Battery device and battery management system

Abstract

To provide a battery device and a battery management system that can minimize degeneration of a battery cell.SOLUTION: A battery management system determines a charging current for charging a battery pack between segments on the basis of a dilating coefficient of a charging cycle including a plurality of segments, updates the dilating coefficient on the basis of a result of comparing the voltage of the battery pack in each segment to a voltage upper limit value established for that segment, and uses the updated dilating coefficient for a next charging cycle.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Cross - reference to related applications This application claims the benefit of priority based on Korean Patent Application No. 10 - 2021 - 0140418, filed on October 20, 2021, and all of the contents disclosed in the corresponding Korean patent application are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The disclosure relates to a battery device and a battery management system.

Background Art

[0003] An electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that mainly obtains power by driving a motor using a battery as a power source, and research is actively conducted from the point of view that it is an alternative to solve the pollution and energy problems of internal combustion engine vehicles. In addition, rechargeable batteries are used in various external devices other than vehicles.

[0004] As the capacity of batteries used in various external devices such as vehicles increases or decreases, a technology for rapidly charging the battery is used. A general rapid - charging algorithm charges while reducing the current step - by - step from a high current to a low current in order to minimize the degradation of battery cells.

[0005] As the battery cell degrades, the resistance of the battery cell may increase and the voltage during charging may rise. Due to the voltage increase, the negative electrode potential of the battery cell decreases, and deposition of active material (e.g., lithium) occurs, which can accelerate the degradation of the battery cell. At this time, the rapid charging algorithm uses a charging logic that reflects the state of the battery cell. For example, a logic that reduces the charging current and charging capacity by reflecting the state of health (SOH), a logic that sets a voltage upper limit line for each stage and proceeds to the next charging stage when the voltage rises due to resistance degradation, etc. are used. However, due to the limitation of the SOH estimation error, degradation cannot be completely prevented. When the voltage upper limit is reached and the next stage is entered, the charging time may continue to increase compared to the beginning of life (BOL).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE INVENTION

[0006] One embodiment can provide a battery device and a battery management system that can minimize the degradation of a battery cell.

MEANS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS

[0007] According to one embodiment, a battery device including a battery pack and a battery management system can be provided. The battery management system determines a charging current for charging the battery pack in each section based on a dilating coefficient of a charging cycle including a plurality of sections, updates the dilating coefficient based on a result of comparing the voltage of the battery pack in each section with a voltage upper limit value set for the corresponding section, and can use the updated dilating coefficient in the next charging cycle.

[0008] In one embodiment, a basic charging current is set for each of the plurality of sections, and the battery management system can determine the charging current by reflecting the dilating coefficient in the basic charging current.

[0009] In one embodiment, the battery management system can set the dilation coefficient to be the same in the plurality of intervals, and determine the charging current of the corresponding interval by multiplying the dilation coefficient by the basic charging current of each interval.

[0010] In one embodiment, the battery management system can update the dilation coefficient based on the number of intervals in which the voltage of the battery pack among the plurality of intervals exceeds the voltage upper limit value.

[0011] In one embodiment, when the number of intervals exceeding the voltage upper limit value exceeds a critical value, the battery management system can decrease the dilation coefficient.

[0012] In one embodiment, when the number of intervals exceeding the voltage upper limit value does not exceed the critical value, the battery management system can maintain the dilation coefficient.

[0013] In one embodiment, the battery management system can set the dilation coefficient individually in the plurality of intervals, and determine the charging current of the corresponding interval by multiplying the dilation coefficient of each interval by the basic charging current of the corresponding interval.

[0014] In one embodiment, the battery management system can decrease the dilation coefficient of the corresponding interval in the intervals where the voltage of the battery pack among the plurality of intervals exceeds the voltage upper limit value.

[0015] In one embodiment, the battery management system can increase the dilation coefficient of the corresponding interval in the intervals where the voltage of the battery pack among the plurality of intervals does not exceed the voltage upper limit value.

