Effect of improving liver function and glucose metabolic function by drinking carbonated water

Abstract

To provide carbonated beverage for improving at least one of liver function and glucose metabolic function.SOLUTION: In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides carbonated beverage for reducing at least one of blood γ-GTP levels and blood HbA1c levels. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is for consumption by human. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is consumed for two weeks or more. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure has a carbonation level of about 3.5 gas volumes (GV) or greater. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is provided at about 10°C or below.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to carbonated beverages, their uses and preparation. [Background technology]

[0002] It is known that the physiological effects of carbonated water, in which carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water, include the feeling of fullness when consumed before a meal (Non-Patent Document 1). However, there are still many unclear points regarding the physiological effects of carbonated water. Therefore, the present disclosure provides an invention related to carbonated water, based on findings discovered as a result of a more detailed study of the physiological effects of carbonated water. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0003] [Non-Patent Document 1] Cuomo R. et al., “The role of a pre-load beverage on gastric volume and food intake: comparison between non-caloric carbonated and non-carbonated beverage”, Nutrition Journal, Vol. 10, 114 (2011) Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] The inventors have unexpectedly discovered that carbonated water has the effect of reducing blood γ-GTP levels and / or blood HbA1c levels. Based on this finding, the present disclosure provides a means for effectively utilizing this effect.

[0005] Thus, the present disclosure provides: (Item 1) A carbonated beverage for improving at least one of glucose metabolism function and liver function in a human subject. (Item 2) Any of the carbonated drinks listed above for improving glucose metabolism. (Item 3) The carbonated drink according to any of the preceding items, wherein the improvement in glucose metabolism function is a reduction in blood HbA1c level. (Item 4) Any of the carbonated drinks listed above to improve liver function. (Item 5) The carbonated drink according to any of the preceding items, wherein the improvement in liver function is a reduction in blood γ-GTP levels. (Item 6) The carbonated beverage of any of the preceding items, wherein the human subject has a blood HbA1c level of about 5.4 or greater. (Item 7) The beverage of any of the preceding items, wherein the human subject has a blood γ-GTP level of about 60 IU / L or greater. (Item 8) Any carbonated beverage listed above consumed for more than two weeks. (Item 9) 1. Any of the preceding carbonated beverages having a carbonation level of about 3.5 gas volumes (GV) or greater. (Item 10) Any of the above carbonated beverages served at approximately 10°C or below.

[0006] It is contemplated that one or more of the above features may be provided in combinations other than those explicitly stated. Still further embodiments and advantages of the present disclosure will be recognized by those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description, if necessary. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] The present disclosure provides for the reduction of blood γ-GTP levels and / or blood HbA1c levels by carbonated water, which may provide for the promotion of human health and / or disease prevention. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 shows an outline of the two-group crossover comparative study of the example. [Figure 2] Figure 2 shows a comparison of blood γ-GTP levels (IU / L) and blood HbA1c levels (%) before and after a one-month intake period of water and carbonated water. "**" indicates a statistical difference of p<0.01, and "*" indicates a statistical difference of p<0.05. [Figure 3] Figure 3 shows a plot of the subject's original HbA1c level and the change in HbA1c before and after the carbonated water or water intake period for each subject. The vertical axis shows the change in HbA1c level after the intake period compared to before the carbonated water or water intake period. The horizontal axis shows the HbA1c level before the carbonated water or water intake period. [Figure 4] Figure 4 shows a plot of the subject's original γ-GTP levels and the change in γ-GTP before and after the carbonated water intake period for each subject. The vertical axis shows the change in γ-GTP levels after the carbonated water intake period compared to before. The horizontal axis shows the γ-GTP levels before the carbonated water intake period. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present disclosure will now be described by way of illustrative examples, with reference to the accompanying drawings, where necessary. Throughout this specification, the singular form "a," "an," or "the" should be understood to include the plural form unless otherwise specified. Furthermore, it should be understood that the terms used in this specification are used in the sense commonly used in the art unless otherwise specified. Therefore, unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in this specification have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs. In the event of a conflict, the present specification (including definitions) will prevail.

