Information processing device, information processing system, information processing method, and program

Abstract

To provide an information processing device, an information processing system, an information processing method, and a program that are capable of appropriately controlling a distribution system.SOLUTION: An information processing device includes a processing unit that calculates a control amount of power for a plurality of power units based on: a management value of wiring in a distribution system; a first evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power units in the distribution system, in terms of economy; and a second evaluation function for evaluating the power control for the plurality of power units in terms of fairness.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Embodiments of the present invention relate to an information processing apparatus, an information processing system, an information processing method, and a program.

Background Art

[0002] In recent years, for example, a power distribution system has been operated in which a large number of variable distributed power sources with fluctuating power generation outputs, such as solar power generation facilities, are connected to the power distribution network.

[0003] In such a power distribution system, management value deviations (where management values such as voltage or current deviate from a predetermined range) may occur due to reverse power flow or the like in which power is supplied from the power generation facility to the power distribution system side, making it difficult to supply stable power.

[0004] Therefore, in order to maintain stable power supply (that is, power quality), a mechanism for appropriately controlling the power distribution system while avoiding management value deviations is required.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0005]

Patent Document 1

Patent Document 2

Patent Document 3

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0006] Therefore, the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an information processing apparatus, an information processing system, an information processing method, and a program capable of appropriately controlling a power distribution system.

Means for Solving the Problems

[0007] The information processing apparatus according to the embodiment includes a management value of wiring in the power distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating the power control for a plurality of power devices in the power distribution system from the viewpoint of economy, and a second evaluation function for evaluating the power control for the plurality of power devices from the viewpoint of fairness, and a processing unit that calculates a power control amount for the plurality of power devices based on the first and second evaluation functions.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0008]

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

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Figure 7

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Figure 10

Figure 11

Modes for Carrying Out the Invention

[0009] Hereinafter, each embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings. (First Embodiment) First, the first embodiment will be described. This embodiment relates to a technique applicable to the system operation service (particularly, voltage control) by a general power transmission and distribution utility for a distribution system, which is a system part after power distribution among a series of systems from power generation to consumption (power generation, power transmission, power transformation, power distribution, consumption).

[0010] Existing distribution systems are configured on the premise of one-way power supply from an upstream distribution substation to downstream end users. However, recently, with a large number of power generation facilities such as solar power generation and wind power generation being connected to the distribution system, the one-way principle is being disrupted, such as the occurrence of reverse power flow in which power is supplied from the power generation facilities to the distribution system side. Therefore, in the distribution system, it is important to control the power devices connected to the bus so as to avoid the management values (for example, the voltage of the bus) at each location in the distribution system deviating from a predetermined range (hereinafter referred to as the management range) due to reverse power flow or the like.

[0011] The control of the management value includes pre-control that predicts in advance that the management value will deviate from the management range and controls the management value in advance, and post-control that controls the management value after detecting that the management value has deviated from the management range. In this embodiment, it is mainly assumed that the management value is pre-controlled.

[0012] Specifically, this embodiment realizes pre-control of the management value in the distribution system considering both economy and fairness by simultaneously optimizing two objectives, an economy evaluation function and a fairness evaluation function, generated based on the information of the power device to be controlled.

[0013] In this embodiment, although the management value (physical quantity to be managed) is mainly described as voltage, the management value may be other physical quantities such as current.

[0014] First, referring to FIG. 1, an overview of the power distribution system assumed in this embodiment will be described. FIG. 1 shows a general power transmission and distribution utility system 10 and a power distribution system connecting from a distribution substation 1 to the terminal power equipment.

[0015] The distribution substation 1 is connected to the power distribution system. The power distribution system includes a high-voltage line 2 (e.g., 6.6 kV), a high-voltage bus 3, a high-voltage pole-mounted transformer 4, a low-voltage line 5 (e.g., 10 V / 200 V), and a low-voltage bus 6. A bus is a line that receives power from a transmission line (wiring) and distributes the power to one or more other transmission lines, and includes various circuits for realizing the function related to the power distribution.

[0016] In addition, power generation facilities (power generation devices) such as solar power generation 7a and wind power generation 7b are connected or linked to the power distribution system, and the power generated in the power generation facilities is output (supplied) to the power distribution system. The power generation facilities are variable-type distributed power sources whose output varies depending on the weather (climate), etc. (that is, they have uncertainty in output variation). The power generation facilities are an example of power devices that generate (generate power) and discharge (output power). The power generation facilities may be facilities that perform hydroelectric power generation, geothermal power generation, etc. in addition to solar power generation 7a and wind power generation 7b.

[0017] Furthermore, demand facilities (customer devices) such as a medium-sized factory 8a, a small-sized factory 8b, and a house 8c are connected or linked to the power distribution system, and the power from the distribution substation 1 is supplied to the demand facilities while branching through the power distribution system. The demand facilities are an example of power devices that consume power.

[0018] Note that the configuration of the above-described power distribution system is an example for explaining this embodiment, and, for example, a storage battery or the like may be connected or linked to the power distribution system. The storage battery is an example of a power device that discharges (outputs power). Also, various phase-adjusting facilities may be connected or linked to the power distribution system.

[0019] The VPP (Virtual Power Plant) operator 9a creates electric power (positive watts) by bundling power generation facilities and performing resource management or control. The VPP operator 9a increases its revenue by selling the delivered electric power through power trading. The power trading includes at least one of power market trading and bilateral trading.

[0020] The VPP operator 9b contracts with consumers and creates negative watts by managing or controlling the resources of demand facilities in response to a demand response request during a power supply-demand crunch. The VPP operator 9b increases its revenue by selling the negative watts through power trading. The demand response request is issued, for example, by a power company or the like during a power supply-demand crunch. Also, the VPP operator 9b may create positive watts by discharging a storage battery in response to a demand response request and increase its revenue by selling the positive watts through power trading.

[0021] Note that the VPP operators 9a and 9b shown in FIG. 1 correspond to aggregators in the distribution system.

[0022] The general power transmission and distribution operator system 10 indirectly performs resource control of power devices such as power generation facilities, demand facilities, and storage batteries by cooperating with the VPP operator 9a and the VPP operator 9b. The VPP operators 9a and 9b perform the sale of positive watts and negative watts through power trading, for example, through cooperation with the general power transmission and distribution operator system 10. Also, the VPP operator 9b may purchase electric power through power trading and charge the storage battery or consume the electric power with demand facilities.

[0023] Note that the general power transmission and distribution operator system 10 and power devices, etc. constitute the information processing system according to this embodiment.

[0024] FIG. 2 shows an example of the configuration of the general power transmission and distribution operator system 10. The general power transmission and distribution operator system 10 includes a distribution system status monitoring device 11, a VPP operator management device 12, and a voltage pre-control device 13.

[0025] The power distribution system state monitoring device 11 includes a storage unit (not shown) that stores information such as parameters (system parameters) necessary for calculating the voltage and power flow states at one or more locations (wiring) in the power distribution system. In this embodiment, the wiring where the voltage and power flow states are calculated is, for example, a bus that is a voltage management target. The power distribution system state monitoring device 11 reads out the information such as system parameters stored in the storage unit in response to a request from the voltage pre-control device 13 and provides it to the voltage pre-control device 13.

[0026] The VPP operator management device 12 is communicably connected to the VPP operators 9a and 9b by wire or wirelessly. The VPP operator management device 12 acquires a power supply plan Sa including a power generation plan of the power generation facility and resource information Ra of the power generation facility from the VPP operator 9a. The VPP operator management device 12 acquires a power demand plan Sb including a power consumption plan of the demand facility and resource information Rb of the demand facility from the VPP operator 9b. The supply-demand plan (supply plan Sa and demand plan Sb) is information necessary for calculating or estimating the voltage and power flow states at one or more wirings (buses) in the power distribution system. The resource information (resource information Ra and Rb) is information necessary for determining the control content of power (active power and reactive power) for power devices controllable in the power distribution system. Note that the voltage of the bus can be adjusted (controlled) by controlling the active power and reactive power of the power generation facility and demand facility (power devices) connected to the bus. Also, the active power and reactive power in the power device can be controlled, for example, by adjusting the phase of the voltage and current input to or output from the power device. The VPP operator management device 12 provides the supply-demand plan (supply plan Sa and demand plan Sb) and the resource information (resource information Ra and Rb) to the voltage pre-control device 13.

[0027] The voltage pre-control device 13 (information processing device) calculates the control amount (control value) of power for power devices (power generation facilities, demand facilities, storage batteries, etc.) connected to the bus based on system parameters, supply and demand plans, and resource information. The control amount calculated by the voltage pre-control device 13 in this way is output to the VPP operators 9a and 9b via the VPP operator management device 12 and is used for the control of the power devices by the VPP operators 9a and 9b. In other words, the voltage pre-control device 13 operates to control the power (active power and reactive power) of the power device in order to suppress the voltage of the bus to be managed (i.e., the management value) in the distribution system within the management range (allowable range).

[0028] In this embodiment, it is assumed that all buses including the high-voltage bus 3 and the low-voltage bus 6 shown in FIG. 1 are voltage management targets. However, the bus to be voltage-managed (i.e., the controllable bus) may be any bus to which a power generation facility or a demand facility is connected.

