Coating composition containing wax

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising a wax and one or more salts of fatty acids. Exemplary embodiments include from about 20% to about 98% by weight of a wax and from about 2% to about 40% by weight of one or more C4 to C6 fatty acids. 28 Also provided herein are coated agricultural products comprising an agricultural product and a layer disposed on a surface of the agricultural product, wherein the layer comprises a composition described herein.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Application No. 63 / 427,753, filed November 23, 2022, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0002] Technical Field FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to coatings for agricultural products. [Background technology]

[0003] background Common agricultural products are susceptible to deterioration and decomposition (i.e., spoilage) when exposed to the environment. Such agricultural products can include, for example, eggs, fruits, vegetables, produce, seeds, nuts, flowers, and / or whole plants (including their processed and semi-processed forms). Non-agricultural products (e.g., vitamins, candy, etc.) are also susceptible to deterioration when exposed to the ambient environment. Deterioration of agricultural products can occur through abiotic means as a result of evaporative water loss from the exterior surface of the agricultural product into the atmosphere, and / or oxidation by oxygen diffusing into the agricultural product from the environment, and / or mechanical damage to the surface, and / or light-induced decomposition (i.e., photodegradation). Additionally, biotic stressors, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and / or pests, can also infest and decompose agricultural products.

[0004] Traditional approaches to preventing deterioration, maintaining quality, and extending the shelf life of agricultural produce include refrigeration and / or specialized packaging. Refrigeration requires capital-intensive equipment, requires constant energy consumption, and, if not carefully controlled, can cause product spoilage or quality loss and must be actively managed. Additionally, interruptions in the temperature-controlled supply chain can negate the benefits of refrigeration. Specialized packaging also requires expensive equipment, consumes packaging materials, increases transportation costs, and can require active management. Despite the potential benefits of refrigeration and specialized packaging, handling and transportation of agricultural produce can cause surface abrasions or bruises, which are unsightly to consumers and can serve as entry points for bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, the expenses associated with such approaches can increase the cost of agricultural produce. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] overview A wax present in an amount of about 20% to about 98% by weight of the composition, and one or more C4-C6 waxes present in a total amount of about 2% to about 40% by weight of the composition. 28 Compositions comprising salts of fatty acids are provided herein.

[0006] Wax and one or more C4-C 28 Also provided herein are compositions comprising salts of fatty acids, wherein the ratio of total weight of wax to total weight of one or more salts is from about 50:1 to about 3:1.

[0007] Wax, one or more types, C4-C 28 Salts of fatty acids and one or more C4-C 28 Also provided herein are compositions comprising monoglycerides of fatty acids, wherein the ratio of the total weight of wax to the total weight of one or more salts is from about 40:1 to about 2:1, and the ratio of the total weight of wax to the total weight of one or more monoglycerides is from about 8:1 to about 1:1.

[0008] Wax, one or more types, C4-C 28 Salts of fatty acids and one or more C4-C 28 Also provided herein are compositions comprising monoglycerides of fatty acids, wherein the ratio of the total weight of wax to the total weight of one or more salts is from about 6:1 to about 1:1, and the ratio of the total weight of wax to the total weight of one or more monoglycerides is from about 4:1 to about 1:1.

[0009] Also provided herein are mixtures of the compositions described herein and solvents.

[0010] Also provided herein are coated agricultural products comprising an agricultural product and a layer disposed on a surface of the agricultural product, wherein the layer comprises a composition described herein.

[0011] Also provided herein is a method of coating an agricultural produce, the method comprising contacting a surface of the agricultural produce with a mixture comprising a coating agent and a solvent, and removing at least a portion of the solvent to form a coating on the surface of the agricultural produce. The coating agent comprises a wax present in an amount of about 20% to about 98% by weight of the coating agent, and one or more C4-C6 hydroxybenzoates present in a total amount of about 2% to about 40% by weight of the coating agent. 28 Salts of fatty acids.

[0012] Also provided herein is a method of coating an agricultural produce, the method comprising contacting a surface of the agricultural produce with a mixture described herein and removing at least a portion of the solvent to form a coating on the surface of the agricultural produce.

[0013] While the disclosed inventive concepts include those defined in the appended claims, it should be understood that the inventive concepts can also be defined according to the following embodiments.

[0014] Embodiment 1 is a composition comprising: a wax present in an amount of about 20% to about 98% by weight of the composition; and One or more C4-C hydroxybenzoates present in a total amount of about 2% to about 40% by weight of the composition. 28 Salts of fatty acids A composition comprising:

[0015] Embodiment 2 is the composition of embodiment 1, wherein the wax is present in an amount from about 40% to about 98% by weight of the composition.

[0016] Embodiment 3 is the composition of embodiment 1, wherein the wax is present in an amount from about 60% to about 98% by weight of the composition.

[0017] Embodiment 4 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-3, wherein the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the composition.

[0018] Embodiment 5 is the composition of any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 2% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

[0019] Embodiment 6 is a composition comprising a composition, wherein the wax is present in an amount of about 75% to about 98% by weight of the composition; the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the composition; The composition of embodiment 1.

[0020] Embodiment 7 is a method for producing one or more C4 to C6 28 7. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 6, further comprising a monoglyceride of a fatty acid.

[0021] Embodiment 8 is the composition of embodiment 7, wherein the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount from about 1% to about 45% by weight of the composition.

[0022] Embodiment 9 is the composition of embodiment 7, wherein the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount from about 1% to about 26% by weight of the composition.

[0023] Embodiment 10 is the composition of embodiment 7, wherein the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the composition.

[0024] Embodiment 11 is a composition wherein the wax is present in an amount from about 58% to about 75% by weight of the composition; the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the composition; the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of about 10% to about 40% by weight of the composition; 8. The composition of embodiment 7.

[0025] Embodiment 12 is a method for preparing a composition comprising: the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 10% to about 30% by weight of the composition; the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of about 15% to about 35% by weight of the composition; 8. The composition of embodiment 7.

[0026] Embodiment 13 is directed to a wax, and One or more types of C4 to C 28 Salts of fatty acids wherein the ratio of the total mass of the wax to the total mass of the one or more salts is from about 50:1 to about 3:1.

