Matchless plasma source for semiconductor wafer fabrication

Abstract

To provide a matchless plasma source for coupling to an electrode.SOLUTION: A matchless plasma source includes a controller that is coupled to a direct current (DC) voltage source of an agile DC rail to control a shape of an amplified square waveform that is generated at an output of a half-bridge transistor circuit. The matchless plasma source further includes the half-bridge transistor circuit used to generate the amplified square waveform to power an electrode such as an antenna of a plasma chamber. The matchless plasma source also includes a reactive circuit between the half-bridge transistor circuit and the electrode. The reactive circuit has a high-quality factor to negate a reactance of the electrode. A radio frequency (RF) matching circuit and an RF cable that couples the matchless plasma source to the electrode are not used.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3A

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present embodiment relates to a matchless plasma source for coupling to an electrode. [Background technology]

[0002] Plasma systems are used to perform various operations on wafers. The plasma system includes a radio frequency (RF) generator, an RF matching circuit, and a plasma chamber. The RF generator is connected to the RF matching circuit via an RF cable, which is connected to the plasma chamber. RF power is supplied through the RF cable and the RF matching circuit to the plasma chamber in which the wafer is processed. Also, one or more gases are supplied to the plasma chamber, and upon receiving the RF power, a plasma is generated in the plasma chamber.

[0003] It is in this context that the embodiments described in this disclosure arise. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The embodiments of the present disclosure provide a system, an apparatus, a method, and a computer program for providing a matchless plasma source for coupling to an electrode. It should be understood that the embodiments can be embodied in various forms, such as a process, an apparatus, a system, hardware, a method, or a computer readable medium. Some embodiments are described below.

[0005] In some embodiments, an RF power supply system (such as a matchless plasma source) is connected to an excitation electrode that can be used to generate or modify a plasma in any wafer processing chamber that utilizes RF power. For example, the RF power supply system supplies RF power to an excitation electrode (such as one or more coils, a showerhead, a wafer platen, or a chuck). RF power is coupled to the electrode using a power transistor (such as a field effect transistor (FET) or an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)) that is operated as a low impedance voltage source to couple power to the electrode. There are many advantages to doing so over systems in which an RF generator, RF cable, and RF matching circuit are used. Advantages include reduced cost of RF matching circuitry and RF cable, increased speed of plasma ignition and impedance adjustment, improved ability to form different types of advanced pulses, and multiplexing of coil power.

[0006] An RF generator with a 50Ω output section delivers power to a load using an RF cable (which is a 50Ω transmission line). The power is then delivered from the RF cable to an RF matching circuit (which is a mechanical or electronic RF impedance matcher) to transform the impedance of the load to 50Ω. When all impedances are matched to 50Ω, maximum power is delivered to the load with 0 watts of reflected power. This is how power is delivered in wafer fabrication using plasma processes (e.g., etching, deposition, and physical vapor deposition (PVD)). Therefore, its operation has limitations that inhibit future processing capabilities. The limitations include limited speed of plasma ignition and impedance adjustment, high cost of RF matching circuit and RF cable, limited ability to generate different types of pulses, and limited control of plasma uniformity.

[0007] In some embodiments described in the present disclosure, the 50Ω RF power generator, 50Ω RF cable, and RF matching circuit used to transform the load impedance to closer to 50Ω are replaced with a low impedance voltage source connection to the excitation electrode to be powered. The low impedance voltage source comprises power transistors (such as FETs or IGBTs) structured in a half bridge setup and operated in a push-pull configuration or full bridge (H) to avoid shoot-through. The power transistors are controlled from a controller board with signals related to RF frequency and pulsing sent to a gate driver (such as a FET gate driver). The power output from the low impedance voltage source is determined by an agile direct current (DC) rail. The agile DC rail is used to increase, decrease, or pulse the power output from the low impedance voltage source. The use of the agile DC rail is for regulating and modulating the power while allowing pulses of any shape to be constructed. The pulsing capability is enhanced compared to plasma tools with an RF generator, an RF cable, and an RF matching circuit.

[0008] Furthermore, in various embodiments, depending on the power requirements, multiple transistors (such as FETs or IGBTs) are combined in a full or half bridge configuration to provide a predetermined power output. Typically, the output impedance of each transistor is about 0.01 ohms to about 10 ohms. By varying the number of transistors, a predetermined power output is achieved.

[0009] In some embodiments, a reactance circuit is placed in series with the power transistor to power the excitation electrode, nulling the reactance of the excitation electrode. In the absence of plasma, the power transistor essentially sees a low resistance load. The reactance circuit placed between the output of the power transistor in a full or half bridge configuration and the excitation electrode provides series resonance and creates a high quality factor (Q) to nullify the reactance of the electrode. The reactance of the reactance circuit is designed to provide a high Q at the operating frequency of the power generator. For example, the Q is approximately between about 50 and about 500 for the plasma-free case where no plasma is ignited in the wafer processing chamber. The advantage of the high Q is that the excitation electrode experiences high voltages and electromagnetic fields, resulting in substantially instantaneous plasma ignition in the chamber. After substantially instantaneous ignition, plasma is sustained in the wafer processing chamber.

[0010] Once the plasma is ignited, in various embodiments, the agile DC rail voltage is adjusted along with the operating frequency to maintain a constant output power from the power transistor by measuring the phase difference between the complex voltage and current at the output of the power transistor and maintaining a phase difference of 0 degrees. For example, a high speed digitizer is used to measure the current input to the excitation electrodes, and the operating frequency is changed to achieve a phase difference of 0 degrees.

[0011] In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein cover the entire impedance range of plasma processing.

[0012] Other aspects will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0013] The embodiments are understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0014] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a system for providing power from a matchless plasma source to an electrode without connecting a radio frequency (RF) matching circuit and an RF cable between the matchless plasma source and the electrode.

[0015] [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a system to explain the details of a matchless plasma source.

[0016] [Figure 3A] FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of a system to explain further details regarding the input section, output section, and reactance circuitry of the matchless plasma source of FIG. 2.

[0017] [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B shows an embodiment of a system to illustrate the use of a voltage probe and a current probe instead of a voltage-current (VI) probe in the system of FIG. 3A.

[0018] [Figure 3C] FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the use of diodes to limit the voltage across transistors in a half-bridge field effect transistor (FET) circuit of the system of FIGS. 3A and 3B.

[0019] [Figure 3D] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a system to demonstrate the use of a reactance circuit having an inductor connected to a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) chamber.

[0020] [Figure 4A] FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate the shaping of the envelope of the amplified square waveform produced at the output of the half-bridge FET circuit of FIGS. 3A and 3B.

[0021] [Figure 4B] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate the removal of higher order harmonics from an amplified square waveform.

[0022] [Figure 5A] FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate a pulsed sine waveform output from the reactance circuit of the system of FIGS. 3A and 3B.

[0023] [Figure 5B] FIG. 13 is a graph showing an embodiment of a triangular sine waveform output from a reactance circuit.

[0024] [Figure 5C] FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate a multi-state pulsed sinusoidal waveform output from a reactance circuit.

[0025] [Figure 5D] FIG. 13 shows an embodiment of a graph to illustrate another multi-state pulsed sinusoidal waveform output from a reactance circuit.

[0026] [Figure 5E] FIG. 13 shows an embodiment of a graph to illustrate yet another multi-state pulsed sinusoidal waveform output from a reactance circuit.

[0027] [Figure 5F] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a graph for explaining an arbitrarily shaped sinusoidal waveform output from a reactance circuit.

[0028] [Figure 5G] FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a graph to explain a continuous wave sine waveform output from a reactance circuit.

[0029] [Figure 5H] FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a graph for illustrating the envelope of a pulsed sine waveform output from a reactance circuit.

[0030] [Figure 5I]FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a graph for illustrating the envelope of a triangular sine waveform output from a reactance circuit.

[0031] [Figure 6A] FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a resonance plot to illustrate the change in the magnitude of the ratio of current and voltage at electrodes in a plasma chamber of the system of FIG. 1 with change in generator operating frequency in the absence of plasma.

[0032] [Figure 6B] FIG. 13 shows one embodiment of a resonance plot to illustrate the change in voltage, current, and power at the electrodes with changing operating frequency of the generator in the presence of plasma.

[0033] [Figure 7A] FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a graph to explain ion saturation current at the surface of a wafer when using the system of FIG. 1;

[0034] [Figure 7B] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate ion saturation current with a 50 Ω RF generator, RF matching circuit, and RF cable.

[0035] [Figure 8] FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a graph to illustrate that use of the system of FIG. 1 facilitates achieving multiple tuning ranges of plasma impedance in a plasma chamber, tuning ranges equivalent to those achieved using a 50 Ω RF generator, RF matching circuit, and RF cable.

[0036] [Figure 9A] FIG. 13 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate the power provided at the output of the reactance circuit for provision to an electrode.

[0037] [Figure 9B]FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate a pulsed sinusoidal waveform voltage supplied to an electrode versus time.

[0038] [Figure 9C] FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate the output voltage from the power FET of the system of FIGS. 3A and 3B.

[0039] [Figure 9D] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a graph for explaining an output current output from a power FET.

[0040] [Figure 10A] FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a graph to illustrate operating frequency versus time t during a pulse.

[0041] [Figure 10B] FIG. 13 shows an embodiment of a graph to illustrate that the voltage and current supplied to the electrodes are in phase over a period of time to achieve a level of power to supply to the electrodes.

[0042] [Figure 10C] FIG. 13 shows an embodiment of a graph to illustrate that the voltage and current supplied to the electrodes are in phase during different periods to achieve a level of power.

[0043] [Figure 10D] FIG. 13 shows an embodiment of a graph to illustrate that the voltage and current supplied to the electrodes are in phase during yet another period to achieve a level of power.

[0044] [Figure 11A] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate a tree with FETs and transformers to power the electrodes.

[0045] [Figure 11B]FIG. 13 shows an embodiment of a system to illustrate another tree of transistor circuits used to power the electrodes.

[0046] [Figure 11C] FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of an H-bridge circuit used to power the electrodes.

[0047] [Figure 12A] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a system to illustrate a cooling plate used to cool a transistor circuit board.

[0048] [Figure 12B-1] FIG. 2 is a side view of one embodiment of a system to illustrate cooling of multiple integrated circuit chips.

[0049] [Figure 12B-2] FIG. 12B-1 is a top view of the system shown in FIG.

[0050] [Figure 12C] 1 is a top isometric view of one embodiment of a system for illustrating cooling of an integrated circuit chip when the chip is mounted vertically on a printed circuit board.

[0051] [Figure 12D] FIG. 1 illustrates a top isometric view of one embodiment of a system to illustrate cooling of integrated circuit chips when a cooling plate is placed adjacent to a vertically mounted substrate.

[0052] [Figure 12E] FIG. 2 is a side view of one embodiment of a system to illustrate one embodiment for cooling an integrated circuit chip.

[0053] [Figure 12F] FIG. 2 is a side view of one embodiment of a system for illustrating another embodiment for cooling an integrated circuit chip.

[0054] [Figure 12G] FIG. 2 is a side view of one embodiment of a system for illustrating yet another embodiment for cooling an integrated circuit chip.

[0055] [Figure 12H] FIG. 2 is a side view of one embodiment of the system illustrating a cooling plate and a container with milled channels.

[0056] [Figure 13] FIG. 2 illustrates an isometric view of an embodiment of a cooling plate.

[0057] [Figure 14A] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the use of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) / transformer coupled (TCP) chamber in conjunction with a matchless plasma source.

[0058] [Figure 14B] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the use of an ICP chamber in which a matchless plasma source is connected to a substrate holder and a TCP coil is connected to an RF generator via an RF matching circuit.

[0059] [Figure 14C] FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a system to illustrate another use of an ICP chamber in which a matchless plasma source is connected to a substrate holder and another matchless plasma source is connected to a TCP coil.

[0060] [Figure 14D] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate connection of a matchless plasma source to a Faraday shield.

[0061] [Figure 14E] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate multiplexing operation in which different TCP coils of a TCP plasma chamber are multiplexed.

[0062] [Figure 15A]FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the use of a matchless plasma source in conjunction with a CCP chamber.

[0063] [Figure 15B] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the use of a matchless plasma source in a CCP chamber where the matchless plasma source is connected to a substrate holder.

[0064] [Figure 15C] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the use of a matchless plasma source in a CCP chamber where a matchless plasma source is connected to a substrate holder and another matchless plasma source is connected to an upper electrode of the CCP chamber.

[0065] [Figure 15D] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the connection of a matchless power source and an RF power source to a substrate holder of a CCP chamber.

[0066] [Figure 15E] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the connection of a matchless power source and an RF power source to the upper electrode of a CCP chamber.

[0067] [Figure 15F] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a system to illustrate the connection of a matchless power source and an RF power source to an upper electrode of a CCP chamber, and to illustrate the connection of another matchless power source and another set of RF power sources to a substrate holder of the CCP chamber.

[0068] [Figure 16A] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate a plasma chamber having a showerhead connected to a matchless plasma source.

[0069] [Figure 16B]FIG. 16B shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the plasma chamber of FIG. 16A in which a matchless plasma source is connected to the substrate holder instead of the showerhead.

[0070] [Figure 16C] FIG. 16B shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the plasma chamber of FIG. 16A in which a matchless plasma source is connected to the substrate holder and another matchless plasma source is connected to the showerhead.

[0071] [Figure 17A] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the connection of multiple matchless plasma sources to multiple microsources.

[0072] [Figure 17B] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate the connection of a substrate holder to a 50 Ω RF generator and a matchless plasma source.

[0073] [Figure 17C] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate providing RF power from a matchless plasma source to a grid in a chuck and providing RF power from a 50 Ω RF generator to a cathode on the chuck.

[0074] [Figure 18] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a system to illustrate an enclosure used to house a matchless plasma source.

[0075] [Figure 19] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of a system to illustrate an RF cable and an RF matching circuit. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0076] The following embodiments describe a matchless plasma source for coupling to an electrode. It should be understood that the electrode may take many forms and may be integrated into many types of systems for providing radio frequency (RF) power. In general, the electrode may be referred to as an antenna, which receives RF power via an electrical connection. In the context of some embodiments described herein, RF power is provided to an electrode in a chamber for the purpose of igniting a plasma to perform one or more processing operations. For example, a plasma may be ignited using the provided RF power to perform etching, deposition, chamber cleaning, and other operations described throughout this specification. Examples of matchless plasma sources (MPS) are described, which illustrate structural examples and applications useful for efficient delivery of RF power and precisely controlled plasma ignition. It should be apparent that the present embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. Additionally, detailed descriptions of well-known processing operations have been omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present embodiments.

[0077] Matchless plasma sources have technical advantages for pre-striking the plasma, including a high quality factor, resulting in high current and voltage. Technical advantages further include an optimal quality factor for plasma sustainability for stable processing operation. Further technical advantages include realization of low-cost, high-performance plasma tools. Matchless plasma sources have low output impedance. Furthermore, there is no need to utilize radio frequency (RF) matching circuits and RF cables when matchless plasma sources are utilized.

[0078] The matchless plasma source is provided to enhance impedance tuning speed, provide advanced pulse capability, and provide coil power multiplexing. The matchless plasma source is configured to be connected to an electrode (such as a showerhead, coil, antenna, or wafer platen). There is no need to utilize an RF cable and an RF matching circuit between the matchless plasma source and the plasma chamber. Without the RF matching circuit and RF cable, the chance of any power being reflected from the plasma chamber toward the matchless plasma source is reduced (e.g., eliminated). Since no RF matching circuit is used, the impedance tuning speed is increased. The RF matching circuit has many circuit components, some of which are adjusted to adjust the impedance associated with the plasma chamber. Such adjustments slow down the impedance tuning speed. The system and method described herein enhances the impedance tuning speed by not having an RF matching circuit. Additionally, the cost of the RF matching circuit and the RF cable is saved.

[0079] The matchless plasma source has an input section and an output section. The input section has a signal generator operating at a drive frequency. A reactance circuit associated with the output section produces a high quality factor (Q) in the absence of a plasma. The high Q produced by the reactance circuit at the drive frequency facilitates the delivery of a high voltage to the electrode. The high voltage to the electrode surface highly favors plasma ignition in the plasma chamber.

[0080] Further, the output section includes a half-bridge field effect transistor (FET) circuit. When plasma is ignited in the plasma chamber, the drive frequency is adjusted to maintain a constant output power from the half-bridge FET circuit. For example, a high-speed digitizer is connected to the output of the half-bridge FET circuit to measure the input current waveform and the input voltage waveform. The input current and voltage waveforms are measured as the drive frequency is varied until the phase difference between the input current waveform and the input voltage waveform is zero degrees. In this manner, the desired constant power is provided to the electrodes by controlling the phase difference to zero.

[0081] Furthermore, the electrodes are driven by different types of waveforms to support different types of processes (etching, cleaning, sputtering, deposition, etc.). For example, an arbitrary shape pulse is generated at the output of the half-bridge FET circuit, or a multi-state pulse is generated at the output. Thus, pulses of different shapes and different power levels are used to drive the electrodes. The different waveforms are generated by controlling the amount of direct current (DC) voltage provided at the output of the agile DC rail in the half-bridge FET circuit. The DC voltage is Agile Data Center It is controlled by a controller board that provides a voltage value to the DC supply of the rails, and the drive frequency is adjusted at a high rate, such as less than 10 microseconds, to adjust the impedance associated with the plasma chamber.