[0029] In FIG. 2, the general power transmission and distribution operator system 10 has been described as including a distribution system state monitoring device 11, a VPP operator management device 12, and a voltage pre-control device 13 configured as separate devices. However, at least two of the devices 11 to 13 may be integrally configured. In other words, the general power transmission and distribution operator system 10 may be realized as a single computer or may be realized by a plurality of computers.

[0030] FIG. 3 shows an example of the hardware configuration of the voltage pre-control device 13 according to this embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, the voltage pre-control device 13 includes a CPU 13a, a non-volatile memory 13b, a main memory 13c, a communication device 13d, and the like.

[0031] CPU 13a is a hardware processor that controls the operations of each component within the voltage pre-control device 13. CPU 13a may be composed of a single processor or multiple processors. CPU 13a executes various programs loaded from the non-volatile memory 13b, which is a storage device, to the main memory 13c. Programs executed by CPU 13a include an operating system (OS) and various application programs, etc.

[0032] The communication device 13d is a device configured to execute communication with an external device, for example, by wire or wirelessly.

[0033] In FIG. 3, only the non-volatile memory 13b and the main memory 13c are shown, but the voltage pre-control device 13 may further include other storage devices such as an HDD (Hard Disk Drive) and an SSD (Solid State Drive). Furthermore, the voltage pre-control device 13 may include input devices such as a keyboard and a mouse, and display devices such as a display (that is, a user interface that accepts input from the user and outputs information to the user), etc.

[0034] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of the voltage pre-control device 13. As shown in FIG. 4, the voltage pre-control device 13 includes a database 131 and a processing unit 132.

[0035] In this embodiment, the database 131 is realized by the non-volatile memory 13b shown in FIG. 3 or other storage devices, etc.

[0036] Also, in this embodiment, part or all of the processing unit 132 is realized by causing the CPU 13a shown in FIG. 3 to execute a predetermined program, that is, by software. This program may be downloaded to the voltage pre-control device 13 via a network, or may be stored in a storage medium and distributed.

[0037] Here, although it has been described that part or all of the processing unit 132 is realized by software, part or all of the processing unit 132 may be realized by hardware such as an IC (Integrated Circuit), or may be realized by a configuration combining software and hardware.

[0038] The database 131 stores system parameters 131a, supply and demand plans 131b, resource information 131c, and priority information 131d.

[0039] The system parameters 131a are provided from the power distribution system state monitoring device 11 as described above, and include various parameters (for example, impedance, etc.) of electrical facilities (power devices and wiring, etc.) in the power distribution system. Further, the system parameters 131a further include information defining the connection relationship between electrical facilities.

[0040] The supply and demand plan 131b corresponds to the supply plan Sa and the demand plan Sb of the power device provided from the VPP operator management device 12 as described above. The supply and demand plan 131b includes a power generation planned value (predicted power generation amount) in the target period and a power consumption planned value (predicted consumption amount) in the target period.

[0041] The resource information 131c corresponds to the resource information Ra and Rb of the power device provided from the VPP operator management device 12 as described above. The resource information 131c includes at least the connection position of the power device controllable in the power distribution system, the controllable amount (range) of power for the power device, and the controllable time (range) of power for the power device.

[0042] Further, the resource information 131c may include the power capacity of the power device. Note that the power capacity of the power device is, for example, the power generation amount when the power device is a power generation facility, and the power storage amount when the power device is a storage battery.

[0043] Furthermore, the resource information 131c may include the minimum control amount considered as having controlled the power for the power device, information regarding startup and shutdown of the power device, and the continuous operation time of the power device, etc. Note that the information regarding startup and shutdown of the power device includes, for example, at least one of the conditions related to startup and shutdown, the load generated for the power device or the operator of the power distribution system (hereinafter referred to as the system operator) due to the startup and shutdown, and the time required for the startup and shutdown.

[0044] Also, the power generated in the power generation facility can be consumed by the owner of the power generation facility at home, but the resource information 131c may include information related to such home consumption (for example, home consumption amount, etc.). Further, when the power device is a power generation facility, the resource information 131c may include conditions related to power generation such as power generation efficiency and power generation cost in the power generation facility.

[0045] Furthermore, the resource information 131c may include the contract details regarding the sale of the power generated in the power generation facility (that is, power selling) and the purchase of the power consumed in the demand facility (that is, power buying), and the contract details regarding the control of the power for the power device (power generation facility, demand facility, etc.). Note that the contract details regarding power selling and power buying include, for example, at least one of the contract details related to power transactions such as power market transactions and bilateral transactions and the charging method applied to the power transaction. The contract details regarding the control of the power for the power device include at least one of the fee paid by the system operator or the aggregator in the power distribution system as the consideration for the control of the power and the charging method applied to the calculation of the fee.

[0046] Further, the resource information 131c may include past control contents of power for the power device, or may include information such as opportunity loss information caused by the control of power for the power device. The past control contents of power for the power device include at least one of the number of times the power control for the power device has been performed in the past and the amount of power control (integrated value) performed on the power device in the past. Note that the number of times the power control for the power device has been performed in the past is counted based on the minimum control amount described above.

[0047] Furthermore, the resource information 131c includes resource information related to an aggregator that bundles controllable power devices in the distribution system. Such resource information corresponds to the resource information of the power devices that have contracted with the aggregator, and the resource information includes the contract content with the power device, the contract content with the system operator, and the past control content of the power of the power device. The contract content with the power device includes at least one of the fee paid to the owner of the power device as the consideration for the control of power for the power device and the charging method applied to the calculation of the fee. Also, the contract content with the system operator includes the fee paid by the system operator as the consideration for the control of power for the power device.

[0048] In addition to the above, the resource information 131c may include a period for counting the number of times the power control for the power device has been performed in the past, a period for integrating the amount of power control performed on the power device in the past, and the like.

[0049] The priority information 131d corresponds to information regarding priorities for economy (economy evaluation function) and fairness (fairness evaluation function). The priority information 131d includes, for example, at least one of the weight coefficients (two-object weight coefficients for economy and fairness) of the economy evaluation function and the fairness evaluation function, the desired levels of the economy evaluation function and the fairness evaluation function, the allowable ranges of the economy evaluation function and the fairness evaluation function, and the number or distribution range (extent) of the power devices to be controlled (i.e., the control targets) in the distribution system. The priority information 131d may also include evaluation values of single-object optimization of the economy evaluation function and the fairness evaluation function, etc.

[0050] Note that it is assumed that the priority information 131d is set in advance in the voltage pre-control device 13 (database 131).

[0051] The processing unit 132 includes a power flow calculation unit 132a, a first generation unit 132b, a second generation unit 132c, and an optimization calculation unit 132d.

[0052] Based on the system parameters 131a and the supply-demand plan 131b stored in the database 131, the power flow calculation unit 132a performs power flow calculation in the distribution system and calculates, for example, the voltage which is the management value of each bus to be managed during the target period.

[0053] In the present embodiment, when the voltage (management value) calculated by the power flow calculation unit 132a deviates from the management range, the processing unit 132 operates to control the power (active power and reactive power) for the power devices.

[0054] Based on the supply-demand plan 131b and the resource information 131c stored in the database 131, the first generation unit 132b generates an economy evaluation function. Note that the economy evaluation function corresponds to a function for evaluating the control of power for a plurality of power devices in the distribution system from the perspective of economy (i.e., a function representing the degree of economy in the entire distribution system).

[0055] The second generation unit 132c generates a fairness evaluation function based on the supply-demand plan 131b and the resource information 131c stored in the database 131. Note that the fairness evaluation function corresponds to a function for evaluating the control of power for a plurality of power devices in the distribution system from the perspective of fairness (that is, a function representing the degree of fairness among the power devices in the distribution system).

[0056] The optimization calculation unit 132d generates an objective function based on the economic evaluation function generated by the first generation unit 132b, the fairness evaluation function generated by the second generation unit 132c, and the priority information stored in the database 131. The optimization calculation unit 132d calculates the control amount of power for a plurality of controllable power devices in the distribution system based on the generated objective function. Note that the control amount in the present embodiment may be a value expressed as a continuous value or a value expressed as a discrete value.

[0057] Hereinafter, with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 5, an example of the processing procedure of the voltage pre-control device 13 according to the present embodiment will be described.

[0058] First, the power flow calculation unit 132a performs a power flow calculation in the distribution system based on the system parameters 131a and the supply-demand plan 131b stored in the database 131 (step S1). Thereby, the power flow calculation unit 132a calculates the management values (voltages) of each bus to be managed during the target period. In addition, the power flow calculation unit 132a acquires the voltage sensitivity coefficient from the inverse matrix of the Jacobian matrix calculated during the power flow calculation.

[0059] Although it is assumed that the buses to be managed are all buses including the high-voltage bus 3 and the low-voltage bus 6 as described above, one or more of the high-voltage bus 3 and the low-voltage bus 6 may be specified in advance.

[0060] Here, with reference to FIG. 6, the processing of step S1 shown in FIG. 5 described above (that is, the processing of the power flow calculation unit 132a) will be specifically described.