[0010] The following provides definitions of terms particularly used in this specification and / or explains basic technical content as appropriate.

[0011] (definition, etc.) As used herein, "gas volume (GV)" refers to the ratio of the volume of dissolved gas (such as carbon dioxide) to the volume of liquid at 1 atmosphere and 20°C. Gas volume can be measured, for example, using a commercially available measuring device (Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Co., Ltd. gas volume measuring device GVA-500A). For example, after a sample is cooled to 20°C, a gas pressure gauge is attached, the stopcock is opened once to release gas (sniff), the stopcock is immediately closed, and the sample is shaken vigorously. The gas volume of the sample can be calculated from the value when the pressure becomes constant.

[0012] As used herein, "carbonate" refers to carbon dioxide or its salts or ions dissolved in a liquid. As used herein, "carbonate" and "carbon dioxide gas" may be used interchangeably. When referring to the weight or weight percentage of "carbonate" in a liquid, the value may be calculated by converting all carbon atoms derived from carbon dioxide and its salts and ions into carbon dioxide molecules (CO2).

[0013] As used herein, the term "beverage" refers to a food that can be taken orally without chewing, including sports drinks, jelly drinks, alcoholic drinks, soft drinks, and the like.

[0014] As used herein, the term "about" refers to the indicated value plus or minus 10% unless otherwise specified. When used in relation to a ratio, "about" refers to a ratio of the value (X) to the left of the indicated ratio (e.g., X:Y) plus or minus 10%.

[0015] (Improvement of liver function and / or glucose metabolism) In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a carbonated beverage for improving at least one of liver function and glucose metabolism. The inventors have found that consuming a carbonated beverage reduces blood γ-GTP levels and blood HbA1c levels, and therefore it is reasonably expected that carbonated beverages will improve liver function and glucose metabolism. For example, improved liver function can be a decrease in blood γ-GTP levels, and improved glucose metabolism can be a decrease in blood HbA1c levels.

[0016] γ-GTP is a γ-glutamyltransferase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes γ-glutamyl peptides such as glutathione and transfers the γ-glutamyl group to other peptides or amino acids. γ-GTP is normally present intracellularly but also in the blood. High blood γ-GTP levels can be an indicator of cell death. γ-GTP levels can be elevated in biliary tract diseases (cholecystitis, cholangitis, biliary obstruction, etc.) and liver diseases (liver cancer, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc.). As used herein, improvement of liver function includes improvement of biliary function. Blood γ-GTP levels can be expressed in IU / L (international units / L). For example, the normal blood γ-GTP level for men is generally 10 to 50 IU / L, while the normal blood γ-GTP level for women is 9 to 32 IU / L. Blood γ-GTP levels of 100 IU / L or higher often indicate a disease.

[0017] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure can be consumed by a person with a blood γ-GTP level of about 50 IU / L or more, about 70 IU / L or more, about 100 IU / L or more, about 120 IU / L or more, about 140 IU / L or more, about 160 IU / L or more, about 180 IU / L or more, or about 200 IU / L or more. In a specific embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is consumed by a person with a blood γ-GTP level of about 60 IU / L or more, and a reduction in γ-GTP levels by the beverage of the present disclosure can be particularly expected in people with such γ-GTP levels.

[0018] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure can be consumed by people who have a drinking habit. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure can be consumed by people who drink at least 0.5, 1, or 1.5 cups of sake equivalent per day, one, two, or three or more days per week. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure can be consumed by people who are prone to fatty liver, for example, people with fasting blood triglyceride levels of about 50 mg / dL or more, about 70 mg / dL or more, about 100 mg / dL or more, about 150 mg / dL or more, or about 200 mg / dL or more.

[0019] HbA1c is hemoglobin A1c, a type of glycation product in which glucose binds to hemoglobin. High HbA1c levels are thought to be associated with chronic hyperglycemia and are known as an indicator of diabetes. Generally, temporary increases in blood glucose levels do not significantly increase HbA1c levels. HbA1c levels can be measured as the percentage (%) of glycated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin.

