Composites that reduce water condensation, articles including such composites, and methods of making such composites - Patents.com

Abstract

The present invention provides a water condensation reducing composite (10) having an interior surface (12) and an exterior surface (14), the exterior surface (14) facing directly toward the outside atmosphere; The composite (10) is formed by: A water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A (20, 26); A woven substrate B (30); and at least one metal M1, optionally in the form of an alloy, deposited directly on the textile substrate B (30) to form a metal layer C (40). The present invention further relates to articles including such composites (10), methods for making such composites (10), and the use of the composites (10) to make articles that limit the condensation of water on interior walls.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of composites that reduce the condensation of water, especially on interior surfaces, and methods for making such composites.

[0002] The present invention further relates to articles (e.g., tents, sun / rain covers, blinds, sleeping bag outer bags, etc.) that include, inter alia, a protective area configured to receive at least one user, and further include a water condensation reducing compound to limit or prevent water from running off as dew onto the user and / or objects protected by the article. [Background technology]

[0003] Textiles of articles intended to protect the user from the external environment (sun, rain, wind, etc.), particularly in the field of camping, for example tents, protective coverings, blinds, sun / rain covers, awnings, etc., and generally for the practice of sports activities (garments for protection against bad weather, such as mountain jackets, outer bags for sleeping bags, protective tarpaulins, sailing dungarees, etc.), are coated on one side to ensure their impermeability to water. However, the applied coating significantly or totally reduces the permeability of the textile to air and water vapor.

[0004] While sleeping, and generally sheltering with the article, a person continuously produces water vapor. This amount of water vapor adds to the natural humidity within the protected area of ​​the article, e.g., within a tent. At night, the outside temperature drops more rapidly than the temperature inside the protected area of ​​the article, e.g., within a tent. When the water vapor contained in the protected area comes into contact with the inside surface of a cool wall separating the inside of the protected area from the outside of the protected area, it condenses on the inside surface and then runs or drips down onto the user.

[0005] It should be noted that this phenomenon of condensation on the inner surface of the wall of the article can be observed even when there is no user in the protected area, but it is simply due to the heat emitted from the ground, and / or the surrounding heat, and / or the saturation of the atmosphere and therefore of water in the protected area, who may be annoyed by this water running off.

[0006] Furthermore, when the article is folded and / or stored, it remains damp, which may lead to the risk of mold growth and may increase in weight. However, for certain activities, particularly the practice of hiking, lightweight articles are required, which are easier to fold, transport and / or dry.

[0007] To overcome this problem, if the article is a tent, it includes a double roof. The outer and inner fabrics of the double roof are separated by an air gap of a few centimetres. The fabric of the inner chamber is uncoated and therefore allows water vapour to pass through. The outer fabric is coated and protects the inside of the article (in this case the protected area) from rain but blocks water vapour. Humidity in the surrounding air will therefore condense on the inner surface of the outer fabric. The user is protected by the fabric of the inner chamber and therefore the protected area of ​​the article remains dry and is protected from condensed water running off.

[0008] However, this approach does not prevent the article from remaining damp, since water droplets form between the fabric of the inner chamber of the article and the fabric of the outer chamber. When hiking, the article is folded in the morning and carried wet without time to dry. The water in the wet article is an additional burden during hiking. In addition, the potential problem of mold growth is not solved.

[0009] Moreover, the additional costs incurred by the use of a double roof section do not bring value to the user. The production of a double roof section affects the environment by emitting greenhouse gases, since its life cycle requires energy (electricity, water, waste management associated with the double roof section at the end of its use). Although ventilation devices are provided in the article to expel moisture, this ventilation may be insufficient and may not be used optimally (e.g. when the outside temperature is very low, when it is windy, etc.).

[0010] Thus, there is a demand for tents that do not have any internal fabric to protect the occupant from water droplets.

[0011] Thus, so-called single-walled articles (in particular tents), i.e. articles comprising a single fabric for the protection of the user and without an internal chamber, are known. These single-walled articles comprise a fabric component comprising a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable layer or a covering with a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable membrane.

[0012] However, condensation of water can also be found on the interior surfaces of these single-walled articles, which can run off onto users and / or objects, add weight to the article when folded, and pose a risk of mold growth if the article is not properly dried before storage.

[0013] It is further recognized that in order to allow water vapor emanating from the protected area of ​​the article to pass through the article, i.e., from its inner surface to its outer surface, water must not stagnate and therefore remain on the outer surface of the article.

[0014] Moreover, on clear nights, the phenomenon of radiative cooling is observed, which increases condensation on the inner and / or outer surfaces of objects. The above-mentioned condensation phenomenon for objects such as tents or protective coverings can also occur for example in clothing for sports practices, such as light mountain jackets or sailing dungarees. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0015] [Non-Patent Document 1] Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test) [Non-Patent Document 2] Textile fabrics - Determination of the resistance to surface wetting (spray test) [Non-Patent Document 3] Flexible sheets for waterproofing - Determination of emissivity [Non-Patent Document 4] Textiles - Determination of resistance to water penetration - Hydrostatic pressure test Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0016] Thus, there is a need for a composite configured to limit the condensation of water on its interior and / or exterior surfaces, where the composite can be used in an article that is naturally exposed to the formation of water droplets during use, and that is lightweight and easily foldable, in order to limit the condensation of water.

[0017] Additionally, there is a need for articles that are configured to limit the condensation of water on their interior and / or exterior surfaces. [Means for solving the problem]

[0018] According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: 1. A composite for limiting the condensation of water, the composite having an interior surface and an exterior surface, the exterior surface facing directly towards an outside atmosphere; The composite is, from the inner surface to the outer surface, optionally a protective substrate E, a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A; - a textile substrate B; a metal M1, optionally in the form of an alloy, deposited directly on said textile substrate B to form a metal layer C, optionally a protective layer D for said metal layer C, optionally a water repellent layer, The present invention relates to a composite comprising, in particular substantially formed from,

[0019] The metal layer C, in combination with the substrates A and B, has the advantage that it can limit the results of the phenomenon of radiative cooling and can allow water vapor to escape from the inner surface towards the outer surface, and thus through the substrates A and B and the metal layer C.

[0020] The metal M1 and / or an alloy containing the metal M1 forms a thin metallic layer C. The thin layer C is applied directly onto the textile substrate B and has the advantage that the presence of an organic binder does not block the pores of the textile substrate B, thereby significantly altering its permeability to water vapor.

[0021] Metal layer C has the advantage that it does not contain a polymeric binder.

[0022] In particular, in this document, polymeric binder is understood to mean any polymer that forms a matrix in which the metal particles are dispersed.

[0023] The metal layer C, in addition to the presence of the breathable substrate A, has the advantage that it can limit or prevent the effects resulting from the phenomenon of radiative cooling by limiting heat transfer with the sky.

[0024] Preferably, the metal layer C is selected to have a low emissivity on the outer surface of the composite. The metal layer C can reduce the heat loss from the textile substrate B by reducing the outer emissivity of the composite. Thus, the heat exchange with the outside is reduced.

[0025] Therefore, the textile substrate B releases heat during the night.

[0026] The advantage is that the heat loss in the internal environment, i.e. in the protected area of ​​the article formed at least in part by the composite, is reduced, and furthermore the reduced heat loss of the textile substrate B reduces the risk of reaching the dew point in the protected area, thereby preventing the appearance of condensation of water vapour on the cooler inner surface of the composite.

[0027] Preferably, substrate A has an inner surface and an outer surface located substantially opposite each other.

[0028] The term "water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A" is understood to mean that water cannot pass through substrate A from its outer surface to its inner surface, but water vapor can pass from the inner surface to the outer surface.

[0029] Preferably, the inner surface of substrate A faces directly towards the exterior of the composite, in particular facing directly towards a user to be protected from condensation and / or facing a protected area of ​​an article containing the composite.

[0030] Preferably, the textile substrate B has an inner surface and an outer surface located substantially opposite each other.

[0031] Preferably, the outer surface of the substrate A is disposed opposite the inner surface of the textile substrate B.

[0032] Preferably, the outer surface of substrate A is in direct contact with the inner surface of textile substrate B.

[0033] Preferably, the metal layer C has an inner surface and an outer surface located substantially opposite each other.

[0034] Preferably, the outer surface of the textile substrate B faces the inner surface of the metal layer C.

[0035] Preferably, the inner surface of the metal layer C is in direct contact with the outer surface of the textile substrate B.