[0061] The power flow calculation unit 132a reads the system parameters 131a from the database 131 (step S11).

[0062] Also, the power flow calculation unit 132a reads the supply and demand plan 131b from the database 131 (step S12).

[0063] Next, based on the supply and demand plan 131b read in step S12, the power flow calculation unit 132a determines the active power P j and reactive power Q j of the bus bar j at the end connected to the power generation facility and the demand facility, and sets them (step S13).

[0064] In this case, the power flow calculation unit 132a determines the active power and reactive power of the power output from the power generation facility during the target period based on the supply and demand plan 131b, and sets the determined active power and reactive power as the active power P j and reactive power Q j of the bus bar j connected to the power generation facility. Also, the power flow calculation unit 132a determines the active power and reactive power of the power input (consumed by the demand facility) to the demand facility during the target period based on the supply and demand plan 131b, and sets the determined active power and reactive power as the active power P j and reactive power Q j of the bus bar j connected to the demand facility.

[0065] The above "setting the active power Pj and reactive power Qj of the bus bar j" does not mean setting the bus bar j in the actual distribution system to have the active power P j and reactive power Q j Rather, in data processing, it means treating the active power and reactive power of the bus bar j as the active power P j and reactive power Q j for handling.

[0066] Note that when the setting of the active power and reactive power of other bus bars is necessary for power flow calculation, the values of the active power and reactive power of other bus bars are estimated and set as appropriate using a state estimation method or the like.

[0067] Next, the power flow calculation unit 132a calculates a power flow equation based on the system parameters 131a read in step S11, information (network diagram) defining the connection relationship between electrical facilities included in the system parameters 131a, and the active power and reactive power set for bus j, etc. in step S13 (step S13). Existing power flow calculation methods such as the DC method or the AC method can be applied to the calculation of the power flow equation. Note that the power flow calculation in the present embodiment corresponds to calculating the power flow flowing through transmission lines in the distribution system and the voltage and phase at each location (wiring) such as buses when the power generation output of power generation facilities and the power consumption of demand facilities in the distribution system are given.

[0068] By calculating the power flow equation, the voltage V for the bus i to be managed is obtained (step S14). V i =V i (P,Q). V i (P,Q) means that V i is a function of P and Q. That is, in the power flow calculation, P and Q are inputs, and V i is the output.

[0069] Also, from the inverse matrix of the Jacobian matrix used in the calculation of the power flow equation, the voltage sensitivity coefficients dV i / dP j and dV i / dQ j are obtained (step S15).

[0070] Returning to FIG. 5 again, the processing unit 132 determines whether the management value calculated by executing the process of step S1 is included in the management range (allowable range) (that is, whether the management value deviates from the management range) for each bus to be managed (step S2). The management range is included in the system parameters 131a, for example, and is defined by a lower limit value and an upper limit value.

[0071] In this case, when the management value is less than the lower limit value or the management value is greater than the upper limit value, the processing unit 132 determines that the management value is not included in the management range (that is, it deviates from the management range). On the other hand, when the management value is greater than or equal to the lower limit value and less than or equal to the upper limit value, the processing unit 132 determines that the management value is included in the management range (that is, the management value does not deviate from the management range).

[0072] When it is determined that the management values of all the buses are included in the management range (that is, there is no bus that deviates from the management range) (YES in step S2), the processing unit 132 determines that it is not necessary to control the active power and reactive power for the power devices to be controlled connected to the buses to be managed, and ends the processing shown in FIG. 5. In this case, the processing unit 132 may execute processing to display information indicating the end of the processing on the display device.

[0073] On the other hand, when it is determined that the management value of at least one bus is not included in the management range (that is, there is a bus that deviates from the management range) (NO in step S2), the power flow calculation unit 132a provides (outputs) the calculated management value and the acquired voltage sensitivity coefficient to the optimization calculation unit 132d.

[0074] Next, the first generation unit 132b generates an economic evaluation function based on the supply-demand plan 131b and the resource information 131c stored in the database 131 (step S3).

[0075] There are various economic evaluation functions, and an example of the economic evaluation function will be described below.

[0076] Based on the resource information 131c, the control amounts of the active power and reactive power for the power device connected to bus j calculated are respectively ΔP j and ΔQ j Let, and the cost coefficients related to the control amounts ΔP j and ΔQ j be wp j and wq j Then, the economic evaluation function f costAs such, the following formula (1) can be generated.

Number

[0077] Formula (1) represents the cost related to the control of power (active power and reactive power) for the power equipment connected to bus j among the set J of buses to be managed for voltage. It can be said that the smaller the cost represented by formula (1), the more economical the control.

[0078] Note that the economic evaluation function can be considered as a function for evaluating at least one of the cost required for controlling the power for the power equipment, the cost paid by the grid operator to the owner or aggregator of the power equipment as the consideration for controlling the power for the power equipment, the cost paid by the aggregator to the owner of the power equipment as the consideration for controlling the power for the power equipment, and the opportunity loss (loss due to output suppression, etc.) caused by the control of the power for the power equipment.

[0079] Also, for peak time periods with a large power consumption, different economic evaluation functions may be generated according to the time period, such as increasing the cost coefficients wp j and wq j .

[0080] Furthermore, when ΔP j is a negative value, the cost coefficient is set as wp j - , and when ΔP j is a positive value, the cost coefficient is set as wp j + . In this case, considering the loss related to output suppression, different economic evaluation functions may be generated according to the positive or negative of ΔP j - , such as making the cost coefficient wp j + larger than the cost coefficient wp j .

[0081] Also, when the power equipment is a power generation facility, the cost coefficient is considered in consideration of the profit related to power sales as wpj - >wp j + When the power device is a demand facility, the cost coefficient is set to wp considering the loss related to power purchase. j - <wp j + For example, different economic evaluation functions may be generated according to the type of power device, such as setting it to wp.

[0082] Furthermore, for example, a threshold is set for the number of controls per month and the total control amount (integrated value of the control amount). When the control does not exceed the threshold, a certain price is paid, and when the control exceeds the threshold, an additional price corresponding to the excess is paid. Different economic evaluation functions may be generated according to the number of controls and the total control amount. In this case, different economic evaluation functions may be generated according to whether the control content is within or outside the set range, such as being non-zero only when the number of controls and the total control amount exceed the threshold.

[0083] That is, in this embodiment, the economic evaluation function may be generated based on the control (content) of power for the power device, etc.

[0084] Also, different economic evaluation functions may be generated according to the billing method applied to power sales or purchases such as metered billing or flat-rate billing.

[0085] Furthermore, different economic evaluation functions may be generated according to active power and reactive power, such as being non-zero only when the control amount exceeds the threshold in the case of reactive power.

[0086] Also, evaluation functions with different definitions (that is, a plurality of functions related to the control of power for the power device) are generated for each power device, and an economic evaluation function composed of the sum of the different evaluation functions (that is, an economic evaluation function with the sum of the different evaluation functions as the cost) may be generated.

[0087] Next, the second generation unit 132c generates a publicity evaluation function based on the supply-demand plan 131b and the resource information 131c stored in the database 131 (step S4).

[0088] There are various publicity evaluation functions, and an example of the fairness evaluation function will be described below.

[0089] First, the second generation unit 132c generates a utility function for each power device in order to generate a publicity evaluation function. The utility function is a function that evaluates the power control content for each power device (representing the evaluation of control in the power device). By comparing the values of the utility functions generated based on the supply-demand plan 131b and resource information 131c of each power device among the power devices, it is possible to appropriately evaluate the fairness among power devices with different types and operating conditions.

[0090] In this case, as the utility function, x calculated based on the power control content for the power device connected to bus j and the supply-demand plan 131b and resource information 131c of the power device j and a calculated based on the supply-demand plan 131b and resource information 131c j are used to generate the utility function u shown in the following formula (2). j to generate.

Equation

[0091] Formula (2) aims to convert x j into a value that can be appropriately compared with the power control content for other power devices with different types and operating conditions. The utility function u j may be a function that takes the minimum value among a plurality of formulas (2) defined for different x j . That is, the utility function u j may be generated by combining a plurality of formulas (2) based on different definitions.

[0092] In this embodiment, x j is the absolute value |ΔP j | and |ΔQ j | of the control amounts of active power and reactive power, and a jLet P be the maximum value (controllable amount) of the values that the control amounts of active power and reactive power calculated based on the supply-demand plan 131b and the resource information 131c can take respectively M,j and Q M,j be the following utility function u shown in Equation (3) consisting of the sum of functions defined by these j is generated

Equation

[0093] Equation (3) corresponds to a utility function obtained by normalizing the absolute value of the control amount of power for the power device connected to bus j with the controllable amount, and shows the ratio of the control amount to the controllable amount

[0094] According to such a utility function u j in the case of a power device with a large controllable amount, that is, a power device cooperative in the control of the distribution system, the value of Equation (3) becomes relatively small, so that the control amounts between power devices with different capacities, generation planned values, and consumption planned values can be appropriately compared

[0095] Note that although the utility function u of Equation (3) is expressed as a sum of two terms, the utility function u j may be a function that adopts the larger and smaller values of the two terms. That is, the utility function u j may be generated based on each function related to the control of active power and reactive power j

[0096] Hereinafter, other examples of the utility function will be described. Let P O,j be the planned value of the power output from the power device connected to bus j calculated based on the supply-demand plan 131b and the resource information 131c, and the power output to the distribution system is the planned value P O,j and the control amount ΔP j are used to obtain P O,j +ΔP j In this case, the planned value P of the power output O,j and the power output P O,j +ΔP j ​Using this, the utility function u shown in Equation (4) j can be generated.