[0082] 1 illustrates one embodiment of a system 100 for providing power from a matchless plasma source 102 to an electrode 106. The system 100 includes a matchless plasma source 102 and a plasma chamber 104. An example of the matchless plasma source 102 is a low impedance voltage source. An example of the plasma chamber 104 includes a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) chamber, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber, a transformer coupled plasma (TCP) reactor, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber, a plasma etch chamber, a plasma deposition chamber, or a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) chamber. Additionally, electrode Examples of 106 include a showerhead, a chuck, a substrate support, a capacitive upper electrode, a transformer coupled plasma (TCP) coil, and a wafer platen. The matchless plasma source 102 is connected to the electrode 106 via a connection 110 (such as an electrical conductor, an RF strap, a cylinder, a bridge conductor, or a combination thereof).

[0083] Note that there is no RF matching circuit between the matchless plasma source 102 and the plasma chamber 104. Furthermore, there is no RF cable connecting the matchless plasma source to the antenna. The RF matching circuit comprises a number of circuit components (such as inductors and capacitors) to match the impedance of a load (such as a plasma chamber) connected to the output of the RF matching circuit with the impedance of a source (such as an RF generator and an RF cable) connected to the input of the RF matching circuit. Most of the power generated by the matchless plasma source 102 is applied to the electrode 106. For example, because there is no RF matching circuit and no RF cable between the matchless plasma source 102 and the electrode 106, power is efficiently delivered from the matchless plasma source 102 to the electrode 106.

[0084] A substrate 108 (such as a wafer) on which an integrated circuit is to be fabricated is placed in the plasma chamber 104 by an electrode. 106 On the top surface of the electrode 106 The matchless plasma source 102 operates at an operating frequency in the range of 50 kilohertz (kHz) to 100 megahertz (MHz) to generate a shaped sinusoidal waveform, which is an RF signal. The shaped sinusoidal waveform is supplied from the matchless plasma source 102 to the electrode 106 via connection 110 for processing the substrate 108. Examples of processing the substrate 108 include depositing material on the substrate 108, etching the substrate 108, cleaning the substrate 108, and sputtering the substrate 108.

[0085] 2 illustrates an embodiment of a system 200 to explain the details of the matchless plasma source 102. The system 200 includes the matchless plasma source 102, a connection 110, and a plasma chamber 104. The matchless plasma source 102 includes an input section 202, an output section 204, and a reactance circuit 206. The input section 202 is connected to the output section 204, which is further connected to the reactance circuit 206. The reactance circuit 206 is connected to the electrode 106 via the connection 110.

[0086] The input section 202 includes a signal generator and a portion of the gate driver. The output section 204 includes the remainder of the gate driver and a half-bridge transistor circuit. An example of the reactance circuit 206 includes a variable capacitor. Another example of the reactance circuit 206 includes a fixed capacitor. Yet another example of the reactance circuit 206 includes multiple capacitors and / or inductors connected together in series, in parallel, or a combination thereof. Some of the capacitors are variable and the remaining capacitors are fixed. As another example, all of the capacitors are variable or fixed. Similarly, some of the inductors are variable and the remaining inductors are fixed. As another example, all of the inductors are variable or fixed.

[0087] The input section 202 generates a plurality of square wave signals and provides the square wave signals to the output section 204. The output section 204 generates an amplified square waveform from the plurality of square wave signals received from the input section 202. Furthermore, the output section 204 shapes the envelope (e.g., peak-to-peak amplitude) of the amplified square waveform. For example, to generate the envelope, a shaping control signal 203 is provided from the input section 202 to the output section 204. The shaping control signal 203 has a plurality of voltage values ​​to shape the amplified square waveform.

[0088] The shaped amplified square waveform is sent from the output section 204 to a reactance circuit 206. The reactance circuit 206 removes (e.g., filters out) higher harmonics of the amplified square waveform to generate a shaped sinusoidal waveform having a fundamental frequency. The shaped sinusoidal waveform has a shaped envelope.

[0089] The shaped sinusoidal waveform is transmitted from the reactance circuit 206 through connection 110 to the electrode 106 for processing the substrate 108. For example, one or more process materials (such as a fluorine-containing gas, an oxygen-containing gas, a nitrogen-containing gas, liquids for metal and dielectric deposition, etc.) are supplied to the plasma chamber 104. Upon receiving the shaped sinusoidal waveform and the process materials, a plasma is ignited in the plasma chamber 104 for processing the substrate 108.

[0090] Additionally, the reactance of the reactance circuit 206 is altered by sending a quality factor control signal 207 from the input portion 202 to the reactance circuit 206 to vary the reactance of the reactance circuit 206. Additionally, in some embodiments, a feedback signal 205 is sent from an output O1 of the output portion 204 to the input portion 202. A phase difference is identified or determined from the feedback signal 205 to control the output portion 204 to reduce (e.g., nullify) the phase difference.

[0091] In various embodiments, in addition to or instead of the feedback signal 205 , an optional feedback signal 209 is provided from the output of the reactance circuit 206 to the input portion 202 .

[0092] In some embodiments, the input section 202 comprises a controller board with a signal generator and further comprises a gate driver, and the output section comprises a half-bridge transistor circuit.

[0093] 3A illustrates one embodiment of a system 300 to explain further details regarding the input section 202, the output section 204, and the reactance circuit 206. The input section 202 includes a controller board 302 and a portion of a gate driver 311. The gate driver 311 is connected to the controller board 302. The output section 204 includes the remainder of the gate driver 311 and a half-bridge field effect transistor (FET) circuit 318. The half-bridge FET circuit 318, or tree, described below, is also referred to herein as an amplifier circuit, and is connected to the gate driver 311.

[0094] The reactance circuit 206 includes a capacitor 322A, which is a variable capacitor. The controller board 302 includes a controller 304, a signal generator 306, and a frequency input 308. An example of a controller used herein includes a processor and a memory device. Other examples of a controller include a microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a central processing unit, a processor, or a programmable logic device (PLD), or ideally, a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The signal generator 306 is a square wave oscillator that generates a square wave signal (such as a digital waveform or a pulse train). The square wave pulses between a first logic level (such as high or 1) and a second logic level (such as low or 0). The signal generator 306 generates a square wave signal at an operating frequency (such as 400 kHz, 2 MHz, 13.56 MHz, 27 MHz, or 60 MHz).

[0095] The gate driver 311 comprises a portion having a gate driver sub-portion 310, a capacitor 312, a resistor 314, and a primary winding 316A of a transformer 316. Furthermore, the gate driver 311 comprises a remaining portion including secondary windings 316B and 316C of the transformer 316. The gate driver sub-portion 310 comprises a plurality of gate drivers 310A and 310B. Each of the gate drivers 310A and 310B is connected to a positive voltage source at one end and a negative voltage source at the other end.

[0096] Half-bridge FET circuit 318 includes FETs 318A and 318B connected together in a push-pull configuration. An example of a FET includes a metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Illustratively, each FET in half-bridge FET circuit 318 is formed from silicon carbide, silicon, or gallium nitride. Each FET 318A and 318B has an output impedance within a predetermined range (e.g., 0.01 ohms to 10 ohms). Additionally, half-bridge FET circuit 318 includes a DC rail 313 (shown within a dotted line), which includes a voltage source Vdc and a conductive element 319 (e.g., a conductor) connected to a drain terminal D of FET 318A and a source terminal S of FET 318A. Additionally, conductive element 319 is connected to a drain terminal D of FET 318B and a source terminal S of FET 318B. The source terminal S of FET 318A is connected to the drain terminal D of FET 318B, and the source terminal S of FET 318 is connected to ground potential. Within the plasma chamber 104, the electrode 106 is shown as a TCP coil, but may instead be an electrode in a CCP configuration.

[0097] The system 300 further includes a voltage / current (VI) probe 324 connected to the output O1 of the half-bridge FET circuit 318. The VI probe 324 is a sensor that measures the complex current at the output O1, the complex voltage at the output O1, and the phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current. The complex current has an amplitude and a phase. Similarly, the complex voltage has an amplitude and a phase. The output O1 is between the source terminal S of the FET 318A and the drain terminal D of the FET 318B. The VI probe 324 is connected to the controller 304.

[0098] The controller 304 is connected to the signal generator 306 for providing a frequency input 308 (such as an operating frequency) to the signal generator 306. The controller 304 is further connected to a voltage source Vdc of a DC rail 313 via electrical conductors. The signal generator 306 is further connected at its output to gate drivers 310A and 310B. The gate driver 310A is connected to a capacitor 312 and the gate driver 310B is connected to a resistor 314. The capacitor 312 and the resistor 314 are connected to a primary winding 316A of a transformer 316.

[0099] Additionally, secondary winding 316B of transformer 316 is connected to a gate terminal of FET 318A, and secondary winding 316C of transformer 316 is connected to a gate terminal of FET 318B. Output O1 of half-bridge FET circuit 318 is connected to capacitor 322A, which is connected to the TCP coil of electrode 106 via connection 110.

[0100] The controller 304 generates a set point (such as a frequency input 308) and provides the frequency input 308 to the signal generator 306. The frequency input 308 is a value of an operating frequency (such as 2 MHz or 13.56 MHz). Upon receiving the set point from the controller 304, the signal generator 306 generates an input RF signal having the operating frequency. The input RF signal is a square wave signal. The gate drivers 310A and 310B amplify the input RF signal to generate an amplified RF signal and provide the amplified RF signal to a primary winding 316A of a transformer 316.

[0101] Depending on the direction of current flow of the amplified RF signal, either secondary winding 316B or secondary winding 316C generates a gate drive signal having a threshold voltage. For example, when the current of the amplified RF signal flows from the positively charged terminal (shown as a dot) of primary winding 316A to the negatively charged terminal (no dot) of primary winding 316A, secondary winding 316B generates a gate drive signal 315A having a threshold voltage to turn on FET 318A and secondary winding 316COn the other hand, when current of the amplified RF signal flows from the negative terminal of the primary winding 316A to the positive terminal of the primary winding 316A, the secondary winding 316C generates a gate drive signal 315B having a threshold voltage to turn on the FET 318B, and the secondary winding 316B does not generate a threshold voltage, so FET 318A is off.

[0102] Each gate drive signal 315A and 315B is a square wave, e.g., a digital signal or a pulse signal having an operating frequency. For example, each gate drive signal 315A and 315B transitions between a low level and a high level. The gate drive signals 315A and 315B are Multiple having an operating frequency, They are The gate drive signal 315A is inversely synchronized with respect to each other. Illustratively, the gate drive signal 315A transitions from a low level (e.g., a low power level) to a high level (e.g., a high power level). During the time interval or time point when the gate drive signal 315A transitions from a low level to a high level, the gate drive signal 315B transitions from a high level to a low level. Similarly, during the time interval or time point when the gate drive signal 315A transitions from a high level to a low level, the gate drive signal 315B transitions from a low level to a high level. The inverse synchronization allows the FETs 318A and 318B to be turned on and off continuously.

[0103] FETs 318A and 318B are operated sequentially. For example, when FET 318A is turned on, FET 318B is turned off, and when FET 318B is turned on, FET 318A is turned off. 318A During the time periods or times that FET 318B is turned on, FET 318B is turned off. Additionally, during the time periods or times that FET 318B is turned on, FET 318A is turned off. FETs 318A and 318B are not turned on at the same time or during the same time period.

[0104] When FET 318A is on, current flows from the power supply Vdc to the output O1 generating a voltage at the output O1 and FET 318B is off. The voltage at the output is generated according to a voltage value received from the controller 304 or an arbitrary waveform generator, which will be described in more detail below. When FET 318B is off, no current flows from the output O1 to the ground potential connected to FET 318B. Current flows from the output O1 to the capacitor 322A. Current is pushed from the voltage source Vdc to the capacitor 322A when FET 318A is on. Furthermore, when FET 318B is on, the voltage generated at the output O1 generates a current flowing from the output O1 to the ground potential connected to FET 318B and FET 318A is off. Current is pulled from the output O1 to the ground potential. During the time interval when FET 318A is off, no current flows from the voltage source Vdc to the output O1.

[0105] Additionally, the controller 304 generates a control signal (such as the shaped control signal 203) having a voltage value and provides the control signal to the voltage source Vdc via a conductor connecting the voltage source Vdc to the controller 304. The voltage value is within a range, for example, such that the agile DC rail 313 operates in the range of 0 to 80 volts. The voltage value is an amplitude of the voltage signal generated by the voltage source Vdc to further define the shaped envelope of the amplified rectangular waveform at the output O1 by defining the shaped envelope of the voltage signal. For example, to generate a continuous waveform at the output O1, the voltage value provides a peak-to-peak amplitude of the continuous waveform. The peak-to-peak amplitude defines the shaped envelope of the continuous waveform. As another example, to generate an amplified rectangular waveform with a pulse-shaped shaped envelope at the output O1, the voltage value is changed substantially instantaneously (e.g., at a point in time or during a predetermined time interval) such that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the amplified rectangular waveform changes from a first parameter level (e.g., a high level) to a second parameter level (e.g., a low level) or from the second parameter level to the first parameter level. As yet another example, to generate an amplified rectangular waveform with an arbitrarily shaped shaped envelope at the output O1, the voltage value is arbitrarily changed by the controller 304 such that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the amplified rectangular waveform changes in a desired manner. When an arbitrarily shaped amplified rectangular waveform is generated, the controller 304 functions as an arbitrary waveform generator. As yet another example, to generate an amplified rectangular waveform with a multi-state pulse-shaped shaped envelope at output O1, the voltage values ​​are changed substantially instantaneously (e.g., at a point in time) such that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the amplified rectangular waveform changes from a high parameter level to one or more intermediate levels and then from the one or more intermediate levels to another level (e.g., a low parameter level or a high parameter level). It should be noted that the amplified rectangular waveform with a multi-state pulse-shaped shaped envelope may have any number of states (e.g., ranging from 2 to 1000).

[0106] As used herein, a parameter level includes one or more parameter values ​​that are exclusive of one or more parameter values ​​at another parameter level. For example, the amount of power at one parameter level is greater than or less than the amount of power at a different parameter level. Examples of parameters include current, voltage, and power.

[0107] An amplified rectangular waveform is generated at the output O1 by continuously operating the FETs 318A and 318B based on the gate drive signals 315A and 315B and controlling the voltage Vdc of the agile DC voltage rail to change the voltage value. The amount of amplification of the amplified rectangular waveform is based on the output impedance of the FETs of the half-bridge FET circuit 318, the voltage value provided by the controller 304 to the voltage source Vdc, and the maximum achievable voltage value of the voltage source Vdc. The amplified rectangular waveform has a shaped envelope. The capacitor 322A, together with the inductance of the TCP coil, receives the amplified rectangular waveform and reduces (e.g., removes or filters) the higher order harmonics of the amplified rectangular waveform to generate a shaped sinusoidal waveform having a fundamental frequency. The shaped sinusoidal waveform also has a shaped envelope. The shaped sinusoidal waveform is provided from the output of the capacitor 322A through the connection 110 to the TCP coil of the electrode 106 to ignite or sustain a plasma in the plasma chamber 104. The plasma is used to treat a substrate 108 (FIG. 1).

[0108] The VI probe 324 measures the complex voltage and current of the amplified rectangular waveform at the output O1 and provides a feedback signal 205 including the complex voltage and current to the controller 304. The controller 304 controls the VI probe 324The controller 304 determines a phase difference between the complex voltage of the amplified rectangular waveform and the complex current of the amplified rectangular waveform from the complex voltage and current received from the VI probe 324, and determines whether the phase difference is within a predetermined limit. For example, the controller 304 determines whether the phase difference is zero or within a predetermined percentage range from zero. If it is determined that the phase difference is not within the predetermined limit, the controller 304 changes the frequency value of the operating frequency to change the frequency input 308. The changed frequency value is provided from the controller 304 to the signal generator 306 to change the operating frequency of the signal generator 306. The operating frequency is changed, for example, in 10 microseconds or less. The operating frequency of the signal generator 306 is changed until the controller 304 determines that the phase difference between the complex voltage and complex current measured by the VI probe 324 is within the predetermined limit. If it is determined that the phase difference between the complex voltage and complex current is within the predetermined limit, the controller 304 does not further change the frequency input 308. When the phase difference is within predetermined limits, a predetermined amount of power is delivered from output O1 through reactance circuit 206 to electrode 106 .

[0109] In addition to or instead of modifying the frequency input 308, the controller 304 modifies the voltage value provided to the agile DC rail voltage Vdc to vary the voltage signal generated by the voltage source Vdc. Upon receiving the modified voltage value, the voltage source Vdc modifies the voltage signal to have the modified voltage value. The controller 304 continues to vary the voltage value until a predetermined power set point is reached. The predetermined power set point is stored in a memory device of the controller 304.

[0110] In various embodiments, instead of changing the voltage of the amplified square waveform at the output O1, the current of the amplified square waveform is changed. For example, a change in the voltage value controls a change in the current of the amplified square waveform generated at the output O1 of the half-bridge FET circuit 318. Illustratively, the voltage value is changed to achieve a predetermined current value of the amplified square waveform at the output O1. The predetermined current value is stored in a memory device of the controller 304. Further, in various embodiments, instead of changing the voltage of the amplified square waveform at the output O1, the power of the amplified square waveform is changed. For example, a change in the voltage value controls a change in the power of the amplified square waveform generated at the output O1. For example, the voltage value is changed to achieve a predetermined power value of the amplified square waveform at the output O1. The predetermined power value is stored in a memory device of the controller 304. Any change in the voltage, current, or power of the amplified square waveform generated at the output O1 produces the same change in the voltage, current, or power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform generated at the output of the reactance circuit 206.