[0020] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure can be consumed by a person with a blood HbA1c level of about 4 or more, about 4.5 or more, about 5 or more, about 5.1 or more, about 5.2 or more, about 5.3 or more, about 5.4 or more, about 5.5 or more, about 5.6 or more, about 5.7 or more, about 5.8 or more, about 5.9 or more, about 6 or more, about 6.5 or more, or about 7 or more. In a specific embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is consumed by a person with a blood HbA1c level of about 5.4 or more, about 5.5 or more, or about 5.6 or more, and a reduction in HbA1c levels by the beverage of the present disclosure can be particularly expected in people with such HbA1c levels.

[0021] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure can be consumed by a person diagnosed with or at risk of diabetes or a related disease. The term "diabetes" is used in the usual sense in the art, and, excluding pregnancy-related or specific genetic abnormalities, is generally classified into type 1 diabetes, which occurs when pancreatic beta cells are destroyed, resulting in insulin depletion, and type 2 diabetes, which occurs when obesity or other factors reduce insulin secretion from the beta cells in the pancreatic islets, resulting in reduced glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue. Diabetes can be diagnosed, for example, by two or more tests showing a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg / dL or higher, a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (75 g OGTT) of 200 mg / dL or higher, or a random blood glucose level of 200 mg / dL or higher.

[0022] In one embodiment, the body mass index (BMI) is weight (kg) / height (m) 2A high level of body mass index can be an indicator of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, etc. A low level of body mass index can be an indicator of malnutrition, chronic progressive diseases, etc. The normal body mass index is considered to be approximately 22. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure can be consumed by a person with a body mass index of about 22 or more, about 23 or more, about 24 or more, about 25 or more, or about 26 or more.

[0023] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure may be consumed by an overeater, for example, a person with a daily calorie intake of about 2500 kcal or more, about 3000 kcal or more, about 3500 kcal or more, or about 4000 kcal or more. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure may be consumed by an inactive person, for example, a person who exercises about 4 MET-hours / week or less, about 3 MET-hours / week or less, about 2 MET-hours / week or less, or about 1 MET-hour / week or less.

[0024] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure may be consumed by a person aged about 15 years or older, about 20 years or older, about 25 years or older, about 30 years or older, about 35 years or older, about 40 years or older, about 45 years or older, about 50 years or older, about 55 years or older, about 60 years or older, or about 65 years or older. In a specific embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is consumed by a person aged about 45 years or older, and a reduction in HbA1c levels due to the beverage of the present disclosure may be particularly expected.

[0025] Since a reduction in blood γ-GTP levels and / or blood HbA1c levels may be an effect of long-term carbonated beverage consumption, in one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is consumed for at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, or at least 4 weeks.

[0026] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is consumed 1 to 7 times per week or 1 to 3 times daily.

[0027] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is ingested in an amount of about 100 to about 2000 mL, about 200 to about 1500 mL, about 300 to about 1000 mL, or about 400 to about 700 mL per day or per serving. Since it is considered unlikely that the desired effect will be achieved if an amount is too small, for example, about 300 mL of the beverage of the present disclosure may be ingested per serving. For example, since hyperglycemic individuals are prone to dry mouth, they can easily ingest a beverage of the present disclosure, which may be highly carbonated, for example, 500 mL in one sitting, and therefore the beverage of the present disclosure may be provided in a 500 mL capacity PET bottle.

[0028] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is consumed before or after a meal or before or after drinking alcohol, preferably before a meal or before drinking alcohol. Meals can increase blood glucose levels, thereby increasing blood HbA1c levels, and drinking alcohol can increase blood γ-GTP levels. Reducing the amount of food and / or alcohol consumed due to the gastric bloating caused by the carbonated water of the present disclosure can also have the additional effect of suppressing increases in HbA1c and / or γ-GTP levels.