[0036] Water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A In one embodiment, substrate A comprises (or is) a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable membrane, in particular a breathable membrane.

[0037] The breathable membrane is - by bonding (for example by means of a water-phase adhesive, for example an acrylic adhesive) and, optionally, by heating to polymerize the adhesive and / or evaporate the solvent (in particular water), or - by heating the breathable membrane to soften it and then attaching it under pressure to the inner surface of the textile substrate B; It can be integrated with the inner surface of the textile substrate B.

[0038] The breathable membrane may be a commercially available, ready-to-use membrane.

[0039] The breathable membrane A may be a polyurethane-based, fluorinated polymer-based (eg, PTFE), or polyethylene glycol-based membrane.

[0040] In another embodiment, the water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A comprises (or is) a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable polymer coating, in particular a polymer coating on the inner surface of the textile substrate B, more particularly the polymer coating being applied by coating with a doctor blade or blade, by a roller or by any other equivalent means.

[0041] The polymer coating may comprise the application of one or more layers of a liquid comprising one or more polymers, and / or one or more oligomers, and / or one or more monomers in a dispersion or solution, for example an aqueous dispersion or solution, or a solvent dispersion or solution.

[0042] The one or more polymers / oligomers may be selected from polyurethanes, polyacrylates, and polyesters.

[0043] The breathable coating or membrane may be microporous or nanoporous, physically blocking the passage of liquid water and allowing water vapor to pass through the micropores or nanopores, or it may be hydrophilic (in particular, allowing water vapor to be chemically vented through substrate A).

[0044] The person skilled in the art knows how to produce a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A of this type and how to fix the substrate A to a textile substrate B.

[0045] Protective substrate E (optional) In one embodiment, the composite comprises a protective substrate E, in particular directly facing the exterior of the composite and / or at least partially forming the interior surface of the composite.

[0046] Thus, the water-impermeable, water vapor permeable substrate A is disposed between the substrate E and the textile substrate B.

[0047] Protective substrate E can protect breathable substrate A.

[0048] The substrate E is characterized by having water vapor permeability.

[0049] Substrate E is characterized in that it has a through opening with at least one dimension of 0.1 mm or more, optionally 0.5 mm or more or 1 mm or more.

[0050] It is recognized that the placement of such a substrate E in the composite can improve the resistance of the composite to thermal evaporation and therefore increase the phenomenon of condensation. Nevertheless, this embodiment can be advantageous if one wishes to improve the protection of the water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A against external aggressions (improved resistance to abrasion, tearing, etc.). The placement of a substrate E is therefore not preferred. Preferably, the substrate E is or includes a textile layer, for example a fabric, a knit (for example of mesh type), a nonwoven, or a combination of these.

[0051] The nonwoven fabric is preferably a meltblown nonwoven fabric, a spunbond nonwoven fabric, or a combination thereof.

[0052] The substrate E is preferably very light. The substrate E preferably has a thickness of less than or equal to 3 mm, more preferably less than or equal to 2 mm, in particular less than or equal to 1 mm.

[0053] Preferably, the substrate E has a mass per unit area of ​​5 g / m 2 More than 150g / m 2 Less than 100 g / m 2 Below, optionally, 75 g / m 2 Less than or equal to 50g / m 2 The following is the result.

[0054] As an example, when the substrate E is a nonwoven fabric or includes a nonwoven fabric, the substrate E has a mass per unit area of ​​5 g / m 2 More than 30g / m 2 For example, 15 g / m 2 That's about it.

[0055] As an example, when the substrate E is a fabric or knit, or when the substrate E includes a fabric or knit, the substrate E has a mass per unit area of ​​30 g / m 2 More than 60g / m 2 For example, 45 g / m 2 That's about it.

[0056] Substrate E is not a thermally insulating substrate.

[0057] Preferably, the substrate E comprises fibres and / or filaments, for example made of polyamide (PA66, PA4-6, PA6 etc.), and / or polyester (PET or PBT), and / or polyolefin (PP, PE).

[0058] Textile base material B The textile substrate B is preferably a flexible textile that is water vapor permeable, ie, water vapor can pass from the inner surface of the textile substrate B to the outer surface.

[0059] The textile substrate B may be or include a fabric, knit, nonwoven, or combinations thereof.

[0060] Preferably, the textile substrate B is or comprises a woven textile, in particular comprising warp and weft yarns. Woven textiles of this type generally have better physical performance (e.g. tear resistance) and dimensional stability under elongation, as compared to, for example, knits.

[0061] The textile substrate B preferably comprises one or more multifilament yarns and / or one or more textile yarns, which may be one or more yarns comprised in one or more synthetic materials (polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide, etc.), and / or in natural materials (cotton, etc.), and / or in regenerated materials (in particular cellulosic materials, such as viscose), or in mixtures thereof.

[0062] The mass per unit area of ​​the textile substrate B is preferably 250 g / m 2 Less than 200 g / m 2 Less than 150 g / m 2 or less than 130g / m 2 Below, 100g / m 2 or 90 g / m 2The following is the result.

[0063] The mass per unit area of ​​the textile substrate B is preferably 25 g / m 2 More preferably, 50 g / m 2 or more, optionally 75 g / m 2 That's all.

[0064] The textile substrate B is characterized in that it has pores (or through openings) with at least one dimension of 0.01 mm or more, preferably 0.1 mm or more, optionally 0.5 mm or more or 1 mm or more.

[0065] The textile substrate B is characterized by having water vapor permeability.

[0066] The characteristic of this fabric is that the intersecting spaces between the weaving yarns of the base material B form spaces between the inner and outer surfaces of the base material B through which water vapor can pass.

[0067] metal layer C Preferably, the metal layer C is deposited by a thin film deposition technique, in particular as described below or with reference to the fourth aspect of the invention.

[0068] Preferably, the metal layer C has a thickness of 50 μm or less, preferably 10 μm or less, in particular 1 μm or less, in particular 200 nm or less, 150 nm or less, or 100 nm or less.

[0069] Preferably, the metal layer C has a thickness of at least 1 nm, preferably at least 10 nm.

[0070] The metal layer C has the feature that it is produced by physical vapor deposition (PVD), in particular by a method selected from the following: - vacuum deposition methods (in particular according to the first embodiment of the fourth aspect of the invention), or - preferably a sputtering deposition method (optionally enhanced by a magnetic field, in particular according to the second embodiment of the fourth aspect of the invention);

[0071] The protective metal layer D can be produced by a physical vapour deposition (PVD) method, in particular by a method chosen from the following: - vacuum deposition methods (in particular according to the first embodiment of the fourth aspect of the invention), or - sputtering deposition, in particular in the same production chamber as the metal layer C (optionally enhanced by a magnetic field, in particular according to the second embodiment of the fourth aspect of the invention); The metal layer D may also be produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), in particular in the same production chamber as the metal layer C.

[0072] The use of thin film deposition techniques has the advantage that the permeability to water vapor of the textile substrate B or the metal layer C is not significantly modified, while the emissivity level of the outer surface of the composite is reduced, thereby limiting the effects associated with the phenomenon of radiative cooling.

[0073] The metallic layer C or, in particular, the metallic or non-metallic protective layer D, has the advantage that it is permeable to water vapour.

[0074] compound Preferably, the composites of the present invention are flexible, in particular having a certain drapability and being able to conform to various shapes of articles.

[0075] The flexible composite may be sewn and thus may be punctured by a sewing needle.

[0076] Preferably, the total mass per unit area of ​​the composite is less than 10 g / m 2 More than 30g / m 2 or more than 50 g / m 2 That's all.

[0077] Preferably, the mass per unit area of ​​the composite is 350 g / m 2 Less than 300 g / m 2 Below 250g / m 2 or less than 200g / m 2 Optionally, 150 g / m2 or less than 100g / m 2 The following is the result.

[0078] Preferably the composite has a thickness of 0.01 mm or more, or 0.05 mm or more.

[0079] Preferably, the composite has a thickness of 5mm or less, 4mm or less, 3mm or less, 2mm or less, or 1mm or less.

[0080] In the present specification, "external atmosphere" is understood to mean everything that is outside the composite according to the invention, the outer surface being intended in particular to face towards the external atmosphere, in particular towards the sky, during use.

[0081] Chemical analysis of the outer surface of the composite can be performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This is a qualitative analysis. During such measurements, the surface chemical composition of the sample is identified, in this case the presence of metal M1 of the metal layer C, in particular aluminum and (possibly) traces of silica.