[0027] Embodiment 14 is directed to one or more C4 to C6 2814. The composition of embodiment 13, further comprising monoglycerides of fatty acids, wherein the ratio of the total weight of the wax to the total weight of the one or more monoglycerides is from about 100:1 to about 3:1.

[0028] Embodiment 15 is a wax, One or more types of C4 to C 28 Salts of fatty acids, and One or more types of C4 to C 28 Monoglycerides of fatty acids wherein the ratio of the total mass of the wax to the total mass of the one or more salts is from about 40:1 to about 2:1, and the ratio of the total mass of the wax to the total mass of the one or more monoglycerides is from about 8:1 to about 1:1.

[0029] Embodiment 16 is a wax, One or more types of C4 to C 28 Salts of fatty acids, and One or more types of C4 to C 28 Monoglycerides of fatty acids wherein the ratio of the total mass of the wax to the total mass of the one or more salts is from about 6:1 to about 1:1, and the ratio of the total mass of the wax to the total mass of the one or more monoglycerides is from about 4:1 to about 1:1.

[0030] Embodiment 17 is the composition of any of embodiments 14 to 16, wherein the wax, the one or more salts, and the one or more monoglycerides constitute at least 80% by weight of the composition.

[0031] Embodiment 18 is the composition of any of embodiments 1 to 17, wherein the wax comprises beeswax, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, sunflower wax, or any combination thereof.

[0032] Embodiment 19 is the composition of any of embodiments 1 to 17, wherein the wax comprises beeswax.

[0033] Embodiment 20 is the composition of any of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the wax comprises one or more wax esters.

[0034] Embodiment 21 is an embodiment wherein one or more of the wax esters independently represent Formula III: [ka] wherein: Each R B teeth, 1 to 3 R each C C, substituted as needed 24 ~C 32 Alkyl or C 24 ~C 32 alkenyl, or -R H C(O)OR D and Each R C are independently -OH, -C(O)OR D , or -OC(O)R H and Each R D is H or R B and Each R H are independently 1 to 3 R C C, substituted as needed 11 ~C 19 The side chain is 21. The composition of embodiment 20.

[0035] Embodiment 22 is a method for preparing a compound according to the present invention, H is a saturated side chain.

[0036] Embodiment 23 is the composition of any of embodiments 20-22, wherein the one or more wax esters comprise one or more monoesters present in a total amount from about 40% to about 100% by weight of the one or more wax esters.

[0037] Embodiment 24 is an embodiment wherein one or more of the monoesters are independently selected from the group consisting of: 36 ~C 54 24. The composition of embodiment 23, comprising a monoester.

[0038] Embodiment 25 is the composition of embodiment 23 or embodiment 24, wherein the one or more wax esters further comprise one or more diesters present in a total amount from about 5% to about 50% by weight of the one or more wax esters.

[0039] Embodiment 26 is the composition of any of embodiments 23 to 25, wherein the one or more wax esters further comprise one or more triesters present in a total amount from about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the one or more wax esters.

[0040] Embodiment 27 is the composition of any of embodiments 20-26, wherein the one or more wax esters comprise from about 50% to about 100% by weight of the wax.

[0041] Embodiment 28 is the composition of any of embodiments 20 to 27, wherein the wax further comprises one or more alkanes.

[0042] Embodiment 29 is a method for preparing a wax comprising the steps of: 24 ~C 36 Contains alkanes, The one or more wax esters and the one or more C 24 ~C 36 The alkane constitutes about 60% to about 100% by weight of the wax. 29. The composition of embodiment 28.

[0043] Embodiment 30 is a method for preparing a wax having a formula IV: [ka] wherein: R D is H or C1 alkyl, The sum of x and y is between 28 and 88. 30. The composition of any one of embodiments 20 to 29.

[0044] Embodiment 31 is the composition of embodiment 30, wherein the one or more wax esters and the one or more compounds of Formula IV constitute from about 60% to about 100% by weight of the wax.

[0045] Embodiment 32 is an embodiment wherein each of the one or more salts present in the composition independently represents Formula II: [ka] wherein: R H is C3~C 27 is a side chain, X n+ is a cationic moiety having a formal charge n, 32. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 31.

[0046] Embodiment 33 is X n+ But Li + , Na + , K. + , Cs + , Ag + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , and (R D )4N + is selected from R D each occurrence is selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; Each C1-C6 alkyl is selected from 1 to 3 R independently selected from C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. E , where necessary, If necessary, R D taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a C3-C6 heterocycloalkyl; 33. The composition of embodiment 32.

[0047] Embodiment 34 is R H is an unsubstituted saturated side chain.

[0048] Embodiment 35 is an embodiment wherein each of the one or more salts present in the composition independently represents Formula IIA: [ka] wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B each occurrence is independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R on adjacent carbon atoms 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10A , R10B , R 11A , and R 11B any two of can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a double bond, a 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or a C3-C6 cycloalkyl; o is an integer from 0 to 17, p is an integer from 0 to 17, The sum of o and p is 0 to 17, X n+ is a cationic moiety having a formal charge n, 32. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 31.

[0049] Embodiment 36 is X n+ But Li + , Na + , K. + , Cs + , Ag + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , and (R D )4N + is selected from R D each occurrence is selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; Each C1-C6 alkyl is selected from 1 to 3 R independently selected from C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. E , where necessary, If necessary, R D taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a C3-C6 heterocycloalkyl; 36. The composition of embodiment 35.

[0050] Embodiment 37 is an embodiment wherein each of the one or more monoglycerides independently has Formula Ii or Formula I-ii: [ka] wherein: R A1 and R A2 are each independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl; R H is C3~C 27 The side chain is 37. The composition of any one of embodiments 7 to 36.

[0051] Embodiment 38 is R A1 and R A2 and each is H.

[0052] Embodiment 39 is R H is an unsubstituted saturated side chain.