[0016] According to other embodiments, a battery management system for a battery pack can be provided. The battery management system can include a monitoring circuit that monitors the voltage of the battery pack, a memory, and a processor. The memory can store the voltage upper limit value and the derating factor in each section of a charging cycle including a plurality of sections. The processor can determine the charging current of the battery pack in each section of the charging cycle based on the derating factor, and can update the derating factor based on the number of sections in which the voltage of the battery pack among the plurality of sections exceeds the voltage upper limit value.

[0017] In one embodiment, the memory can store the magnitude of the basic charging current in each section of the charging cycle. The processor can set the derating factor to be the same in the plurality of sections, and can determine the charging current of the corresponding section by multiplying the derating factor by the basic charging current of each section.

[0018] In one embodiment, when the number of sections exceeding the voltage upper limit value exceeds a critical value, the processor can decrease the derating factor.

[0019] In one embodiment, when the number of sections exceeding the voltage upper limit value does not exceed the critical value, the processor can maintain the derating factor.

[0020] According to another embodiment, a battery management system for a battery pack can be provided. The battery management system can include a monitoring circuit that monitors the voltage of the battery pack, a memory, and a processor. The memory can store a dilating coefficient for each section of a charging cycle including a plurality of sections and a voltage upper limit value for each section of the charging cycle. The processor can determine a charging current of the battery pack in a corresponding section based on the dilating coefficient in each section, and can update the dilating coefficient in the corresponding section based on the voltage of the battery pack in each section and the voltage upper limit value.

[0021] In one embodiment, the memory can store the magnitude of a basic charging current for each section of the charging cycle. The processor can individually set the dilating coefficient in the plurality of sections, and can determine the charging current in the corresponding section by multiplying the dilating coefficient in each section by the basic charging current in the corresponding section.

[0022] In one embodiment, the processor can decrease the dilating coefficient in a corresponding section in a section where the voltage of the battery pack among the plurality of sections exceeds the voltage upper limit value.

[0023] In one embodiment, the processor can increase the dilating coefficient in a corresponding section in a section where the voltage of the battery pack among the plurality of sections does not exceed the voltage upper limit value.

Advantages of the Invention

[0024] According to one embodiment, since the charging current can be adjusted according to the degradation state of the battery cell, the degradation of the battery cell can be minimized while the charging time does not increase excessively.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0025]

Figure 1

[0026]

Figure 2

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Figure 3

[0028]

Figure 4

[0029]

Figure 5

[0030]

Figure 6

[0031]

Figure 7

[0032]

Figure 8

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0033] Hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail so that those having ordinary knowledge in the technical field to which the present invention pertains can easily implement them. However, the present invention can be realized in various different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. And in order to clearly explain the present invention in the drawings, parts unnecessary for the explanation are omitted, and similar parts are denoted with similar reference numerals throughout the specification.

[0034] When a certain component is referred to as being "connected to" another component, it should be understood that it may be directly connected to the other component, but there may also be other components in between. On the contrary, when a certain component is referred to as being "directly connected to" another component, it should be understood that there are no other components in between.

[0035] In the following description, expressions described in the singular do not use explicit expressions such as "one" or "single", so they can be interpreted as singular or plural.

[0036] In the flowchart described with reference to the drawings, the order of operations can be changed, various operations can be merged, or a certain operation can be divided, and a specific operation may not be performed.

[0037] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a battery device according to an embodiment, FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of the upper limit value of the voltage in a charging cycle in a battery management system according to an embodiment, and FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of the basic charging current in a charging cycle in a battery management system according to an embodiment.

[0038] Referring to FIG. 1, the battery device 100 has a structure that is electrically connected to an external device. When the external device is a load, the battery device 100 operates as a power source to supply power to the load and is discharged. When the external device is the charger 10, the battery device 100 is charged by receiving external power through the charger. The external device operating as a load may be, for example, an electronic device, a means of transportation, or an energy storage system (ESS). The means of transportation may be, for example, a vehicle such as an electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle, or smart mobility.

[0039] The battery device 100 includes a battery pack 110 and a battery management system 120.

[0040] The battery pack 110 includes a plurality of battery cells (not shown). In one embodiment, the battery cell may be a rechargeable secondary battery. In one embodiment, a predetermined number of battery cells in the battery pack 110 are connected in series to form a battery module to supply desired power. In one embodiment, a predetermined number of battery modules in the battery pack 110 are connected in series or in parallel to supply desired power.