Number

[0097] Note that in Equation (4), x in Equation (2) j is taken as the output power P O,j +ΔP j and a j is taken as the planned value P of the output power O,j and it is a function representing the absolute value of Equation (2).

[0098] By the way, it is considered that the output power of the power generation equipment owned by the prosumer to the distribution system is smaller than the actual output power of the power generation equipment by the amount of self-consumption, and the output value of the power device (power generation equipment) and the output value to the distribution system can be different.

[0099] Considering this point, Equation (4) corresponds to a utility function obtained by normalizing the change amount (that is, the control amount ΔP j ) from the planned value of the output power to the distribution system by the planned value of the output power, and shows the ratio of the change from the planned value of the output power to the distribution system.

[0100] According to such a utility function u j , in the case of a power generation facility where self-consumption is large and it is difficult to cooperate with the control in the distribution system (that is, the change amount is large), the value of Equation (4) becomes relatively high, and in the case of a power facility where the output power to the distribution system is large and the influence on the distribution system is large, the value of Equation (4) becomes relatively low. Therefore, the control amount of active power between power devices with different capacities, planned generation values, and planned consumption values can be appropriately compared.

[0101] Note that x j is taken as the change amount of the profit and loss of the owner of the power device related to the control, a j is taken as the planned value of the loss, and a utility function u j and a j defined by such x j may be generated. Such a utility function u jindicates the rate of change in profit and loss related to the control of power for a power device. Here, the planned value of profit and loss is the cost related to power generation, power sales, and power purchases, etc., and the change in profit and loss related to the control of power for the power device is based on the cost related to the control, the cost paid as the consideration for the control by the grid operator or aggregator, the profit and loss due to opportunity loss caused by the control, etc. The change in profit and loss related to the control of power for the power device can be caused by various factors such as the use and utilization status of the power device, the contract content related to power sales and purchases, and the contract content related to the control. However, such a utility function u j enables appropriate comparison of the changes in profit and loss related to the control among different power devices according to it.

[0102] Furthermore, let the time, number of times, or continuous control duration up to now for which the power device has been controlled for a certain period be x j and a j be a constant. A utility function u j and a j defined by such x j may be generated. In this case, a j based on the load of the power device and the grid operator related to the startup and stop of the power device, the time required for the startup and stop of the power device, the continuous operation time of the power device, the controlled time period, etc. may be used. Also, the weighting based on these may be applied to the time, number of times, or continuous control duration up to now for which the power device has been controlled for a certain period. According to such a utility function u j it is possible to evaluate and compare power devices based on the load related to the control rather than the control amount of power for the power device described above or the physical quantity subordinate to the control amount.

[0103] Also, let x j be the change in voltage related to the control at bus j, and a j be a constant. A utility function u j and a j defined by such x j may be generated. Since voltage fluctuations affect the connected devices, such a utility function u jAccording to this, the power device can be evaluated and compared based on the load of the connected device.

[0104] Furthermore, although the utility function generated for the power device has been described here, a utility function may be generated (defined) for the aggregator in order to appropriately evaluate the fairness among the aggregators. The utility function generated for the aggregator may be a function based on the control amount of power (the control amount of the aggregator), the control time, or the statistic of the physical quantity (such as the total sum or average value of the physical quantity) subordinate to the control amount or the control time for a plurality of power devices contracting with the aggregator.

[0105] Note that functions other than the utility function described here may be generated, and the (definition of) the utility function may differ depending on the power device or the aggregator.

[0106] Next, the second generation unit 132c generates a fairness evaluation function based on the above-described utility function. The fairness evaluation function corresponds to a function that evaluates the degree of equality of the utility functions among the power devices (that is, the variation in the power control among the power devices).

[0107] In the present embodiment, for example, when the utility function u shown in the above formula (3) j is generated, using the utility function u j a fairness evaluation function f shown in the following formula (5) fair is generated.

Equation

[0108] Equation (5) represents the maximum value among the values of the utility function u j generated for the power devices connected to the bus j in the set J of buses to be managed for voltage. In this case, since the power devices connected to the bus j take values of the utility function u j from 0 to f fair this f fairThe smaller it is, the more utility function u j can be said to be a fair control with evenly distributed values.

[0109] Also, for the utility function u j where the value of f fair is less than or equal to in the power device, in the utility function u j even if the control amount is increased or decreased so that the value of is within the range from 0 to f fair the value of the fairness evaluation function does not change. Therefore, when minimizing the value of the economic evaluation function as much as possible together with such a fairness evaluation function, control unnecessary for eliminating the deviation from the management value (voltage deviation) is suppressed. Note that suppressing control unnecessary for eliminating the deviation from the management value means that only the control of the power device necessary for eliminating the deviation from the management value is performed, which improves the economy while being a factor in reducing fairness.

[0110] Next, other examples of the fairness evaluation function will be described. The fairness evaluation function f fair shown in the following formula (6) represents the value obtained by multiplying -1 by the minimum value among the values of the utility function u j generated for the power devices connected to the bus j in the set J of buses to be voltage-controlled (that is, the ratio of the control amount to the controllable amount).

Equation

[0111] In this case, the power devices connected to the bus j take values from -f fair to the upper limit of the utility function u j . The upper limit of the utility function u j is determined based on conditions such as not deviating from the controllable amount and the management value. Therefore, the smaller f fair is, the more it can be said that the values of the utility function u j are evenly distributed and it is a fair control.

[0112] Note that, unlike the above-described formula (5), in the case of formula (6), even if it is a power device unnecessary for eliminating the deviation of the management value, controlling it (that is, making the control amount non-zero) reduces the fairness evaluation function. Therefore, there is a possibility that control unnecessary for eliminating the deviation of the management value is performed. Note that performing control unnecessary for eliminating the deviation of the management value is a factor in reducing economic efficiency while improving fairness.

[0113] Furthermore, the fairness evaluation function f shown in the following formula (7) fair is the maximum value among the differences in the utility functions u j and u k generated for the power devices connected to each of buses j and k (the differences in the values of the utility functions for all combinations of power devices).

Equation

[0114] Even in the case of such a formula (7), it can be said that the smaller f fair is, the fairer the control is in which the values of the utility functions are equalized.

[0115] Note that, unlike the above-described formula (5), in the case of formula (7), even if it is a power device unnecessary for eliminating the deviation of the management value, controlling it reduces the fairness evaluation function. Therefore, there is a possibility that control unnecessary for eliminating the deviation of the management value is performed.

[0116] In the present embodiment, fairness evaluation functions based on statistical quantities (maximum value, minimum value, or maximum value of differences, etc.) of a plurality of utility functions u j as described in the above formulas (5) to (7) can be generated.

[0117] When the process of step S4 described above is executed, the optimization calculation unit 132d simultaneously optimizes (i.e., performs multi-objective optimization) the two objectives of economy and fairness based on the economy evaluation function generated in step S3, the fairness evaluation function generated in step S4, the system parameters 131a, resource information 131c, and priority information 131d stored in the database 131, the voltage which is the management value acquired in step S15 shown in FIG. 6 (that is, the management value calculated by the power flow calculation unit 132a), and the voltage sensitivity coefficient acquired in step S16 shown in FIG. 6 (step S5). Note that by executing the process of step S5, the control amounts of active power and reactive power for the power devices to be controlled in the distribution system are calculated (acquired) as the solution of the multi-objective optimization.

[0118] Hereinafter, the process of step S5 will be described. First, the optimization calculation unit 132d generates an objective function for multi-objective optimization based on the priority information 131d. In the present embodiment, a scalarized objective function (that is, a linear function) is generated by the linear weighted sum method shown in the following formula (8) using the weight coefficients C of the two objectives of economy and fairness based on the priority information 131d.

Equation

[0119] The weight coefficient C in formula (8) represents the priority of fairness with respect to economy reflecting the user's preference, etc., and may be calculated from the priority information or may be preset in the priority information.

[0120] Formula (8) corresponds to an objective function for calculating (determining) the control amounts of active power and reactive power for the power device so as to minimize the value obtained by adding the value of the economy evaluation function and the value of the fairness evaluation function based on such a weight coefficient C as much as possible.

[0121] Note that Equation (8) cannot obtain the non-convex part of the Pareto solution set. Also, even when the Pareto solution set forms a convex polyhedron, if the simplex method, which is a common linear optimization method, is used, Equation (8) can only obtain the extreme point solutions of the convex polyhedron. Further, the Pareto solutions obtained for the values of the weight coefficients depend on the shape of the Pareto front, and the values of the weight coefficients and the obtained solutions do not have a monotonic relationship.