[0053] Embodiment 40 is R H C 11 ~C 21 40. The composition of any of embodiments 37 to 39, wherein the side chain is

[0054] Embodiment 41 is a method for preparing a glyceride-based glyceride comprising the steps of: R H C 15 ~C 27 a first compound of formula Ii or formula I-ii, which is a side chain; and R H C3~C 13 a second compound of formula Ii or formula I-ii which is a side chain 41. The composition of any of embodiments 37 to 40, comprising:

[0055] Embodiment 42 is the composition of embodiment 41, wherein the second compound of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii is present in a total amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

[0056] Embodiment 43 is an embodiment wherein each of the one or more monoglycerides independently has formula IA-i or formula IA-ii: [ka] wherein: R A1 and R A2 are each independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl; R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B each occurrence is independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R on adjacent carbon atoms 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B any two of can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a double bond, a 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or a C3-C6 cycloalkyl; o is an integer from 0 to 17, p is an integer from 0 to 17, The sum of o and p is 0 to 17. 37. The composition of any one of embodiments 7 to 36.

[0057] Embodiment 44 is R A1 and R A2and each is H.

[0058] Embodiment 45 is a composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 44, and solvent It is a mixture comprising:

[0059] Embodiment 46 is the mixture of embodiment 45, wherein the mixture comprises from about 30% to about 99.9% by weight of the solvent.

[0060] Embodiment 47 is the mixture of embodiment 45, wherein the mixture comprises from about 90% to about 99.5% by weight of the solvent.

[0061] Embodiment 48 is a mixture of any of embodiments 45 to 47, wherein the solvent comprises one or more of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and methyl tert-butyl ether.

[0062] Embodiment 49 is a coated agricultural product comprising: an agricultural product; and a layer disposed on a surface of the agricultural product, wherein the layer comprises the composition of any of embodiments 1 to 44.

[0063] Embodiment 50 is the coated agricultural product of embodiment 49, wherein the layer is disposed on a cuticular surface of the agricultural product.

[0064] Embodiment 51 is the coated agricultural product of embodiment 49 or embodiment 50, wherein the layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 μm to about 20 μm.

[0065] Embodiment 52 is the coated agricultural product of embodiment 49 or embodiment 50, wherein the layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.

[0066] Embodiment 53 is a method of coating agricultural produce, the method comprising: contacting the surface of the agricultural produce with a mixture comprising a coating agent and a solvent, the coating agent comprising: a wax present in an amount of about 20% to about 98% by weight of the coating; and One or more C4 to C6 hydroxybenzoates present in a total amount of about 2% to about 40% by weight of the coating agent. 28 Salts of fatty acids and removing at least a portion of the solvent to form a coating on the surface of the agricultural produce. The method includes:

[0067] Embodiment 54 is the method of embodiment 53, wherein the wax comprises beeswax, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, sunflower wax, or any combination thereof.

[0068] Embodiment 55 is the method of embodiment 53 or embodiment 54, wherein the wax comprises one or more wax esters present in a total amount from about 50% to about 100% by weight of the wax.

[0069] Embodiment 56 is a coating composition comprising a coating composition, wherein the wax is present in an amount of about 75% to about 98% by weight of the coating; the one or more salts are present in an amount of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the coating; 56. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 55.

[0070] Embodiment 57 is a method for preparing a coating composition comprising one or more of C4 to C 28 57. The method of any of embodiments 53 to 56, further comprising monoglycerides of fatty acids.

[0071] Embodiment 58 is the method of embodiment 57, wherein the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of about 1% to about 20% by weight of the coating.

[0072] Embodiment 59 is a coating composition comprising a coating composition, wherein the wax is present in an amount of about 58% to about 75% by weight of the coating; the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the coating; the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of about 10% to about 40% by weight of the coating; 58. The method of embodiment 57.

[0073] Embodiment 60 is a method for preparing a coating composition comprising the steps of: the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 10% to about 30% by weight of the coating; the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of about 15% to about 35% by weight of the coating; 58. The method of embodiment 57.

[0074] Embodiment 61 is the method of any of embodiments 53 to 60, wherein the concentration of the coating agent in the mixture is from about 1 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL.

[0075] Embodiment 62 is the method of any of embodiments 53 to 60, wherein the concentration of the coating agent in the mixture is from about 25 mg / mL to about 150 mg / mL.

[0076] Embodiment 63 is the method of any of embodiments 53 to 62, wherein the solvent comprises one or more of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and methyl tert-butyl ether.

[0077] Embodiment 64 is the method of any of embodiments 53 to 63, wherein the coating agent and the solvent constitute at least about 98% by weight of the mixture.

[0078] Embodiment 65 is the method of any of embodiments 53 to 64, wherein the surface is a cuticular surface of the agricultural produce.

[0079] Embodiment 66 is an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the step of contacting the surfaces comprises: spraying the mixture onto the surface; or immersing the agricultural produce in the mixture. 66. The method of any of embodiments 53 to 65, comprising:

[0080] Embodiment 67 is the method of any of embodiments 53 to 66, wherein removing at least a portion of the solvent comprises evaporating at least a portion of the solvent.

[0081] Embodiment 68 is the method of any of embodiments 53 to 67, further comprising adding the coating agent to the solvent to form the mixture.

[0082] Embodiment 69 is a method of coating agricultural produce, the method comprising: Contacting the surface of the agricultural produce with a mixture according to any of embodiments 45 to 48; and removing at least a portion of the solvent to form a coating on the surface of the agricultural produce. The method includes:

[0083] The details of one or more embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the present subject matter will become apparent from the description, drawings, and claims. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0084] [Figure 1] 1A and 1B are images of avocados coated with certain coatings described herein.

[0085] [Figure 2] FIG. 2 shows the initial design space of a Scheffe cubic mixture design of experiment (DoE) for certain compositions described herein.

[0086] [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a profile of the results for phase separation from the Scheffe cubic mixture experimental design (DoE) described herein.

[0087] [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a ternary plot of the gloss level results for the Scheffe cubic mixture experimental design DoE described herein.

[0088] [Figure 5] 5A-5D show images of slides coated with certain coatings described herein.

[0089] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is an image comparing an untreated avocado (left) with an avocado coated with a coating described herein (right).