[0041] The battery management system (BMS) 120 monitors the battery pack 110 and controls the charging current of the battery pack 110 based on the monitoring results of the battery pack 110 during charging of the battery pack 110. In one embodiment, the battery management system 120 can include a monitoring circuit 121, a processor 122, and a charging current control circuit 123.

[0042] The monitoring circuit 121 can include a voltage measurement circuit that monitors the voltage of the battery pack 110. In one embodiment, the monitoring circuit 121 can further include a temperature sensor that measures the temperature of the battery pack 110. In one embodiment, the monitoring circuit 121 can further include a current sensor that measures the current of the battery pack 110, i.e., the charging current or the discharging current.

[0043] The processor 122 can determine the magnitude of the charging current of the battery pack 110 based on the voltage of the battery pack 110 monitored by the monitoring circuit 121. The processor 122 can calculate the state of charge (SOC) of the battery pack 110 based on the information monitored by the monitoring circuit 121. The charging current control circuit 123 can control the charging current of the battery pack 110 based on the magnitude of the charging current determined by the processor 122. That is, the charging current control circuit 123 can control the charging current so that the charging current supplied from the charger 10 connected to the battery device 100 to the battery pack 110 becomes the magnitude determined by the processor 122.

[0044] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the charging cycle of the battery pack 110 is divided into a plurality of sections by the SOC. As shown in FIG. 2, a voltage upper limit value 210 is set for each section of the charging cycle. The voltage upper limit value 210 can be set to be proportional to the SOC. In one embodiment, the voltage upper limit value 210 can be set to a value that can minimize the degradation of the battery cell, for example, it can be determined in advance by experiments or the like. In one embodiment, the voltage upper limit value 210 within the same section can be set to be the same. For example, the voltage upper limit value 210 in the first section can be set lower than the voltage upper limit value 210 in the second section corresponding to a higher SOC than the first section. Although FIG. 2 shows that the voltage upper limit value 210 is set in the 8% - 80% section of the SOC, the voltage upper limit value 210 can also be set in the sections not shown.

[0045] As shown in FIG. 3, a basic charging current 310 is set for each section of the charging cycle. In one embodiment, the basic charging current 310 may be the charging current at BOL. The magnitude of the basic charging current 310 can be set to be inversely proportional to the SOC. In one embodiment, the magnitude of the basic charging current 310 within the same section can be set to be the same. For example, the basic charging current 310 in the first section can be set to be larger than the basic charging current 310 in the second section corresponding to a higher SOC than the first section.

[0046] In one embodiment, the battery management system 120 can further include a memory 124 that stores data used by the processor 122. In one embodiment, the memory 124 can store the voltage upper limit value and the magnitude of the basic charging current for each section of the charging cycle. In one embodiment, the memory 124 can store a control value (e.g., a derating factor) for controlling the charging current.

[0047] FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an example of a charging control method in a battery management system according to one embodiment.

[0048] Referring to FIG. 4, a charging cycle is started in which a charger is connected to the battery device to charge the battery pack (e.g., 110 in FIG. 1). The battery management system (e.g., the processor (e.g., 122 in FIG. 1)) determines the charging current used for charging the battery pack 110 based on the dilating coefficient (current dilating coefficient) (S410). The processor 122 can determine the charging current used for charging the battery pack 110 by reflecting the dilating coefficient in the basic charging current (S410). In one embodiment, the processor 122 can determine the value obtained by multiplying the dilating coefficient by the basic charging current as the charging current (S410). In one embodiment, the dilating coefficient is set to a basic value (e.g., 1) at the beginning of life (BOL) of the battery pack 110 and can be updated as the charging cycle is repeated. In one embodiment, the dilating coefficient can be set separately for each section of the charging cycle. In one embodiment, the dilating coefficient can be set to be the same in a plurality of sections of the charging cycle.

[0049] As charging is performed, the battery management system measures the voltage of the battery pack 110 (S420). In one embodiment, the monitoring circuit of the battery management system (e.g., 121 in FIG. 1) monitors the voltage of the battery pack 110, and the processor 122 can measure the voltage of the battery pack 110 based on the monitoring result of the monitoring circuit 121.