[0122] Note that when generating the objective function in this embodiment, the values (f cost and f fair ) of the economic evaluation function and the fairness evaluation function may be subjected to normalization processing such as division by the maximum value that the function can take.

[0123] Hereinafter, other examples of the objective function will be described. Equation (9) shows the objective function scalarized by the Chebyshev norm method using the two-objective weight coefficient C of economy and fairness. [Number]

[0124] ρ in Equation (9) is a small constant, and the second term in Equation (9) may be omitted without practical problems (that is, ρ may be set to 0). Note that f cost * and f fair * in Equation (9) are the evaluation values of single-objective optimization for economy and fairness, respectively.

[0125] Equation (9) corresponds to an objective function for calculating (determining) the control amounts of active power and reactive power for a power device so as to approximate both the value of the economic evaluation function and the value of the fairness evaluation function to the evaluation values of single-objective optimization based on the above-described priorities.

[0126] Note that, unlike the above-described equation (8), equation (9) satisfies the necessary and sufficient conditions for Pareto optimality, so that the non-convex part of the Pareto solution set can be obtained. Furthermore, according to equation (9), even when the simplex method is used in the case where the Pareto solution set forms a convex polyhedron, the solutions on the edges (or faces) of the convex polyhedron can also be obtained.

[0127] However, since there are generally an infinite number of Pareto solutions, when it is known that the Pareto solution set forms a convex polyhedron, it is expected that the shape of the Pareto front can be grasped with fewer trials by adopting equation (8) in which only the endpoints of the convex polyhedron can be obtained.

[0128] Furthermore, equation (10) shows a scalarized objective function using the aspiration levels (desired levels) f cost and f fair of the economic evaluation function f cost ° and f fair ° included in the priority information.

Number

[0129] In equation (10), ρ is a minute constant, and the second term of equation (10) may be omitted in practice (that is, ρ may be set to 0). Note that the weighting coefficient C cost in equation (10) is 1 / (f cost * -f cost °), and the weighting coefficient C fair is 1 / (f fair * -f fair °).

[0130] Equation (10) corresponds to an objective function for calculating the control amounts of active power and reactive power for a power device that brings the values of both the economic evaluation function and the fairness evaluation function closer to the aspiration levels based on the above-described priority.

[0131] Note that, since the formula (10) satisfies the necessary and sufficient conditions for Pareto optimality in the same manner as the above-described formula (9), the non-convex part of the Pareto solution set can be obtained.

[0132] In this embodiment, the two-objective optimization using the economic evaluation function and the fairness evaluation function representing the degree of fairness between power devices has been described. However, this embodiment may be configured to perform two-objective optimization using, for example, the economic evaluation function and the fairness evaluation function representing the degree of fairness between aggregators. In other words, the fairness evaluation function in this embodiment may be a function for evaluating the variation in power control among aggregators in the distribution system.

[0133] Furthermore, this embodiment may be configured to perform three-objective optimization using the economic evaluation function, the fairness evaluation function representing the degree of fairness between power devices, and the fairness evaluation function representing the degree of fairness between aggregators. In this case, the objective function is generated by combining the definitions of a plurality of objective functions, such as scalarizing the evaluation function representing the degree of fairness between power devices and the evaluation function representing the degree of fairness between aggregators using the weighted sum method and then scalarizing the resulting objective function and the economic evaluation function using the Chebyshev norm method.

[0134] Also, in this embodiment, it has been described that the objective function is generated based on the priority information. However, the objective function may be generated based on at least a part of the priority information, or may be generated based on the priority information and information other than the priority information.

[0135] When the objective function for multi-objective optimization is generated as described above, the optimization calculation unit 132d generates the constraint conditions (constraint equations) applied to the objective function based on the resource information 131c and the voltage sensitivity coefficient. There are various constraint conditions, but in this embodiment, the first and second constraint conditions (that is, two types of constraint conditions) will be exemplified.

[0136] First, the first constraint condition includes a voltage sensitivity approximation formula representing the voltage sensitivity of the bus with respect to the active power and reactive power in the controllable power devices in the power distribution system. Let the voltage sensitivity of the bus i to be managed be ΔV i Then, the voltage sensitivity approximation formula used as the first constraint condition is expressed as the following formula (11).

Equation

[0137] In formula (11), J is the set of buses to which the controllable power devices in the power distribution system are connected. ΔP j and ΔQ j are variables representing the control amounts of the active power and reactive power with respect to the power devices connected to the bus j in the set of buses J.

[0138] dV i / dP j is the coefficient (voltage sensitivity coefficient) for representing the voltage sensitivity ΔV j of the bus i with respect to the active power P i of the power device connected to the bus j. dV i / dQ j is the coefficient (voltage sensitivity coefficient) for representing the voltage sensitivity ΔV j of the bus i with respect to the reactive power Q i of the power device connected to the bus j. Since such voltage sensitivity coefficients are generally larger as the buses i and j are closer, controlling the power devices connected to the bus j closer to the bus i where the management value deviates can eliminate the deviation from the management value with a smaller control amount.

[0139] Next, the second constraint condition includes the following formula (12) representing that the voltage, which is the management value, is included in the management range given by the upper and lower limits.

Equation

[0140] In formula (12), V i +ΔV i is the voltage that is the management value, V Lis the lower limit value within the management range, V U represents the upper limit value within the management range.

[0141] Here, the first and second constraint conditions have been described. As other constraint conditions, various conditions can be considered, such as a constraint condition that prohibits reverse power flow and a constraint condition that the control amount is included in the range of the controllable amount. Note that the constraint conditions in this embodiment may be one of various conceivable constraint conditions, or a combination of a plurality of constraint conditions.

[0142] Next, the optimization calculation unit 132d calculates, based on the objective function such as the above-described formula (8) and the constraint conditions such as formulas (11) and (12), the control amounts of active power and reactive power (ΔP j and ΔQ j values) for the power devices controllable in the distribution system. According to this, within the range of the constraint conditions, the solution of the multi-objective optimization (that is, ΔP j and ΔQ j ) is derived from the objective function. Note that, for example, when one weight coefficient C is applied to the objective function such as formula (8), one solution of the multi-objective optimization is obtained. Also, the solution of the multi-objective optimization derived from the objective function in this way includes the control amounts of active power and reactive power for a plurality of power devices to avoid the voltage of the bus to be managed in the distribution system deviating from the management range.

[0143] As the solution method of the multi-objective optimization in this embodiment, a mathematical programming solver such as Gurobi Optimizer or CPLEX may be used, or a metaheuristic solution method such as the gradient method, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithm may be used.

[0144] Note that the objective function and the constraint conditions described in this embodiment are merely examples, and the solutions of the multi-objective optimization (that is, the control amounts of the active power and the reactive power for the controllable power devices in the distribution system) may be calculated using objective functions and constraint conditions different from the said objective function and constraint conditions.

[0145] The control amounts ΔP j and ΔQ j (that is, the solutions derived from the objective function within the range of the constraint conditions) are output to the VPP operators 9a and 9b via the VPP operator management device 12 and are used to control the active power and the reactive power of the power devices (power generation facilities, demand facilities, storage batteries, etc.).

[0146] As described above, the voltage pre-control device 13 (information processing device) according to this embodiment calculates (determines) the control amounts (control values) of the power for the plurality of power devices based on the management value (for example, voltage) of the bus (wiring) in the distribution system, the economic evaluation function (first evaluation function) for evaluating the control of the power for the plurality of power devices from the viewpoint of economy, and the fairness evaluation function (second evaluation function) for evaluating the control of the power for the plurality of power devices from the viewpoint of fairness.

[0147] Here, for example, in the control considering only the economy, only the power devices around the management value deviation point tend to be controlled, and the burden on specific power devices becomes uneven. FIG. 7 shows an example of the range of the power devices (to be the target of the power control) when only the economy is considered. In the example shown in FIG. 7, it is shown that the power device to be the target of the power control is only the house 8c (that is, some of the power devices connected near the end close to the management value deviation point). According to the example shown in FIG. 7, since the number of the power devices to be the target of the power control is small, the economy is high, but there is a bias in the power devices to be the target of the power control, and the fairness is low.

[0148] On one hand, for example, in the control considering only fairness, not only the power devices around the management value deviation point but also the power devices installed at positions far from the management value deviation point will be controlled. However, since the influence of the power control on the power devices installed at positions far from the management value deviation point (i.e., the fluctuation of the power amount) on the management value deviation is small, the control amount required to eliminate the management value deviation increases, leading to an increase in the operating cost. FIG. 8 shows an example of the range of power devices to be controlled in the case of considering only fairness. In the example shown in FIG. 8, it is shown that the power devices to be controlled are the solar power generation 7a, wind power generation 7b, medium-sized factory 8a, small-sized factory 8b, and house 8c (i.e., all power devices in the distribution system). According to the example shown in FIG. 8, since the number of power devices to be controlled is large, the fairness is high, but power control for many power devices is required, and the economy is low.