[0090] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is an image comparing avocados coated with certain coatings described herein.

[0091] [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is an image comparing avocados coated with certain coatings described herein.

[0092] [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surface of an untreated avocado.

[0093] [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is an SEM image of an avocado surface coated with a coating described herein.

[0094] [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is an SEM image of the surface of an avocado coated with a coating described herein.

[0095] [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is an SEM image of the surface of an avocado coated with a coating described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0096] Detailed Description The present disclosure relates to compositions that can be coated on agricultural products to provide an effective barrier against, for example, gases or water, and have specific aesthetic properties. For example, the compositions described herein can produce high-, medium-, and low-gloss coatings without adversely affecting their barrier properties. The compositions described herein comprise a wax and a salt of a fatty acid. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a monoglyceride of a fatty acid.

[0097] Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. While the disclosed subject matter will be described in conjunction with the enumerated claims, it will be understood that the illustrated subject matter is not intended to limit the claims to the disclosed subject matter.

[0098] definition

[0099] The terms "a," "an," and "the" are used herein to include one or more than one, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term "or" is used to refer to a non-exclusive "or" unless otherwise noted. The statement "at least one of A and B" has the same meaning as "A, B, or A and B." Additionally, it should be understood that phrases or terms utilized in this disclosure, unless otherwise defined, are for descriptive purposes only and not for purposes of limitation. Any use of section headings is intended to aid in the reading of the document and should not be construed as limiting. Information associated with a section heading may occur within or outside the particular section.

[0100] Values ​​expressed in range format should be interpreted in an open manner and should be construed to include not only the numerical values ​​explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also all individual numerical values ​​or subranges subsumed within the range, as if each numerical value and subrange were explicitly recited. For example, a range such as "about 0.1% to about 5%" or "about 0.1% to 5%" should be interpreted to include not only about 0.1% to about 5%, but also individual values ​​(e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and subranges (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the recited range. The statement "about X to Y" has the same meaning as "about X to about Y" unless otherwise indicated. Similarly, the statement "about X, Y, or about Z" has the same meaning as "about X, about Y, or about Z" unless otherwise indicated.

[0101] As used herein, the term "about" allows for a variation of a value or range to within 10% of the stated value or limit of a stated range.

[0102] In the methods described herein, acts may be performed in any order unless a temporal or operational order is explicitly recited. Furthermore, specified acts may be performed simultaneously unless the claim language clearly dictates that they be performed separately. For example, a claimed act of performing X and a claimed act of performing Y may be performed simultaneously in a single operation, and the resulting process would fall within the literal scope of the claimed process.

[0103] As used herein, the term "monoglyceride" refers to the condensation product of one glycerol molecule and one fatty acid, i.e., a glycerol group linked to one fatty acid via an ester bond. Monoglycerides can be, but do not necessarily have to be, derived from a condensation reaction. For example, monoglycerides can be obtained by an esterification reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid, such as by transesterification of a triglyceride with glycerol (glycerolysis). Monoglycerides are also sometimes referred to as glyceryl monoalkanoates. When the glycerol group is linked to the ester bond at the 1-position (e.g., as in 2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-yl octadecanoate), the monoglyceride may be referred to as a 1-monoglyceride or a 1-glyceryl alkanoate (e.g., as in 1-glyceryl octadecanoate). When the glycerol group is attached to the ester bond at the 2-position (e.g., as in 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl hexadecanoate), the monoglyceride may be referred to as a 2-monoglyceride or a 2-glyceryl alkanoate (e.g., as in 2-glyceryl hexadecanoate). The glycerol group of the monoglyceride may be unsubstituted (e.g., as in 2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-yl alkanoate) or may be further substituted with one or more groups other than fatty acids (e.g., as in 1,3-dialkoxypropan-2-yl alkanoate).

[0104] As used herein, the term "fatty acid" refers to a carboxylic acid having an aliphatic side chain. Fatty acids can be naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring and can contain branched or unbranched (e.g., straight-chain), substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated side chains.

[0105] As used herein, the term "side chain" refers to the aliphatic portion of a fatty acid, or a portion thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, the side chain of a given fatty acid includes the carbon of the carboxylic acid group. For example, dodecanoic acid has a straight-chain saturated C 12 side chains, R H -C(O)OH (where R H is the saturated C 11 Side chains other than fatty acids (e.g., esters or amides) can be present in the compound and can be, but need not be, derived from fatty acids. For example, dodecanamide can be described as an amide of a fatty acid, regardless of whether the compound is actually derived from dodecanoic acid.

[0106] The term "salt" as used in connection with the disclosed compounds (e.g., fatty acids) refers to derivatives of the compounds in which the parent compound has been modified by converting an acid or base moiety into its salt form. Examples of such salts include, but are not limited to, inorganic or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, inorganic (e.g., alkali) or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids, etc.

[0107] When certain features of the compounds described herein are disclosed as groups or ranges, such disclosure includes any and all individual subcombinations of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term "C1-C6 alkyl" includes (without limitation) methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, and C6 alkyl.

[0108] As used herein, the term "n-membered" (where n is an integer) generally describes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where n is the number of ring-forming atoms. For example, piperidinyl is an example of a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a 10-membered cycloalkyl group.

[0109] As used herein, the term "substituted" means that an atom or group of atoms is formally replaced with hydrogen as a "substituent" attached to another group. "Substituted" refers to any level of substitution, for example, mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, or penta-substitution, unless otherwise specified, where such substitution is permitted. Substituents are independently selected, and substitution may occur at any chemically available position. Substitution at a given atom is limited by valence. Substitution at a given atom results in a chemically stable molecule. The phrase "optionally substituted" means unsubstituted or substituted. A single divalent substituent, for example, oxo, can replace two hydrogen atoms.

[0110] As used herein, "C n ~C m The term "(where n and m are integers and indicate the number of carbons)" denotes a range that includes the endpoints. Examples include C1-C4, C1-C6, etc.

[0111] As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to a saturated hydrocarbon group which may be straight-chained or branched. n ~C mThe term "alkyl" refers to an alkyl group having n to m carbon atoms. An alkyl group formally corresponds to an alkane in which one C-H bond is replaced by the point of attachment of the alkyl group to the remainder of the compound. Examples of alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl; higher homologs such as 2-methyl-1-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, and the like.