[0111] In some embodiments, the controller 304 is connected to the reactance circuit 206 through a motor driver and a motor. An example of a motor driver includes one or more transistors. The controller 304 sends a signal (such as the quality factor control signal 207) to the motor driver to generate a current signal that is sent from the motor driver to the motor. Upon receiving the current signal, the motor operates to change the reactance of the reactance circuit 206. For example, the motor operates to change the area between the plates of the capacitor 322A to change the capacitance of the reactance circuit 206. As another example, the motor operates to change the inductance of the inductor of the reactance circuit 206. For example, the reactance of the reactance circuit 206 is changed to maintain a predetermined quality factor (such as a high quality factor) of the reactance circuit 206. As another example, the reactance of the reactance circuit 206 is changed based on the type of plasma chamber (such as a CCP or an ICP) to which the reactance circuit 206 is connected.

[0112] Capacitor 312 and resistor 314 The capacitor 312 has a capacitance that reduces (e.g., cancels or negates) the inductance of the primary winding 316A. The reduction in inductance of the primary winding 316A facilitates the generation of a rectangular shape for the gate drive signals 315A and 315B. Additionally, the resistor 314 reduces the oscillations of the square wave signal generated by the signal generator 306.

[0113] Agile DC Rail 313 The DC rail 313 is agile in that there is fast control of the voltage source Vdc by the controller 304. Both the controller 304 and the voltage source Vdc are electronic circuits, whereby the controller 304 can substantially instantaneously control the voltage source Vdc. For example, when the controller 304 sends a voltage value to the voltage source Vdc, the voltage source Vdc changes the voltage of the voltage signal generated by the voltage source.

[0114] Resistance 320 Resistance 320 is seen by the output O1 of the half-bridge FET circuit 318. Resistance 320 is the stray resistance in the electrode 106 and the stray resistance of the connection 110 in the plasma when ignited in the plasma chamber 104.

[0115] Capacitor 322A The capacitor 322A in combination with the inductance of the TCP coil has a high quality factor (Q). For example, the amount of power of the amplified square waveform lost in the capacitor 322A is low compared to the amount of power of the amplified square waveform transferred to the electrode 106 through the capacitor 322A. The power of the amplified square waveform is transferred by a shaped sinusoidal waveform output from the capacitor 322A to the electrode 106. The high quality factor of the circuit facilitates fast plasma ignition in the plasma chamber 104. Furthermore, the capacitor 322A has a capacitance value that resonates with the inductive reactance of the TCP coil and the plasma when ignited in the plasma chamber 104. For example, the reactance circuit 206 has a reactance that reduces (e.g., nullifies or cancels) the reactance of the electrode 106, the reactance of the connection 110, the reactance of the plasma when ignited in the plasma chamber 104, or a combination thereof. The reactance of the reactance circuit 206 is achieved by adjusting the capacitance of the capacitor 322A. In the case of a CCP chamber, the reactance circuit 206 comprises one or more inductors, and the reactance of the inductors is achieved by adjusting the inductance of the one or more inductors. With the reduction in reactance, the output O1 sees the resistor 320 and sees no reactance at all.

[0116] FET318A and 318B Each FET in the half-bridge FET circuit 318 or the tree described below in FIGS. 11A and 11B is fabricated from silicon carbide in some embodiments. Silicon carbide FETs have low internal resistance and fast switching times. Low internal resistance provides higher efficiency, which facilitates the FETs to turn on almost instantaneously and turn off quickly, such as in less than 10 microseconds. For example, each FET described herein is turned on or off for less than a predetermined period of time, such as less than 10 microseconds. As one example, each FET is turned on or off for a period of about 1 microsecond to about 5 microseconds. As another example, each FET is turned on or off for a period of about 3 microseconds to about 7 microseconds. As yet another example, each FET is turned on or off for a period of about 0.5 microseconds to about 10 microseconds. The fast on and off provides low (e.g., zero) delays in on-to-off and off-to-on transitions. For example, FET 318A is on at the same time or during the time that FET 318B is off, and FET 318A is off at the same time or during the time that FET 318B is on. If overlap in on-time of FETs 318A and 318B occurs, shoot-through may occur and damage the FETs. The near instantaneous on and off of the FETs reduces the chance of shoot-through and therefore damage. Additionally, silicon carbide FETs are easier to cool. For example, the low internal resistance of silicon carbide FETs reduces the amount of heat generated by silicon carbide FETs. Therefore, it is easier to cool silicon carbide FETs using a cooling plate or heat sink.

[0117] The components of the matchless plasma source 102 (such as transistors) are electronic components. Additionally, there is no RF matching circuitry and no RF cables between the matchless plasma source 102 and the electrode 106. The presence of electronic components and the absence of RF matching circuits and RF cables may facilitate fast plasma ignition and plasma sustainability by facilitating repeatability and consistency.

[0118] In some embodiments, multiple controllers are used instead of or in addition to the controller 304. For example, one of the multiple controllers is connected to a voltage source Vdc, and another of the multiple controllers is connected to a signal generator 306 to provide a frequency input 308. Illustratively, the controller 304 is connected to an arbitrary waveform generator (such as a digital signal processor) and to a frequency controller. The frequency controller is connected to the signal generator 306. The controller 304 sends a signal to the arbitrary waveform generator and another signal to the frequency controller. Upon receiving a signal from the controller 304, the arbitrary waveform generator generates a voltage value of the shaping control signal 203 for shaping the amplified square waveform at the output O1. Furthermore, upon receiving another signal from the controller 304, the frequency controller generates a frequency value of the square wave signal generated by the signal generator 306 to reduce the phase difference between the complex voltage and complex current received in the feedback signal 205.

[0119] In various embodiments, the controller 304 and the signal generator 306 are fabricated on separate circuit boards.

[0120] In some embodiments, instead of a transformer 316 being used as part of the gate driver 311, transistors (such as FETs or insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)) are connected together to form part of the gate driver 311.

[0121] In various embodiments, instead of a FET, another type of transistor is utilized herein, such as an IGBT, a metal-semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET), or a junction field effect transistor (JFET).

[0122] In some embodiments, instead of the half-bridge FET circuit 318, another half-bridge circuit with a tree of transistors is used. For example, a first string of the tree includes 32 transistors connected to a first voltage source. Half of the 32 transistors are connected to the secondary winding of the transformer in the same way that the FET 318A is connected to the secondary winding 316B, and the other half of the 32 transistors are connected to the secondary winding of the transformer in the same way that the FET 318B is connected to the secondary winding 316C. A second string of trees, located beside the first string, includes 16 transistors connected to a second voltage source. Furthermore, a third string of trees is located beside the second string and includes 8 transistors. Also, a fourth string of trees is located beside the third string and includes 4 transistors. A fifth string of trees is located beside the fourth string and includes 2 transistors connected to the output O1.

[0123] In various embodiments, instead of the VI probe 324, a voltage sensor and a current sensor are connected to the output O1.

[0124] In some embodiments, in addition to the series capacitor 322A, a shunt capacitor is also used. The shunt capacitor is connected to the connection 110 on one end and to ground potential on the other end. In various embodiments, multiple shunt capacitors are used instead of a single shunt capacitor. The multiple shunt capacitors are connected in series or in parallel with each other.

[0125] In various embodiments, instead of or in addition to the capacitor 322A, an inductor is connected in series or parallel to the capacitor 322A to counteract the reactance of the electrode 106. In some embodiments, any number of inductors are connected in series or parallel to the capacitor 322A to counteract the reactance of the electrode 106.

[0126] The FETs described herein are n-type. In some embodiments, p-type FETs are used instead of n-type FETs. For example, in a half-bridge circuit, a voltage source Vdc is connected to a source terminal of a p-type FET via a conductive element 319. Furthermore, a drain terminal of the p-type FET is connected to a source terminal of another p-type FET. The drain terminal of the other p-type FET is connected to a ground potential.

[0127] 3B is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system 348 to illustrate the use of a voltage probe 350 and a current probe 352 in place of the VI probe 324 (FIG. 3A). 324 Instead of voltage and current probes, 352 The system 300 is the same as the system 300, except that a voltage probe 350 is used. The voltage probe 350 is a sensor connected to the output O1 of the half-bridge FET circuit 318 to measure the voltage of the amplified square waveform at the output O1. Furthermore, the current probe 352 is connected to a point on the connection 110 (such as the output of the reactance circuit 206), which is located between the reactance circuit 206 and the electrode 106. The voltage probe 350 is connected to the controller 304 via a conductor, and the current probe 352 is connected to the controller 304 via a conductor.

[0128] The voltage probe 350 measures the complex voltage of the amplified rectangular waveform at the output O1 and provides the complex voltage to the controller 304. Additionally, the current probe 352 is connected to a reactance circuit 206 The signal generator 306 measures the complex current of the shaped sinusoidal waveform output from the output O1 and provides the complex current to the controller 304. The complex voltage is provided in the feedback signal 205 and the complex current is provided in the optional feedback signal 209 to the controller 304. The controller 304 identifies the phase of the complex voltage and the phase of the complex current and determines the phase difference between the phases of the complex voltage and the complex current. The controller 304 controls the operating frequency of the signal generator 306 or the magnitude of the parameters at the output O1, or a combination thereof, to reduce the phase difference to within a predetermined limit.

[0129] FIG. 3C illustrates an embodiment of a system 370 to illustrate diodes utilized to limit the voltage across FETs 318A and 318B of the half-bridge FET circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D). System 370 is the same as system 300 of FIG. 3A or system 348 of FIG. 3B, except that multiple diodes D1 and D2 are utilized in system 370. Additionally, system 370 utilizes a capacitor 372. Diode D1 is connected between the drain and source terminals of FET 318A, and diode D2 is connected between the drain and source terminals of FET 318B. Additionally, capacitor 372 is connected to the drain terminal D of FET 318A and the source terminal S of FET 318B.

[0130] When FET 318A is turned on and FET 318B is turned off, the voltage across FET 318A continues to rise in a positive direction until it is limited by diode D1. Similarly, when FET 318A is turned off and FET 318B is turned on, the voltage across FET 318B continues to rise in a negative direction until it is limited by diode D2. Thus, diode D1 reduces (e.g., prevents) the possibility of shoot-through through FET 318A, and diode D2 reduces (e.g., prevents) the possibility of voltage shoot-through through FET 318B.

[0131] If there is a delay in turning FETs 318A and 318B off and on, the current in DC rail 313 flows through capacitor 372 and from output O1 through capacitor 322A to the electrode 106 For example, during periods when both FETs 318A and 318B are on or off, current flows from DC rail 313 to capacitor 372. This reduces the possibility of current flowing from the electrodes 106 This reduces the possibility of current flowing into the

[0132] It should be noted that the diodes illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 3C may be connected to corresponding FETs in any of the embodiments of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D.

[0133] 3D illustrates an embodiment of a system 380 to illustrate a reactance circuit 206 having an inductor 382 connected to the plasma chamber 104 when the plasma chamber 104 is a CCP plasma chamber. The system 380 is the same as the system 300 of FIG. 3A, except that in the system 380, the plasma chamber 104 is a CCP plasma chamber. When the plasma chamber 104 is a CCP plasma chamber, the reactance circuit 206 includes an inductor 382 instead of the capacitor 322A. The inductor 382 is connected to the output O1 and to an electrode 106 (such as an upper or lower electrode of a chuck of a CCP chamber).

[0134] In some embodiments, a variable inductor is used instead of inductor 382. The inductance of the variable inductor is controlled by controller 304 in the same way that the capacitance of capacitor 322A is controlled by controller 304. In various embodiments, reactance circuit 206 comprises multiple inductors connected together in series, in parallel, or a combination thereof. Some of the inductors are variable and the remaining inductors are fixed. As another example, all of the inductors in reactance circuit 206 are variable or fixed.

[0135] 4A illustrates one embodiment of a graph 402 to illustrate the shaping of an envelope 408 of an example amplified square waveform 406 generated at the output O1 of the half-bridge FET circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The graph 402 plots parameters of the amplified square waveform 406 versus time t. As shown, the amplified square waveform 406 transitions between multiple parameter levels (e.g., a low level P1 and a high level P2). The low level P1 has a smaller peak-to-peak amplitude than the high level P2.

[0136] It should be noted that in some embodiments, instead of the amplified square waveform 406 with the shaped envelope 408, another amplified square waveform is generated with a shaped envelope of a different shape (such as an arbitrary shape, a multi-level pulse shape, a continuous wave shape, or a triangular shape).

[0137] FIG. 4B illustrates an embodiment of a graph 404 to illustrate the removal of higher harmonics of an amplified square waveform 406 generated at the output O1 of the half-bridge FET circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The graph 404 plots parameters of the amplified square waveform 406 versus time t. The amplified square waveform 406 is composed of a waveform 408A having a fundamental frequency and a number of waveforms (such as waveforms 408B and 408C) having higher harmonic frequencies. The waveform 408B has a second harmonic frequency and the waveform 408C has a third harmonic frequency. The high quality factor of the reactance circuit 206 (FIGS. 3A and 3B) facilitates the removal of higher harmonics from the amplified square waveform 406 to provide a waveform 408A at the output of the reactance circuit 206. The waveform 408A is provided from the reactance circuit 206 to the electrode 106. Waveform 408A is an example of a shaped sinusoidal waveform output from reactance circuit 206.

[0138] 5A illustrates one embodiment of a graph 502 to illustrate a shaped sine waveform 504 having an envelope 506, which is an example of a shaped envelope. The shaped sine waveform 504 is an example of a shaped sine waveform output from the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2). 502 plots parameters of a shaped sinusoidal waveform 504 versus time t. The envelope 506 is a peak-to-peak parameter (e.g., peak-to-peak voltage) and has a rectangular shape (e.g., a pulse shape).

[0139] 5B illustrates one embodiment of a graph 508 to illustrate a triangular sine waveform 510. The triangular sine waveform 510 is an example of a shaped sine waveform output from the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2). The graph 508 plots parameters of the triangular sine waveform 510 versus time t. The shaped sine waveform 510 has a triangular envelope 512, which is an example of a shaped envelope.

[0140] In some embodiments, the shaped sine waveform output from the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2) has an envelope that is a sawtooth waveform.

[0141] FIG. 5C illustrates one embodiment of a graph 514 to illustrate the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516. The graph 514 plots parameters of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 versus time t. The shaped sinusoidal waveform 516 is an example of a shaped sinusoidal waveform output from the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2). The multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 has an envelope 518 having a number of states S1, S2, and S3. The envelope 518 is an example of a shaped envelope. The peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S1 is greater than the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S2. Furthermore, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S2 is greater than the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S3. The states S1, S2, and S3 repeat at a frequency lower than the operating frequency of the signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The shaped sine waveform 516 has that operating frequency.

[0142] In some embodiments, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S1 is different (smaller or larger) than the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S2. Additionally, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S2 is different (larger or smaller) than the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S3. Additionally, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S3 is different (larger or smaller) than the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 516 in state S1.

[0143] 5D illustrates one embodiment of a graph 520 to illustrate a multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522. The graph 520 plots parameters of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 versus time t. The shaped sinusoidal waveform 522 is an example of a shaped sinusoidal waveform output from the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2). The multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 has an envelope 524 having a number of states S1, S2, S3, and S4. The envelope 524 is an example of a shaped envelope. The peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S1 is greater than the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S2. Furthermore, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S2 is greater than the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S3. Also, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 during state S3 is greater than the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 during state S4. As shown in Figure 5D, states S1, S2, S3, and S4 repeat at a frequency lower than the operating frequency of the signal generator 306 (Figures 3A and 3B). The shaped sinusoidal waveform 522 has that operating frequency.

[0144] In some embodiments, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S1 is different (smaller or larger) from the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S2. Additionally, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S2 is different (larger or smaller) from the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S3. Additionally, the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S3 is different (larger or smaller) from the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S4. The peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S4 is different (larger or smaller) from the peak-to-peak parameter of the multi-state sinusoidal waveform 522 in state S1.

[0145] FIG. 5E illustrates one embodiment of a graph 524 to illustrate the multi-pulsing of a shaped sine waveform 526. The graph 524 plots parameters of the multi-state sine waveform 526 versus time t. The shaped sine waveform 526 is an example of a shaped sine waveform output from the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2). The shaped sine waveform 526 has a multi-state envelope 528 that alternates between states S1-Sn, where n is an integer greater than 1. For example, the multi-state envelope 528 transitions from state S1 to state S2. The multi-state envelope 528 further transitions from state S2 to state S3, and so on, until state Sn is reached. By way of example, the value of n ranges from 4 to 1000. By way of example, the shaped sine waveform 526 has 100 states. The states S1-Sn repeat periodically. Envelope 528 is an example of a shaped envelope.

[0146] Note that the parameter levels (e.g., peak-to-peak parameter values) during one of states S1-Sn are different from the parameter levels during another of states S1-Sn. For example, the peak-to-peak parameter values ​​during states S1-S5 are different from each other. As shown in FIG. 5E, states S1-Sn repeat at a frequency lower than the operating frequency of signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). Shaped sine waveform 526 has that operating frequency.