[0082] In one embodiment, the textile substrate B includes an aperture therethrough, the aperture extending between the outer and inner surfaces of the textile substrate B, free of the metal layer C and optional protective layer D.

[0083] The metallic layer C and / or the protective metallic or non-metallic protective layer D are deposited on the fibres and / or yarns of the textile substrate B and therefore have the advantage that they do not block the through openings of the textile substrate B.

[0084] In particular, the through openings of the textile substrate B extend to the inner and outer surfaces of the textile substrate B and are open at the inner and outer surfaces of the textile substrate B.

[0085] These through openings may include through openings extending between two woven or knitted yarns.

[0086] The through openings form water vapor permeable areas, in particular allowing water vapor to pass from the inner surface of the textile substrate B to the outer surface.

[0087] Preferably, these through openings have an average size of less than 0.01 mm. 2 is less than.

[0088] The through openings on the outer surface of the textile substrate B have an average size of 0.05 mm 2 Below, 0.01mm 2 Below 0.0090mm 2 Below, 0.0070mm 2 Below, 0.0050mm 2 Below, 0.0040mm 2 Less than or equal to 0.003 mm 2 It has the following features:

[0089] The open through openings on the outer surface of the textile substrate B have an average size of 0.0001 mm 2 More than 0.001 mm, preferably 2 The above features are the above.

[0090] An exemplary procedure for measuring the average through-opening size is as follows: Samples (at least five) are observed using a scanning electron microscope at the same magnification with the following parameter settings: Acceleration voltage: 10~11 volts Beam aperture size: 5.5~6 Chamber pressure: 130 Pa Magnification: 100x Detector used: ABS lens

[0091] Image analysis is performed using Topo Maps software. The binary segmentation option of the Topo Maps software is used to analyze the structure of the outer surface of the composites. For each sample, three different areas are evaluated. For each sample, the following information is recorded: a 100x magnification image, a binary image, a histogram of the surface distribution of the pores, and a statistical mean of the surface area of ​​the through openings.

[0092] These through openings are advantageous since they are observed from the outer face of the composite, ie the face of the composite that faces towards the outside atmosphere and not towards the user.

[0093] For example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the number of through openings on the exterior of the composite are not provided with metal layer C and / or are not provided with protective layer D.

[0094] For example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the through openings on the exterior surface of the laminate have an average size of less than 0.05 mm 2 Below, 0.01mm 2 Below 0.0090mm 2 Below, 0.0070mm 2 Below, 0.0050mm 2 Below, 0.0040mm 2 Less than or equal to 0.003 mm 2 The following is the result.

[0095] For example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the number of through openings on the exterior surface of the composite have an average size of less than 0.0001 mm 2 More than 0.001 mm, preferably 2 That's all.

[0096] These percentages are calculated by analyzing the images obtained using Topo Maps software, for example by calculating the number of open apertures or the size of the apertures in a square having dimensions specified to preferably contain at least 30 apertures, at least three times.

[0097] Preferably, in the present specification, a metal layer is understood to mean, in particular for metal layers C or D, any layer that does not contain a metal dispersed as a filler in a polymer layer.

[0098] Preferably, in the present specification, a metal layer is understood to mean any layer deposited by a thin film deposition technique (for example PVD or PECVD) and more preferably comprises at least one metal filler dispersed in an aqueous dispersion or solution of at least one polymeric binder without being coated or impregnated with said dispersion or solution.

[0099] In one embodiment, the composite further comprises a protective layer D for the metal layer C.

[0100] The protective layer D is preferably deposited by thin film deposition techniques.

[0101] The protective layer D can be deposited by physical vapor deposition techniques or by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition techniques, in particular under vacuum.

[0102] The physical vapour deposition technique may be a vacuum evaporation or sputtering deposition technique, optionally enhanced by a magnetic field, as described above or below with reference to the fourth aspect of the invention.

[0103] In one embodiment, the metal layer D does not include a polymer binder.

[0104] The textile substrate B, coated with a metal layer C, may be exposed to one or more gas phase precursors that react or decompose on the outer surface of the metal layer C to produce a desired deposit.

[0105] Thus, the protective layer D may be a metallic or chemical layer that does not contain aluminum, silver or titanium, in particular a chemical layer that does not contain metals.

[0106] The metal-free chemical layer may be silica-based (eg, SiO2), may be based on carbon chemical materials, and may be polymeric or oligomeric.

[0107] Preferably, the protective layer D has a thickness of 500 μm or less or 100 μm or less, more preferably 50 μm or less, preferably 10 μm or less, in particular 1 μm or less, especially 200 nm or less, 150 nm or less, or 100 nm or less.

[0108] The protective layer D preferably has a thickness of 1 nm or more, or 10 nm or more.

[0109] The function of the protective layer D is to protect the metal layer C from oxidation and deterioration due to bad weather (rain, UV rays, etc.).

[0110] In one embodiment, the protective layer D is a metal layer D and comprises at least one metal M2, optionally in the form of an alloy.

[0111] In particular, M2 is different from at least one metal M1 of the metal layer C or is comprised in a different alloy from the alloy comprising the metal M1 (M2 may be identical to M1).

[0112] Preferably, the metal layer D is deposited by a physical vapour deposition technique, in particular by sputtering (as described above) or by a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique (PECVD).

[0113] Preferably, the metal layer D is deposited under vacuum.

[0114] Preferably, the metal M2 may be chromium, nickel, a chromium-nickel alloy, or titanium.

[0115] In the present specification, a thin film deposition technique / process is understood to be any physical vapor deposition technique / process (particularly as described herein) performed under vacuum, in particular any plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique / process performed under vacuum, or a combination thereof.

[0116] In one embodiment, the protective layer D is a metal layer comprising titanium dioxide, in particular the at least one metal M2 is titanium, more in particular the protective layer D is also a water repellent layer.

[0117] In one embodiment, the protective layer D is a water repellent layer.

[0118] The target value for water repellency (as described below in this text for the outer surface of the composite) is preferably a rating of greater than 3, preferably 4 or greater, after at least one wash.

[0119] The protective layer D is a layer obtained by thin film deposition technology and has the advantage of being water repellent.

[0120] In one embodiment, protective layer D comprises titanium dioxide, and in particular consists essentially of titanium dioxide.

[0121] In one embodiment, protective layer D comprises at least 60% by weight titanium dioxide, more particularly at least 70% by weight, at least 80% by weight, at least 90% by weight, or at least about 95% by weight.

[0122] An element (e.g., a layer) is understood herein to consist essentially of subelements if at least 90% by weight / volume or at least 95% by weight / volume of the element is formed from one or more subelements.

[0123] In one embodiment, the protective layer D comprises at least one polymer, in particular a metal-free layer.

[0124] Those skilled in the art know that when selecting a polymer or oligomer to be deposited by PECVD, the polymer or oligomer should be such that it does not alter the emissivity properties of the metal layer C and provides a protective function for the metal layer C against oxidation and ultraviolet radiation.

[0125] In one embodiment, the textile substrate B comprises fibres and / or filaments, and at least one metal M1, optionally in the form of an alloy, at least partially covers said fibres and / or filaments.

[0126] Metal M1, optionally in the form of an alloy, is in direct contact with the surfaces of the fibers and / or filaments on the outer surface of the textile substrate.

[0127] This configuration is made possible by the deposition technique selected.

[0128] In some embodiments, the composite does not include a thermally insulating fabric layer disposed between the metal layer D and the outside atmosphere.

[0129] In some embodiments, the composite does not include a thermally insulating fabric layer.

[0130] Preferably, the composite according to the invention is not intended for use in thermal insulation articles and therefore does not contain a thick thermal insulation layer, such as, for example, felt, which would in fact modify the resistance of the composite to water vapor: the water vapor blocked by this insulation layer would condense on the surface of the insulation layer and form water droplets.

[0131] In one embodiment, the composite has a water vapor resistance (Ret) of 50m 2 .Pa.W -1 Less than or equal to 45m, preferably 2 .Pa.W -1 Below, 40m2 .Pa.W -1 Below, 35m 2 .Pa.W -1 Below, 30m 2 .Pa.W -1 Below, 25m 2 .Pa.W -1 Below, 20m 2 .Pa.W -1 Less than or equal to 15m 2 .Pa.W -1 The following is the result.

[0132] The term "resistance to water vapour" is understood to mean a measure of the energy required for water vapour to pass through a composite, in particular from its inner surface to its outer surface.