[0112] As used herein, the term "alkenyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group corresponding to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. An alkenyl group formally corresponds to an alkene in which one C-H bond is replaced by the point of attachment of the alkenyl group to the remainder of the compound. n ~C m The term "alkenyl" refers to an alkenyl group having n to m carbons. Exemplary alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, sec-butenyl, and the like.

[0113] As used herein, the term "alkoxy" refers to a group of formula -O-alkyl, where the alkyl group is as defined above. n ~C m The term "alkoxy" refers to an alkoxy group, wherein the alkyl group of the alkoxy group has n to m carbons. Exemplary alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy, and the like.

[0114] As used herein, the term "cycloalkyl" refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring system (monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic) and includes cyclized alkyl groups and cyclized alkenyl groups. n ~C mThe term "cycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group having n to m ring carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups can include fused, bridged, and / or spiro bicyclic or polycyclic ring systems. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, bicyclo[1.1.0]butanyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.1.0]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.2.0]hexanyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanyl, and bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl.

[0115] As used herein, the term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a non-aromatic ring system (monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic) that may optionally contain one or more alkenylene groups as part of the ring structure and has at least one heteroatom ring member independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and phosphorus. The term "nm- to m-membered heterocycloalkyl" refers to a heterocycloalkyl having nm to m ring-forming atoms. Ring-forming carbon atoms and heteroatoms of a heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally oxidized to form oxo or sulfide groups or other oxidized bonds (e.g., C(O), S(O), C(S), S(O), N-oxide, etc.), or the nitrogen atom can be quaternized. A heterocycloalkyl group can be bonded via a ring-forming carbon atom or ring-forming heteroatom. A heterocycloalkyl group can contain double bonds, for example, up to three double bonds.Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, azetidinyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrotriazinyl, tetrahydropyrazolyl, tetrahydrooxazinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, octahydrobenzofuranyl, octahydrobenzimidazolyl, octahydrobenzothiazolyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiazinyl, tetrahydrothiadiazinyl, tetrahydro-oxazolyl, morpholinyl, oxetanyl, Dioxetanyl, dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, oxapanyl, dioxapanyl, oxacanyl, dioxacanyl, tetrahydrodiazinyl, oxazinyl, oxathiazinyl, quinuclidinyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzodioxolyl, benzoxazinyl, indolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, isochromyl, dihydro-1H-isoindolyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanonyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, and the like.Further examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, 1,3-oxazolidine-3-yl, and the like. yl, 1,4-oxazepan-1-yl, isothiazolidinyl, 1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl, 1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-thiazinan-3-yl, 1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl, 1,4-oxazin-4-yl, oxazolidinonyl, 2-oxo-piperidinyl (e.g., 2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl), and the like.

[0116] composition

[0117] Wax and one or more C4-C 28 Compositions comprising a fatty acid salt are provided herein. In some embodiments, the wax is present in an amount of about 20% to about 98% by weight of the composition, such as about 20% to about 75% by weight, about 20% to about 60% by weight, about 35% to about 98% by weight, about 35% to about 75% by weight, about 35% to about 60% by weight, about 40% to about 98% by weight, about 40% to about 75% by weight, about 40% to about 60% by weight, about 58% to about 98% by weight, about 58% to about 75% by weight, about 60% to about 98% by weight, about 60% to about 75% by weight, or about 75% to about 98% by weight.

[0118] In some embodiments, the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 2% to about 40% by weight of the composition, e.g., about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 25%, about 2% to about 15%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 15%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 25%, or about 10% to about 15% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of the total weight of wax to the total weight of the one or more salts is about 50:1 to about 3:1, about 40:1 to about 2:1, or about 6:1 to about 1:1. In some embodiments, the wax and one or more salts are present in an amount of at least about 80% by weight of the composition, e.g., at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97.5%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% by weight of the composition.

[0119] In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more C4-C 28In some embodiments, the one or more monoglycerides are present in an amount of about 1% to about 45% by weight of the composition, e.g., about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 35%, about 1% to about 26%, about 1% to about 20%, about 10% to about 45%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 26%, about 10% to about 20%, about 15% to about 45%, about 15% to about 40%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 26%, or about 15% to about 20% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of the total weight of the wax to the total weight of the one or more monoglycerides is from about 100:1 to about 3:1, from about 8:1 to about 1:1, or from about 4:1 to about 1:1. In some embodiments, the wax, one or more salts, and one or more monoglycerides are present in an amount of at least about 80% by weight of the composition, e.g., at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97.5%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% by weight of the composition.

[0120] wax

[0121] The compositions described herein include a wax. In some embodiments, the wax includes beeswax, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, sunflower wax, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the wax includes beeswax identified by the European Food Safety Authority (ESA) as E901 (a recognized food additive). In some embodiments, the wax includes beeswax identified as Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number 8006-40-4 or 8012-89-3, each of which is identified as a generally recognized food additive (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In some embodiments, the wax includes carnauba wax identified by the ESA as E903 (a recognized food additive). In some embodiments, the wax includes carnauba wax identified as CAS number 008-015-869, which is identified as a GRAS by the FDA. In some embodiments, the wax comprises candelilla wax, identified by the ESA as E902 (a permitted food additive). In some embodiments, the wax comprises candelilla wax, identified by the FDA as GRAS, identified as CAS number 8006-44-8. In some embodiments, the wax comprises sunflower wax, identified as CAS number 1286686-34-7.