[0147] 5F illustrates one embodiment of a graph 530 illustrating an envelope 534 of a shaped sine waveform 532. The envelope 534 is an example of a shaped envelope. The shaped sine waveform 532 is an example of a shaped sine waveform output from the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2). The graph 530 plots parameters of the shaped sine waveform 532 versus time t.

[0148] The shaped sine waveform 532 has an envelope 534 of an arbitrary shape. For example, the envelope 534 has a number of states S1-S8 that periodically repeat. During each of states S1 and S2, the envelope 534 has a slope of zero. Additionally, during state S3, the envelope 534 has a positive slope, and during state S4, the envelope 534 has a negative slope. Additionally, during state S5, the envelope 534 has a positive slope. During state S6, the envelope 534 has a negative slope, and during state S7, the envelope 534 has a positive slope. During state S8, the envelope 534 has a negative slope. As shown in FIG. 5F, the states S1-S8 repeat at a frequency lower than the operating frequency of the signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The shaped sine waveform 532 has its operating frequency.

[0149] Note that in some embodiments, the envelope 532 has a different slope during one or more of states S1-S8 than that shown in FIG. 5F. For example, during state S4, instead of a negative slope, the shaped sine waveform 532 has a positive slope or a zero slope. In another example, during state S5, instead of a positive slope, the shaped sine waveform 532 has a negative slope or a zero slope.

[0150] FIG. 5G illustrates one embodiment of a graph 536 to illustrate a shaped sine waveform 538 having a continuous waveform. For example, the shaped sine waveform 538 has a continuous envelope 540 that is not pulsed from one parameter level to another. To further illustrate, the peak-to-peak parameters of the shaped sine waveform 538 are constant or between a constant and a predetermined variation of that constant. The envelope 540 is an example of a shaped envelope. The graph 536 plots the parameters of the shaped sine waveform 538 versus time t. The shaped sine waveform 538 is an example of a shaped sine waveform output from the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2).

[0151] FIG. 5H illustrates one embodiment of a graph 540 to illustrate the envelope 542 of a pulsed sine waveform output from reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2). Graph 540 plots the power of the pulsed sine waveform versus time t measured in milliseconds. The pulsed sine waveform with envelope 542 is similar to the sine waveform 504 of FIG. 5A. The envelope 542 has a pulse shape and transitions between a low state and a high state. The low state has a lower power level (e.g., one or more power amounts) than the power level of the high state. For example, all power amounts of the high states are in a range between 350 and 400 watts, and all power amounts of the low states are in a range between 80 watts and 120 watts.

[0152] figure 5I 5B illustrates one embodiment of a graph 544 to illustrate an envelope 546 of a shaped sine waveform output from reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2). Graph 544 plots the power of the shaped sine waveform versus time t measured in milliseconds. The shaped sine waveform with envelope 546 is similar to sine waveform 510 of FIG. 5B. Envelope 546 is triangular. For example, envelope 546 has a positive slope followed immediately by a negative slope. The negative slope is followed immediately by another positive slope, which is followed by another negative slope.

[0153] FIG. 6A is one embodiment of a graph 600, which is a resonance plot to illustrate the change in magnitude of the ratio of current and voltage associated with the electrode 106 (FIG. 1) with the change in the operating frequency of the signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The graph 600 is generated when no plasma is ignited in the plasma chamber 104 (FIG. 1). The current and voltage are measured at the electrode 106. The graph 600 plots the change in magnitude of the ratio of current and voltage versus the operating frequency of the signal generator 306. As is evident from the graph 600, the quality factor Q of the electrode 106 is high when no plasma is ignited in the plasma chamber 104.

[0154] FIG. 6B is one embodiment of a graph 602, which is a resonance plot illustrating the change in voltage, current, and power at the electrode 106 (FIG. 1) with the change in the operating frequency of the signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The graph 602 plots the power, voltage, and current measured at the electrode 106 versus the operating frequency of the signal generator 306. The graph plots the power, voltage, and current when a plasma is ignited in the plasma chamber 104 (FIG. 1). The operating frequency of the signal generator 306 is controlled by the controller 304 (FIGS. 3A and 3B) to control the power, voltage, and current measured at the electrode 106. As is evident from the graph 602, the quality factor Q at the electrode 106 is smaller than the quality factor shown in the graph 600 due to the consumption of energy by the plasma in the plasma chamber 104.

[0155] FIG. 7A shows one embodiment of a graph 702 to illustrate the ion saturation current Isat measured in milliamps (mA) at the surface of the wafer. The graph 702 plots the ion saturation current versus distance from the wafer center for different wafers processed in a plasma chamber 104 (FIG. 1) connected to a matchless plasma source 102 (FIG. 1) without an RF matching circuit and RF cable connected between the matchless plasma source 102 and the plasma chamber 104. The distance from the wafer center is measured in millimeters (mm). The effect of different power ratios on the radial ion saturation current is shown in FIG. 7A.

[0156] 7B illustrates one embodiment of a graph 704 to illustrate the ion saturation current when an RF matching circuit and an RF cable are utilized in system 1902, shown later in FIG. 19. System 1902 includes an RF cable 1908 and an RF matching circuit 1906 (FIG. 19). Graph 704 plots the ion saturation current versus distance from the wafer center. The effect of different power ratios on the radial ion saturation current is illustrated in graph 704. Note that the ion saturation current at the surface of the wafer is similar when using system 100 (FIG. 1) or system 1302.

[0157] 8 illustrates one embodiment of a graph 800 to illustrate that utilization of the system 100 of FIG. 1 facilitates achieving an impedance tuning range of the plasma in the plasma chamber 104 (FIG. 1) comparable to that achieved using an RF matching circuit. The graph 800 plots the reactance X of the plasma in the plasma chamber 104 versus the resistance R of the plasma. The graph 800 includes multiple tuning ranges T1, T2, and T3 having values ​​of the plasma resistance and reactance, which are achieved when the matchless plasma source 102 is connected to the plasma chamber 104 as shown in FIG. 1. All tuning ranges T1, T2, and T3 of the plasma resistance and reactance are achieved using the system 100 of FIG. 1.

[0158] 9A shows one embodiment of a graph 902 to illustrate the power supplied at the output of the reactance circuit 206 (FIG. 2) for provision to the electrode 106 (FIG. 2). The power is shaped according to an envelope 904. The graph 902 plots the power against time t.

[0159] 9B illustrates one embodiment of a graph 906 to illustrate the shaped sinusoidal voltage supplied to the plasma chamber 104 (FIG. 1) versus time t. The voltage has a pulsed envelope 908, which further has an upper boundary 908A and a lower boundary 908B. The boundaries 908A and 908B define a peak-to-peak voltage.

[0160] 9C illustrates one embodiment of a graph 910 to illustrate the voltage provided from a power FET, such as FET 318A or FET 318B (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D), at output O1 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The voltage at output O1 has an envelope 912, which further has an upper boundary 912A and a lower boundary 918B. Boundaries 912A and 912B define a peak-to-peak voltage.

[0161] 9D illustrates one embodiment of a graph 914 to illustrate the current provided from the power FET (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) at output O1. The current at output O1 has an envelope 916, which further has an upper boundary 916A and a lower boundary 916B. Boundaries 916A and 916B define a peak-to-peak current.

[0162] FIG. 10A is an embodiment of a graph 1000 showing a plot 1002 of the operating frequency of the signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A and 3B) versus time t measured in milliseconds (ms). The operating frequency is adjusted by the controller 304 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) in less than a predetermined time interval (e.g., 50 microseconds (μs) or less). For example, any change in the operating frequency of the signal generator 306 by the controller 304 is communicated to the electrode 106 via the gate driver 311, the half-bridge FET circuit 318, and the reactance circuit 206 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) in 50 microseconds or less. The predetermined time period facilitates achieving a plasma impedance of the plasma in the plasma chamber 104. Another example of the predetermined time period includes 100 microseconds. For example, the operating frequency is adjusted in a period between 10 microseconds and 100 microseconds. Yet another example of the predetermined time period includes 70 microseconds. For example, the operating frequency is adjusted at a period between 20 microseconds and 70 microseconds. When the operating frequency is adjusted, self-tuning of the signal generator 306 occurs.

[0163] 10B is an embodiment of a graph 1004 illustrating that a voltage signal 1006B and a current signal 1006A measured at the output O1 of the half-bridge FET circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) are in phase during a first time period to achieve a level of power to deliver to the electrode 106. Graph 1004 plots the current signal 1006A and the voltage signal 1006B versus time t. As can be seen from graph 1004, at a time of 0.95 microseconds, both the current signal 1006A and the voltage signal 1006B are in phase.

[0164] 10C is an embodiment of a graph 1008 illustrating that the voltage signal 1006B and the current signal 1006A are in phase during a second time period to achieve a level of power to supply to the electrode 106. The graph 1008 plots the current signal 1006A and the voltage signal 1006B versus time t. As can be seen from the graph 1008, at a time of approximately 1 microsecond, both the current signal 1006A and the voltage signal 1006B are in phase.

[0165] 10D is an embodiment of a graph 1010 showing that the voltage signal 1006B and the current signal 1006A are in phase during a third time period to achieve a level of power to supply to the electrodes 106. The graph 1010 plots the current signal 1006A and the voltage signal 1006B versus time t. 1010 As is evident, at a time of 1.05 microseconds, both the current signal 1006A and the voltage signal 1006B are in phase. Therefore, during the first, second, and third time periods, it should be noted that the current signal 1006A is in phase with the voltage signal 1006B to achieve the levels of power during the first, second, and third time periods.

[0166] FIG. 11A is a diagram of one embodiment of a system 1100 showing a tree 1101 of FETs 1102A, 1102B, 1102C, 1102D, 1102E, 1102F, 1102G, 1102H, 1102I, 1102J, 1102K, 1102L, 1102M, 1102N, 1102O, and 1102P, and transformers 1106A, 1106B, 1106C, 1106D, 1106E, 1106F, and 1106G.

[0167] The system 1100 includes a tree 1101, a capacitor 322A, and a plasma load. The plasma load includes an electrode 106 and, when ignited, a plasma. The tree 1101 includes a plurality of half-bridge circuits 1104A, 1104B, 1104C, 1104D, 1104E, 1104F, 1104G, and 1104H. The half-bridge circuit 1104A includes FETs 1102A and 1102B. Similarly, the half-bridge circuit 1104B includes FETs 1102C and 1102D, the half-bridge circuit 1104C includes FETs 1102E and 1102F, the half-bridge circuit 1104D includes FETs 1102G and 1102H, and the half-bridge circuit 1104E includes FETs 1102I and 1102J. Additionally, half-bridge circuit 1104F includes FETs 1102K and 1102L, half-bridge circuit 1104G includes FETs 1102M and 1102N, and half-bridge circuit 1104H includes FETs 1102O and 1102P.

[0168] The gate terminals of FETs 1102A, 1102C, 1102E, 1102G, 1102I, 1102K, 1102M, and 1102O are connected to a gate driver 1152A (Figure 11B), and the gate terminals of FETs 1102B, 1102D, 1102F, 1102H, 1102J, 1102L, 1102N, and 1102P are connected to another gate driver 1152B (Figure 11B).

[0169] An output OUT1 of the half-bridge circuit 1104A is connected to a primary winding 1108A of the transformer 1106A. Similarly, an output OUT2 of the half-bridge circuit 1104B is connected to a primary winding 1108B of the transformer 1106A. Furthermore, an output OUT3 of the half-bridge circuit 1104C is connected to a primary winding 1108C of the transformer 1106B, and an output OUT4 of the half-bridge circuit 1104D is connected to a primary winding 1108D of the transformer 1106B. Furthermore, an output OUT5 of the half-bridge circuit 1104E is connected to a primary winding 1108E of the transformer 1106C, and an output OUT6 of the half-bridge circuit 1104F is connected to a primary winding 1108F of the transformer 1106C. An output OUT7 of the half-bridge circuit 1104G is connected to a primary winding 1108G of the transformer 1106D, and an output OUT8 of the half-bridge circuit 1104H is connected to a primary winding 1108H of the transformer 1106D.

[0170] Furthermore, the secondary winding 1108H of the transformer 1106A is connected to the primary winding 1108L of the transformer 1106E. The secondary winding 1108I of the transformer 1106B is connected to the primary winding 1108M of the transformer 1106E. Similarly, the secondary winding 1108J of the transformer 1106C is connected to the primary winding 1108N of the transformer 1106F. The secondary winding 1108K of the transformer 1106D is connected to the primary winding 1108O of the transformer 1106F.

[0171] A secondary winding 1108P of the transformer 1106E is connected to a primary winding 1108R of the transformer 1106G. Similarly, a secondary winding 1108Q of the transformer 1106F is connected to a primary winding 1108S of the transformer 1106G. A secondary winding 1108T of the transformer 1106G is connected to the capacitor 322A via the output O1.

[0172] Note that when FETs 1102A, 1102C, 1102E, 1102G, 1102I, 1102K, 1102M, and 1102O are on, FETs 1102B, 1102D, 1102F, 1102H, 1102J, 1102L, 1102N, and 1102P are off. For example, during times or time intervals when FETs 1102A, 1102C, 1102E, 1102G, 1102I, 1102K, 1102M, and 1102O are turned on by a signal from gate driver 1152A, FETs 1102B, 1102D, 1102F, 1102H, 1102J, 1102L, 1102N, and 1102P are turned off by a signal from gate driver 1152B. Similarly, during times or time intervals when FETs 1102B, 1102D, 1102F, 1102H, 1102J, 1102L, 1102N, and 1102P are turned on by signals from gate driver 1152B, FETs 1102A, 1102C, 1102E, 1102G, 1102I, 1102K, 1102M, and 1102O are turned off by signals from gate driver 1152A.

[0173] When FETs 1102A, 1102C, 1102E, 1102G, 1102I, 1102K, 1102M, and 1102O are on, the positive voltage generated at outputs OUT1 and OUT2 is transformed through transformers 1106A, 1106E, and 1106G; the positive voltage generated at outputs OUT3 and OUT4 is transformed through transformers 1106B, 1106E, and 1106G; the positive voltage generated at outputs OUT5 and OUT6 is transformed through transformers 1106C, 1106F, and 1106G; and the positive voltage generated at outputs OUT7 and OUT8 is transformed through transformers 1106D, 1106F, and 1106G to become a positive voltage at output O1.

[0174] Similarly, when FETs 1102B, 1102D, 1102F, 1102H, 1102J, 1102L, 1102N, and 1102P are on, the negative voltage generated at outputs OUT1 and OUT2 is transformed through transformers 1106A, 1106E, and 1106G; the negative voltage generated at outputs OUT3 and OUT4 is transformed through transformers 1106B, 1106E, and 1106G; the negative voltage generated at outputs OUT5 and OUT6 is transformed through transformers 1106C, 1106F, and 1106G; and the negative voltage generated at outputs OUT7 and OUT8 is transformed through transformers 1106D, 1106F, and 1106G to become a negative voltage at output O1.

[0175] It should be noted that the voltage signal generated by the DC voltage source Vdc of tree 1101 is controlled by controller 304 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) in the same way that the voltage signal generated by voltage source Vdc (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) is controlled. For example, controller 304 is connected to DC voltage source Vdc of tree 1101 to control the voltage signal generated by the DC voltage source.

[0176] It should be noted that the predetermined power level is achieved based on the number of DC voltage sources in tree 1101, the number of FETs used in tree 1101, and the maximum achievable voltage of each voltage source in tree 1101. For example, the predetermined power level at output O1 changes with the number of half-bridge circuits utilized in tree 1101. To illustrate, as the number of half-bridge circuits increases, the number of FETs increases. As the number of FETs increases, the output impedance of the FETs increases. Also, as the number of half-bridge circuits in tree 1101 increases, the number of DC voltage sources increases. As a result, the predetermined power level achieved at output O1 changes.

[0177] In various embodiments, the highest reachable voltage of a DC voltage source connected to one half-bridge circuit of the tree 1101 is different from the highest reachable voltage of another DC voltage source connected to another half-bridge circuit of the tree 1101. For example, a voltage source with a highest reachable voltage Vdc1 is connected to the half-bridge circuit 1104A, and another voltage source with a highest reachable voltage Vdc2 is connected to the half-bridge circuit 1104B.

[0178] In some embodiments, a predetermined number of FETs are integrated onto one chip. For example, two FETs of a half-bridge circuit are integrated onto one chip and two FETs of another half-bridge circuit are integrated onto another chip. As another example, four of the FET sub-circuits are integrated onto one chip and another set of four FET sub-circuits are integrated onto another chip.

[0179] FIG. 11B illustrates an embodiment of a system 1150 to illustrate the use of a tree 1156 of FETs 318A, 318B, 318C, 318D, 318E, and 318F to generate an amplified square waveform at the output O1. The system 1150 is the same as the system 300 of FIG. 3A or the system 348 of FIG. 3B, except that a larger number of FETs are used in the system 1150 than in the systems 300 or 348. Additionally, the system 1150 uses a gate drive circuit 1158 instead of the gate driver 311 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D). The gate drive circuit 1158 is used in place of the gate driver 311 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) in the matchless plasma source 102 (FIG. 1). Furthermore, instead of the half-bridge FET circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D), a tree 1156 is used in the matchless plasma source 102.