[0029] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure has a carbonation level of about 2 gas volumes (GV) or more, about 2.5 GV or more, about 3 GV or more, about 3.5 GV or more, about 4 GV or more, about 4.5 GV or more, about 5 GV or more, about 5.5 GV or more, or about 6 GV or more, and about 6 GV or less, about 5.5 GV or less, about 5 GV or less, or about 4.5 GV or less. In particular, beverages with a carbonation level of about 3.5 GV or more are considered to be highly carbonated and more likely to be effective. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the beverage of the present disclosure may achieve a reduction in blood γ-GTP levels and / or blood HbA1c levels due to its high carbonation. In the examples of the present disclosure, the effects of carbonated water, which differs only in carbonation concentration compared to the control water condition, were shown. However, the beverages tested here were highly carbonated, and it is expected that the effect will be smaller if the carbonation concentration is lower. Therefore, it is believed that a reduction in blood γ-GTP levels and / or blood HbA1c levels can be achieved particularly effectively in highly carbonated beverages.

[0030] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is served at a low temperature (e.g., 20°C or below, 15°C or below, 10°C or below, or 5°C or below). The low temperature can reduce the rate of carbonation loss. The low temperature can also reduce the irritation of strong carbonation (e.g., the irritation immediately after sipping). Generally, strongly carbonated beverages are easier to consume at low temperatures, which can facilitate consumption of the required amount of the beverage of the present disclosure.

[0031] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure may have any pH range, for example, a pH of about 2-6, about 2.5-5.5, or about 3-5.

[0032] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure consists essentially of water and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide and its salts and ions), although trace amounts of components that can be found in drinking water may be included. For example, hard water generally contains up to about 180 mg / L of minerals. In one embodiment, the components other than water and carbon dioxide contained in the beverage of the present disclosure (bases that can form salts with carbon dioxide may be removed by the number of moles equivalent to the carbon dioxide) may be about 180 mg / L or less, about 100 mg / L or less, about 50 mg / L or less, about 10 mg / L or less, about 5 mg / L or less, or about 1 mg / L or less. In one embodiment, the carbon dioxide consists essentially of carbon dioxide and its ions; for example, about 95% or more, about 98% or more, or about 99% or more of the carbon atoms constituting the carbon dioxide are carbon dioxide or its ions. In one embodiment, a salt of carbon dioxide (e.g., potassium salt, sodium salt, calcium salt, etc.) may be added to the beverage of the present disclosure.

[0033] In a preferred embodiment, the beverage of the present invention may be a sugar-free carbonated beverage that is substantially sugar-free. "Sugar-free" means that the sugar content is less than 0.5 g per 100 mL. A preferred sugar-free carbonated beverage has a sugar content of 0.0 g per 100 mL of beverage.

[0034] In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure may contain additional ingredients. Examples of additional ingredients in the beverage of the present disclosure include flavorings, sugar components, salt, acidulants, sweeteners, seasonings, colorings, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, preservatives, alcohol (e.g., ethanol), bulking agents, thickeners, surfactants, fruit juice, vegetable juice, etc. Any suitable additional ingredients that can be commonly used in beverages may be used in the beverage of the present disclosure.

[0035] Examples of fragrances include ethyl acetoacetate, acetophenone, anisaldehyde, α-amyl cinnamaldehyde, methyl anthranilate, ionone, isoeugenol, isoamyl isovalerate, ethyl isovalerate, allyl isothiocyanate, γ-undecalactone, ethyl vanillin, eugenol, octanal, ethyl octanoate, isoamyl formate, geranyl formate, citronellyl formate, cinnamic acid, ethyl cinnamate, methyl cinnamate, geraniol, isoamyl acetate, ethyl acetate, geranyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, and cinnamyl acetate. , Terpinyl acetate, Phenethyl acetate, Butyl acetate, Benzyl acetate, l-Menthyl acetate, Linalyl acetate, Methyl salicylate, Allyl cyclohexylpropionate, Citral, Citronellal, Citronellol, 1,8-Cineole, Cinnamyl alcohol, Cinnamaldehyde, Decanal, Decanol, Ethyl decanoate, Terpineol, γ-Nonalactone, Vanillin, Paramethylacetophenone, Hydroxycitronellal, Hydroxycitronellal dimethyl acetal, Piperonal, Isoamyl phenylacetate, Isobutyl phenylacetate, Ethyl phenylacetate, propionic acid, isoamyl propionate, ethyl propionate, benzyl propionate, hexanoic acid, allyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, l-perillaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, d-borneol, maltol, methyl N-methylanthranilate, methyl β-naphthyl ketone, menthol, butyric acid, isoamyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, cyclohexyl butyrate, butyl butyrate, linalool, acetaldehyde, (3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)dimethylsulfonium chloride, amyl Alcohol, ammonium isovalerate, isoamyl alcohol, isoquinoline, isovaleraldehyde, isobutanol, isobutyraldehyde, isopropanol, isopentylamine, a mixture of 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine, 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2-ethylpyrazine, 3-ethylpyridine, 2,3-diethylpyrazine, 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, trimethylamine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, valeraldehyde, pyrazine, piperidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine, phenethylamine, butanol, butylamine, butyraldehyde, propanol, propionaldehyde, 2 Examples of the methyl cyclopentanol include, but are not limited to, 1-penten-3-ol, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylpyrazine, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butenal, 3-methyl-2-butenol, 5-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopentapyrazine, 5-methylquinoxaline, 6-methylquinoline, 2-methylbutanol, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, and trans-2-methyl-2-butenal.