[0122] In some embodiments, the wax comprises one or more wax esters. In some embodiments, the wax esters are selected from the group consisting of C 12 ~C 20 Fatty acids and / or C 12 ~C 20 Hydroxy fatty acids, as well as C 24 ~C 32 In some embodiments, one or more of the wax esters independently comprise one or more of the monoesters, diesters, and triesters formed from alcohols and / or diols. [ka] [In the formula, Each R B teeth, 1 to 3 R each C C, substituted as needed 24 ~C 32 Alkyl or C 24 ~C 32 alkenyl, or -R H C(O)OR D and Each R C are independently -OH, -C(O)OR D , or -OC(O)R H and Each R D is H or R B and Each R H are independently 1 to 3 R C C, substituted as needed 11 ~C 19 side chain] This includes compounds of the formula:

[0123] In some embodiments of Formula III, R B In some embodiments of Formula III, one or more R B is C 24 ~C 32 Alkyl, e.g., C 30 or C 32 In some embodiments of Formula III, R H In some embodiments of Formula III, one or more R H is C 13 or C 15 In some embodiments of Formula III, each R H is a saturated side chain.

[0124] In some embodiments, the one or more wax esters comprise one or more monoesters. In certain such embodiments, the one or more monoesters are present in a total amount of about 40% to about 100% by weight of the one or more wax esters. In some embodiments, the one or more wax esters comprise one or more diesters. In certain such embodiments, the one or more diesters are present in a total amount of about 5% to about 50% by weight of the one or more wax esters. In some embodiments, the one or more wax esters comprise one or more triesters. In certain such embodiments, the one or more triesters are present in a total amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the one or more wax esters. In some embodiments, the one or more wax esters comprise about 50% to about 100% by weight of the wax, e.g., about 60% to about 100% by weight, or about 70% to about 100% by weight of the wax.

[0125] In some embodiments, the wax comprises one or more alkanes. For example, in certain such embodiments, the wax comprises one or more C 24 ~C 36 In some embodiments, the wax esters include one or more alkanes. 24 ~C 36 The alkane constitutes about 60% to about 100% by weight of the wax, for example, about 70% to about 100% by weight, or about 80% to about 100% by weight of the wax.

[0126] In some embodiments, the wax comprises one or more diesters of p-methoxy- and / or p-hydroxycinnamic acid. In some embodiments, the wax comprises one or more diesters of p-methoxy- and / or p-hydroxycinnamic acid represented by Formula IV: [ka] [In the formula, R D is H or C1 alkyl, The sum of x and y is between 28 and 88. The compound includes one or more compounds of the formula:

[0127] In some embodiments, the sum of x and y is 38 to 88, 28 to 78, or 38 to 78. In some embodiments, the one or more wax esters and one or more compounds of Formula IV comprise about 60% to about 100% by weight of the wax, e.g., about 70% to about 100% by weight, or about 80% to about 100% by weight.

[0128] C4~C 28 Salts of fatty acids

[0129] In some embodiments, the composition is 28 In some embodiments, the composition comprises a salt of a C4 to C6 fatty acid. 28 Salts of two, three or more fatty acids, e.g., C4-C 28 In some embodiments, the salt comprises one or more salts of a naturally occurring fatty acid.

[0130] In some embodiments, the salt is a C-C 28 fatty acids, C8~C 28 Fatty acids, C4~C 24 Fatty acids, C6~C 24 fatty acids, C 12 ~C 24 Fatty acids, C4~C 22 Fatty acids, C6~C 22 Fatty acids, or C 12 ~C 22 In some embodiments, the salt comprises one or more salts of a fatty acid. 12 ~C 22 Two salts of fatty acids, e.g., C 16 Fatty acids and C 18 In some embodiments, one or more of the salts include salts of fatty acids having an unsubstituted side chain, e.g., an unsubstituted C 12 ~C 22 In some embodiments, one or more of the salts comprises a linear side chain, e.g., a linear C 12 ~C 22In some embodiments, one or more of the salts comprises a saturated side chain, e.g., a saturated C 12 ~C 22 Contains side chains.

[0131] In some embodiments, the salt has Formula II: [ka] [In the formula, R H is C3~C 27 is a side chain, X n+ is a cationic moiety with formal charge n] The compound includes one or more compounds of the formula:

[0132] In some embodiments, each of the one or more salts independently comprises a compound of Formula II. In some embodiments of Formula II, X n+ Li + , Na + , K. + , Cs + Ag + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , and (R D )4N + Selected from R D each occurrence is selected from H, C-C alkyl, C-C cycloalkyl, C-C heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and each C-C alkyl is independently selected from 1 to 3 R selected from C-C cycloalkyl, C-C heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. E In some embodiments, X is optionally substituted with n+ (R D )4N + and R D together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a C3-C6 heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments of Formula II, X n+ Na + , K.+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Zn 2+ In some embodiments of Formula II, R H is a saturated side chain. In some embodiments of Formula II, R H is an unsubstituted side chain. In some embodiments of Formula II, R H is a linear side chain. In some embodiments of Formula II, R H is C5~C 17 In some embodiments of Formula II, R H is C 11 ~C 21 It is a side chain.

[0133] In some embodiments, the salt has formula IIA: [ka] [In the formula, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B each occurrence is independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R on adjacent carbon atoms 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11Bany two of can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a double bond, a 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or a C3-C6 cycloalkyl; o is an integer from 0 to 17, p is an integer from 0 to 17, The sum of o and p is 0 to 17, X n+ is a cationic moiety with formal charge n] The compound includes one or more compounds of the formula:

[0134] In some embodiments, each of the one or more salts independently comprises a compound of formula IIA. In some embodiments of formula IIA, X n+ Li + , Na + , K. + , Cs + , Ag + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , and (R D )4N + Selected from R D each occurrence is selected from H, C-C alkyl, C-C cycloalkyl, C-C heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and each C-C alkyl is independently selected from 1 to 3 R selected from C-C cycloalkyl, C-C heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. E In some embodiments, X is optionally substituted with n+ (R D )4N + and R D together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a C3-C6 heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments of Formula II, X n+ Na + , K. + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Zn 2+ is selected from.

[0135] In some embodiments of Formula IIA, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 and R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B is independently selected from H and OH. In some embodiments of Formula IIA, R on adjacent carbon atoms 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B In some embodiments of Formula IIA, any two of R on adjacent carbon atoms together form an oxirane. 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 , and R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B In some embodiments of Formula IIA, one pair of R on adjacent carbon atoms forms a double bond, or none of R forms a double bond with the carbon atom to which they are attached. 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9, and R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B In some embodiments of Formula IIA, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 , and R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B of each occurrence, one is OH, or none of these is OH.