[0180] The system 1150 includes a gate drive circuit 1158, a tree 1156, a capacitor 322A, and an electrode 106. The gate drive circuit 1158 includes a gate driver 1152A and a gate driver 1152B. The gate driver 1152B functions as a NOT gate. The inputs of the gate drivers 1152A and 1152B are connected to a signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D). Furthermore, the output of the gate driver 1152A is connected to the gate terminals of the FETs 318A to 318C. Furthermore, the voltage supply terminal of the gate driver 1152A is connected to the output O1. Similarly, the output of the gate driver 1152B is connected to the gate terminals of the FETs 318D to 318F, and the voltage supply terminal of the gate driver 1152B is connected to the ground potential.

[0181] The drain terminal D of FET 318A is connected to a DC voltage source 1154A, the drain terminal D of FET 318B is connected to another DC voltage source 1154B, and the drain terminal of FET 318C is connected to yet another DC voltage source 1154C. The source terminals of each of FETs 318A, 318B, and 318C are connected to the output O1. Furthermore, the source terminals of each of FETs 318D, 318E, and 318F are connected to ground potential. The drain terminals of each of FETs 318D, 318E, and 318F are connected to the output O1.

[0182] Note that FETs 318A and 318F form a half-bridge circuit. Similarly, FETs 318B and 318E form another half-bridge circuit. And FETs 318C and 318D form yet another half-bridge circuit.

[0183] The square wave signal generated by the signal generator 306 is received by the gate driver 1152A and amplified to generate the gate drive signal 1160A. Similarly, the square wave signal generated by the signal generator 306 is received by the gate driver 1152B and amplified to generate the gate drive signal 1160B, which is pulsed with an inverse pulse relative to the gate drive signal 1160A. For example, during a time or time interval when the gate drive signal 1160A has a high level (e.g., a high power level), the gate drive signal 1160B has a low level (e.g., a low power level). Furthermore, during a time or time interval when the gate drive signal 1160A has a low level (e.g., a low power level), the gate drive signal 1160B has a high level (e.g., a high power level). As another example, during a time or time interval when the gate drive signal 1160A transitions from a low level to a high level, the gate drive signal 1160B transitions from a high level to a low level. Similarly, at the time or during the time interval that gate drive signal 1160A transitions from a high level to a low level, gate drive signal 1160B transitions from a low level to a high level.

[0184] Gate drive signal 1160A is provided from the output of gate driver 1152A to the gate terminals of FETs 318A-318C. Additionally, gate drive signal 1160B is provided from the output of gate driver 1152B to the gate terminals of FETs 318D-318F. Gate drive signal 1160B is an inverse pulse to gate drive signal 1160A, so that FETs 318D, 318E, and 318F are off at times or during time intervals when FETs 318A, 318B, and 318C are on. Meanwhile, FETs 318D, 318E, and 318F are on at times or during time intervals when FETs 318A, 318B, and 318C are off.

[0185] Further, the controller 304 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) is connected to the voltage source 1154A via a conductor, to the voltage source 1154B via a conductor, and to the voltage source 1154C via a conductor. The controller 304 provides voltage values ​​to the voltage sources 1154A-1154C. During the push mode, upon receiving the voltage value, the voltage source 1154A generates a voltage signal, which is transferred to the output O1 via the FET 318A when ON. Similarly, during the push mode, upon receiving the voltage value, the voltage source 1154B generates a voltage signal, which is transferred to the output O1 via the FET 318B when ON. Also, during the push mode, upon receiving the voltage value, the voltage source 1154C generates a voltage signal, which is transferred to the output O1 via the FET 318C when ON. When FETs 318A-318C are in push mode, a positive voltage is generated at output O1.

[0186] The controller 304 shapes the envelope of the amplified rectangular waveform provided at the output by varying the voltage values ​​provided to the voltage sources 1154A-1154C. For example, an amplified rectangular waveform having an arbitrary shaped envelope, a multi-state pulse shaped envelope, or a continuous wave shaped envelope is generated at the output O1 based on the rate of change of the voltage values ​​provided to the voltage sources 1154A-1154C. By way of example, to generate a multi-state pulse shaped envelope, the voltage values ​​are varied instantaneously by the controller 304. As another example, to generate a triangular pulse envelope, the voltage values ​​are varied periodically in a common direction (increasing or decreasing) during a set time interval by the controller 304. As yet another example, to generate an arbitrary waveform envelope, the voltage values ​​are varied instantaneously and periodically in a common direction randomly.

[0187] Further, in the pull mode, FETs 318A-318C are turned off by gate drive signal 1160A, and FETs 318D-318F are turned on by gate drive signal 1160B. During the time intervals when FETs 318A-318C are turned off and FETs 318D-318F are turned on, a negative voltage is generated at output O1. An amplified square waveform is generated at output O1 by operating FETs 318A-318F in the push-pull mode. The amplified square waveform is transferred to capacitor 322A via output O1.

[0188] Note that in some embodiments, diodes are optionally connected in parallel between the drain and source terminals of the FETs of tree 1156. For example, diode D1 is connected between the drain and source terminals of FET 318A. Similarly, diode D2 is connected between the drain and source terminals of FET 318B, diode D3 is connected between the drain and source terminals of FET 318C, and diode D4 is connected between the drain and source terminals of FET 318D. Also, diode D5 is connected between the drain and source terminals of FET 318E, and diode D6 is connected between the drain and source terminals of FET 318F. Diodes D1-D3 limit positive voltages at output O1, and diodes D4-D6 limit negative voltages at output O1.

[0189] It should also be noted that although tree 1156 shows six FETs, in some embodiments half-bridge circuits with any other number of FETs may be used, for example instead of three half-bridge circuits, four, five, six or ten half-bridge circuits may be used.

[0190] 11C is a diagram of one embodiment of a system 1170 illustrating the use of an H-bridge circuit 1172 to power the electrodes 106. The H-bridge circuit 1172 is used in place of a half-bridge circuit. The system 1170 includes a voltage source Vdc, a capacitor 1174, FETs 318A-318D, gate drivers 1152A and 1152B, gate driver 1152C, and gate driver 1152D. Gate driver 1152C is the same as gate driver 1152B (e.g., has the same structure and functionality), and gate driver 1152D is the same as gate driver 1152A.

[0191] The system 1170 further includes a plurality of diodes D5, D6, D7, and D8. The diode D5 is connected between the drain and gate terminals of the FET 318A. Similarly, the diode D6 is connected between the drain and gate terminals of the FET 318B. Furthermore, the diode D7 is connected between the drain and gate terminals of the FET 318C, and the diode D8 is connected between the drain and gate terminals of the FET 318D.

[0192] Furthermore, the output of the gate driver 1152A is connected to the gate terminal of the FET 318A, and the output of the gate driver 1152B is connected to the gate terminal of the FET 318B. Similarly, the output of the gate driver 1152C is connected to the gate terminal of the FET 318C, and the output of the gate driver 1152D is connected to the gate terminal of the FET 318D. The inputs of the gate drivers 1152A to 1152D are connected to the output of the signal generator 306. The capacitor 322A and the electrode 106 are connected between the source terminals of the FETs 318A and 318C and between the drain terminals of the FETs 318B and 318D.

[0193] When FETs 318A and 318D are turned on, FETs 318B and 318C are turned off. For example, FETs 318A and 318D receive gate drive signal 1160A and are turned on. Additionally, FETs 318B and 318C receive gate drive signal 1160B and are turned off. As another example, FETs 318A and 318D At the time or during which is turned on, FETs 318B and 318C are turned off.

[0194] Similarly, when FETs 318B and 318C are turned on, FETs 318A and 318D are turned off. For example, FETs 318B and 318C receive gate drive signal 1160B and are turned on. Additionally, FETs 318A and 318D receive gate drive signal 1160B and are turned off. As another example, FETs 318A and 318D are turned off at the time or during which FETs 318B and 318C are turned on.

[0195] When FETs 318A and 318D are turned on, current flows from the voltage source Vdc through FET 318A, capacitor 322A, electrode 106, and FET 318D to ground. Similarly, when FETs 318B and 318C are turned on, current flows from the voltage source Vdc through FET 318C, electrode 106, capacitor 322A, and FET 318B to ground. Thus, current flows through electrode 106 in two opposite directions, generating positive and negative voltages across the terminals of electrode 106 during a clock cycle.

[0196] FIG. 12A illustrates a system that uses a cooling plate 1204 to cool a FET circuit board 1202 (such as a half-bridge or H-bridge circuit board). 1200FIG. 12 is a diagram of an embodiment of a half-bridge FET circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) or H-bridge circuit 1172 (FIG. 11C) or tree 1101 (FIG. 11A) or tree 1156 (FIG. 11B) is connected to a FET circuit board 1202. A cooling plate 1204 includes a cooling liquid passing through cooling pipes in the cooling plate 1204 to cool the FETs of the FET circuit board 1202 (such as FETs 318A-318F (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 11B) or the FETs of FIG. 11A or the FETs of FIG. 11C).

[0197] In some embodiments, instead of the cooling plate 1204 being disposed below the FET circuit board 1202 , the cooling plate 1204 is disposed above the FET circuit board 1202 .

[0198] FIG. 12B-1 is a side view of an embodiment of a system 1210 for illustrating cooling of multiple integrated circuit chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C. The system 1210 includes a cooling plate 1212, a printed circuit board (PCB) 1216, and chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C. Each chip 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C includes a circuit such as a half-bridge FET circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) or an H-bridge circuit 1172 (FIG. 11C) or a tree 1101 (FIG. 11A) or a tree 1156 (FIG. 11B). In some embodiments, each chip 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C includes any number of transistors or any number of half-bridge circuits or H-bridge circuits or trees.

[0199] The cooling plate 1212 is connected to the printed circuit board 1216 and the chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C through a thermal paste 1218 (such as thermal grease or thermal compound) used to conduct heat. Each chip 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C is fitted into the printed circuit board 1216 through a cutout in the printed circuit board 1216 so that the chip contacts the cooling plate 1212. Furthermore, each chip 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C is electrically connected to the printed circuit board 1216 through multiple connectors at the edge of the chip. For example, the chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C are soldered to the printed circuit board 1216.

[0200] When a cooling fluid (such as water) is channeled through one or more cooling channels (such as cooling pipes) in the cooling plate 1212, the cooling plate 1212 cools the transistors of the chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C and transfers heat generated by the chips away from the chips. of, Each cooling channel has Additionally, thermal paste 1218 helps transfer heat generated by the transistors of chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C away from the chips.

[0201] 12B-2 is a top isometric view of one embodiment of a system 1211 for illustrating the cooling of integrated circuit chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C. The system 1211 includes a gate drive circuit 1158, a system 1210, and a reactance circuit 206. 1158 are connected to the printed circuit board 1216 via a number of input connectors on the printed circuit board 1216. Additionally, an output O1 on the printed circuit board 1216 is connected to the reactance circuit 206. The cooling plate 1212 is disposed under the printed circuit board 1216 and is coated with thermal paste. 121812B-1 . Note that the cooling plate 1212 and the chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C are arranged horizontally, i.e., the cooling plate 1212 is in one horizontal plane and the chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C are in another horizontal plane.

[0202] 12C is a top isometric view of one embodiment of a system 1220 for illustrating cooling of integrated circuit chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C when the chips are mounted vertically on a printed circuit board 1222. The system 1220 includes a printed circuit board 1222, a cooling plate 1226, and a circuit board 1224. The chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C are electrically connected to the circuit board 1224, which is coupled to the printed circuit board 1222. Furthermore, the cooling plate 1226 is mounted vertically relative to the printed circuit board 1222. There is a space between the circuit board 1224 and the cooling plate 1226. A cooling liquid passes through one or more cooling channels in the cooling plate 1226 to cool the cooling plate 1226. When the cooling plate 1226 is cold, heat generated by the chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C is transferred to areas away from the chips by conduction and convection.

[0203] 12D is a top isometric view of one embodiment of a system 1230 to illustrate cooling of integrated circuit chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C when a cooling plate 1226 is positioned adjacent to the circuit board 1224. The cooling plate 1226 is mounted vertically to the printed circuit board 1222 and is coupled to the circuit board 1224 such that it is positioned beside the circuit board 1224. There is no space between the cooling plate 1226 and the circuit board 1224. The lack of space reduces any stray capacitance between the cooling plate 1226 and the circuit board 1224. The cooling plate 1226 is positioned to the left of the circuit board 1224 as shown in FIG. 12D.

[0204] In various embodiments, the cooling plate 1226 and the circuit board 1224 A thermal paste 1218 (FIG. 12B-1) is applied between the cooling plate 1226 and the circuit board 1224 to further facilitate cooling of the chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C by facilitating conduction between them.

[0205] In some embodiments, the cooling plate 1226 is positioned adjacent to the right of the circuit board 1224 instead of to the left.

[0206] 12E is a side view of an embodiment of a system 1240 to illustrate an embodiment for cooling chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C. System 1240 includes a printed circuit board. 1219 The package 1242 includes an integrated circuit package 1242, a heat sink 1244, and a cooling fan 1246. The heat sink 1244 has a number of fins made of a metal (such as aluminum). The package 1242 is a printed circuit board. 1219 A heat sink 1244 is coupled to and disposed on the top surface of the package 1242. A cooling fan 1246 is also coupled to and disposed on the heat sink 1244. Chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C are embedded within the package 1242.

[0207] Heat generated by chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C is removed from the chips via heat sink 1244. Additionally, cooling fan 1246 is operated to remove heat from chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C.

[0208] In various embodiments, multiple cooling fans are used instead of the single cooling fan 1246. In some embodiments, multiple heat sinks are used instead of the single heat sink 1244.

[0209] 12F is a side view of one embodiment of a system 1250 to illustrate another embodiment for cooling chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C. System 1250 includes a printed circuit board. 1219 12E , a package 1242, a heat sink 1244, and a cooling plate 1252. System 1250 is the same as system 1240 ( FIG. 12E ), except that instead of cooling fan 1246 ( FIG. 12E ), a cooling plate 1252 is disposed on and coupled to an upper surface of heat sink 1244.

[0210] Coolant is passed through one or more channels in the cooling plate 1252 to cool the cooling plate 1252. As the cooling plate 1252 cools, heat generated by the chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C is removed from the chips through the heat sink 1244 and the cooling plate 1252 to cool the chips.

[0211] 12G shows a side view of one embodiment of a system 1260 to illustrate yet another embodiment for cooling chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C. 1260 Printed Circuit Board 1219 , package 1242, and heat sink 1244. Heat generated by chips 1214A, 1214B, and 1214C is transferred to heat sink 1244 by conduction.

[0212] 12H is a side view of an embodiment of the system 1270 showing a cooling plate 1274 and a container 1272 into which channels CH1 and CH2 are milled. The container 1272 houses the matchless plasma source 102 (FIG. 1). For example, the matchless power plasma source 102 is disposed on a printed circuit board within the container 1272. A portion of channel CH1 is milled into the bottom surface of the container 1272, and the remainder of channel CH1 is milled into the top surface of the cooling plate 1274. Similarly, a portion of channel CH2 is milled into the bottom surface of the container 1272, and the remainder of channel CH2 is milled into the top surface of the cooling plate 1274. Each channel CH1 and CH2 is U-shaped.

[0213] Additionally, an O-ring 1276A is attached to the bottom of the container 1272 and another O-ring 1276B is attached to the top of the cooling plate 1274. The container 1272 and the cooling plate 1274 contact each other such that the O-rings 1276A and 1276B form a seal that encloses the cooling fluid in the channels CH1 and CH2. The cooling fluid is used to cool the components that are powered, such as the half-bridge circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) or the H-bridge circuit 1172 (FIG. 11C) or the tree 1101 (FIG. 11A) or the tree 1156 (FIG. 11B).

[0214] In some embodiments, each of the channels CH1 and CH2 is another shape other than U-shaped. In various embodiments, any number of channels are milled into the container 1272 and cooling plate 1274. For example, instead of each of the channels CH1 and CH2 being U-shaped, four linear channels are formed in the container 1272 and cooling plate 1274.

[0215] 13 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a cooling plate 1300. The cooling plate 1300 is an example of any of the cooling plates 1204 (FIG. 12A), 1212 (FIGS. 12B-1 and 12B-2), 1226 (FIGS. 12C and 12D), and 1252 (FIG. 12F). The cooling plate 1300 includes a cooling channel 1304A (such as a pipe) and another cooling channel 1304B. Each cooling channel 1304A and 1304B has an inlet for receiving a cooling fluid and an outlet for the cooling fluid to exit. The cooling channels 1304A and 1304B are embedded in a body 1302 (such as a metal plate) of the cooling plate 1300.

[0216] In some embodiments, instead of pipes, holes are drilled into the body 1302 to form one or more channels within the cooling plate 1300 for the passage of coolant.

[0217] In various embodiments, a smart cold plate is used. For example, the cold plates described herein are connected to a thermocouple. The thermocouple is further connected to a controller. 304 (Figures 3A, 3B, and 3D). The signal from the thermocouple is connected to the controller 304 The controller 304 determines the temperature of the cold plate from the signal received from the thermocouple. 304 is connected to a driver, which is connected to the smart cold plate for controlling the flow of coolant into and out of one or more channels of the cold plate, thereby further controlling the temperature of the smart cold plate. Controlling the temperature of the smart cold plate is used to control the temperature of a half-bridge circuit located in close proximity (e.g., adjacent or a short distance away) to the smart cold plate. Such control of the temperature of the smart cold plate reduces the likelihood of condensation, thereby further reducing the likelihood of corrosion of the smart cold plate and half-bridge circuits described herein.