[0149] On the contrary, in the present embodiment, the control amount of power for the controllable power devices connected to the distribution system is calculated based on the economy evaluation function and fairness evaluation function generated based on the supply and demand plan and resource information of the power devices to be controlled, and the priority information. That is, in the present embodiment, by simultaneously optimizing the two objectives of economy and fairness, the fairness among power devices with different types, operating conditions, uses, usage situations, contract contents with the system operator, etc. is appropriately considered while ensuring the economy.

[0150] FIG. 9 shows an example of the range of power devices to be controlled in the case of considering economy and fairness. In the example shown in FIG. 9, it is shown that the power devices to be controlled are the medium-sized factory 8a, small-sized factory 8b, and house 8c. According to the example shown in FIG. 9, the fairness is improved because the number of power devices to be controlled is larger than that in the case of FIG. 7 (i.e., a wider range of power devices is controlled), and the economy is improved because the number of power devices to be controlled is smaller than that in the case of FIG. 8 (i.e., a narrower range of power devices is controlled).

[0151] Thus, in this embodiment, it is possible to realize the control of the power distribution system that appropriately considers both economy and fairness while avoiding the deviation of the management value.

[0152] Note that in this embodiment, by reflecting the preference levels and preferences of users (such as users of the general power transmission and distribution business operator system 10) for economy and fairness as described above, it is also possible to perform more appropriate control of the power distribution system.

[0153] In this embodiment, the control amounts of the active power and the reactive power for the power devices in the power distribution system have been described as being calculated. However, this embodiment may be configured to control only one of the active power and the reactive power (that is, calculate at least one of the control amounts of the active power and the reactive power).

[0154] (Second Embodiment) Next, the second embodiment will be described. This embodiment is different from the above-described first embodiment in that by incorporating iterative calculations based on convergence determination, the model error of the voltage sensitivity approximation formula is reduced, and more accurate control amounts of active power and reactive power are calculated. In this embodiment, the description of the same parts as those in the above-described first embodiment will be omitted, and the parts different from the first embodiment will be mainly described.

[0155] FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of the voltage pre-control device 13 according to this embodiment. In FIG. 10, the same parts as those in FIG. 4 described above are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the detailed description thereof will be omitted.

[0156] As shown in FIG. 10, the processing unit 132 includes a convergence determination unit 132e. The power flow calculation unit 132a assumes that the control of the active power and the reactive power for the power device connected to the bus j to be controlled is performed based on the control amounts (that is, the control amounts obtained as the solution of the multi-objective optimization) ΔP j and ΔQ j calculated by the optimization calculation unit 132d, and performs the power flow calculation again, and the voltage V of the bus i to be managed iCalculate. The convergence determination unit 132e calculates the voltage V of the bus i that has been calculated. i and the control amounts ΔP j and ΔQ j obtained as the solution of the above-described multi-objective optimization, and calculates the error (modeling error) of the optimization calculation. The convergence determination unit 132e determines whether the optimization calculation has converged based on the modeling error, that is, whether the modeling error has converged.

[0157] Note that in the present embodiment, for example, after step S5 shown in FIG. 5 described above, the convergence determination by the convergence determination unit 132e is executed. When it is determined that the modeling error has converged in the convergence determination, the voltage pre-control device 13 outputs the control amount calculated by the optimization calculation unit 132d to the VPP operator management device 12.

[0158] On the other hand, when it is determined that the modeling error has not converged in the convergence determination by the above-described convergence determination unit 132e, for example, the processes of steps S1 and S5 shown in FIG. 5 are repeated.

[0159] That is, the voltage pre-control device 13 according to the present embodiment operates so as to repeat the power flow calculation, the acquisition of the voltage sensitivity coefficient, and the multi-objective optimization until the modeling error converges.

[0160] Specifically, in the repeatedly executed process of step S1 (power flow calculation), the power flow calculation unit 132a uses ΔP j and ΔQ j obtained in the process of step S5 (multi-objective optimization) before the process of step S1, and performs a power flow calculation when the active power and reactive power of the bus j to be controlled are P j +ΔP j and Q j +ΔQ j . Thereby, the voltage V i =V i (P + ΔP, Q + ΔQ) for the bus i to be managed is obtained.

[0161] ΔP is the difference from the previous P at bus i, and ΔQ is the difference from the previous Q at bus i. The previous P is P or P + ΔP at V obtained in the previous step S1. i The previous Q is Q or Q + ΔQ at V obtained in the previous step S1. i In this case, the convergence determination unit 132e performs convergence determination according to the following formula (13).

[0162] In formula (13), Vi(P, Q) is the previous V

Equation

[0163] (V obtained in the previous step S1 i ). Also, ε on the right side of the upper formula in formula (13) is the threshold of the convergence condition. The control amounts ΔP i and ΔQ j obtained in the multi-objective optimization are calculated by the voltage sensitivity approximation formula (formula (11)) that approximates the voltage sensitivity ΔV j by a linear expression of the control amounts, so they include a modeling error. The left side of the upper formula in formula (13) represents this modeling error. If the left side is less than or equal to ε, it can be determined that the modeling error has converged, and if the left side is not less than or equal to ε, it can be determined that the modeling error has not yet converged. Such convergence determination is performed for all buses i to be managed. i When it is determined that the convergence condition is not satisfied for at least one bus i due to the above-described convergence determination, the above-described power flow calculation, acquisition of voltage sensitivity coefficients, and iterative processing of multi-objective optimization are performed.

[0164] On the other hand, when it is determined that the convergence condition is satisfied for all buses i to be managed, for each of the active power and the reactive power, the sum of the plurality of control amounts calculated in the previous multi-objective optimization is finally determined as the control amounts ΔP

[0165] and ΔQ j for the bus j to be controlled. j

[0166] As described above, in the present embodiment, since the configuration is to output a control amount (control amounts of active power and reactive power for the power device) with less error when the error of the optimization calculation converges, it is possible to realize more accurate control of the power distribution system.

[0167] (Third Embodiment) Next, the third embodiment will be described. This embodiment is different from the first and second embodiments described above in that a plurality of control amounts (that is, candidates for control amounts) with different priorities for economy and fairness are calculated.

[0168] Note that since the functional configuration of the voltage pre-control device 13 according to the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment described above, a detailed description thereof will be omitted here.

[0169] Hereinafter, an example of the processing procedure of the voltage pre-control device 13 (processing unit 132) according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 5 described above.

[0170] In the present embodiment, after executing the processing of steps S1 to S4, the processing unit 132 repeats the processing of step S5. In this case, the processing unit 132 operates to generate a plurality of objective functions (and constraint conditions) based on different priority information, and acquire, as candidates for the power control amount for the power device, the solutions derived from each of the plurality of objective functions.

[0171] Hereinafter, the operation of the processing unit 132 when repeatedly executing the processing of step S5 described above will be described. Note that the economy evaluation function, fairness evaluation function, objective function, and constraint conditions described in the present embodiment are the same as those in the first embodiment described above.

[0172] First, for example, in Equation (8), the weight coefficient C for the two objectives of economy and fairness takes a value between 0 and 1. When C = 0, it corresponds to single-objective optimization with only economy, and when C = 1, it corresponds to single-objective optimization with only fairness. In this embodiment, the process of step S5 is repeated for a plurality of different weight coefficients C. The plurality of weight coefficients C may be preset in the priority information, may be calculated respectively based on the priority information, or may be obtained by means of binary search or the like.

[0173] Here, when the control amount of power for the controllable power devices in the power distribution system takes continuous values, the objective function and constraint conditions generated in step S5 become a linear programming problem, so the Pareto solution set forms a convex polyhedron. Therefore, when the process of step S5 is executed, the extreme point solutions of the Pareto solution set are obtained, and by repeatedly executing such a process, the shape of the Pareto front composed of a plurality of extreme point solutions can be grasped.

[0174] Note that FIG. 11 shows an example of the Pareto front obtained by repeatedly executing the process of step S5 (multi-objective optimization) while changing the weight coefficient C. The vertical axis in FIG. 11 represents the value of the economy evaluation function, and the horizontal axis represents the value of the fairness evaluation function.

[0175] In FIG. 11, the extreme point solutions obtained for each weight coefficient C are shown. The extreme point solutions 201 and 202 at the lower right and upper left shown in FIG. 11 correspond to the solutions of single-objective optimization considering only economy and fairness with the weight coefficients C being 0 and 1, respectively. According to FIG. 11, it can be seen that there is a trade-off relationship between economy and fairness.

[0176] Note that the number of power devices to be controlled (the control amount becomes non-zero) is different for each of the extreme point solutions shown in FIG. 11. As C is changed to approach 1 from 0 (that is, the priority of fairness is increased), the number of power devices to be controlled increases (fairness becomes higher).

[0177] When the objective function shown in the above formula (8) is adopted, the end point solution shown in FIG. 11 can be obtained. However, for example, when the objective function shown in the formula (9) described in the first embodiment above is adopted, a solution corresponding to a point (that is, a point on the edge of the polyhedron) 203 located between the two end point solutions shown in FIG. 11 can also be obtained. Note that in the solution corresponding to such a point on the edge, the same number of power devices as the end point solution at the upper left of the edge is controlled.