[0136] In some embodiments of Formula IIA, the sum of o and p is 0-13, 0-11, 0-9, 0-7, 5-17, 5-13, 5-11, 5-9, 5-7, 7-17, 7-13, 7-11, 7-9, 9-17, 9-13, 9-11, 11-17, or 11-13.

[0137] In some embodiments, the salt comprises one or more salts, such as sodium, potassium, silver, calcium, magnesium, or zinc salts of saturated, straight-chain, unsubstituted fatty acids. In some embodiments, the salt comprises one or more salts, such as sodium, potassium, silver, calcium, magnesium, or zinc salts of heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid, or docosanoic acid.

[0138] C4~C 28 Monoglycerides of fatty acids

[0139] The compositions described herein may comprise one or more C4-C28 In some embodiments, the composition may comprise one or more monoglycerides of fatty acids, such as C4 to C6 monoglycerides. 28 In some embodiments, the composition comprises two, three or more monoglycerides of fatty acids, C4 to C6. 28 Monoglycerides of fatty acids, e.g., two types, C4-C 28 Monoglycerides of Fatty Acids In some embodiments, the monoglycerides comprise monoglycerides of one or more naturally occurring fatty acids.

[0140] The monoglycerides can include one or more 1-monoglycerides, one or more 2-monoglycerides, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the monoglycerides include 2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-yl esters of one or more fatty acids, 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl esters of one or more fatty acids, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the 1-monoglycerides constitute at least about 50%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or about 100% by weight of the monoglycerides present in the composition. In some embodiments, 1-monoglyceride comprises about 70% to about 100%, about 70% to about 90%, about 75% to about 100%, about 75% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, or about 80% to about 90% by weight of the monoglycerides present in the composition.

[0141] In some embodiments, the monoglycerides include one or more C6-C 28 fatty acids, C8~C 28 Fatty acids, C4~C 24 Fatty acids, C6~C 24 fatty acids, C 12 ~C 24 Fatty acids, C4~C 22 Fatty acids, C6~C 22 Fatty acids, or C 12 ~C 22In some embodiments, one or more of the monoglycerides have an unsubstituted side chain, e.g., an unsubstituted C 12 ~C 22 In some embodiments, one or more of the monoglycerides comprises a linear side chain, e.g., a linear C 12 ~C 22 In some embodiments, one or more of the monoglycerides comprises a saturated side chain, e.g., a saturated C 12 ~C 22 Contains side chains.

[0142] In some embodiments, the monoglyceride has the formula Ii: [ka] one or more compounds of the formula R A1 and R A2 are each independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl; R H is C3~C 27 side chain] Includes.

[0143] In some embodiments, the monoglyceride has the formula I-ii: [ka] one or more compounds of the formula R A1 and R A2 are each independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl; R H is C3~C 27 side chain] Includes.

[0144] In some embodiments, each of the one or more monoglycerides independently comprises a compound of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii. In some embodiments of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii, R A1 and R A2are each H. In some embodiments of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii, R H is a saturated side chain. In some embodiments of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii, R H is an unsubstituted side chain. In some embodiments of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii, R H is a linear side chain. In some embodiments of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii, R H is C5~C 17 In some embodiments of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii, R H is C 11 ~C 21 It is a side chain.

[0145] In some embodiments, the monoglyceride is a first compound of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii, wherein R H is C 15 ~C 27 a side chain) and a second compound of formula Ii or I-ii, H is C3~C 13 In some embodiments, R of the first compound comprises H is C 15 ~C 21 side chain and R of the second compound H is C 11 ~C 13 In some embodiments, the second compound of Formula Ii or Formula I-ii is present in a total amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the composition, e.g., about 1% to about 10% by weight of the composition, or about 1% to about 5%, about 5% to about 15%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight.

[0146] In some embodiments, the monoglyceride has the formula IA-i: [ka] one or more compounds of the formula R A1 and R A2 are each independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl; R 1 , R 2 , R3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B each occurrence is independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R on adjacent carbon atoms 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B any two of can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a double bond, a 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or a C3-C6 cycloalkyl; o is an integer from 0 to 17, p is an integer from 0 to 17 The sum of o and p is 0 to 17. Includes.

[0147] In some embodiments, the monoglyceride has the formula IA-ii: [ka] one or more compounds of the formula R A1 and R A2 are each independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl; R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B each occurrence is independently selected from H, OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy; R on adjacent carbon atoms 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B any two of can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a double bond, a 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or a C3-C6 cycloalkyl; o is an integer from 0 to 17, p is an integer from 0 to 17, The sum of o and p is 0 to 17. Includes.

[0148] In some embodiments, each of the one or more monoglycerides independently comprises a compound of formula IA-i or formula IA-ii. In some embodiments of formula IA-i or formula IA-ii, R A1 and R A2 are each H. In some embodiments of Formula IA-i or Formula IA-ii, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 and R10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B is independently selected from H and OH. In some embodiments of Formula IA-i or Formula IA-ii, R on adjacent carbon atoms 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B In some embodiments of Formula IA-i or Formula IA-ii, any two of R on adjacent carbon atoms together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form an oxirane. 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 , and R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B In some embodiments of Formula IA-i or Formula IA-ii, two or one pair of R groups on adjacent carbon atoms form a double bond together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, or none of them form a double bond. 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 , and R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11BIn some embodiments of Formula IA-i or Formula IA-ii, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 , and R 10A , R 10B , R 11A , and R 11B Two or one of each occurrence of are OH, or none of them are OH.

[0149] In some embodiments of Formula IA-i or Formula IA-ii, the sum of o and p is 0-13, 0-11, 0-9, 0-7, 5-17, 5-13, 5-11, 5-9, 5-7, 7-17, 7-13, 7-11, 7-9, 9-17, 9-13, 9-11, 11-17, or 11-13.

[0150] In some embodiments, the monoglycerides include one or more 1- or 2-monoglycerides (e.g., 2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-yl esters or 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl esters) of heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid, or docosanoic acid.