[0050] Processor 122 compares the voltage of battery pack 110 measured in each section of the charging cycle with the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section (S430). Processor 122 determines a dilating coefficient based on the comparison result between the voltage of battery pack 110 in each section and the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section (S440). The determined dilating coefficient can be used to determine the charging current in the next charging cycle (S410). In one embodiment, based on the comparison result between the voltage of battery pack 110 in each section and the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section, the dilating coefficient for the entire charging cycle can be updated. In one embodiment, based on the comparison result between the voltage of battery pack 110 in each section and the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section, the dilating coefficient for at least some of the plurality of sections of the charging cycle can be updated. In one embodiment, based on the comparison result between the voltage of battery pack 110 in each section and the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section, the dilating coefficient can be maintained without being updated.

[0051] According to the embodiment described above, as the battery cell degrades, the voltage of battery pack 110 during charging increases, so the dilating coefficient can be determined according to the degradation state of the battery cell. Thereby, since the charging current can be adjusted according to the degradation state of the battery cell, the degradation of the battery cell can be minimized while the charging time does not increase excessively.

[0052] FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an example of a charging control method in a battery management system according to another embodiment, and FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of a change in charging current according to the charging control method in a battery management system according to another embodiment.

[0053] Referring to FIG. 5, a charging cycle is started in which a charger is connected to the battery device to charge the battery pack (e.g., 110 in FIG. 1). The battery management system (e.g., a processor (e.g., 122 in FIG. 1)) determines the charging current in each section of the charging cycle based on the dilating coefficient (current dilating coefficient) (S510). The processor 122, the battery management system can determine the charging current in each section of the charging cycle by reflecting the dilating coefficient in the basic charging current (S510). The dilating coefficient is set the same in a plurality of sections of the charging cycle. In one embodiment, the battery management system can determine the value obtained by multiplying the dilating coefficient corresponding to the basic charging current of each section by the charging current in the corresponding section. In one embodiment, the dilating coefficient is set to a basic value (e.g., 1) at the BOL of the battery pack 110 and can be updated as the charging cycle is repeated.

[0054] As charging is performed, the battery management system measures the voltage of the battery pack 110 (S520). In one embodiment, the monitoring circuit (e.g., 121 in FIG. 1) of the battery management system monitors the voltage of the battery pack 110, and the processor (e.g., 122 in FIG. 1) can measure the voltage of the battery pack 110 based on the monitoring result of the monitoring circuit 121.

[0055] The processor 122 compares the voltage of the battery pack 110 measured in each section of the charging cycle with the voltage upper limit value in the corresponding section (S530). The processor 122 calculates a penalty value indicating the number of sections in which the voltage of the battery pack 110 exceeds the voltage upper limit value among a plurality of sections of the charging cycle (S540). In one embodiment, when the voltage of the battery pack 110 in a certain section exceeds the voltage upper limit value in the corresponding section, the processor 122 can increment a counter by 1 and determine the counter value as the penalty value after a plurality of sections of the charging cycle are completed.

[0056] Processor 122 compares the penalty value with the threshold value (S550). If the penalty value exceeds the threshold value, processor 122 updates the dilation coefficient (S560). In one embodiment, processor 122 can update the dilation coefficient by decreasing the dilation coefficient. In one embodiment, processor 122 can store the updated dilation coefficient in a memory (e.g., 124 in FIG. 1). If the penalty value does not exceed the threshold value, processor 122 maintains the dilation coefficient without updating it (S570).

[0057] Thereby, in the next cycle, the charging current can be determined based on the dilation coefficient stored in memory 124. When the voltage of battery pack 110 frequently exceeds the voltage upper limit value (i.e., when the penalty value is greater than the threshold value), the charging current can be reduced in the next charging cycle by decreasing the dilation coefficient. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the charging current 620 in the next charging cycle can be reduced compared to the charging current 610 in the current charging cycle by decreasing the dilation coefficient. In this case, since the decreased dilation coefficient is used in the entire section, the charging current can be decreased in the entire section.

[0058] According to the embodiments described above, as the battery cell degrades, the voltage of battery pack 110 during charging increases, so the dilation coefficient can be determined by the degradation state of the battery cell. Thereby, since the charging current can be adjusted according to the degradation state of the battery cell, the degradation of the battery cell can be minimized while the charging time does not increase excessively.