[0133] In particular, it is the water vapor pressure difference between the inner and outer surfaces of a composite according to the invention divided by the heat flow due to evaporation per unit surface area in the direction of the gradient.

[0134] Therefore, the lower the Ret, the more breathable the composite.

[0135] The resistance to water vapor (Ret) is preferably measured according to the ISO 11092 standard, in particular the standard entitled "Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test)" starting from September 2014. In particular, for this measurement, the composite has a thickness of 5 mm or less, in particular 1 mm or less.

[0136] In one embodiment, the textile substrate B has an average size of 0.005 mm 2 The through opening is:

[0137] The average size of the through openings can be measured on the inner surface or on the outer surface.

[0138] The measurement procedure is as described above.

[0139] In some embodiments, the exterior surface of the composite is water repellent.

[0140] This prevents water from pooling on the exterior surface of the composite and impairing the permeability of the composite to water vapor.

[0141] Preferably, water repellency is measured according to the NF EN ISO4920 standard, in particular the standard entitled "Textile fabrics - Determination of the resistance to surface wetting (spray test)" starting in January 2013. This international standard defines a spray test method to determine the resistance of textile fabrics to surface wetting by water.

[0142] Water repellency is assessed on a scoring scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the best water repellency measured and 1 being the worst.

[0143] The target value is preferably a score of greater than 3, preferably a score of 4 or greater, after at least one wash.

[0144] Water repellency can be achieved by applying (e.g., by impregnation) onto the outer surface of the metal layer C or the protective layer D a solution or aqueous dispersion of at least one water repellent agent, in particular a non-fluorinated one, such as a urethane containing alkyl groups, acrylic acid, or a combination thereof.

[0145] Such water repellents and methods for their application are well known to those skilled in the art.

[0146] In one embodiment, the outer surface of the composite is the outer surface of protective layer D.

[0147] The protective layer D has the advantage that it includes an inner side and an outer side, in particular located substantially opposite each other, the outer side facing directly towards the exterior of the composite, in particular facing directly towards the exterior atmosphere.

[0148] The protective layer D is characterized by having water repellency.

[0149] The protective layer D is characterized by having an inner surface directly opposed to the outer surface of the metal layer C.

[0150] In certain embodiments, the exterior surface of the composite has an emissivity of 0.50 or less, 0.45 or less, 0.40 or less, 0.35 or less, or 0.30 or less.

[0151] Emissivity (ε) is the property of an object's surface to absorb heat and release it by radiation, and is expressed as the ratio between the energy radiated by that surface and the energy radiated by a black body at the same temperature. A black body is a theoretical object that absorbs all of the electromagnetic radiation it receives at all wavelengths. No electromagnetic radiation passes through a black body, and no electromagnetic radiation is reflected.

[0152] An emissivity of 0.30 or less means that at least 70% of the solar radiation, particularly infrared radiation, received by the exterior surface of the composite is re-emitted into the outside atmosphere, and no more than 30% of the solar radiation is absorbed and / or transmitted.

[0153] Emissivity therefore depends on a number of parameters including the temperature of the object, the direction of the radiation, the wavelength, and the surface conditions of the inner and outer surfaces of the composite, among others.

[0154] In this specification, the term "reflection" is understood to mean the phenomenon whereby a wave projected on a surface separating two propagation media of different properties returns to the original medium, in particular with respect to said composite, the outer surface acting as the first medium and the surrounding air against which it faces acting as the second medium.

[0155] In this specification, the term "propagation of radiation" is understood to mean the passage of radiation through a medium, in particular through said composite, without changing its wavelength.

[0156] Solar radiation for the purposes of the present invention includes the solar spectrum, which in particular includes visible radiation, infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation.

[0157] Preferably, the infrared radiation of interest herein includes or is near infrared radiation and far infrared radiation, in particular includes or is far infrared radiation.

[0158] Far infrared (FIR) radiation is part of the thermal radiation emitted from various objects such as the ground, the composite, any internal chambers that may be formed, objects placed in the protected area, and finally, among others, one or more users within the protected area or wearing clothing that includes the article.

[0159] Far infrared waves penetrate the skin without damaging it and heat the user's body tissues in a similar way to the sun, but without the harmful ultraviolet radiation.

[0160] Preferably, far infrared radiation is understood to mean any radiation with a wavelength of 5 μm or greater.

[0161] In this specification, absorption of radiation is understood to mean the transmission, retention and assimilation of said radiation within the thickness of a material, in the present case of said composite.

[0162] The reflection, transmission, and absorption rates are defined as the portions of incident radiation, particularly solar radiation, that are reflected, transmitted, and absorbed.

[0163] Emissivity, reflection, transmission, and absorption are properties of the radiation of the composite.

[0164] It has the advantage that the emissivity, in particular of infrared, in particular of far infrared, of the outer surface of the composite can be measured in accordance with the NF EN 15976 standard, in particular the standard entitled "Flexible sheets for waterproofing - Determination of emissivity" dated July 2011.

[0165] In some embodiments, the exterior surface of the composite is water impermeable.

[0166] The water impermeability of the composite can be assessed by the measurement methods described in the NF EN ISO 811 standard, in particular the standard entitled "Textiles - Determination of resistance to water penetration - Hydrostatic pressure test" dated May 2018.

[0167] In one embodiment, the at least one metal M1, optionally in the form of an alloy, is selected from the list consisting of aluminum, silver, gold, stainless steel, zinc, tin, lead, copper, titanium, chromium, nickel, and mixtures thereof, preferably aluminum.

[0168] In one embodiment, the at least one metal M2, optionally in the form of an alloy, is selected from the list consisting of aluminum, silver, gold, stainless steel, zinc, tin, lead, copper, titanium (especially in the form of titanium dioxide), chromium, nickel, and mixtures thereof, preferably aluminum or titanium dioxide.

[0169] Preferably, at least one metal M2 is different from at least one metal M1, or at least one metal M2 is the same as metal M1, and metal layer C comprises an alloy of metal M1 that is different from the alloy of metal M2 in protective layer D.

[0170] In one embodiment, in particular the inner surface of the composite, which is at least partially formed by the water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A, faces directly towards a user or object to be protected from water droplets during use.

[0171] In use, the inner surface of the composite is preferably in contact with a layer of air.

[0172] According to a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: An article comprising at least one composite according to any one of the embodiments referring to the first aspect of the invention, - a device for protecting a user from rain and / or wind, comprising a protective area and being selected in particular from a protective outer shell of a sleeping bag, a tent, a sun / rain cover, a protective tarp, an umbrella, a sunshade, a curtain, a blind; Clothing for protection against rain and / or wind; The present invention relates to an article having the feature that the said article is selected from the list including:

[0173] In one exemplary embodiment, the article is a device for protection from rain and / or wind, including a protective area, and is specifically selected from a protective outer sleeve of a sleeping bag, a tent, a sun / rain cover, and a protective tarp, and more specifically selected from a protective outer sleeve of a sleeping bag, a tent, and a sun / rain cover.

[0174] In one exemplary embodiment, the article is clothing for protection against rain and / or wind.

[0175] The protective garment may be sailing dungarees, a hiking jacket, or the like.

[0176] The article according to the present invention may be a tent.

[0177] The tent may include an internal chamber, however, preferably the tent does not include an internal chamber.

[0178] An apparatus for protection from rain and / or wind comprises a protected area, i.e. an area where a user can at least partially retreat from, for example, the rain, wind and / or sun.

[0179] The inner surface of the composite is at least partially in contact with a layer of air, e.g., a layer of air having a minimal thickness (e.g., on the order of 5 mm, 3 cm, 15 cm, or 20 cm), in particular spanning the composite and the inner chamber, or directly opposite the air in the protected area.

[0180] In one embodiment, the composite at least partially forms a single-walled roof or a single-walled partition in a device for protection from rain and / or wind, in particular a tent, a sun / rain cover, or the outer shell of a sleeping bag.

[0181] This allows the article to be lighter in weight compared to existing articles according to the prior art.

[0182] According to a third aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: A tent, the tent includes a roof portion at least a portion of which includes a unitary wall portion; The tent relates to a tent comprising at least one composite according to any of the embodiments referring to the first aspect of the invention forming said at least part comprising a single wall.

[0183] In one embodiment, the tent comprises a single-wall roof portion, the tent comprising one or more composites, obtained by a manufacturing process according to any one of the embodiments referring to the first aspect of the invention or according to any one of the embodiments referring to the fourth aspect of the invention, at least partially or wholly forming the single-wall roof portion.

