplified diagram of a distributed quantum computing system according to an example of the present invention. As shown, the system includes a plurality of nanofiber cavity QED systems coupled in a series configuration. Each nanofiber cavity QED system is an individual quantum computer device. In operation, one of the single photons is configured to pass through each nanofiber cavity QED system as shown in the figure. Further details of the present technology are provided throughout this specification, and in particular below.

[0039] In one example, there are many variations of this technology. In one example, the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating each comprise a reflectivity of 99% or greater. In one example, the diameter of the nanofiber region is characterized as being constant within 90%. In one example, the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating each comprise a plurality of refractive index modulation structures in the core of the fiber optic cable. The refractive index modulation structures are imprinted with a pattern of ultraviolet laser intensity created by diffraction of the laser beam at a phase shift mask fabricated by electron beam lithography.

[0040] In one example, the system includes one or more laser devices mounted on a silicon wafer configured to absorb infrared electromagnetic radiation and coupled to a first fiber Bragg grating and / or a second fiber Bragg grating, each configured to control the center frequency of the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating to individually tune the reflectivity in the range of 98.0% to 99.999%.

[0041] In one example, a laser device is coupled to the nanofiber region and configured to control the cavity resonant frequency to a selected atomic transition frequency by varying the temperature of the nanofiber region.

[0042] In one example, to maximize atom-photon coupling, the principal axis of the cavity mode polarization is chosen to be parallel to the incidence direction of the optical tweezers. The cavity mode polarization is characterized by the intensity of light scattering from the nanofiber region.

[0043] In one example, the optical tweezer array comprises an optical tweezer device configured to generate one or more optical tweezer spots spatially aligned with respect to the nanofiber region and configured to be stabilized by a feedback process of monitoring an optical signal obtained from the nanofiber region. In one example, one or more of the plurality of atoms are trapped using the optical tweezer device of the optical tweezer array, the optical tweezer device comprising a feedback process for receiving an optical signal emanating from the nanofiber region and / or a fluorescent signal from the atoms to generate a uniform optical tweezer array at a distance of 100 nanometers to 1 micrometer from the nanofiber region.

[0044] In one example, one or more of the plurality of atoms emit photons configured to be captured by an imaging system, where the one or more atoms are spatially arranged and the imaging system is configured to capture a spatial image of the photons emitted from the one or more atoms.

[0045] In one example, the system includes a laser device that illuminates one or more atoms from three orthogonal spatial directions to reduce a temperature of the atoms while imaging the one or more atoms independent of the atom-cavity coupling, hi one example, the laser device is characterized by an operating wavelength that is one or more terahertz away from the atom-cavity resonance.

[0046] In one example, one or more of the plurality of atoms are configured to store a quantum state having a storage time of 1 microsecond or more. In one example, at least one of the plurality of atoms and a reflected photon from the cavity are configured to operate a controlled phase-flip gate. In one example, at least two of the plurality of atoms are configured to operate the controlled phase-flip gate by reflecting a single photon, and the N atoms are configured to operate an N-qubit Toffoli gate by reflecting a single photon.

[0047] In one example, one or more of the plurality of atoms emit a plurality of photons that are focused into the nanofiber region and configured to be transmitted to a fiber optic cable coupled to the nanofiber region.

[0048] In one example, the system includes an optical filtering device coupled to the fiber optic cable, the optical filtering device configured to couple photons from the atoms and filter out additional photons not emitted from the atoms and / or photons originating from other laser devices and / or photons emitted from the material.

[0049] In one example, the system includes one or more single photon detectors fiber-coupled to at least a first end or a second end of a fiber optic cable. In one example, the system includes a polarization analyzer device that diagnoses and projects the state of the photonic qubit reflected from the cavity. In one example, the system is one of a plurality of devices configured in a distributed system. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0050] [Non-Patent Document 1] L.-M. Duan and H.J. Kimble Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 127902 (2004) [Non-Patent Document 2] L.-M. Duan, B. Wang, and H.J. Kimble Phys. Rev. A 72, 032333 (2005) [Non-Patent Document 3] C-. L. Hung, A. Gonzalez-Tudela, JI Cirac and HJ Kimble, Proceeding of National Academy of Science, 113, E4946 (2016).

Claims

1. 1. A quantum computer cell system, comprising: a fiber optic cable having a first end region and a second end region, the first end region having a first end and the second end region having a second end, the fiber optic cable comprising a silicon dioxide material having dopant material entities dispersed within a core region; a first fiber Bragg grating configured in the first end region; and a second fiber Bragg grating configured in the second end region; and a nanofiber region comprised of a central portion of the fiber optic cable and bonded between the first end region and the second end region; a first tapered region comprising a first portion of the nanofiber region proximate the first fiber Bragg grating; a second tapered region comprised of a second portion of the nanofiber region proximate the second fiber Bragg grating; a cavity formed between the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating, the cavity including the tapered region and the nanofiber region; a plurality of atoms, the number of which ranges from 1 to 100,000, including alkali metal atoms including cesium and rubidium, alkaline earth metal atoms and alkaline earth-like atoms including ytterbium and strontium, and other laser-coolable atoms, evanescently coupled to the nanofiber region between the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating; an imaging system configured to generate an optical tweezers array and an optical addressing array, the imaging system having a numerical aperture of 0.1 or greater, and to detect one or more photons originating from one or more of the plurality of atoms within a spatial resolution of 400 nanometers or greater; A system comprising:

2. The nanofiber region has a transmittance of 99% or more; the nanofiber region has a diameter in the range of 300 nanometers to 1.5 micrometers; the length of the nanofiber region is in the range of 10 micrometers to 10 centimeters; 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a photon detection system, characterized in that the collection efficiency from the nanofiber region to a fiber optic cable is greater than or equal to 99%, constituted by photons emitted from one or more of the plurality of atoms trapped near the cavity coupled to the fiber optic cable such that photons are collected using the photon detection system coupled to at least a first end or a second end of the fiber optic cable.

3. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the imaging system comprises first through nth lenses, where n is an integer greater than 1, configured to magnify images in a range of 3x to 50x, capture the magnified images within a predetermined spectral range using an array of pixels comprised of 100x100 pixels or greater, and produce a spatial resolution in the range of 0.5 microns to 2 microns over a spatial region of 0.1x0.1 millimeters or greater.

4. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the imaging system is coupled to an image processor configured to receive a data stream including the captured images, configured to process the captured images to identify a spatial location of a portion of the nanofiber region, and configured to provide feedback to alter the spatial location of one or more lenses in the imaging system to align the imaging system with the nanofiber region.

5. the imaging system includes a laser light source configured for a predetermined wavelength range; the laser source comprises a dichroic mirror configured to reflect or transmit a laser beam and configured to focus the laser beam through an objective lens onto a selected portion of the nanofiber region; the laser beam is configured as an optical tweezers and optical addressing beam; a portion of the laser beam is reflected from the nanofiber region through the dichroic mirror and imaged onto a pixel array of a camera; the laser light source is a single mode laser having a wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 2000 nm; further comprising a vacuum chamber configured to maintain the nanofiber region in a predetermined vacuum environment and a predetermined temperature environment ranging from room temperature to 4 Kelvin; The vacuum chamber is protected from external magnetic field fluctuations by a magnetic shielding device.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the interior of the vacuum chamber is maintained substantially free of magnetic field fluctuations in an external environment that may affect one or more of the plurality of atoms.

6. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the reflectivity of the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating are each 98.0% or greater, and the diameter of the nanofiber region is constant within 90% from the first nanofiber region to the second nanofiber region.

7. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating comprise a plurality of refractive index modulation structures in the core of the fiber optic cable, the refractive index modulation structures being imprinted with a pattern of ultraviolet laser intensity created by diffraction of a laser beam at a phase shifting mask fabricated by electron beam lithography.

8. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising one or more laser devices mounted on the silicon wafer configured to couple to the first fiber Bragg grating and / or the second fiber Bragg grating and absorb infrared electromagnetic radiation, each laser device configured to control a respective center frequency of the first fiber Bragg grating and the second fiber Bragg grating to independently tune a reflectivity in the range of 98.0% to 99.999%.

9. 13. The system of claim 1, further comprising a laser device coupled to the nanofiber region, the laser device configured to control a cavity resonant frequency to a transition frequency of a selected atom or atoms by varying a temperature of the nanofiber region.

10. the cavity is maintained in a vacuum environment, and the plurality of atoms are cooled to a temperature of about absolute zero or below 1 millikelvin by magneto-optical trapping resulting from a combination of magnetic field gradients from three orthogonal spatial directions and laser illumination; The system of claim 1 , wherein the atoms trapped in the tweezers array are then cooled by laser cooling to a ground state or near-ground state of motional freedom.

11. the optical tweezer array comprises an optical tweezer device configured to generate one or more optical tweezer spots spatially aligned with respect to the nanofiber region and configured to be stabilized by a feedback process of monitoring an optical signal obtained from the nanofiber region; and 2. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the plurality of atoms are trapped using an optical tweezers device of the optical tweezers array, the optical tweezers device comprising a feedback process for receiving fluorescent signals from the atoms to generate the optical tweezers array that is uniform at a distance of 100 nanometers to 1 micrometer from the nanofiber region.

12. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical addressing array comprises an optical addressing device configured to generate one or more light beam spots spatially aligned with respect to the nanofiber region and configured to be stabilized by a feedback process that monitors an optical signal obtained from the nanofiber region.

13. 2. The system of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the plurality of atoms emit photons configured to be captured by an imaging system, the one or more atoms being spatially arranged, and the imaging system being configured to capture a spatial image of the photons emitted from the one or more atoms.

14. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein reflected photons from at least one of the plurality of atoms and the cavity are configured to operate a controlled phase-flip gate.

15. 2. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least two of the plurality of atoms are configured to operate a controlled phase-flip gate by reflecting a single photon, and wherein N atoms are configured to operate an N-qubit Toffoli gate by reflecting a single photon, where N is an integer greater than or equal to 2.

16. 2. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least two of the plurality of atoms are configured to manipulate a spin-spin interaction comprising a controlled phase-flip gate by exchanging virtual photons through the cavity.

17. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the plurality of atoms emit a plurality of photons that are focused into the nanofiber region and configured to be transmitted to the fiber optic cable coupled to the nanofiber region.

18. a polarization analyzer device and one or more single photon detectors coupled to at least the first end or the second end of the fiber optic cable; The system of claim 1 , wherein the state of the optical quantum bit reflected from the cavity is diagnosed and projected.

19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is one of a plurality of devices that make up a distributed system.

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