[0059] FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example of a charging control method in a battery management system according to another embodiment, and FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of voltage change according to a charging control method in a battery management system according to another embodiment.

[0060] Referring to FIG. 7, a charging cycle is started in which a charger is connected to the battery device to charge the battery pack (e.g., 110 in FIG. 1). The battery management system (e.g., the processor (e.g., 122 in FIG. 1)) determines the charging current in each section of the charging cycle based on the dilating coefficient (current dilating coefficient) (S710). The processor 122 can determine the charging current in each section by reflecting the dilating coefficient of the section corresponding to the basic charging current in each section of the charging cycle (S710). The dilating coefficients are individually set in a plurality of sections of the charging cycle. In one embodiment, the battery management system can determine the charging current in a corresponding section as the value obtained by multiplying the basic charging current of the corresponding section by the dilating coefficient of the corresponding section. In one embodiment, the dilating coefficient is set to a basic value (e.g., 1) at the BOL of the battery pack 110 and can be updated as the charging cycle is repeated.

[0061] As charging progresses, the battery management system measures the voltage of the battery pack 110 (S720). In one embodiment, the monitoring circuit (e.g., 121 in FIG. 1) of the battery management system monitors the voltage of the battery pack 110, and the processor (e.g., 122 in FIG. 1) can measure the voltage of the battery pack 110 based on the monitoring result of the monitoring circuit 121.

[0062] The processor 122 compares the voltage of the battery pack 110 measured in each section of the charging cycle with the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section (S730). In one embodiment, the processor 122 can update the corresponding section's dilation coefficient based on the comparison result in each section (S740, S750). In a certain section, if the voltage of the battery pack 110 measured in the corresponding section exceeds the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section, the processor 122 can decrease the dilation coefficient of the corresponding section to update the dilation coefficient (S740). In a certain section, if the voltage of the battery pack 110 measured in the corresponding section does not exceed the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section, the processor 122 can increase the dilation coefficient of the corresponding section to update the dilation coefficient (S750). The processor 122 can update the dilation coefficients of multiple sections of the charging cycle through such a process (S760). In one embodiment, the processor 122 can store the updated dilation coefficient in a memory (e.g., 124 in FIG. 1). In one embodiment, if the voltage of the battery pack 110 measured in a certain section does not exceed the upper voltage limit value in the corresponding section, the processor 122 can maintain the dilation coefficient of the corresponding section (S750).

[0063] Thereby, in the next cycle, the charging current can be determined based on the dilation coefficient stored in the memory 124. In the section where the voltage of the battery pack 110 exceeds the upper voltage limit value, the charging current in the next charging cycle can be decreased by decreasing the dilation coefficient, and in the section where the voltage of the battery pack 110 does not exceed the upper voltage limit value, the charging current in the next charging cycle can be increased by increasing the dilation coefficient. Thereby, as shown in FIG. 8, the dilation coefficient 810 is set for each section, and the voltage 820 of the battery pack 110 during charging can follow the upper voltage limit value 830.

[0064] According to the embodiments described above, as the battery cell degrades, the voltage of the battery pack 110 during charging increases, so the derating factor can be determined according to the degradation state of the battery cell. Thereby, since the charging current can be adjusted according to the degradation state of the battery cell, the degradation of the battery cell can be minimized while the charging time does not increase excessively. Also, an optimal derating factor (i.e., charging current) can be determined such that the voltage of the battery pack 110 can follow the voltage upper limit value.

[0065] In one embodiment, a processor (e.g., 122 in FIG. 1) can perform operations on a program for executing the aforementioned charging method. A program for executing the charging method can be loaded into the memory. Such a memory may be the same memory as the memory (e.g., 124 in FIG. 1) that stores the table, or a separate memory. When the program is loaded into the memory, it can include instruction words that cause the processor 122 to perform the charging method. That is, the processor can perform operations for the charging method by executing the instruction words of the program.

[0066] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, the scope of the rights of the present invention is not limited thereto, and various modifications and improvements by those skilled in the art using the basic concepts of the present invention defined in the following claims also belong to the scope of the rights of the present invention.