[0184] In a first example, the tent includes a composite that at least partially or entirely forms the roof of a single wall of the tent.

[0185] In a second example, the tent comprises several composite pieces that are combined, in particular sewn and / or welded and / or glued together along the edges, forming at least partially or entirely the roof of a single wall of the tent.

[0186] In one embodiment, the tent includes a device for applying tension to and maintaining the tent in a deployed state, the device including one or more tension rods configured to deploy at least partially outside a roof portion including a single wall portion.

[0187] A single-walled roof in the present invention is understood to mean a single wall or a number of walls joined together which separates the inner chamber of a tent comprising a single wall from the outside atmosphere.

[0188] According to a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: A method for making a composite for limiting the condensation of water, said composite having an inner surface and an outer surface, said outer surface facing directly towards the outside atmosphere, in particular a composite according to any one of the embodiments referring to the first aspect of the invention, The method comprises: a- providing at least one textile substrate B having an inner surface and an outer surface; b- depositing a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A on the inner surface of the textile substrate B; c- production of a metal layer C by depositing a thin layer of at least one metal M1, optionally in the form of an alloy, directly on the outer face of the textile substrate B, in particular said step of depositing a thin layer being a physical vapor deposition step; d-optionally applying a protective layer D of said metal layer C on the outer side of said metal layer C, in particular said step d) being a physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition process; e- optionally applying a water repellent layer onto said outer surface of said metal layer C or onto the outer surface of said protective layer D (particularly successively in that order).

[0189] Preferably, the metal layer C and, optionally, the protective layer D are deposited by a thin film deposition technique, in particular by evaporation, by physically acting on layer C and / or on protective layer D, or by chemically acting on protective layer D.

[0190] Physical vapor deposition may be by vacuum evaporation or, preferably, by cathodic sputtering, optionally enhanced by a magnetic field.

[0191] The technical features, alternatives and embodiments relating to thin film deposition techniques described below with reference to the fourth aspect of the invention apply independently to the third, second or first aspect of the invention.

[0192] Deposition of thin film C or D The thin-film deposition step c) (in particular for the production of the layer C) is a physical vapor deposition step, in particular - Vacuum deposition processes, or - preferably a cathodic sputtering deposition process, optionally enhanced by a magnetic field It has the following feature.

[0193] Step d) (in particular for the production of layer D) is a thin-film deposition step, in particular physical vapor deposition processes (known as PVD), more particularly a vacuum deposition process, in particular carried out in a chamber for producing a metal layer C, or a sputtering deposition process, optionally enhanced by a magnetic field, carried out in a chamber for producing the metal layer C, in particular under vacuum, or a step preferably carried out in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber, in particular for producing the metal layer C, or - combination of PVD and PECVD processes, in particular where these two processes occur simultaneously; It has the following feature.

[0194] In a first embodiment, the vacuum deposition step (in particular step c) or step d)) comprises a vacuum deposition step of at least one metal M1 (or at least one metal M2) or at least one alloy of metal M1 (or at least one alloy of metal M2). The evaporation step of at least one metal M1 or M2 or the alloy thereof can be carried out by various techniques, such as thermal evaporation.

[0195] In particular, this evaporation step involves placing at least one metal M1 (or M2), optionally in the form of an alloy, in a crucible placed in a vacuum chamber.

[0196] This evaporation step has the feature that the crucible is placed facing the outer side of the textile substrate B when depositing the metal layer C, or facing the outer side of the metal layer C when depositing the metal layer D. At least one metal M1 or M2, or an alloy thereof, is then vaporized, in particular by heating, and deposited by condensation on the outer side of the textile substrate B or on the outer side of the metal layer C.

[0197] Depending on the desired thickness of the metal layer C or protective metal layer D, this operation can be repeated several times.

[0198] Preferably, it has the feature that the crucible (i.e. the container containing at least one metal M1 or M2 or an alloy of M1 or M2 in the molten state) can be arranged facing the outer surface of the textile substrate B or of the metal layer C in an extended manner. This is in particular called vacuum deposition with an extended source. Preferably, in this case, the vaporized metal particles are directed towards the textile substrate B or towards the metal layer C along a substantially vertical line. In this case, the metal layer formed preferably has a regular, i.e. substantially constant, thickness.

[0199] The crucible (i.e. the container containing at least one metal M1 or M2 in the molten state) can be placed at a point facing the textile substrate B or the metal layer C. This is called vacuum deposition with a point source. Preferably, in this case the vaporized particles are directed substantially along a circular arc. In this case, the metal layer formed preferably has an irregular thickness, since it is thicker in the center than at the edges. To reduce this effect, it is possible to reduce the pressure applied in the chamber. However, this reduces the rate of deposition.

[0200] In a second, particularly preferred embodiment, the sputtering deposition step (in particular step c) or step d)), in particular in combination with a magnetic field, preferably comprises a step of evaporation of at least one metal M1 or M2, or an alloy thereof, achieved by various techniques such as electron bombardment.

[0201] In particular, the sputtering process involves the formation of a plasma using a chamber in which a diode (ie, a cathode and anode assembly) is placed.

[0202] In particular, the chamber comprises a sputtering object forming a cathode, the sputtering object comprising (or consisting essentially of) at least one metal M1 or M2 or an alloy thereof, and optionally further comprising an anode on which a textile substrate B coated with a metal layer C is fixed, the outer surface of the textile substrate B or of the metal layer C facing the cathode, in particular at a distance of a few centimeters from the cathode.

[0203] The sputtering process is characterized by the following steps: establishing a vacuum in the chamber, then introducing a certain amount of gas, preferably argon, or any other equivalent gas, or a mixture thereof, and applying a voltage between two electrodes (cathode and anode) to ionize the chamber air and generate a glow discharge plasma. Due to the negative potential of the target, the positive ions in the residual gas move / flow rapidly towards the target and strike it at high speed. Metal particles of the target are detached, vaporized when crossing the plasma, and captured by the anode. These metal particles from the target are then deposited on the textile substrate B or metal layer C fixed to the anode.

[0204] Preferably, when a voltage is applied between the cathode and the anode, a magnetic field is additionally used, particularly superimposed on the subject.

[0205] This allows for further ionization of the gas molecules in the vicinity of the cathode, which increases the number of collisions between the generated ions and the target. This therefore increases the ionization rate and therefore the resulting sputtering yield, and ultimately the deposition yield. Furthermore, the plasma is positioned towards the target by the magnetic field, and therefore the temperature applied to the substrate is lower. This is advantageous for textile substrates B, whose heat resistance is limited by the yarns / fibers used.

[0206] The sputtering deposition technique (called magnetron sputtering), optionally enhanced by a magnetic field, gives good results in terms of chemical and physical adhesion on the textile substrate B. Moreover, this technique allows more complex alloys to be deposited. Finally, the deposition of the metal particles occurs as close as possible to the outer surface of the textile substrate B. Thus, the metal particles are deposited on the textile microstructure. This is favorable for maintaining the permeability to water vapor.

[0207] In a third embodiment, step d) is a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition step, the plasma being preferably an oxygen plasma, an argon plasma or a mixture of oxygen and argon plasma, further comprising a chemical precursor, such as an organosilicon compound, such as a linear or cyclic siloxane, or a metal M2, such as titanium or aluminum, preferably titanium, or preferably a compound containing a metal M2, such as titanium.

[0208] For example, the compound containing the metal M2 may be titanium isopropoxide (TTIP).

[0209] When the metal M2 is titanium, the protective layer D is characterized by being a metallic layer of titanium dioxide.

[0210] In general, those skilled in the art are aware of a variety of physical or chemical vapor deposition techniques and know how to apply thin films C and D according to the criteria of interest.

[0211] The thin film deposition technique has the advantage that the permeability to water vapor of the textile substrate B or the metal layer C is not significantly modified, while the level of emissivity of the outer surface of the composite is reduced, limiting the effects associated with the phenomenon of radiative cooling.

[0212] In a fourth embodiment, the metal layer C and / or the protective layer D are deposited on the outer surface of a textile substrate B which is bonded to a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A, in particular, the substrate A is disposed on the inner surface of the textile substrate B.

[0213] In the fifth embodiment, the metal layer C is deposited on the outer surface of the textile substrate B, which is not bonded to the waterproof, water vapor permeable substrate A when the metal layer C is deposited.

[0214] In a sixth embodiment, optionally in combination with the fifth embodiment, a metal layer D is deposited on the outer surface of a textile substrate B, the outer surface of which is at least partially covered by a metal layer C, and the textile substrate B is not bonded to a waterproof, water vapor permeable substrate A when the metal layer D is deposited.