[0178] As described above, for example, when the process of step S5 is repeated for different weighting coefficients C, a plurality of control amounts (ΔP j and ΔQ j ) of the power for the power device can be obtained as candidates for the control amounts used for the control of the power for the power device.

[0179] In the present embodiment, one control amount is selected (determined) from among the plurality of control amount candidates thus obtained, and the selected control amount is output from the voltage pre-control device 13 to the VPP operator management device 12.

[0180] Note that the selection of the control amount may be automatically performed based on, for example, priority information. Specifically, as described in the first embodiment above, since the control amount (candidate) obtained as the solution of the multi-objective optimization includes the control amounts of the power for a plurality of power devices, according to the solution of the multi-objective optimization, the control of the power for the plurality of power devices is performed. Further, as described in the first embodiment above, the priority information includes the number or range (information) of the power devices that control the power in the distribution system. According to such priority information, it is conceivable to select a control amount that controls, for example, the number or range of power devices included in the priority information among the plurality of control amount candidates described above.

[0181] Here, it has been described that the control amount is automatically selected based on the priority information. However, a configuration may be adopted in which the control amount designated by the user is selected from among the plurality of control amount candidates, or the control amount may be selected by other methods.

[0182] As described above, in the present embodiment, a plurality of candidates for control quantities are obtained (calculated) based on different priorities for economy and fairness, and an appropriate control quantity is selected from among the plurality of candidates for control quantities based on priority information and user preferences, whereby it is possible to realize appropriate control of the power distribution system.

[0183] Although mainly described in the present embodiment as obtaining a plurality of candidates for control quantities with different weighting coefficients C, in the present embodiment, as long as a configuration for obtaining a plurality of candidates for control quantities is adopted, for example, a configuration in which a plurality of candidates for control quantities with different numbers or ranges of power devices to be controlled are obtained may also be acceptable.

[0184] According to at least one of the embodiments described above, it is possible to provide an information processing apparatus, an information processing system, an information processing method, and a program capable of avoiding management value deviation.

[0185] Although some embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, replacements, and changes can be made without departing from the gist of the invention. These embodiments and their modifications are included in the scope and gist of the invention, and are also included in the invention described in the claims and its equivalent scope.

[0186] Regarding the above-described embodiments, the following additional remarks are disclosed. [1] An information processing apparatus including a processing unit that calculates a power control amount for a plurality of power devices based on a management value of wiring in a power distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices in the power distribution system from the perspective of economy, and a second evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices from the perspective of fairness. [2] The processing unit is the information processing apparatus according to [1], which calculates the management value of the wiring based on the system parameters including the parameters of the plurality of power devices and the information defining the connection relationship between the plurality of power devices, and the supply-demand plan including the power supply plan or the demand plan by the plurality of power devices. [3] The processing unit is the information processing apparatus according to [2], which calculates the control amount when the calculated management value is not included in the management range of the wiring that is predetermined. [4] The processing unit is the information processing apparatus according to [2] or [3], which generates the first and second evaluation functions based on the supply-demand plan and the resource information of the plurality of power devices. [5] The processing unit is the information processing apparatus according to [4], which generates an objective function based on the generated first and second evaluation functions and the priority information regarding the priorities of the first and second evaluation functions, and calculates the control amount based on the generated objective function. [6] The processing unit is the information processing apparatus according to [5], which acquires a voltage sensitivity coefficient for representing the voltage sensitivity of the wiring with respect to the power in the plurality of power devices when calculating the management value, generates a constraint condition indicating that the management value is included in the management range based on the resource information of the plurality of power devices and the acquired voltage sensitivity coefficient, and acquires, as the control amount, a solution derived from the objective function within the range of the generated constraint condition. [7] The control amount is at least one of the control amounts of the active power and the reactive power with respect to the plurality of power devices, according to any one of [1] to [6] of the information processing apparatus. [8] The first evaluation function is a function for evaluating at least one of the cost required for controlling the power for the plurality of power devices, the cost paid by the operator of the distribution system as a consideration for controlling the power for the plurality of power devices to the owner of the plurality of power devices or an aggregator in the distribution system, the cost paid by the aggregator to the owner as a consideration for controlling the power for the plurality of power devices, and the opportunity loss caused by the control of the power for the plurality of power devices. The second evaluation function is a function for evaluating the variation in the control of power in at least one of between the plurality of power devices and between aggregators in the distribution system. The information processing apparatus according to any one of [1] to [7]. [9] The resource information includes the connection positions of the plurality of power devices in the distribution system, the controllable amount of power for the plurality of power devices, and the controllable time of power for the plurality of power devices. The information processing apparatus according to any one of [4] to [6].

[10] The resource information includes at least one of the power capacity in the plurality of power devices, the minimum control amount regarded as controlling the power for the plurality of power devices, information regarding the start-up and stop of the plurality of power devices, the continuous operable time of the plurality of power devices, information regarding the self-consumption of the power generated by the plurality of power devices, conditions related to power generation by the plurality of power devices, contract details regarding the sale of power generated by the plurality of power devices, contract details regarding the purchase of power consumed by the plurality of power devices, contract details regarding the control of power for the plurality of power devices, past control details of power for the plurality of power devices, and information on the opportunity loss caused by the control of power for the plurality of power devices. The information processing apparatus according to [9].

[11] The information regarding the start-up and stop of the plurality of power devices includes at least one of the conditions related to the start-up and stop, the load generated on the plurality of power devices or the operator of the distribution system by the start-up and stop, and the time required for the start-up and stop. The information processing apparatus according to

[10] .

[12] The information processing apparatus according to

[10] , wherein the contract content related to the power selling and the contract content related to the power buying include at least one of the contract content related to the power transaction and the charging method applied to the power transaction.

[13] The information processing apparatus according to

[10] , wherein the contract content related to the control of the power includes at least one of the fee paid by the operator or aggregator of the power distribution system as the consideration for the control of the power with respect to the power device and the charging method applied to the calculation of the fee.

[14] The information processing apparatus according to

[10] , wherein the past control content includes at least one of the number of times the power control has been performed on the plurality of power devices in the past and the amount of power control performed on the plurality of power devices in the past.

[15] The information processing apparatus according to any one of [4] to [6], wherein the resource information is at least the resource information of the power device that has a contract with the aggregator in the power distribution system.

[16] The information processing apparatus according to

[15] , wherein the resource information includes at least one of the contract content with the power device and the contract content with the operator of the power distribution system.

[17] The information processing apparatus according to

[16] , wherein the contract content with the power device includes at least one of the fee paid to the power device as the consideration for the control of the power with respect to the power device and the charging method applied to the calculation of the fee.

[18] The information processing apparatus according to

[16] , wherein the contract content with the operator of the power distribution system includes the fee paid by the operator as the consideration for the control of the power with respect to the power device.

[19] The information processing apparatus according to [5] or [6], wherein the priority information includes at least one of the weighting factors of the first and second evaluation functions, the desired levels of the first and second evaluation functions, the allowable ranges of the first and second evaluation functions, and the number or distribution range of the power devices for controlling the power.

[20] The priority information includes the evaluation values of the single-objective optimization of each of the first and second evaluation functions. The information processing apparatus described in

[19] .

[21] The management value is the voltage or current of the wiring. The information processing apparatus described in any one of [1] to

[20] .

[22] The first evaluation function is generated based on at least one of the power control for the plurality of power devices and the charging method applied to power selling or power buying. The information processing apparatus described in any one of [4] to [6].

[23] The first evaluation function is composed of the sum of a plurality of functions related to the power control for the plurality of power devices. The information processing apparatus described in

[22] .

[24] The second evaluation function is generated based on a utility function that represents the evaluation of the power control content for the power device based on the supply-demand plan and resource information defined for the power device or the aggregator in the power distribution system. The information processing apparatus described in any one of [4] to [6].

[25] The utility function is generated based on the control amount of the power device or the aggregator. The information processing apparatus described in

[24] .

[26] The utility function is generated based on the profit and loss related to the control of the power device or the aggregator. The information processing apparatus described in

[24] .

[27] The utility function is generated based on the control time of the power device or the aggregator. The information processing apparatus described in

[24] .

[28] The utility function is generated based on the change in voltage related to the control of the power device or the aggregator. The information processing apparatus described in

[24] .

[29] The utility function is generated based on functions related to the control of active power and reactive power for the power device. The information processing apparatus described in

[24] .

[30] The utility function is an information processing device described in

[24] that is generated based on a statistical quantity of a control amount or control time of power for a plurality of power devices that contract with the aggregator.

[31] The utility function is an information processing device described in

[24] that has different definitions depending on the power device or the aggregator.

[32] The second evaluation function is an information processing device described in

[24] that is generated based on a statistical quantity of a plurality of the utility functions.

[33] The objective function is a linear function composed of the first and second evaluation functions, which is an information processing device described in [5] or [6].

[34] The objective function is a function that uses at least one of the weighting coefficients of the first and second evaluation functions, the desired levels of the first and second evaluation functions, the allowable ranges of the first and second evaluation functions, and the number or distribution range of power devices that control power, which is an information processing device described in [5] or [6].