[0218] 14A illustrates one embodiment of a system 1400 to illustrate the use of an ICP chamber 1402 in conjunction with a matchless plasma source 102. The chamber 1402 includes a TCP coil 1404, a dielectric window 1410, and a vacuum enclosure for the chamber 1402. The dielectric window 1410 is at the top of the vacuum enclosure. The TCP coil 1404 is disposed above the dielectric window 1410.

[0219] The TCP coil 1404 is connected at one end to the matchless plasma source 102 and at the other end to ground potential or a capacitor. The capacitor at the other end is connected to ground potential. The vacuum enclosure further comprises a substrate holder 1412 (such as an electrostatic chuck or a lower electrode). The substrate holder 1412 is connected to an RF generator 1408 via an RF matching circuit 1406. The RF matching circuit as used herein is further described below with reference to FIG. 19. An RF generator as used herein includes an RF power source that is an oscillator that generates a sinusoidal signal. This is in contrast to the signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D), which generates a square wave signal. The RF matching circuit 1406 is connected to the RF generator 1408 via an RF cable 1409.

[0220] The matchless plasma source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the TCP coil 1404. Additionally, the RF generator 1408 generates an RF signal (e.g., a sinusoidal signal) that is supplied to the RF matching circuit 1406. The RF matching circuit 1406 matches the impedance of a load (e.g., a substrate holder 1412 and plasma in the plasma chamber 1402) connected to the output of the RF matching circuit 1406 with the impedance of a source (e.g., an RF generator 1408 and an RF cable 1409) connected to the input of the RF matching circuit 1406 to generate a modulated RF signal. With the shaped sinusoidal waveform supplied to the TCP coil 1404 and the modulated RF signal supplied to the substrate holder 1412, in addition to supplying one or more process gases to the gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the dielectric window 1410, a plasma is ignited or maintained within the vacuum enclosure to process a substrate 108 disposed within the plasma chamber 1402. Examples of process gases include oxygen-containing gases, nitrogen-containing gases, and fluorine-containing gases.

[0221] 14B illustrates an embodiment of a system 1403 to illustrate the use of an ICP chamber 1402 in which a matchless plasma source 102 is connected to a substrate holder 1412 and a TCP coil 1404 is connected to an RF generator 1408 via an RF matching circuit 1406. The matchless plasma source 102 is connected via connection 110 to a substrate holder 1412 on which a substrate 108 is placed for processing. The RF generator 1408 is further connected to the TCP coil 1404 via an RF cable 1409 and an RF matching circuit 1406. To ignite or maintain a plasma in the plasma chamber 1402, in addition to supplying one or more process gases to the gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the dielectric window 1410, a modulated RF signal is supplied from the RF matching circuit 1406 to the TCP RF coil 1404 and a shaped sinusoidal waveform is supplied from the matchless plasma source 102 to the substrate holder 1412.

[0222] 14C illustrates an embodiment of a system 1405 to illustrate another use of an ICP chamber 1402 in which a matchless plasma source 102 is connected to a substrate holder 1412 and another matchless plasma source 102 is connected to a TCP coil 1404. The matchless plasma source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the TCP coil 1404, and the matchless plasma source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the substrate holder 1412. In addition to supplying the shaped sinusoidal waveform to the TCP coil 1404, a plasma is generated or sustained in the plasma chamber 1402 when one or more process gases are supplied to the gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the dielectric window 1410.

[0223] It should be noted that in some embodiments, the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1404 has a different number of transistors in the amplifier circuit or tree compared to the number of transistors in the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the substrate holder 1412. For example, the number of half-bridge circuits in the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1404 is different than the number of half-bridge circuits in the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the substrate holder 1412.

[0224] In various embodiments, the operating frequency of the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1404 is different from the operating frequency of the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the substrate holder 1412 .

[0225] In some embodiments, the operating frequency of the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1404 is the same as the operating frequency of the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the substrate holder 1412 .

[0226] Also, note that any of systems 1400 (FIG. 14A), 1403 (FIG. 14B), or 1405 may be used to process substrate 108 (such as performing a conductor etch).

[0227] 14D is a diagram of an embodiment of a system 1420 illustrating the connection of the matchless plasma source 102 to a Faraday shield 1422. The system 1420 includes an ICP plasma chamber 1424. The plasma chamber 1424 includes a TCP coil 1404, a dielectric window 1410, a Faraday shield 1422, and a vacuum chamber. The Faraday shield 1422 is below the dielectric window 1410. The matchless plasma source 102 is connected to the Faraday shield 1422 to provide a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the Faraday shield 1422 to reduce the possibility of residual materials from a process performed in the plasma chamber 1424 being deposited on the dielectric window 1410. As a result, the walls of the plasma chamber 1424 are protected from corrosion.

[0228] In some embodiments, a Faraday shield 1422 is disposed between the TCP coil 1404 and the dielectric window 1410 .

[0229] 14E is a diagram of one embodiment of a system 1430 illustrating multiplexing of a TCP coil 1432A and another TCP coil 1432B. The system 1430 includes an ICP chamber 1434. The ICP chamber 1434 includes a substrate holder 1412, a dielectric window 1410, and the TCP coils 1432A and 1432B.

[0230] The TCP coil 1432A is connected to a Matchless power source 102 and the TCP coil 1432B is connected to another Matchless power source 102. The system 1430 further includes a controller 1436 connected to the Matchless power source 102 and to the other Matchless power source 102.

[0231] The Matchless power source 102 and another Matchless power source 102 are multiplexed with respect to each other. For example, at a time or during a time interval when the controller 1436 sends a signal to turn on the Matchless power source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1432A, the controller 1436 sends a signal to turn off the Matchless power source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1432B. Similarly, at a time or during a time interval when the controller 1436 sends a signal to turn on the Matchless power source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1432B, the controller 1436 sends a signal to turn off the Matchless power source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1432A.

[0232] Thus, when a Matchless power source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1432A supplies power to the TCP coil 1432A, a Matchless power source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1432B does not supply power to the TCP coil 1432B. Similarly, when a Matchless power source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1432B supplies power to the TCP coil 1432B, a Matchless power source 102 connected to the TCP coil 1432A does not supply power to the TCP coil 1432A. For example, during a period when power is supplied from a Matchless power source 102 to the TCP coil 1432A, another Matchless power source 102 does not supply power to the TCP coil 1432B. Similarly, during a period when power is supplied from a Matchless power source 102 to the TCP coil 1432B, another Matchless power source 102 does not supply power to the TCP coil 1432A.

[0233] In some embodiments, instead of performing a multiplexing operation in which a Matchless power source 102 connected to a TCP coil 1432A and another Matchless power source 102 connected to another TCP coil 1432B are multiplexed, both Matchless power sources are operated simultaneously. For example, when a Matchless power source 102 connected to a TCP coil 1432A supplies power to the TCP coil 1432A, a Matchless power source 102 connected to a TCP coil 1432B also supplies power to the TCP coil 1432B. Illustratively, during the period in which power is supplied from the Matchless power source 102 to the TCP coil 1432A, the other Matchless power source 102 also supplies power to the TCP coil 1432B.

[0234] 15A illustrates an embodiment of a system 1500 to illustrate the use of a matchless plasma source 102 in conjunction with a CCP chamber 1502. The system 1500 includes a CCP chamber 1502 and a matchless plasma source 102. The CCP chamber 1502 includes a substrate holder 1412 (such as an electrostatic chuck) and an upper electrode 1504 facing the substrate holder 1412. The substrate holder 1412 is connected to an RF generator 1408 via an RF matching circuit 1406. The matchless plasma source 102 provides a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the upper electrode 1504 via connection 110 to generate or maintain a plasma in the plasma chamber 1502. Additionally, a modulated RF signal is provided from the RF matching circuit 1406 to the substrate holder 1412. Furthermore, when one or more process gases are supplied into the gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the upper electrode 1504 in addition to the shaped sinusoidal waveform, a plasma is generated or maintained within the CCP chamber 1502 to process the substrate 108 disposed on top of the substrate holder 1412.

[0235] In some embodiments, instead of the substrate holder 1412 being connected to ground potential, the substrate holder 1412 is connected to an RF generator through an RF matching circuit. The RF generator generates an RF signal that is provided to the RF matching circuit. The RF matching circuit modulates the RF signal to generate a modulated RF signal. The modulated RF signal is provided to the substrate holder 1412 to generate or sustain a plasma in the plasma chamber 1502.

[0236] In various embodiments, instead of being connected to an RF generator, the substrate holder 1412 is connected to ground potential.

[0237] 15B illustrates an embodiment of a system 1510 to illustrate the use of a matchless plasma source 102 in a CCP chamber 1502 in which the matchless plasma source 102 is connected to a substrate holder 1412. Additionally, the upper electrode 1504 is connected to ground potential. The matchless plasma source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the substrate holder 1412 via connection 110. Additionally, in addition to supplying the shaped sinusoidal waveform to the substrate 1412, a plasma is generated or sustained in the CCP chamber 1502 when one or more process gases are supplied to the gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the upper electrode 1504. The plasma is generated or sustained to process a substrate 108 disposed on top of the substrate holder 1412.

[0238] In some embodiments, instead of the upper electrode 1504 being connected to ground potential, the upper electrode 1504 is connected to an RF generator through an RF matching circuit. The RF generator generates an RF signal that is provided to the RF matching circuit. The RF matching circuit modulates the RF signal to generate a modulated RF signal. The modulated RF signal is provided to the upper electrode 1504 to generate or sustain a plasma in the plasma chamber 1502.

[0239] 15C illustrates an embodiment of a system 1520 to illustrate the use of a matchless plasma source 102 in a CCP chamber 1502 in which a matchless plasma source 102 is connected to a substrate holder 1412 and another matchless plasma source 102 is connected to an upper electrode 1504. The matchless plasma source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the substrate holder 1412 via connection 110, and the matchless plasma source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the upper electrode 1504 via connection 110. Furthermore, in addition to supplying the shaped sinusoidal waveform to the substrate holder 1412 and the upper electrode 1504, a plasma is generated or maintained in the CCP chamber 1502 when one or more process gases are supplied to the gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the upper electrode 1504. The plasma is generated or maintained to process a substrate 108 disposed on top of the substrate holder 1412.

[0240] It should be noted that any of systems 1500 (FIG. 15A), 1510 (FIG. 15B), or 1520 may be used to process a substrate 108 (eg, perform a dielectric etch operation).

[0241] 15D illustrates an embodiment of a system 1530 to illustrate the connection of the matchless power source 102 and the RF generators 1408 and 1534 to the substrate holder 1412 of the CCP chamber 1502. As an example, the operating frequency of the matchless power source 102 is different from the operating frequency of the RF power generator 1408, which is different from the operating frequency of the RF power generator 1534. Illustratively, the operating frequency of the matchless plasma source 102 is 400 kHz, the operating frequency of the RF power generator 1408 is 2 MHz or 13.56 MHz or 27 MHz, and the operating frequency of the RF power generator 1534 is 60 MHz. Each of the RF power generators 1408 and 1534 includes an oscillator that generates a sinusoidal waveform to provide RF power to the substrate holder 1412. Neither of the RF power generators 1408 and 1534 includes the signal generator 306 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D).

[0242] The matchless power source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the substrate holder 1412. In addition, the RF power generators 1408 and 1534 supply RF power to the substrate holder 1412 for processing the substrate 108.

[0243] 15E illustrates one embodiment of a system 1540 to illustrate the connection of the matchless power source 102 and the RF power generators 1408 and 1534 to an upper electrode 1504 of a CCP chamber 1502. The matchless power source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the upper electrode 1504. In addition, the RF power generators 1408 and 1534 supply RF power to the upper electrode 1504 for processing the substrate 108.

[0244] 15F illustrates an embodiment of a system 1550 to illustrate the connection of the matchless power source 102 and the RF power generators 1408 and 1534 to the substrate holder 1412 of the CCP chamber 1502, and to further illustrate the connection of the matchless power source 102 and the RF power generators 1408 and 1534 to the upper electrode 1504 of the CCP chamber 1502. The matchless power source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the upper electrode 1504. Another matchless power source 102 is 、 A shaped sinusoidal waveform is supplied to the substrate holder 1412. Additionally, to process the substrate 108, RF power generators 1408 and 1534 supply RF power to the upper electrode 1504, and another set of RF power generators 1408 and 1534 supply RF power to the substrate holder 1412.

[0245] In some embodiments, the substrate holder 1412 is connected to a plurality of matchless plasma sources, each matchless plasma source being a matchless plasma source 102. Each of the matchless plasma sources has a different operating frequency. For example, a first one of the matchless plasma sources has an operating frequency of 400 kHz or 2 MHz. A second one of the matchless plasma sources has an operating frequency of 27 MHz, and a third one of the matchless plasma sources has an operating frequency of 60 MHz.

[0246] In various embodiments, the upper electrode 1504 is connected to multiple matchless plasma sources, each matchless plasma source being a matchless plasma source 102. Each of the matchless plasma sources has a different operating frequency, as described above.

[0247] In some embodiments, the upper electrode 1504 is connected to a plurality of matchless plasma sources, each of which is a matchless plasma source 102. Additionally, the substrate holder 1412 is connected to a plurality of matchless plasma sources, each of which is a matchless plasma source 102. Each of the matchless plasma sources connected to the substrate holder 1412 has a different operating frequency, as described above. Similarly, each of the matchless plasma sources connected to the upper electrode 1504 has a different operating frequency, as described above.

[0248] FIG. 16A illustrates an embodiment of a system 1600 to illustrate a plasma chamber 1602 having a showerhead 1604 connected to a matchless plasma source 102. The system 1600 includes a plasma chamber 1602 and a matchless plasma source 102. The plasma chamber 1602 includes a showerhead 1604 and a substrate holder 1412, which is connected to a ground potential. The showerhead 1604 has a number of openings to allow process materials (such as process gas or liquid materials, such as metal materials) to pass into a gap between the showerhead 1604 and the substrate holder 1412 to process the substrate 108. For example, the showerhead 1604 is used to perform atomic layer deposition or chemical vapor deposition on the substrate 108. A plasma is generated or maintained in the plasma chamber 1602 when one or more process materials are supplied to the gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the showerhead 1604 in addition to supplying a shaped sinusoidal waveform to an upper electrode in the showerhead 1604. The plasma is generated or sustained to process the substrate 108 disposed on top of the substrate holder 1412 .

[0249] In some embodiments, instead of connecting the substrate holder 1412 of the plasma chamber 1602 to ground potential, the substrate holder 1412 is connected to an RF generator through an RF matching circuit. The RF generator generates an RF signal that is provided to the RF matching circuit. The RF matching circuit modulates the RF signal to generate a modulated RF signal. The modulated RF signal is provided to the substrate holder 1412 in the plasma chamber 1602 to generate or sustain a plasma in the plasma chamber 1602.

[0250] FIG. 16B illustrates an embodiment of a system 1610 to illustrate the connection of the matchless plasma source 102 to the substrate holder 1412 instead of the connection to the showerhead 1604. The system 1610 includes a plasma chamber 1602. The matchless plasma source 102 is connected to the substrate holder 1412 via the connection 110, and the showerhead 1604 is connected to a ground potential. Furthermore, in addition to providing a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the substrate holder 1412, a plasma is generated or maintained in the plasma chamber 1602 when one or more process materials are provided to the gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the showerhead 1604. The plasma is generated or maintained to process a substrate 108 disposed on top of the substrate holder 1412.

[0251] In some embodiments, instead of connecting the upper electrode in the showerhead 1604 to ground potential, the upper electrode is connected to an RF generator through an RF matching circuit. The RF generator generates an RF signal that is provided to the RF matching circuit. The RF matching circuit modulates the RF signal to generate a modulated RF signal. The modulated RF signal is provided to the upper electrode in the showerhead 1604 to generate or sustain a plasma in the plasma chamber 1602.

[0252] 16C illustrates an embodiment of a system 1620 to illustrate the connection of a matchless plasma source 102 to a substrate holder 1412 and the connection of another matchless plasma source 102 to a showerhead 1604. The system 1620 includes a plurality of matchless plasma sources 102 and a plasma chamber 1602. The matchless plasma source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to the substrate holder 1412 via a connection 110, and the matchless plasma source 102 supplies a shaped sinusoidal waveform to an upper electrode of the showerhead 1604 via a connection 110. In addition to supplying the shaped sinusoidal waveform to the upper electrode in the showerhead 1604 and the substrate holder 1412, a plasma is generated or sustained in the plasma chamber 1602 when one or more process materials are supplied to a gap between the substrate holder 1412 and the showerhead 1604. The plasma is generated or sustained to process a substrate 108 disposed on top of the substrate holder 1412.

[0253] FIG. 17A illustrates an embodiment of a system 1700 to illustrate the connection of multiple matchless plasma sources (such as matchless plasma source 102) to multiple microsources 1704A, 1704B, 1704C, and 1704D. The system 1700 includes multiple matchless plasma sources and a plasma chamber 1703. The plasma chamber 1703 includes multiple microsources 1704A-1704D and a vacuum chamber 1702. A matchless plasma source 102 is connected to an electrode of the microsource 1704A, and another matchless plasma source 102 is connected to an electrode of the microsource 1704B. Similarly, yet another matchless plasma source 102 is connected to an electrode of the microsource 1704C, and another matchless plasma source 102 is connected to an electrode of the microsource 1704D. Each of the microsources 1704A-1704D is an enclosure for forming a plasma therein.