[0215] In one embodiment, Each of the steps a- providing at least one textile substrate B having an inner surface and an outer surface, and then A step of producing a metal layer C by depositing a thin layer of at least one metal M1, which may be in the form of a c-alloy, directly on the outer face of the textile substrate B, in particular said step of depositing a thin layer being a physical vapour deposition step, and then d-Optionally, depositing a protective layer D of said metal layer C on the outer face of said metal layer C; b- depositing a waterproof and water vapor permeable substrate A on the inner surface of the textile substrate B; Execute in the order:

[0216] Layer C has the feature that it is deposited on the textile substrate B, which is free of the waterproof and water vapor permeable substrate A, so that only the textile substrate B is at least partially covered by layer C.

[0217] The waterproof and water vapor permeable substrate A has the feature that it is not covered by the metal layer C and / or the metal layer D.

[0218] Additionally, thin film deposition techniques allow layers C and possibly D to bond only to the woven portion of textile substrate B without blocking the pores. Thus, water vapor can more easily flow through substrate A (especially those that are not blocked by layers C and / or D) and then through the pores of textile substrate B (especially those that are not blocked by layers C and / or D).

[0219] In one embodiment, step d) is a thin-film deposition step of a protective layer D, in particular a physical vapor deposition step of at least one metal M2 (more particularly a metal M2 different from metal M1 or identical to metal M1 but in the form of an alloy and different from said alloy of metal M1), or a chemical vapor deposition step of at least one chemical compound not containing a metal, or a chemical vapor deposition step of titanium dioxide on the outer surface of metal layer C to form protective layer D.

[0220] A metal-free chemical compound shall be understood to mean any compound containing carbon and / or oxygen, and optionally containing a silicon atom (Si).

[0221] In one embodiment, step d) consists in depositing a thin layer of a protective layer D, in particular a metallic protective layer D comprising titanium dioxide.

[0222] In one embodiment, the composite has, from the inner surface to the outer surface: optionally a protective textile layer E, a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A, in particular comprising a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable membrane or a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable polymer coating, - a textile substrate B; a metal layer C, preferably deposited by a thin-film deposition technique, optionally a protective layer D of the metal layer C, preferably a protective layer D, more preferably a protective metallic layer D, for example made of titanium dioxide, or a protective polymer layer D, deposited by thin film deposition techniques, optionally a water-repellent layer, in particular for making the outer face of the composite water-repellent or for making the protective layer D water-repellent as well, if the protective layer D is a titanium dioxide layer.

[0223] According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, Use of a composite, comprising: The composite is a composite according to any one of the embodiments according to the first aspect of the invention or obtainable by carrying out a method according to the fourth aspect of the invention, and relates to the use of the composite for making an article limiting or preventing condensation of water on an interior wall, in particular for manufacturing at least a part comprising a single wall of a tent roof.

[0224] The article comprises the composite, and at least one interior wall of the article comprises (or is at least partially formed from) an interior surface of the composite.

[0225] The article has the feature that its outer surface facing the outside atmosphere comprises (or is at least partially formed from) the outer surface of the composite.

[0226] The articles are preferably devices for protecting a user from rain and / or wind, comprising a protective area, in particular selected from a protective outer bag of a sleeping bag, a tent, a sun / rain cover, a protective tarp, an umbrella, a sunshade, a curtain, a blind, and clothing for protection against rain and / or wind, more preferably devices for protecting a user from rain and / or wind, comprising a protective area, in particular selected from a protective outer bag of a sleeping bag, a tent, a sun / rain cover.

[0227] The article may be as defined with reference to the second aspect of the invention.

[0228] In general, the alternatives / embodiments according to the first, second, third, fourth and fifth aspects can be independent of each other and combined with each other. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0229] The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of various embodiments of the invention, which is given by way of non-limiting example only and makes reference to the accompanying drawings in which: [Figure 1]1 shows a schematic cross-section of a first example of a composite according to the invention; [Diagram 2] 3 shows a schematic cross-section of a second example of a composite according to the invention; [Diagram 3] 1 shows a schematic diagram of a comparative example of a composite according to the prior art. [Figure 4] 3 shows a first example of an article according to the invention, which is a tent including the first or second examples shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and which includes a single wall. [Diagram 5] Schematic diagram of the outer surface of textile substrate B taken with a scanning electron microscope. The inner surface of textile substrate B is free of metal layer C, and the outer surface of textile substrate B is covered with metal layer C. Thus, the composite does not include substrate A which is water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable. [Figure 6] Schematic diagram of a photograph taken with a scanning electron microscope of the outer surface of textile substrate B. The inner surface of textile substrate B is covered with a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable coating forming substrate A, and the outer surface is covered with a metal layer C. [Figure 7] Schematic diagram of a photograph taken with a scanning electron microscope showing the outer surface of textile substrate B. The inner surface of textile substrate B is covered with a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable membrane forming substrate A, and the outer surface is covered with a metal layer C. [Figure 8] 3 shows a schematic representation of a second example of an article according to the invention, a tent including a single wall, including the first or second examples shown in FIGS. 1 and 2; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0230] A first example of a composite 10 according to the invention has an inner surface 12 and an outer surface 14 located substantially opposite each other. The composite 10 comprises a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A, 20 having an inner surface 22 and an outer surface 24 located substantially opposite each other. The substrate A comprises a polymer coating 26 that is impermeable to water and water vapor, for example made of polyurethane, and is characterized by being microporous. The composite 10 comprises a textile substrate B, 30 having an inner surface 32 and an outer surface 34 located substantially opposite each other, the inner surface 32 being arranged opposite the outer surface 24 of the substrate A, 20. The composite 10 comprises a metal layer C, 40 having an inner surface 42 and an outer surface 44 located substantially opposite each other, the inner surface 42 being arranged opposite the outer surface 34 of the textile substrate B. Thus, the substrate A 20, the textile substrate B 30, and the metal layer C 40 are substantially laminated.

[0231] The metal layer C, 40 is a metal layer made of a metal M1, and preferably, M1 is aluminum.

[0232] Optionally, the composite 10 includes a protective layer D,50 for the metal layer C. The protective layer D,50 has an inner surface 52 and an outer surface 54 that are substantially opposed to one another. The inner surface 52 of the protective layer D,50 is positioned opposite the outer surface 44 of the metal layer C,40.

[0233] In this embodiment, the protective layer D, 50 is a metallic layer comprising a metal M2, in particular in the form of an alloy, in particular a nickel-chromium alloy.

[0234] The composite 10 has the advantage that the outer surface 14 is intended to face directly towards the outside atmosphere, while the inner surface 12 is intended to face towards an occupant, and in particular towards a protected area where the occupant can take shelter / reside.

[0235] The metal layer C,40 and optionally the metal layer D,50 are preferably deposited by physical vapor deposition, in particular by sputtering, in particular enhanced by a magnetic field. The metal layer C,40 has a thickness of, for example, about 80 nm. The metal layer D,50 has a thickness of, for example, about 80 nm.

[0236] Alternatively, the protective layer D is deposited during a chemical vapor deposition process, in particular plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, preferably in a plasma comprising molecular nitrogen or argon and at least one chemical precursor, such as an organosilane.

[0237] Preferably, the outer surface 54 of the protective layer D is treated with a water repellent finish, in particular with a water repellent finish based on a non-fluorinated flame retardant.

[0238] In an alternative example, when protective layer D is a thin layer of titanium dioxide, the outer surface of protective layer D does not require water repellent treatment since it has inherent water repellent properties.

[0239] A second example of a composite 100 according to the present invention comprises, from the inner surface 102 to the outer surface 104, a protective textile layer E, 115, a substrate A, 120, which is impermeable to water and permeable to water vapor, a microporous substrate A, for example made of polyurethane, having a polymer coating 126, which is impermeable to water and water vapor, a textile substrate B, 130, a metal layer C, 140, and optionally a protective layer D, 150.

[0240] The protective layer D, 150 in this embodiment has the advantage that it is a metallic layer containing a metal M2, in particular in the form of an alloy, in particular a nickel-chromium alloy.

[0241] Metal layer C and optionally metal layer D are preferably characterized by being deposited by physical vapor deposition, in particular by sputtering. Metal layer C, 140, has a thickness of, for example, about 80 nm. Metal layer D, 150, has a thickness of, for example, about 80 nm. Metal layer C, 140, comprises a metal M1, preferably aluminum.