[35] The processing unit generates a plurality of objective functions based on different priority information, acquires a solution derived from each of the plurality of objective functions as a candidate for the control amount, and determines the control amount from among the candidates for the control amount, which is an information processing device described in [6].

[36] The power device includes at least one of a power generation facility, a storage battery, and a demand facility, which is an information processing device according to any one of [1] to

[35] .

[37] A processing unit that calculates a control amount of power for the plurality of power devices based on a management value of wiring in a distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating the control of power for the plurality of power devices in the distribution system from an economic perspective, and a second evaluation function for evaluating the control of power for the plurality of power devices from a fairness perspective, the plurality of power devices and the management value of the wiring is adjusted by controlling the power for the plurality of power devices based on the calculated control amount Information processing system.

[38] An information processing method for calculating a power control amount for a plurality of power devices in a power distribution system based on a management value of wiring in the power distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices in the power distribution system from an economic perspective, and a second evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices from a fairness perspective.

[39] A program for causing a computer to function as a processing unit that calculates a power control amount for a plurality of power devices based on a management value of wiring in a power distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices in the power distribution system from an economic perspective, and a second evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices from a fairness perspective.

Explanation of symbols

[0187] 1…Substation for power distribution, 2…High-voltage line, 3…High-voltage bus, 4…Distribution transformer on high-voltage bus, 5…Low-voltage line, 6…Low-voltage bus, 7a…Solar power generation, 7b…Wind power generation, 8a…Medium-sized factory, 8b…Small-sized factory, 8c…Residence, 9a, 9b…VPP operator, 10…General power transmission and distribution operator system, 11…Power distribution system state monitoring device, 12…VPP operator management device, 13…Voltage pre-control device, 13a…CPU, 13b…Non-volatile memory, 13c…Main memory, 13d…Communication device, 131…Database, 131a…System parameters, 131b…Supply and demand plan, 131c…Resource information, 131d…Priority information, 132…Processing unit, 132a…Power flow calculation unit, 132b…First generation unit, 132c…Second generation unit, 132d…Optimization calculation unit, 132e…Convergence determination unit.

Claims

1. An information processing apparatus including a processing unit that calculates a control amount of power for a plurality of power devices based on a management value of wiring in a power distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating the control of power for the plurality of power devices from an economic perspective, and a second evaluation function for evaluating the control of power for the plurality of power devices from a fairness perspective.

2. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit calculates the management value of the wiring based on system parameters including parameters of the plurality of power devices and information defining a connection relationship between the plurality of power devices, and a supply-demand plan including a power supply plan or a demand plan by the plurality of power devices.

3. The information processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the processing unit calculates the control amount when the calculated management value is not included in a predetermined management range of the wiring.

4. The information processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the processing unit generates the first and second evaluation functions based on the supply-demand plan and resource information of the plurality of power devices.

5. The information processing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the processing unit generates an objective function based on the generated first and second evaluation functions and priority information regarding priorities for the first and second evaluation functions, and calculates the control amount based on the generated objective function.

6. The information processing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the processing unit acquires a voltage sensitivity coefficient for representing a voltage sensitivity of the wiring with respect to power in the plurality of power devices when calculating the management value, generates a constraint condition indicating that the management value is included in the management range based on the resource information of the plurality of power devices and the acquired voltage sensitivity coefficient, and acquires, as the control amount, a solution derived from the objective function within the range of the generated constraint condition.

7. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control amount is at least one of control amounts of active power and reactive power for the plurality of power devices.

8. The first evaluation function is a function for evaluating at least one of the cost required for controlling the power for the plurality of power devices, the cost paid by the operator of the power distribution system as a consideration for controlling the power for the plurality of power devices to the owner of the plurality of power devices or an aggregator in the power distribution system, the cost paid by the aggregator to the owner as a consideration for controlling the power for the plurality of power devices, and the opportunity loss caused by the control of the power for the plurality of power devices. The second evaluation function is a function for evaluating the variation in power control in at least one of between the plurality of power devices and between aggregators in the power distribution system. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1.

9. The information processing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the resource information includes the connection positions of the plurality of power devices in the power distribution system, the controllable amount of power for the plurality of power devices, and the controllable time of power for the plurality of power devices.

10. The information processing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the resource information includes at least one of the power capacity in the plurality of power devices, the minimum control amount regarded as controlling the power for the plurality of power devices, information regarding the start-up and stop of the plurality of power devices, the continuous operable time of the plurality of power devices, information regarding the self-consumption of the power generated by the plurality of power devices, conditions related to the power generation by the plurality of power devices, the contract content related to the power sales of the power generated by the plurality of power devices, the contract content related to the power purchases of the power consumed by the plurality of power devices, the contract content related to the power control for the plurality of power devices, the past control content of the power for the plurality of power devices, and information on the opportunity loss caused by the control of the power for the plurality of power devices.

11. Information regarding startup and shutdown of the plurality of power devices includes at least one of the conditions related to the startup and shutdown, the load imposed on the plurality of power devices or the operator of the power distribution system by the startup and shutdown, and the time required for the startup and shutdown. The information processing apparatus according to claim 10.

12. The contract details regarding power selling and the contract details regarding power buying include at least one of the contract details related to power trading and the charging method applied to the power trading. The information processing apparatus according to claim 10.

13. The contract details regarding power control include at least one of the fees paid by the operator of the power distribution system or the aggregator as consideration for power control of the power device and the charging method applied to the calculation of the fees. The information processing apparatus according to claim 10.

14. The past control details include at least one of the number of times power control has been performed on the plurality of power devices in the past and the amount of power control performed on the plurality of power devices in the past. The information processing apparatus according to claim 10.

15. The resource information is at least the resource information of the power devices contracted with the aggregator in the power distribution system. The information processing apparatus according to claim 4.

16. The resource information includes at least one of the contract details with the power device and the contract details with the operator of the power distribution system. The information processing apparatus according to claim 15.

17. The contract details with the power device include at least one of the fees paid to the power device as consideration for power control of the power device and the charging method applied to the calculation of the fees. The information processing apparatus according to claim 16.

18. The contract details with the operator of the power distribution system include the fees paid by the operator as consideration for power control of the power device. The information processing apparatus according to claim 16.

19. The priority information includes at least one of the weighting coefficients of the first and second evaluation functions, the desired levels of the first and second evaluation functions, the allowable ranges of the first and second evaluation functions, and the number or distribution range of power devices for controlling power, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 5.

20. The priority information includes the evaluation values of single-object optimization of the first and second evaluation functions, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 19.

21. The management value is the voltage or current of the wiring, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 1.

22. The first evaluation function is generated based on at least one of the charging methods applied to the control of power for the plurality of power devices and power selling or power buying, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 4.

23. The first evaluation function consists of the sum of a plurality of functions related to the control of power for the plurality of power devices, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 22.

24. The second evaluation function is generated based on a utility function that represents the evaluation of the power control content for the power device based on the supply-demand plan and resource information defined for the power device or the aggregator in the power distribution system, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 4.

25. The utility function is generated based on the control amount of the power device or the aggregator, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 24.

26. The utility function is generated based on the profit and loss related to the control of the power device or the aggregator, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 24.

27. The utility function is generated based on the control time of the power device or the aggregator, according to the information processing apparatus of claim 24.

28. The information processing apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the utility function is generated based on a change in voltage related to control of the power device or the aggregator.

29. The information processing apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the utility function is generated based on functions related to control of each of active power and reactive power with respect to the power device.

30. The information processing apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the utility function is generated based on a statistical amount of a power control amount or a control time with respect to a plurality of power devices that contract with the aggregator.

31. The information processing apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the utility function is defined differently by the power device or the aggregator.

32. The information processing apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the second evaluation function is generated based on a statistical amount of a plurality of the utility functions.

33. The information processing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the objective function is a linear function composed of the first and second evaluation functions.

34. The information processing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the objective function is a function using at least one of a weight coefficient of each of the first and second evaluation functions, a desired level of each of the first and second evaluation functions, an allowable range of each of the first and second evaluation functions, and the number or distribution range of power devices that control power.

35. The information processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the processing unit generates a plurality of objective functions based on different priority information, acquires a solution derived from each of the plurality of objective functions as a candidate for the control amount, and determines the control amount from among the candidates for the control amount.

36. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the power device includes at least one of a power generation facility, a storage battery, and a demand facility.

37. A management value of wiring in a power distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating power control for a plurality of power devices in the power distribution system from the perspective of economy, and a second evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices from the perspective of fairness. Based on these, a processing unit that calculates a power control amount for the plurality of power devices, the plurality of power devices and comprises: The management value of the wiring is adjusted by performing power control for the plurality of power devices based on the calculated control amount information processing system.

38. An information processing method for calculating a power control amount for a plurality of power devices in a power distribution system based on a management value of wiring in the power distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices in the power distribution system from the perspective of economy, and a second evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices from the perspective of fairness.

39. A program for causing a computer to function as a processing unit that calculates a power control amount for a plurality of power devices in a power distribution system based on a management value of wiring in the power distribution system, a first evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices in the power distribution system from the perspective of economy, and a second evaluation function for evaluating power control for the plurality of power devices from the perspective of fairness.

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