[0254] When one or more process gases and a shaped sinusoidal waveform are provided to the microsource 1704A, a plasma is generated in the microsource 1704A and provided to the vacuum chamber 1702 through an opening between the microsource 1704A and the vacuum chamber 1702. Furthermore, when one or more process gases and a shaped sinusoidal waveform are provided to the microsource 1704B, a plasma is generated in the microsource 1704B and provided to the vacuum chamber 1702 through an opening between the microsource 1704B and the vacuum chamber 1702. Similarly, when the microsources 1704C and 1704D The plasma generated within is fed into the vacuum chamber 1702 .

[0255] The vacuum chamber 1702 includes a substrate holder 1412 on which the substrate 108 is placed. Plasma entering the vacuum chamber 1702 from the micro-sources 1704A-1704D is used to process the substrate 108.

[0256] 17B is a diagram of one embodiment of a system 1710 showing the connection of the substrate holder 1412 to the RF generator 1408 and the matchless plasma source 102. The system 1710 includes microsources 1704A, 1704B, 1704C, and 1704D and a plasma chamber 1703.

[0257] Further, in the system 1710, the RF generator 1408 is connected to the substrate holder 1412, and the matchless power source 102 is also connected to the substrate holder 1412. The operating frequency of the matchless power source 102 connected to the substrate holder 1412 is different from the operating frequency of the RF generator 1408. For example, if the matchless power source 102 connected to the substrate holder 1412 is operating at a frequency of 400 kHz or 2 MHz, the RF generator 1408 is operating at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, 27 MHz, or 60 MHz. As another example, if the matchless power source 102 connected to the substrate holder 1412 is operating at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, 27 MHz, or 60 MHz, the RF generator 1408 is operating at a frequency of 400 kHz or 2 MHz. To process the substrate 108 in the plasma chamber 1703 , the matchless power source 102 supplies an amplified square waveform to the substrate holder 1412 , and the RF power generator 1408 supplies RF power to the substrate holder 1412 .

[0258] 17C is a diagram of an embodiment of a system 1720 showing providing RF power from a matchless plasma source 102 to grids 1726A and 1726B in a chuck 1722, as well as providing RF power from an RF generator 1408 to a cathode of the chuck 1722. The system 1720 includes a plasma chamber 1730, an RF generator 1408, a matchless plasma source 102, another RF generator 1408, and another matchless plasma source 102. The plasma chamber 1730 includes an inner TCP coil 1724A and an outer TCP coil 1724B. Additionally, the plasma chamber 1730 includes a chuck 1722 (such as an electrostatic chuck).

[0259] An RF generator 1408 is connected to the inner TCP coil 1724A and a matchless plasma source is connected to the outer TCP coil 1724B. In addition, a matchless power source 102 is connected to a grid 1726A of the chuck 1722 and another matchless power source 102 is connected to grid 1726B. Another RF generator 1408 is connected to the cathode of the chuck 1722.

[0260] The RF generator 1408 supplies RF power to the inner TCP coil 1724A. Additionally, the matchless plasma source 102 connected to the outer TCP coil 1724B supplies an amplified rectangular waveform to the outer TCP coil 1724B. Additionally, the matchless power source 102 connected to the grid 1726A supplies an amplified rectangular waveform to the grid 1726A. Additionally, the matchless power source 102 connected to the grid 1726B supplies an amplified rectangular waveform to the grid 1726B. Additionally, the RF generator 1408 connected to the cathode supplies RF power to the cathode for processing the substrate 108.

[0261] Figure 18 shows the Matchless Plasma source 18 is a diagram of an embodiment of a system 1800 showing an enclosure 1802 used to house the plasma chamber 102. The system 1800 includes the enclosure 1802 and a plasma chamber 1803. Examples of the plasma chamber 1803 include the plasma chamber 104 (FIG. 1), the ICP chamber 1402 (FIGS. 14A-14C), the ICP chamber 1424 (FIG. 14B), the CCP chamber 1502 (FIGS. 15A-15C), and the plasma chamber 1602 (FIGS. 16A-16C), as well as the plasma chamber 1703 shown in FIG. 17A. The enclosure 1802 has a size comparable to, for example, a central processing unit (CPU) housing or a shoebox.

[0262] Further, the system 1800 includes a network 1810, a server 1812, and a control terminal 1814. The enclosure 1802 is a container for accommodating a printed circuit board 1808. A plurality of chips 1804A, 1804B, and 1804C are connected to the printed circuit board 1808. The chip 1804A includes a controller board 302 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D). Further, the chip 1804 includes a gate driver, such as a gate driver 311 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D) or a gate driving circuit 1158 (FIG. 11B) or a gate driver 1152A-1152D (FIG. 11C). Additionally, chip 1804C includes half-bridge FET circuit 318 (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3D), H-bridge circuit 1172 (FIG. 11C), tree 1101 (FIG. 11A), or tree 1156 (FIG. 11B).

[0263] Examples of network 1810 include computer networks, such as the Internet, an intranet, or a combination thereof. Examples of control terminal 1814 include computers, such as laptops, desktops, tablets, or smartphones. 1814 is connected to multiple enclosures (such as enclosure 1802) via a server 1812 and a network 1810 to control multiple plasma chambers via the multiple enclosures.

[0264] It should be noted that the size of the enclosure 1802 is much smaller than the size of the RF generator housing and the RF matching circuit housing. The reduction in size of the enclosure 1802 translates into cost savings in addition to savings in utilized space.

[0265] A cooling plate 1806 provides cooling to the chip 1804C. The cooling plate 1806 is disposed below or above the chip 1804C. For example, the cooling plate 1806 is coupled to the chip 1804C via thermal paste.

[0266] In some embodiments, the controller board 302 and the gate driver are located on the same chip. Additionally, in various embodiments, the gate driver and any of the half-bridge FET circuitry 318, tree 1101, and tree 1156 are located on the same chip. Additionally, in some embodiments, the controller board 302 and any of the half-bridge FET circuitry 318, tree 1101, and tree 1156 are located on the same chip. Also, in some embodiments, the controller board 302, the gate driver, and any of the half-bridge FET circuitry 318, tree 1101, and tree 1156 are located on the same chip.

[0267] 19 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system 1902 showing an RF cable 1908 and an RF matching circuit 1906. An example of the RF cable 1908 is a coaxial cable. An example of the RF matching circuit 1906 is an impedance matcher, an impedance matching circuit, or an impedance matching network. The RF matching circuit 1906 includes multiple circuit elements, such as inductors, capacitors, resistors, or combinations thereof. The system 1902 further includes an RF generator 1904 and a plasma chamber 1910 having an electrode 1912.

[0268] The RF generator 1904 includes an RF power source that generates an RF signal, the RF signal being a sinusoidal signal. The sinusoidal RF signal is provided to an RF matching circuit 1906 via an RF cable 1908. The RF matching circuit 1906 matches the impedance of a load (e.g., plasma chamber 1910) connected to an output of the RF matching circuit 1906 with the impedance of a source (e.g., RF generator 1904 and RF cable 1908) connected to an input of the RF matching circuit 1906 to generate a modulated RF signal. The modulated RF signal is provided to an electrode 1912. The system 100 (FIG. 1) does not include an RF cable 1908 and an RF matching circuit 1906 between the matchless plasma source 102 and the plasma chamber 104, thereby reducing the possibility of power being reflected from the plasma chamber 104 back to the RF source 102 (FIG. 1) via the RF matching circuit 1906 and the RF cable 1908.

[0269] The embodiments described herein may be implemented with a variety of computer system configurations, including handheld hardware units, microprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, etc. The embodiments described herein may also be implemented in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing hardware units that are linked through a computer network.

[0270] In some embodiments, the controller (e.g., a host system, etc.) is part of a system, which may be part of the examples described above. The system includes semiconductor processing equipment, such as one or more processing tools, one or more chambers, one or more platforms for processing, and / or specific processing components (wafer pedestal, gas flow system, etc.). The system is integrated with electronics for controlling the operation of the system before, during, and after processing of a semiconductor wafer or substrate. The electronics may be referred to as a "controller" and may control various components or sub-parts of the system. The controller is programmed to control any of the processes disclosed herein, such as supply of process gases, temperature settings (e.g., heating and / or cooling), pressure settings, vacuum settings, power settings, RF generator settings, RF matching circuit settings, frequency settings, flow settings, fluid supply settings, position and motion settings, and wafer movement in and out of load locks connected or coupled to the tool and other moving tools and / or systems, depending on the processing requirements and / or type of system.

[0271] In general, in various embodiments, a controller is defined as an electronic device having various integrated circuits, logic, memory, and / or software that receive instructions, issue instructions, control operations, enable cleaning operations, enable endpoint measurements, etc. Integrated circuits include chips in the form of firmware that store program instructions, digital signal processors (DSPs), chips defined as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), one or more microprocessors, or microcontrollers that execute program instructions (e.g., software). Program instructions are instructions communicated to the controller in the form of various individual settings (or program files) that define operational parameters for performing processing on or for semiconductor wafers. The operational parameters, in some embodiments, are part of a recipe defined by a process engineer to accomplish one or more processing steps during processing of one or more layers, materials, metals, oxides, silicon, silicon dioxide, surfaces, circuits, and / or dies of a wafer.

[0272] The controller, in some embodiments, is part of or connected to a computer that is integrated with, connected to, or otherwise networked with the system, or a combination thereof. For example, the controller may be in the "cloud" or may be all or part of a fab host computer system that allows remote access for wafer processing. The controller allows remote access to the system to monitor the current progress of a manufacturing operation, look at the history of past manufacturing operations, or look at trends or performance indicators from multiple manufacturing operations, to change parameters of a current process, set up a process step according to a current process, or initiate a new process.

[0273] In some embodiments, a remote computer (e.g., a server) provides process recipes to the system via a computer network (including a local network or the Internet). The remote computer includes a user interface that allows for input or programming of parameters and / or settings, which are communicated from the remote computer to the system. In some examples, the controller receives instructions in the form of settings for processing the wafer. It should be understood that the settings are specific to the type of process to be performed on the wafer and the type of tool the controller interfaces with or controls. Thus, as described above, the controller is distributed, such as by having one or more separate controllers that are networked and operate toward a common purpose (such as performing processes described herein). One example of a distributed controller for such purposes includes one or more integrated circuits on the chamber that communicate with one or more remotely located integrated circuits (e.g., at the platform level or located as part of the remote computer) that cooperate to control processes in the chamber.

[0274] Without being limited thereto, in various embodiments, the systems include plasma etch chambers, deposition chambers, spin rinse chambers, metal plating chambers, cleaning chambers, bevel edge etch chambers, physical vapor deposition (PVD) chambers, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chambers, atomic layer deposition (ALD) chambers, atomic layer etch (ALE) chambers, ion implantation chambers, and any other semiconductor processing systems associated with or utilized in the fabrication and / or manufacturing of semiconductor wafers.

[0275] It should also be noted that although the above operations are described with reference to a transformer-coupled plasma (TCP) reactor, in some embodiments the above operations apply to other types of plasma chambers (e.g., conductor tools, etc.).

[0276] As described above, depending on the processing operations being performed by the tool, the controller communicates with one or more of other tool circuits or modules, other tool components, cluster tools, other tool interfaces, adjacent tools, nearby tools, tools located throughout the factory, a main computer, another controller, or tools used in material transport to carry containers of wafers to and from tool locations and / or load ports within a semiconductor manufacturing factory.

[0277] With the above embodiments in mind, it should be understood that some of the embodiments employ various computer-implemented operations involving data stored in computer systems. The computer-implemented operations are operations that involve physical quantities.

[0278] Some of the embodiments further relate to hardware units or devices for performing these operations. The device is specially configured for a special purpose computer. When defined as a special purpose computer, the computer can operate for a specific purpose while performing other processes, program executions or routines that are not included in the specific purpose.

[0279] In some embodiments, the operations described herein are processed on a computer selectively activated or configured by one or more computer programs stored in a computer memory or obtained over a computer network. When data is obtained over a computer network, the data may be processed by other computers on the computer network (e.g., a cloud of computing resources).

[0280] One or more embodiments described herein may be manufactured as computer readable code on a non-transitory computer readable medium. A non-transitory computer readable medium is any data storage hardware unit (e.g., memory device, etc.) that stores data, which is then read by a computer system. Examples of non-transitory computer readable media include hard drives, network attached storage (NAS), ROM, RAM, compact disc-ROM (CD-ROM), CD-recordable (CD-R), CD-rewriteable (CD-RW), magnetic tape, and other optical and non-optical data storage hardware units. In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium includes a computer readable tangible medium distributed over a networked computer system such that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed manner.

[0281] Although some of the method operations described above are presented in a particular order, it should be understood that in various embodiments, other housekeeping operations are performed between the method operations, or the method operations are performed at slightly different times, distributed across a system that allows the method operations to occur at various intervals, or arranged to be performed in an order different from that described above.

[0282] Furthermore, it should be noted that in one embodiment, one or more features of any embodiment described herein may be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment without departing from the scope described in the various embodiments described in this disclosure.