[0242] Alternatively, the protective layer D is deposited during a chemical vapor deposition process, in particular plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, preferably in a plasma comprising molecular nitrogen or argon and at least one chemical precursor, such as an organosilane.

[0243] Alternatively, substrate A is a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable membrane, in particular microporous and made of polyurethane.

[0244] Preferably, the outer surface 154 of the protective layer D, 150 is water repellent and based on a flame retardant selected from the flame retardants mentioned above.

[0245] The comparative example as composite 200 shown in FIG. 3 includes, from the inner surface 202 to the outer surface 204, a substrate A including a polymer coating 210 that is impermeable to water and permeable to water vapor, a metal layer C, 220, and a textile substrate B, 230.

[0246] The outer surface 204 of the composite 200 has an emissivity of about 0.65 and a Ret of 13 m 2 .Pa.W -1 When the metal layer C, 220 is disposed on the inner surface 232 of the textile substrate B, 230, the emissivity of the outer surface 204 becomes too high and is insufficient to effectively suppress the thermal radiative heating of the inner surface 202 of the composite 200.

[0247] The textile substrate B described in each of the above examples may be a fabric containing yarns having a fineness of 150 denier, in particular a fabric made of polyethylene terephthalate and having a mass per unit area of ​​90 g / m 2 may be also possible.

[0248] In an alternative embodiment, the protective layer D (50 or 150) is a thin layer of titanium dioxide, which also acts as a water-repellent layer. The protective layer D is then deposited by a chemical vapor deposition process, in particular with the aid of a plasma, preferably the plasma comprising dinitrogen or argon and at least one chemical precursor, which is titanium or titanium dioxide, to form the titanium dioxide layer. Preferably, the deposition of the thin layer D is carried out under vacuum.

[0249] In an example of the manufacturing process according to the present invention, the composite 10 or 100 is manufactured by first applying a metal layer C (40 or 140) to the outer side 34 of the textile substrate B (30 or 130), then applying a protective layer D (50 or 150, i.e. a thin layer of titanium dioxide) to the outer side 44 of the metal layer C, and finally applying a waterproof and breathable substrate A to the inner side 32 of the textile substrate B. The layering of the layers in this order optimizes the RET, since it promotes the evaporation of water vapor through the substrate A, thus improving the anti-caking effect.

[0250] 4 shows a cross-section of a non-limiting example of an article 300. The example is a tent 305 that includes a single wall that includes a composite 10 or 100 according to the present invention.

[0251] The article includes a protected area 310 where a user 320 or object can take shelter from the sun, wind, and rain. In this embodiment, the protected area 310 is an interior chamber 315 of a tent 305 that includes a single wall. Water vapor that accumulates in the interior chamber 315 is removed by passing through the composite 10 or 100 from the interior surface 12 or 102 to the exterior surface 14 or 104 to the outside atmosphere, as indicated by arrow F. The water vapor and the accumulating heat can be removed from the interior chamber by utilizing the properties of the composite of the present invention. As the water vapor is removed from the protected area and the temperature difference between the interior and exterior surfaces of the composite is reduced, the water vapor does not condense on the interior surface of the composite. Thus, the composite remains dry on the interior surface, improving comfort for the user. Thus, the article 300 is lighter and does not include a conventional interior chamber. This makes the article easier to transport and requires fewer components to manufacture, which in turn improves reusability.

[0252] 8 shows a schematic representation of a second example of an article according to the invention. This example is a single-walled tent 400, which comprises a composite 10 or 100 according to the invention. In particular, the single-walled tent 400 includes a single-walled roof 410, and thus does not include an inner chamber covered by the single-walled roof. The inner chamber is formed only by the single-walled roof.

[0253] The roof 410, which includes a single wall portion, has the advantage that it is formed by joining multiple composites 10 or 100 together.

[0254] Preferably, the tent 400 further includes a device for maintaining the single-walled tent 420 under tension in the deployed state.

[0255] Each of the tests described below was carried out on various constructions of the composites according to the invention and comparative composites.

[0256] Comparative Example 1: A comparative composite comprising a water vapor impermeable polyurethane coating and a textile substrate (e.g., 75 denier, 64 g / m 2 (including PET weaving yarn of about 100 nm), a metal layer C of 80 nm, and a water-repellent layer, 2 is 89g / m 2 and the composite with a thickness of 0.15 mm has a Ret of 222 m 2 .Pa.W -1 It has a water repellency rating of 4 and an impermeability of 8017 mm of water column. The Ret is so high that water vapor accumulates on the inner surface of the composite, condenses and forms droplets.

[0257] Comparative Example 2: A comparative composite, comprising a woven substrate (e.g., 75 denier, 64 g / m 2 (including PET weaving yarn of about 100 nm), a metal layer C of 80 nm, and a water-repellent layer, 2 is 68g / m 2 and the composite with a thickness of 0.10 mm has an emissivity of 0.28 and a Ret of 3.54 m 2 .Pa.W -1 with a water repellency grade of 4 and an impermeability of 97.7 mm of water column. Although the Ret is very low, the composite is permeable to water and therefore does not protect the user from rain.

[0258] Example 1 according to the invention: A composite according to the invention, comprising a water vapor permeable and water impermeable polyurethane coating and a textile substrate (e.g., 75 denier, 75 g / m 2 (including PET weaving yarn of about 100 nm), a metal layer C of 80 nm, and a water-repellent layer, 2 is 83g / m 2 and the composite with a thickness of 0.15 mm has an emissivity of 0.30 and a Ret of 11.4 m 2 .Pa.W -1 It has a water repellency grade of 3 and an impermeability of 6396 mm of water column. During use (e.g. when forming a roof section with a single wall section in a tent), no water droplets form on the inner surface of the composite and it remains dry even after a night's sleep.

[0259] Example 2 according to the invention: A composite according to the invention, comprising a water vapor permeable and water impermeable membrane and a textile substrate (e.g., a 75 denier fiber size and a weight of 64 g / m 2 (including PET weaving yarn of about 100 nm), a metal layer C of 80 nm, and a water-repellent layer, 2 is 92g / m 2 and the composite with a thickness of 0.15 mm has an emissivity of 0.26 and a Ret of 13 m 2 .Pa.W -1 It has a water repellency grade of 4.5 and an impermeability of 5998 mm of water column. During use (e.g. when forming a roof section with a single wall section in a tent), no water droplets form on the inner surface of the composite and it remains dry even after a night's sleep.

[0260] Example 3 according to the invention: Composite according to the invention, with a protective layer E of woven mesh fabric (50 g / m 2 The membrane is water vapor permeable and water impermeable, and the textile substrate (e.g., 75 denier, 64 g / m2 PET) is used. 2 (including PET weaving yarn of about 100 nm), a metal layer C of 80 nm, and a water-repellent layer, 2 is 150g / m 2 and the composite with a thickness of 0.33 mm has an emissivity of 0.26 and a Ret of 32.1 m 2 .Pa.W -1 with a water repellency grade of 4.5 and an impermeability of 22531 mm of water column. During use (for example when forming a roof section with a single wall section in a tent), no water droplets form on the inner side of the composite and it remains dry after a night's sleep. This type of composite can be interesting if one seeks to improve the protection of the substrate A against abrasion. However, in practice, it is observed that examples 1 and 2 have very good performances with regard to the non-formation of water droplets on the inner side of the composite, and achieve this without protective layer E.

[0261] In Examples 1 to 3 of the present invention, a protective thin film D is deposited on the metal layer C and the protective layer D is treated to be water repellent, but the measured Ret and emissivity are not changed by this. The protective layer D can prevent the metal layer C from oxidizing and extend its life.

[0262] In each of the above examples, the metal layer C is deposited by magnetron sputtering (ie enhanced by a magnetic field).

[0263] Other equivalent techniques of physical thin film deposition may be used, provided that they provide the same performance in terms of adhesion to the textile substrate B, emissivity and Ret. A person skilled in the art knows these physical or chemical vapor deposition techniques, and in particular which parameters should be maintained to achieve the emissivity and Ret values ​​specified in the present invention.

[0264] 5 and 6 show photographs of the through apertures of textile substrate B (400, 500, 600) measured according to the measurement procedure described above (in particular using a scanning electron microscope and Topo Maps software).