[0036] In addition, 18 types of fragrances designated as classes or derivatives, such as the following examples, may be used as fragrances. Isothiocyanates (amyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, etc.) Indole and its derivatives (indole, 2-methylindole, skatole, etc.) Ethers (acetaldehyde 2,3-butanediol acetal, acetaldehyde amyl butyl acetal, acetaldehyde amyl hexyl acetal, etc.) Esters (acetoin acetate, 3-acetoxy-2-butyl butyrate, 4-(3-oxobutyl)phenyl acetate, etc.) Ketones (4-methoxyacetophenone, acetoin, acetol, etc.) Fatty acids (acetic acid, aconitic acid, adipic acid, etc.) -Aliphatic higher alcohols (acetone glyceryl acetal, ambrinol, α-bisabolol, etc.) Higher aliphatic aldehydes (4-butoxybenzaldehyde, campholenic aldehyde, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, etc.) Aliphatic higher hydrocarbons (dodecane, 1-dodecene, eicosane, etc.) Thioethers (acetaldehyde difurfuryl thioacetal, allyl methyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, etc.) Thiols (2-propenethiol, benzenethiol, benzenemethanethiol, etc.) Terpene hydrocarbons (allo-ocimene, α-bisabolene, β-bourbonene, etc.) Phenol ethers (trans-anethole, anisic acid, anisole, etc.) Phenols (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-allylphenol, carvacrol, etc.) Furfural and its derivatives (furfural, furfural diethyl acetal, furfural diisoamyl acetal, etc.) Aromatic alcohols (α-amylcinnamyl alcohol, anisyl alcohol, cuminyl alcohol, etc.) Aromatic aldehydes (2-methoxybenzaldehyde, α-butylcinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, etc.) Lactones (ambrettolide, α-angelicalactone, 3-butylidenephthalide, etc.)

[0037] Other flavorings include those derived from natural sources such as citrus fruits, ginger, mango extract, cinnamon, coconut, almond, vanillin, vanilla extract, grape skin extract, and grape seed extract.

[0038] In one embodiment, the sugar component may be palatinose, tagatose, trehalose, galactose, rhamnose, cyclodextrin (e.g., α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin), maltodextrin, dextran, sucrose, glucose, ribulose, fructose, threose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, allose, altrose, mannose, idose, lactose, maltose, invert sugar, isotrehalose, neotrehalose, or the like. Halo, palatinose or isomaltulose, erythrose, deoxyribose, gulose, idose, talose, erythrulose, xylulose, psicose, turanose, cellobiose, amylopectin, glucosamine, mannosamine, fucose, glucuronic acid, gluconic acid, gluconolactone, abequase, galactosamine, beet oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides (isomaltose, isomaltotriose, panose, etc.), xylooligosaccharides (xylotriose, xylotriose, xylotriose, etc.), maltotriose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, lactulose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose, fructooligosaccharides (maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, etc.), gentiooligosaccharides (gentiobiose, gentiotriose, gentiotetraose, etc.), sorbose, nigerooligosaccharides, palatinose oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides (kestose, nystose, etc.), maltotetraol, maltotriol, maltooligosaccharides (maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, etc.), lactulose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose, high-fructose Examples of sugars include, but are not limited to, isomerized liquid sugars such as corn syrup / starch syrup, bound sugars, soybean oligosaccharides, glucose syrup, erythritol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol, xylitol, inositol, isomalt, propylene glycol, glycerol (glycerin), threitol, galactitol, reduced isomaltooligosaccharides, reduced xylooligosaccharides, reduced gentiooligosaccharides, reduced maltose syrup, reduced glucose syrup, and sugar alcohols.