Claims

1. Battery packs, and A battery management system that determines a charging current for charging the battery pack in each section based on a derating coefficient of a charging cycle including a plurality of sections, and maintains or updates the derating coefficient based on a result of comparing a voltage of at least one battery included in the battery pack in each section with a voltage upper limit value set for the corresponding section. A battery device including:

2. The battery device according to claim 1 , wherein the battery management system uses the maintained or updated derating factor for a next charging cycle.

3. A basic charging current is set for each of the plurality of sections, The battery device according to claim 1 , wherein the battery management system determines the charging current by reflecting the derating coefficient in the basic charging current.

4. The battery management system The derating coefficient is set to be the same in the plurality of sections; The battery device according to claim 1 , wherein the charging current for each section is determined by reflecting the derating coefficient in a basic charging current for the corresponding section.

5. The battery device according to claim 1 , wherein the battery management system maintains or updates the derating coefficient based on the number of sections in which the voltage of the at least one battery exceeds the voltage upper limit value among the plurality of sections.

6. The battery device according to claim 5 , wherein the battery management system reduces the derating factor when the number of sections exceeding the upper voltage limit exceeds a critical value.

7. The battery device according to claim 5 , wherein the battery management system increases or maintains the derating factor when the number of sections exceeding the upper voltage limit does not exceed a critical value.

8. The battery management system The derating coefficient is set individually for each of the plurality of sections; 2. The battery device according to claim 1, wherein the charging current for each section is determined by reflecting the derating coefficient for each section in a basic charging current for the corresponding section.

9. The battery device according to claim 1 , wherein the battery management system reduces the derating coefficient of a corresponding section in which the voltage of the at least one battery among the plurality of sections exceeds the voltage upper limit value.

10. The battery device according to claim 1 , wherein the battery management system maintains or increases the derating coefficient for a corresponding section in which the voltage of the at least one battery among the plurality of sections does not exceed the voltage upper limit value.

11. 1. A battery management system, comprising: a monitoring circuit for monitoring a voltage of at least one battery included in the battery pack; a memory for storing a voltage upper limit value and a derating factor for each section of a charging cycle including a plurality of sections; a processor that determines a charging current for the battery pack during each interval of the charging cycle based on the derating factor, and maintains or updates the derating factor based on the number of intervals in which the voltage of the at least one battery exceeds the upper voltage limit among the plurality of intervals. A battery management system including:

12. the memory stores a basic charging current magnitude for each interval of the charging cycle; The processor The derating coefficient is set to be the same in the plurality of sections; The battery management system according to claim 11 , wherein the charging current for each section is determined by reflecting the derating coefficient in the basic charging current for each section.

13. The battery management system of claim 11 or 12, wherein the processor decreases the derating factor when the number of sections exceeding the upper voltage limit exceeds a critical value.

14. The battery management system of claim 11 or 12, wherein the processor increases or maintains the derating factor when the number of sections exceeding the upper voltage limit does not exceed a critical value.

15. 1. A battery management system, comprising: a monitoring circuit for monitoring a voltage of at least one battery included in the battery pack; a memory for storing a derating coefficient for each section of a charging cycle including a plurality of sections and a voltage upper limit value for each section of the charging cycle; a processor for determining a charging current of the battery pack in each section based on the derating coefficient in the corresponding section, and for maintaining or updating the derating coefficient in the corresponding section based on the voltage of the at least one battery in each section and the voltage upper limit value; A battery management system including:

16. the memory stores a basic charging current magnitude for each interval of the charging cycle; The processor The derating coefficient is set individually for each of the plurality of sections; The battery management system according to claim 15 , wherein the charging current for each section is determined by reflecting the derating coefficient in the corresponding section in the basic charging current for the corresponding section.

17. The battery management system of claim 15 or 16, wherein the processor reduces the derating coefficient of a corresponding section in which the voltage of the at least one battery among the plurality of sections exceeds the voltage upper limit value.

18. The battery management system of claim 15 or 16, wherein the processor maintains or increases the derating coefficient for a corresponding section in which the voltage of the at least one battery does not exceed the upper voltage limit value among the plurality of sections.

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