[0265] In FIG. 5, through-openings 410 can be seen, in FIG. 6, 510, and in FIG. 7, 610. These through-openings (410, 510, 610) extend and open on the inner and outer surfaces of the woven substrate B (400, 500, 600). The woven substrate B (400, 500, 600) is in particular a 64 g / m PET weaving yarn with a denier of 75, having warp and weft threads. 2 It is a fabric.

[0266] Metal layer C is preferably an 80 nm aluminum layer deposited by magnetron sputtering.

[0267] The through openings are characterized in that they are formed at the points where the yarns cross each other, as can be seen in Figures 5 to 7 .

[0268] As can be seen in FIG. 5, the metal layer C does not block the through openings 410 of the textile substrate B, 400, and at least one metal M1 (in this case aluminum) is deposited on the weaving yarns.

[0269] In Figure 6, the through opening 510 is blocked from the inner side of the textile substrate B by a water-impermeable, water vapor-permeable coating forming substrate A. However, since this substrate A is permeable to water vapor, water vapor passes through substrate A and then escapes via the through opening 510 through textile substrate B, metal layer C, and optionally protective layer D (which is also attached to the yarns / fibers and does not block opening 510).

[0270] In Figure 7, substrate A is a water-impermeable, water vapor-permeable membrane laminated onto the inner surface of textile substrate B. This membrane therefore does not block the through openings 610 of textile substrate B and is therefore not visible from the outer surface.

[0271] Generally, substrate A contains micropores that are impermeable to liquid water while allowing the escape of water vapor.

[0272] These through openings 410, 510, or 610 preferably have an average size of 0.01 mm. 2 More preferably, it is 0.003 mm or less. 2 Less than or equal to 0.0001 mm2 and more than or equal to 0.0001 mm2, for example, 0.001 to 0.01 mm 2 That's about it.

Claims

1. A water condensation reducing composite (10, 100) having an inner surface (12, 102) and an outer surface (14, 104), the outer surface (14, 104) facing directly toward the outside atmosphere; The composite (10, 100) extends from the inner surface (12, 102) to the outer surface (14, 104), a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A (20, 26, 120, 126); - a textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600), at least one metal M1, which is deposited directly on said textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) to form a metal layer C (40, 140); A compound (10, 100) comprising:

2. A composite (10, 100) as described in claim 1, characterized in that the at least one metal M1 is in the form of an alloy.

3. 2. The composite (10, 100) of claim 1, wherein the textile substrate (B) (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) has a through opening (410, 510, 610) that is free of the metal layer (C) (40, 140) and extends between its outer surface (34) and inner surface (32).

4. 2. The composite (10, 100) of claim 1, further comprising a protective layer D (50, 150) for said metal layer C (40, 140).

5. 5. A composite (10, 100) according to claim 4, characterized in that the protective layer D (50, 150) is a metallic layer and comprises at least one metal M2.

6. A composite (10, 100) as described in claim 5, characterized in that the at least one metal M2 is in the form of an alloy.

7. A composite (10, 100) as described in claim 5, characterized in that the at least one metal M2 is different from the at least one metal M1 of the metal layer C (40, 140).

8. 6. A composite (10, 100) according to claim 5, characterized in that the protective layer D (50, 150) is a metallic layer containing titanium dioxide.

9. A composite (10, 100) as described in claim 8, characterized in that the at least one metal M2 is titanium.

10. A composite (10, 100) as described in claim 8, characterized in that the protective layer D is also a water-repellent layer.

11. 5. The composite (10, 100) of claim 4, characterized in that the protective layer D (50, 150) comprises at least one polymer.

12. The textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) contains fibers and / or filaments, 2. A composite (10, 100) according to claim 1, characterized in that said at least one metal M1 at least partially covers the surface of said fibers and / or said filaments.

13. 2. The composite (10, 100) of claim 1, wherein the composite (10, 100) has a total thickness of 5 mm or less.

14. 2. The composite (10, 100) of claim 1, characterized in that the composite (10, 100) does not include a thermally insulating textile layer.

15. The composite (10, 100) has a resistance to water vapor (Ret) of 50m ２ . Pa. W －１ 2. The composite (10, 100) of claim 1, wherein:

16. A composite (10, 100) according to claim 15, characterized in that it has a resistance to water vapor (Ret) of less than or equal to 20 m 2 ·Pa·W −1 .

17. 2. The composite (10, 100) of claim 1, wherein the outer surface (14, 104) of the composite (10, 100) is water-repellent.

18. 2. The composite (10, 100) of claim 1, wherein the outer surface (14, 104) of the composite (10, 100) has an emissivity of 0.50 or less.

19. 2. The composite (10, 100) of claim 1, wherein the at least one metal M1 is selected from the list consisting of aluminum, silver, gold, stainless steel, zinc, tin, lead, copper, titanium, nickel, chromium, and mixtures thereof.

20. A composite (10, 100) as described in claim 1, characterized in that the inner surface (12, 102) of the composite (10, 100) faces directly toward a user or object to be protected from condensation during use.

21. A composite (10, 100) as described in claim 20, characterized in that the inner surface (12, 102) of the composite (10, 100) is formed by the substrate A (20, 26, 120, 126) which is water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable.

22. An article (300) comprising at least one composite (10, 100) according to claim 1, The article (300) comprises: An article (300) comprising a device (305) for protection from rain and / or wind, the device comprising a protective area (310, 315).

23. The article (300) comprises a device (305) selected from a protective outer shell of a sleeping bag, a tent (305), a sun / rain cover, a protective tarp, an umbrella, a sunshade, a curtain, and a blind; clothing for protection against rain and / or wind; 23. The article (300) of claim 22, selected from the list comprising:

24. 23. The article (300) according to claim 22, characterized in that the composite (10, 100) at least partially forms a roof part including a single wall or a partition part including a single wall in the device (305) for protection from rain and / or wind.

25. The article (300) described in claim 22, characterized in that the composite (10, 100) at least partially forms a roof portion including a single wall portion or a partition portion including a single wall portion in at least a tent (305), sun / rain cover, or outer bag of a sleeping bag.

26. A tent (305), The tent (305) includes a roof portion at least a portion of which includes a single wall portion; A tent (305), characterized in that the tent comprises at least one composite (10, 100) according to claim 1, forming said at least part comprising a single wall.

27. 1. A method for manufacturing a water condensation-limiting composite (10, 100), the composite (10, 100) having an inner surface (12, 102) and an outer surface (14, 104), the outer surface (14, 104) facing directly toward the outside atmosphere; The method comprises: a- providing at least one textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) having an inner surface (32) and an outer surface (34); b- depositing a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A (20, 26, 120, 126) on the inner surface (32) of the textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600); c- depositing a thin layer of at least one metal M1 directly onto said outer surface (34) of said textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) to produce a metal layer C (40, 140); A method comprising:

28. The method described in claim 27, characterized in that step c of depositing a thin layer of at least one metal M1 in the form of an alloy with the metal M1 is a physical vapor deposition step.

29. A method as described in claim 27, characterized in that it includes a step d-of depositing a protective layer D (50, 150) of the metal layer C (40, 140) on the outer surface (44) of the metal layer C (40, 140).

30. The method includes the following steps, each of which is performed by: a- providing at least one textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) having an inner surface (32) and an outer surface (34); c- depositing a thin layer of at least one metal M1 directly onto said outer surface (34) of said textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) to produce a metal layer C (40, 140), and then b- depositing a waterproof and water vapor permeable substrate A (20, 26, 120, 126) on said inner surface (32) of said textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600); 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the steps are performed in the order:

31. The method comprises the steps of: Each of the steps a- providing at least one textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) having an inner surface (32) and an outer surface (34); c- depositing a thin layer of at least one metal M1 directly onto said outer surface (34) of said textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600) to produce a metal layer C (40, 140), and then d- depositing a protective layer D (50, 150) of said metal layer C (40, 140) on the outer surface (44) of said metal layer C (40, 140); b- depositing a waterproof and water vapor permeable substrate A (20, 26, 120, 126) on said inner surface (32) of said textile substrate B (30, 130, 400, 500, 600); 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the steps are performed in the order:

32. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein step d) is the step of depositing a thin layer of the protective layer D (50, 150), the protective layer D (50, 150) comprising titanium dioxide.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein step d) is a physical vapor deposition process or a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process.

34. Use of the composite (10, 100), The composite (10, 100) is a composite (10, 100) obtained by carrying out the method according to claim 1 or claim 27, and the use of the composite (10, 100) for manufacturing at least a portion, including a single wall section of a tent roof, for making an article (300) that limits or prevents water condensation on an interior wall.

Images