[0039] In one embodiment, the salt may be an acid component (phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, polyphosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, aldonic acid, uronic acid, aldanic acid, alginic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glucaric acid, galactaric acid, galacturonic acid, benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxy acid, cyclohexylcarboxylic acid, tannic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, glucoheptonic acid, adipic acid, hydroxycarboxylic acid, hydroxybenzoic ... Enic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, creatine, glucosamine hydrochloride, glucono-δ-lactone, caffeic acid, bile acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, alginic acid, erythorbic acid, polyglutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, threonine, theanine, cysteine, cystine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, asparagine , serine, lysine, histidine, ornithine, methionine, carnitine, aminobutyric acid, glutamine, hydroxyproline, taurine, norvaline, glutathione, sarcosine, poly-L-aspartic acid, etc.) with any combination of basic components (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, guanidine, glucosamine, aspartic acid, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, threonine, theanine, cysteine, cystine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, asparagine, serine, lysine, histidine, ornithine, methionine, carnitine, aminobutyric acid, glutamine, hydroxyproline, taurine, norvaline, glutathione, sarcosine, poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-lysine, poly-L-ornithine, poly-L-arginine, etc.). In specific embodiments, the salt may be sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, potassium citrate, magnesium sulfate, alum, magnesium chloride, sodium or potassium phosphate, sodium or potassium carbonate, sodium alginate, sodium gluconate, potassium gluconate, guanidine HCl, glucosamine HCl, sodium glutamate, adenosine monophosphate, magnesium gluconate, potassium tartrate, sodium tartrate, and any combination thereof.

[0040] Examples of acidulants include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, polyphosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, aldonic acid, uronic acid, aldanic acid, alginic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glucaric acid, galactaric acid, galacturonic acid, benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxy acids, cyclohexylcarboxylic acid, tannic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, glucoheptonic acid, adipic acid, hydroxycitric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, creatine, glucosamine hydrochloride, glucono-δ-lactone, caffeic acid, bile acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, alginic acid, erythorbic acid, and polyglutamic acid.

[0041] Examples of sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sugar components, stevia, steviol glycosides, mogrosides, monatin, curculin, sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame potassium or other salts, neotame, etc. In certain embodiments, the sweetener added to the compositions of the present disclosure may be stevia, acesulfame potassium, and / or sucralose.

[0042] Examples of flavor enhancers include aspartic acid, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, threonine, theanine, cysteine, cystine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, asparagine, serine, lysine, histidine, ornithine, methionine, carnitine, aminobutyric acid, glutamine, hydroxyproline, taurine, norvaline, glutathione, sarcosine, poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-lysine, poly-L-ornithine, poly-L-arginine, caffeine, and chitin. Examples of suitable antioxidants include, but are not limited to, neene, urea, bitter orange peel oil, naringin and bitter tree, inosine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate, adenosine monophosphate, cytosine monophosphate, uracil monophosphate, isosine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, cytosine diphosphate, uracil diphosphate, isosine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, cytosine triphosphate, uracil triphosphate, tannic acid, alum, tannic acid, polyphenols (e.g., tea polyphenols), and the like.