[0283] Although the present embodiments have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the appended claims. Thus, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the embodiments are not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. The present invention can be realized, for example, in the following manner. Application example 1: 1. A matchless plasma source for supplying radio frequency (RF) power to an electrode of a plasma chamber used to process a substrate, comprising: A controller; a signal generator configured to provide an input RF signal at an operating frequency as set by the controller; a gate driver configured to receive the input RF signal and generate a plurality of square wave signals; an amplifier circuit configured to receive the square wave signal from the gate driver and generate an amplified square waveform, the amplifier circuit having an agile direct current (DC) rail coupled to the controller; an amplifier circuit, the controller configured to set a voltage value for the agile DC rail to cause the amplifier circuit to output the amplified rectangular waveform with a shaped envelope defined by a shaped voltage signal; a reactance circuit configured to extract a shaped sinusoidal waveform from the amplified rectangular waveform, the shaped sinusoidal waveform being output based on the shaped envelope defined by the shaped voltage signal; an electrode configured to receive RF power from the shaped sinusoidal waveform to generate a plasma for the processing of the substrate; A matchless plasma source comprising: Application example 2: A matchless plasma source according to application example 1, wherein each of the square wave signals received from the gate driver is a pulse waveform that pulses between a low level and a high level at the operating frequency. Application example 3: A matchless plasma source according to application example 1, wherein the amplifier circuit is a half-bridge transistor circuit or a full-bridge H circuit, and the electrode is an antenna. Application example 4: The matchless plasma source of application example 3, wherein the half-bridge transistor circuit comprises a plurality of field effect transistors or a plurality of insulated gate bipolar transistors. Application example 5: The matchless plasma source of application example 4, wherein the field effect transistor is cooled by a cooling plate. Application example 6: A matchless plasma source according to application example 4, wherein the field effect transistors are arranged in a push-pull configuration, and in the push-pull configuration, a first one of the field effect transistors is on when a second one of the field effect transistors is off, and the second one of the field effect transistors is on when the first one of the field effect transistors is off. Example 7: 5. The matchless plasma source of claim 4, wherein the field effect transistor has a resistor that enables instantaneous on / off of the field effect transistor to reduce on / off delay. Application example 8: A matchless plasma source according to application example 7, wherein a field effect transistor among the field effect transistors is turned on during a period in which another field effect transistor among the field effect transistors is turned off, and the other field effect transistor among the field effect transistors is turned on during a period in which the one one of the field effect transistors is turned off. Example 9: 5. The matchless plasma source of application example 4, wherein the field effect transistor is fabricated from at least one of silicon carbide and gallium nitride. Example 10: 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the amplifier circuit comprises a tree of transistors, the tree being sized to achieve a desired power level. Example 11: A matchless plasma source according to application example 1, wherein the agile DC rail has a DC voltage source, the amplifier circuit comprises a half-bridge transistor circuit having a plurality of field effect transistors, and the agile DC rail is connected to source terminals or drain terminals of the plurality of field effect transistors depending on whether the field effect transistors are p-type or n-type. Application example 12: A matchless plasma source according to application example 1, wherein the agile DC rail has a DC voltage source configured to generate the shaped voltage signal having the voltage value for shaping the amplified rectangular waveform in accordance with the shaped voltage signal. Application example 13: A matchless plasma source according to application example 1, wherein the amplified rectangular waveform is shaped to have the shaped envelope. Example 14: The matchless plasma source of application example 1, wherein the shaped envelope is a multi-state pulse shaped envelope, a triangular envelope, a continuous shaped envelope, or an arbitrary shaped envelope. Application example 15: A matchless plasma source according to application example 1, wherein the reactance circuit has a reactance configured to reduce the reactance of the electrode, the reactance of the plasma when formed in the plasma chamber, the reactance of a connection connecting the reactance circuit to the electrode, or a combination thereof. Application example 16: A matchless plasma source according to application example 1, wherein the reactance circuit has a quality factor for removing higher harmonics of the amplified rectangular waveform to generate a fundamental waveform, and the shaped sine waveform is the fundamental waveform having the shaped envelope. Example 17: A matchless plasma source according to application example 1, wherein the connection between the reactance circuit and the electrode does not include an RF cable and an RF matching circuit. Application example 18: The matchless plasma source of Example 1, further comprising a voltage / current probe configured to measure a complex voltage and a complex current at an output of the amplifier circuit, and a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current; The controller is configured to control the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference and control the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform. Example 19: The matchless plasma source of application example 18, wherein the DC agile rail comprises a DC voltage source, and the controller is configured to control the DC voltage source to control the voltage of the shaped sine waveform, the current of the shaped sine waveform, or the power of the shaped sine waveform. Example 20: The matchless plasma source of application example 1, further comprising: a voltage probe configured to measure a complex voltage at the output of the amplifier circuit; a current probe configured to measure a complex current on a connection between the reactance circuit and the electrode; Equipped with the controller is configured to calculate a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current, and the controller is configured to control the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference to control a power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform. Example 21: The matchless plasma source of application example 20, wherein the DC agile rail comprises a DC voltage source, and the controller is configured to control the DC voltage source to control the voltage of the shaped sine waveform, the current of the shaped sine waveform, or the power of the shaped sine waveform. Example 22: The matchless plasma source of example 1, further comprising an arbitrary waveform generator configured to generate a shaped control signal to facilitate generation of the shaped envelope of an arbitrary shape based on the voltage value; The shaping control signal shapes the amplified rectangular waveform according to the shaping envelope. Example 23: 23. The matchless plasma source of claim 22, wherein the arbitrary shape has multiple slopes of the shaped envelope, and the multiple slopes change from one state to another in a controlled manner determined by the controller. Application 24: 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the reactance circuit has a reactance that is adjustable by adjusting a capacitance, an inductance, or a combination thereof of the reactance circuit. Example 25: 1. A method for providing radio frequency (RF) power to an electrode of a plasma chamber used to process a substrate, comprising: generating, by a signal generator, an input RF signal at an operating frequency according to settings received from the controller; generating a plurality of square wave signals by a gate driver after receiving the input RF signal from the signal generator; generating an amplified square waveform by an amplifier circuit after receiving the square wave signal from the gate driver, the amplifier circuit having an agile direct current (DC) rail connected to the controller; commanding, by a controller, to set a voltage value for the agile DC rail to cause the amplifier circuit to output the amplified rectangular waveform with a shaped envelope defined by a shaped voltage signal; extracting a shaped sinusoidal waveform from the amplified rectangular waveform by a reactance circuit, the shaped sinusoidal waveform being output based on the shaped envelope defined by the shaped voltage signal; receiving the shaped sinusoidal waveform by an electrode via a connection between an output of the reactance circuit and the electrode to generate a plasma for the processing of the substrate; A method comprising: Example 26: The method of application example 25, wherein each of the square wave signals is a pulse waveform that pulses between a low level and a high level at the operating frequency. Example 27: 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the amplifier circuit comprises a plurality of field effect transistors arranged in a push-pull configuration, and the method further comprises: turning on a first one of the field effect transistors when a second one of the field effect transistors is off; turning on the second field effect transistor when the first field effect transistor is off; A method comprising: Example 28: The method of example 27, wherein the field effect transistors are processed from silicon carbide to define silicon carbide field effect transistors having resistors that enable each of the silicon carbide field effect transistors to be turned on and off substantially instantaneously to reduce on and off delays. Example 29: The method of example 28, wherein the field effect is turned on and off substantially instantaneously in less than a predetermined period of time. Example 30: The method of application example 25, further comprising a step of achieving a desired power level by a transistor tree of the amplifier circuit. Example 31: The method of application example 25, further comprising the step of generating the shaped voltage signal by a DC voltage source of the agile DC rail according to the voltage value to shape the amplified rectangular waveform. Example 32: The method of application example 25, wherein the amplified rectangular waveform is shaped to have the shaped envelope. Example 33: 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the shaped envelope is a multi-state pulse shaped envelope, a triangular envelope, a continuous shaped envelope, or an arbitrarily shaped envelope. Example 34: The method of Example 25, further comprising reducing the reactance of the electrode, the reactance of the plasma when formed in the plasma chamber, the reactance of the connection connecting the reactance circuit to the electrode, or a combination thereof, by the reactance of the reactance circuit. Example 35: The method of application example 25, further comprising a step of removing higher harmonics of the amplified rectangular waveform by a quality factor of the reactance circuit to generate a fundamental waveform, wherein the shaped sine waveform is the fundamental waveform having the shaped envelope. Example 36: The method of application example 25, wherein communication between the reactance circuit and the electrode is achieved without an RF cable and an RF matching circuit. Example 37: The method of application example 25, further comprising: measuring a complex voltage at an output of the amplifier circuit, a complex current at an output of the amplifier circuit, and a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current with a voltage-current probe; controlling the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference and control the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform; A method comprising: Application 38: The method of Example 37, further comprising controlling a DC voltage source of the DC agile rail to control the voltage of the shaped sine waveform, the current of the shaped sine waveform, or the power of the shaped sine waveform. Example 39: The method of application example 25, further comprising: measuring a complex voltage at an output of the amplifier circuit with a voltage probe; measuring the complex current with a current probe; calculating a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current; controlling the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference and control the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform; A method comprising: Example 40: The method of Example 39, further comprising controlling a DC voltage source of the DC agile rail to control the voltage of the shaped sine waveform, the current of the shaped sine waveform, or the power of the shaped sine waveform. Example 41: The method of application example 25, further comprising a step of generating a shaping envelope of an arbitrary shape based on the voltage value for shaping the amplified rectangular waveform according to the shaping envelope. Example 42: The method of application example 41, wherein the arbitrary shape has multiple slopes of the shaping envelope, the multiple slopes changing from one state to another in a controlled manner determined by the controller. Example 43: The method of application example 25, further comprising adjusting the reactance of the reactance circuit by adjusting the capacitance, inductance, or a combination thereof of the reactance circuit. Example 44: 1. A matchless plasma source comprising: The input part and an output section connected to said input section; a reactance circuit connected to the output portion and connected to an electrode of a plasma chamber via a connection; Equipped with The input portion is A controller board; A gate driver connected to the controller board; Equipped with The output portion is a half-bridge transistor circuit connected to the gate driver, the half-bridge transistor circuit comprising a direct current (DC) rail, the DC rail comprising a DC voltage source; The controller board is configured to control the DC voltage source to vary an envelope of an amplified rectangular waveform at an output of the half-bridge transistor circuit. Example 45: 45. The matchless plasma source of claim 44, wherein the reactance circuit is configured to reduce higher harmonics of the amplified rectangular waveform to generate a shaped sinusoidal waveform at an output of the reactance circuit, and the electrode is an antenna. Example 46: 46. ​​The matchless plasma source of claim 45, wherein the controller board comprises a controller, the controller board further comprising a signal generator connected to the controller and the gate driver, the matchless plasma source further comprising a voltage and current probe connected to the output of the half-bridge transistor circuit and to the controller board, the voltage and current probe configured to measure a complex voltage at the output of the half-bridge transistor circuit, a complex current at the output of the half-bridge transistor circuit, and a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current, and the controller configured to control the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference and control the power of the shaped sine waveform. Example 47: 47. The matchless plasma source of claim 46, wherein the DC agile rail comprises a DC voltage source, and the controller is configured to control the DC voltage source to control the voltage of the shaped sine waveform, the current of the shaped sine waveform, or the power of the shaped sine waveform. Example 48: The matchless plasma source of application example 44, wherein the connection does not have a radio frequency (RF) cable and an RF matching circuit between the reactance circuit and the electrode.

Claims

1. 1. A matchless plasma source for supplying radio frequency (RF) power to an electrode of a plasma chamber used to process a substrate, comprising: A controller; a signal generator configured to provide an input RF signal at an operating frequency as set by the controller; a gate driver configured to receive the input RF signal and generate a plurality of square wave signals; an amplifier circuit configured to receive the square wave signal from the gate driver and generate an amplified square waveform, the amplifier circuit having an agile direct current (DC) rail connected to the controller; an amplifier circuit, the controller configured to set a voltage value for the agile DC rail to cause the amplifier circuit to output the amplified rectangular waveform with a shaped envelope defined by a shaped voltage signal; a reactance circuit configured to extract a shaped sinusoidal waveform from the amplified rectangular waveform, the shaped sinusoidal waveform being output based on the shaped envelope defined by the shaped voltage signal; an electrode configured to receive RF power from the shaped sinusoidal waveform to generate a plasma for the processing of the substrate; A matchless plasma source comprising:

2. 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein each of the square wave signals received from the gate drivers is a pulse waveform that pulses between a low level and a high level at the operating frequency.

3. 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the amplifier circuit is a half-bridge transistor circuit or a full-bridge H circuit, and the electrode is an antenna.

4. 4. The matchless plasma source of claim 3, wherein the half-bridge transistor circuit comprises a plurality of field effect transistors or a plurality of insulated gate bipolar transistors.

5. 5. The matchless plasma source of claim 4, wherein the field effect transistor is cooled by a cooling plate.

6. 5. The matchless plasma source of claim 4, wherein the field effect transistors are arranged in a push-pull configuration, in which a first one of the field effect transistors is on when a second one of the field effect transistors is off, and the second one of the field effect transistors is on when the first one of the field effect transistors is off.

7. 5. The matchless plasma source of claim 4, wherein the field effect transistor has a resistor that allows the field effect transistor to be turned on and off instantly to reduce on and off delays.

8. 8. The matchless plasma source of claim 7, wherein a field effect transistor of the field effect transistors is turned on during a period when another one of the field effect transistors is turned off, and the other one of the field effect transistors is turned on during a period when the one one of the field effect transistors is turned off.

9. 5. The matchless plasma source of claim 4, wherein the field effect transistor is fabricated from at least one of silicon carbide and gallium nitride.

10. 10. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the amplifier circuit comprises a tree of transistors, the tree being sized to achieve a desired power level.

11. 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the agile DC rail comprises a DC voltage source, the amplifier circuit comprises a half-bridge transistor circuit having a plurality of field effect transistors, and the agile DC rail is connected to source or drain terminals of the plurality of field effect transistors depending on whether the field effect transistors are p-type or n-type.

12. 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the agile DC rail comprises a DC voltage source configured to generate the shaped voltage signal having the voltage value for shaping the amplified rectangular waveform in accordance with the shaped voltage signal.

13. 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the amplified rectangular waveform is shaped to have the shaped envelope.

14. 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the shaped envelope is a multi-state pulse shaped envelope, a triangular envelope, a continuous shaped envelope, or an arbitrarily shaped envelope.

15. 10. The matchless plasma source of claim 1 , wherein the reactance circuit has a reactance configured to reduce a reactance of the electrode, a reactance of the plasma when formed in the plasma chamber, a reactance of a connection connecting the reactance circuit to the electrode, or a combination thereof.

16. 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the reactance circuit has a quality factor for removing higher harmonics of the amplified rectangular waveform to generate a fundamental waveform, and the shaped sinusoidal waveform is the fundamental waveform having the shaped envelope.

17. 2. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the connection between the reactance circuit and the electrode is free of an RF cable and an RF matching circuit.

18. 10. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, further comprising a voltage / current probe configured to measure a complex voltage and a complex current at an output of the amplifier circuit and a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current, The controller is configured to control the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference and control the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform.

19. 20. The matchless plasma source of claim 18, wherein the DC agile rail comprises a DC voltage source, and the controller is configured to control the DC voltage source to control the voltage of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, the current of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, or the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform.

20. 10. The matchless plasma source of claim 1 further comprising: a voltage probe configured to measure a complex voltage at the output of the amplifier circuit; a current probe configured to measure a complex current on a connection between the reactance circuit and the electrode; Equipped with the controller is configured to calculate a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current, and the controller is configured to control the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference to control a power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform.

21. 21. The matchless plasma source of claim 20, wherein the DC agile rail comprises a DC voltage source, and the controller is configured to control the DC voltage source to control the voltage of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, the current of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, or the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform.

22. 10. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, further comprising an arbitrary waveform generator configured to generate a shaped control signal to facilitate generating the shaped envelope of an arbitrary shape based on the voltage values; The shaping control signal shapes the amplified rectangular waveform according to the shaping envelope.

23. 23. The matchless plasma source of claim 22, wherein the arbitrary shape has multiple slopes of the shaped envelope, the multiple slopes changing from one state to another in a controlled manner determined by the controller.

24. 10. The matchless plasma source of claim 1, wherein the reactance circuit has a reactance that is adjustable by adjusting a capacitance, an inductance, or a combination thereof, of the reactance circuit.

25. 1. A method for providing radio frequency (RF) power to an electrode of a plasma chamber used to process a substrate, comprising: generating an input RF signal with a signal generator at an operating frequency according to settings received from the controller; generating a plurality of square wave signals by a gate driver after receiving the input RF signal from the signal generator; generating an amplified square waveform by an amplifier circuit after receiving the square wave signal from the gate driver, the amplifier circuit having an agile direct current (DC) rail connected to the controller; instructing, by a controller, to set a voltage value for the agile DC rail to cause the amplifier circuit to output the amplified rectangular waveform with a shaped envelope defined by a shaped voltage signal; extracting a shaped sinusoidal waveform from the amplified rectangular waveform by a reactance circuit, the shaped sinusoidal waveform being output based on the shaped envelope defined by the shaped voltage signal; receiving the shaped sinusoidal waveform by an electrode via a connection between an output of the reactance circuit and the electrode to generate a plasma for the processing of the substrate; A method comprising:

26. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein each of the square wave signals is a pulse waveform that pulses between a low level and a high level at the operating frequency.

27. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the amplifier circuit comprises a plurality of field effect transistors arranged in a push-pull configuration, the method further comprising: turning on a first one of the field effect transistors when a second one of the field effect transistors is off; turning on the second field effect transistor when the first field effect transistor is off; A method comprising:

28. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the field effect transistors are fabricated from silicon carbide to define silicon carbide field effect transistors having resistances that allow each of the silicon carbide field effect transistors to be turned on and off substantially instantaneously to reduce on and off delays.

29. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the field effect is turned on and off substantially instantaneously in less than a predetermined period of time.

30. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of achieving a desired power level through a tree of transistors in the amplifier circuit.

31. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising generating the shaped voltage signal by a DC voltage source of the agile DC rail according to the voltage value to shape the amplified rectangular waveform.

32. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the amplified square waveform is shaped to have the shaped envelope.

33. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the shaped envelope is a multi-state pulse shaped envelope, a triangular envelope, a continuous shaped envelope, or an arbitrarily shaped envelope.

34. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising reducing a reactance of the electrode, a reactance of the plasma when formed in the plasma chamber, a reactance of the connection connecting the reactance circuit to the electrode, or a combination thereof, with the reactance of the reactance circuit.

35. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising removing higher order harmonics of the amplified rectangular waveform by a quality factor of the reactance circuit to generate a fundamental waveform, wherein the shaped sinusoidal waveform is the fundamental waveform having the shaped envelope.

36. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein communication between the reactance circuit and the electrode is achieved without an RF cable and an RF matching circuit.

37. 26. The method of claim 25 further comprising: measuring with a voltage and current probe a complex voltage at an output of the amplifier circuit, a complex current at an output of the amplifier circuit, and a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current; controlling the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference and control the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform; A method comprising:

38. 38. The method of claim 37, further comprising controlling a DC voltage source of the DC agile rail to control the voltage of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, the current of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, or the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform.

39. 26. The method of claim 25 further comprising: measuring a complex voltage at an output of the amplifier circuit with a voltage probe; measuring the complex current with a current probe; calculating a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current; controlling the operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference and control the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform; A method comprising:

40. 40. The method of claim 39, further comprising controlling a DC voltage source of the DC agile rail to control the voltage of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, the current of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, or the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform.

41. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising generating an arbitrary shaped envelope based on the voltage values ​​for shaping the amplified rectangular waveform according to the shaped envelope.

42. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the arbitrary shape has multiple slopes of the shaped envelope, the multiple slopes varying from one state to another in a controlled manner determined by the controller.

43. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising adjusting the reactance of the reactive circuit by adjusting a capacitance, an inductance, or a combination thereof of the reactive circuit.

44. 1. A matchless plasma source comprising: The input part and an output section connected to said input section; a reactance circuit connected to the output portion and connected to an electrode of a plasma chamber via a connection; Equipped with The input portion is A controller board; A gate driver connected to the controller board; Equipped with The output portion is a half-bridge transistor circuit connected to the gate driver, the half-bridge transistor circuit comprising a direct current (DC) rail, the DC rail comprising a DC voltage source; The controller board is configured to control the DC voltage source to vary an envelope of an amplified rectangular waveform at an output of the half-bridge transistor circuit.

45. 45. The matchless plasma source of claim 44, wherein the reactance circuit is configured to reduce higher order harmonics of the amplified rectangular waveform to produce a shaped sinusoidal waveform at an output of the reactance circuit, and the electrode is an antenna.

46. 46. ​​The matchless plasma source of claim 45, wherein the controller board comprises a controller, the controller board further comprising a signal generator connected to the controller and the gate driver, the matchless plasma source further comprising voltage and current probes connected to the output of the half-bridge transistor circuit and to the controller board, the voltage and current probes configured to measure a complex voltage at the output of the half-bridge transistor circuit, a complex current at the output of the half-bridge transistor circuit, and a phase difference between the complex voltage and the complex current, and the controller configured to control an operating frequency of the signal generator to reduce the phase difference and control the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform.

47. 47. The matchless plasma source of claim 46, wherein the DC agile rail comprises a DC voltage source, and the controller is configured to control the DC voltage source to control the voltage of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, the current of the shaped sinusoidal waveform, or the power of the shaped sinusoidal waveform.

48. 45. The matchless plasma source of claim 44, wherein the connection is without a radio frequency (RF) cable and an RF matching circuit between the reactance circuit and the electrode.

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