[0043] Examples of coloring agents include, but are not limited to, annatto color, gardenia yellow, dunaliella carotene, carrot carotene, palm oil carotene, tomato color, lycopene, paprika color, carotenoid color, madder color, cochineal color, lithospermum root color, lac color, quinone color, red cabbage color, perilla color, anthocyanin color, tamarind color, safflower color, flavonoid color, chlorophyllin, chlorophyll, caramel, gardenia blue color, gardenia red color, Red No. 2, Red No. 3, Red No. 40, Red No. 102, Red No. 104, Red No. 105, Red No. 106, Yellow No. 4, Yellow No. 5, Blue No. 1, Blue No. 2, Green No. 3, β-carotene, and riboflavin.

[0044] Examples of minerals include, but are not limited to, zinc, iron, copper, chromium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, phosphorus, etc. For example, a composition of the present disclosure that is a beverage or beverage preparation composition may contain trace amounts of zinc and / or iron to compensate for losses through sweating, or may be free to avoid a metallic taste.

[0045] Examples of vitamins include, but are not limited to, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, etc.), vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol, etc.), vitamin A (retinol, β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin), vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, etc.), vitamin B7, vitamin B9, vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, etc.), and vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone, etc.).

[0046] Examples of antioxidants include, but are not limited to, ascorbic acid, catechin, polyphenols, rutin, neohesperidin, naringin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, and the like.

[0047] Examples of preservatives include, but are not limited to, sodium benzoate.

[0048] Examples of bulking agents include, but are not limited to, the sugar components described herein, maltodextrin, corn syrup solids, sucrose, fructose, glucose, invert sugar, sorbitol, xylose, ribulose, mannose, xylitol, mannitol, galactitol, erythritol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, maltose, tagatose, lactose, inulin, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyols, polydextrose, fructooligosaccharides, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, sugar alcohols, and the like.

[0049] Examples of thickening agents include, but are not limited to, chitosan, pectin, pectic acid, pectinic acid, polyuronic acid, polygalacturonic acid, gum arabic, carrageenan, polyarginine, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether), polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid, polyethyleneimine, alginic acid, propylene glycol alginate, hexametaphosphate, and polyethylene glycol alginate, whey protein, rice protein, soy protein, collagen (e.g., gelatin), partially hydrolyzed collagen, and the like.

[0050] Although the components have been classified and described above based on their functions, this is not intended to prevent a component having one function from being selected based on another function. For example, it is readily understood by those skilled in the art that ascorbic acid can be used both as an antioxidant and as an acidulant.

[0051] (container) In one embodiment, the beverages of the present disclosure may be highly carbonated, and therefore the sealed container containing the beverage of the present disclosure may be exposed to high pressure. A plastic bottle container may be suitable for providing a highly carbonated beverage in a sealed state.

[0052] Carbonated beverages can lose carbon dioxide due to diffusion when left standing. The rate of carbon dioxide loss is particularly rapid in highly carbonated beverages. In one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is provided in a form that can be consumed within a period of time that minimizes carbon dioxide loss, since the desired effect can be achieved by being highly carbonated. Furthermore, since carbonated beverages are typically difficult to consume in large quantities at once, in one embodiment, the beverage of the present disclosure is provided in a container containing approximately 500 mL or less. For example, the beverage may be provided in a 500 mL or 300 mL plastic bottle, although it is not precluded from being provided in a container containing a larger volume.

[0053] (Method of preparing beverages) In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for producing a beverage of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the method for producing a beverage includes a step of carbonating water. Here, the water may be any water, such as tap water or mineral water. In one embodiment, the method for producing a beverage includes a step of filling a container with the beverage and / or a step of sealing the container filled with the beverage.

[0054] The present disclosure has been described above by showing preferred embodiments for ease of understanding. The present disclosure will be described below based on examples. However, the above description and the following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments or examples specifically described herein, but is limited only by the claims. [Example]

[0055] (Example) A three-month, two-group crossover comparative study (Figure 1) was designed to examine the long-term effects of carbonated water compared with water. The effects of consuming two 500 mL plastic bottles of water or carbonated water per day were examined. Water and carbonated water contained 0.3-1.2 mg of sodium in addition to water and carbon dioxide. The carbonated water was sugar-free. Specific intake conditions were that subjects ingest 500 mL twice a day (morning intake time: 9:00-12:00, afternoon intake time: 14:00-17:00), refrigerating the water the day before intake whenever possible and consuming it directly from the plastic bottle.

[0056] Carbonated water was prepared by carbonating water using conventional methods to add 4.5±0.3 CV of carbon dioxide. A clinical trial with the above two-group crossover design was conducted in which participants consumed carbonated water and water continuously for one month, and blood tests were conducted before and after each intake period. Finally, 29 participants (3 women, 26 men, age = 45.6±9.4 years) who met the eligibility criteria were included in the analysis.

[0057] The results are shown in Figure 2. It was found that continuous consumption of carbonated water reduced blood γ-GTP and HbA1c levels. When comparing blood γ-GTP levels before and after the intake period, no significant change was observed with water, whereas a significant decrease was observed with carbonated water. When comparing blood HbA1c levels before and after the intake period, a significant increase was observed with water, whereas a significant decrease was observed with carbonated water. It was unexpected that significant changes in blood parameters were observed in a two-group crossover comparative study in humans. Furthermore, since no particular difference was observed in total protein between water and carbonated water, it is thought that carbonated water had a specific effect on blood HbA1c and γ-GTP levels.

[0058] We also investigated whether the subjects' original HbA1c or γ-GTP levels correlated with improvements in HbA1c or γ-GTP. The results are shown in Figures 3 and 4. For blood HbA1c levels, which showed significant changes with both water and carbonated water, we performed this analysis on both water and carbonated water. From the results shown in Figure 3, ROC analysis revealed that the reduction in HbA1c levels with carbonated water was particularly significant in subjects whose HbA1c levels before the intake period were 5.4 or higher, and even more so when their HbA1c levels were 5.6 or higher. On the other hand, water intake did not show such an effect on HbA1c levels.

[0059] Regarding γ-GTP, the results shown in Figure 4 indicate that the higher the γ-GTP level before the intake period, the greater the decrease in γ-GTP levels due to carbonated water intake. In particular, a statistically significant decrease in γ-GTP was observed in subjects with γ-GTP levels of 60 or higher.

[0060] Furthermore, when examining the correlation between other subject factors and improvements in HbA1c or γ-GTP, there was a tendency for carbonated water intake to have a greater effect on HbA1c improvement the older the subject, with the effect being particularly large in subjects over 45. As the data in this study did not show a similar correlation between γ-GTP and age, it is thought that HbA1c and γ-GTP each represent different aspects.

[0061] This suggests that consuming carbonated water can improve liver function and glucose metabolism.

[0062] As described above, the present disclosure has been illustrated using preferred embodiments and examples of the present disclosure, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and can be implemented in various forms within the scope of the configurations described in the claims, and it is understood that the scope of the present invention should be interpreted only by the claims. It is understood that the contents of patents, patent applications, and literature cited in this specification should be incorporated by reference into this specification as if the contents themselves were specifically set forth in this specification. [Industrial Applicability]

[0063] The present disclosure provides for the reduction of blood γ-GTP levels and / or blood HbA1c levels by carbonated water, which may provide for the promotion of human health and / or disease prevention.

Claims

1. A carbonated beverage for improving at least one of glucose metabolism function and liver function in a human subject.

2. The carbonated beverage according to claim 1 for improving glucose metabolism function.

3. The carbonated beverage according to claim 2, wherein the improvement in glucose metabolism function is a reduction in blood HbA1c levels.

4. The carbonated beverage according to claim 1 for improving liver function.

5. The carbonated beverage according to claim 4, wherein the improvement in liver function is a reduction in blood γ-GTP levels.

6. 3. The carbonated beverage of claim 2, wherein the human subject has a blood HbA1c level of about 5.4 or greater.

7. 5. The beverage of claim 4, wherein the human subject has a blood γ-GTP level of about 60 IU / L or greater.

8. The carbonated beverage of claim 1 , which is consumed for two weeks or more.

9. 10. The carbonated beverage of claim 1 having a carbonation level of about 3.5 gas volumes (GV) or greater.

10. The carbonated beverage of claim 1 , which is served at about 10° C. or below.

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