[0151] Additional Components

[0152] The compositions described herein can include one or more additional components, such as components that are non-toxic and safe for human and / or animal consumption. For example, the compositions can include a direct or indirect food additive or food contact substance approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a component that meets FDA regulatory requirements for use as a food additive or food contact substance, or a component that is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA.

[0153] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein comprise one or more fatty acids, e.g., C4-C 22 In some embodiments, the composition comprises less than about 10% by weight, e.g., less than about 5% by weight, less than about 2% by weight, or less than about 1% by weight, of one or more of: triglycerides, diglycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, lactated monoglycerides, succinated monoglycerides, sterols, bile acids, proteins, polysaccharides, phenols, lignans, aromatic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, and salts of any thereof, or does not comprise one or more of: triglycerides, diglycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, lactated monoglycerides, succinated monoglycerides, sterols, bile acids, proteins, polysaccharides, phenols, lignans, aromatic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, and salts of any thereof.

[0154] mixture

[0155] Also provided herein is a mixture comprising a composition described herein and a solvent. In some embodiments, the mixture is a colloidal dispersion (e.g., emulsion) of the composition described herein in the solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water, ammonia, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water, ethanol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water and one or more of ammonia, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and methyl tert-butyl ether. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water and ammonia.

[0156] In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 30% to about 99.9%, about 30% to about 99.5%, about 30% to about 99%, about 50% to about 99.9%, about 50% to about 99.5%, about 50% to about 99%, about 90% to about 99.9%, about 90% to about 99.5%, or about 90% to about 99% solvent by weight.

[0157] In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition in the mixture is about 1 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL, about 1 mg / mL to about 150 mg / mL, about 1 mg / mL to about 125 mg / mL, about 1 mg / mL to about 100 mg / mL, about 25 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL, about 25 mg / mL to about 150 mg / mL, about 25 mg / mL to about 125 mg / mL, about 25 mg / mL to about 100 mg / mL, about 50 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL, about 50 mg / mL to about 150 mg / mL, about 50 mg / mL to about 125 mg / mL, or about 50 mg / mL to about 100 mg / mL.

[0158] coating

[0159] Also provided herein is a coated agricultural product comprising an agricultural product and a layer formed from a composition or mixture described herein, the layer disposed on a surface of the agricultural product. In some embodiments, the agricultural product is an edible agricultural product (e.g., fruits, vegetables, edible seeds, nuts, herbs, spices, produce, meat, eggs, dairy products, seafood, grains, or any other consumable item). In other embodiments, the agricultural product is a non-edible agricultural product (e.g., non-edible flowers, seeds, sprouts, stems, leaves, whole plants, etc.). In some embodiments, the layer is disposed on an exterior surface (e.g., cuticle surface) of the agricultural product.

[0160] In some embodiments, the layer has a thickness of about 0.1 μm to about 20 μm, e.g., about 0.1 μm to about 15 μm, about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 20 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 15 μm, about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm, about 1 μm to about 20 μm, about 1 μm to about 15 μm, or about 1 μm to about 10 μm.

[0161] Coating Method

[0162] Also provided herein is a method for coating an agricultural produce, the method comprising contacting a surface of the agricultural produce with a mixture comprising a coating agent and a solvent, and removing at least a portion of the solvent to form a coating on the surface of the agricultural produce. The coating agent may comprise a wax and one or more C4-C6 olefins. 28 In some embodiments, the coating agent is a composition described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the coating agent comprises about 20% to about 98% by weight of wax and about 2% to about 40% by weight of one or more salts. In some embodiments, the coating agent comprises one or more C4 to C6 fatty acid salts. 28 Monoglycerides of fatty acids. In certain such embodiments, the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of from about 1% to about 45% by weight of the coating.

[0163] In some embodiments of the coating method, the agricultural product is an edible agricultural product (including, for example, fruits, vegetables, edible seeds, and nuts, herbs, spices, produce, meat, eggs, dairy products, seafood, grains, or any other consumable item). In other embodiments of the coating method, the agricultural product is a non-edible agricultural product (including, for example, non-edible flowers, seeds, sprouts, stems, leaves, whole plants, etc.). In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting an exterior surface (e.g., cuticle surface) of the agricultural product with a mixture containing a coating agent.

[0164] In some embodiments, the coating agent comprises about 75% to about 98% by weight of wax, about 2% to about 25% by weight of one or more salts, and, optionally, about 1% to about 20% by weight of one or more monoglycerides. In some embodiments, the coating agent comprises about 58% to about 75% by weight of wax, about 2% to about 25% by weight of one or more salts, and about 10% to about 40% by weight of one or more monoglycerides. In some embodiments, the coating agent comprises about 35% to about 60% by weight of wax, about 10% to about 30% by weight of one or more salts, and about 15% to about 35% by weight of one or more monoglycerides.

[0165] In some embodiments of the coating method, the wax comprises beeswax, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, sunflower wax, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the coating method, the wax comprises one or more wax esters, e.g., one or more compounds of Formula III described herein, present in a total amount of about 50% to about 100% by weight of the wax. In some embodiments of the coating method, the wax comprises one or more compounds of Formula IV described herein. In some embodiments of the coating method, the one or more salts comprise a compound of Formula II or Formula IIA described herein. In some embodiments, the one or more monoglycerides comprise a compound of Formula Ii, Formula I-ii, Formula IA-i, or Formula IA-ii described herein.

[0166] In some embodiments, the wax and one or more salts comprise at least about 70% by weight of the coating, e.g., about 80% to about 100% by weight, or about 90% to about 100% by weight of the coating. In some embodiments, the coating comprises one or more C4 to C6 28 Further comprising a monoglyceride of a fatty acid, wherein the wax, one or more salts, and one or more monoglycerides constitute at least about 80% by weight of the coating, e.g., about 90% to about 100% by weight of the coating, or about 95% to about 100% by weight of the coating.

[0167] In some embodiments of the coating method, the solvent comprises water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the coating method, the solvent comprises water, ethanol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water and one or more of ammonia, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and methyl tert-butyl ether. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water and ammonia.

[0168] In some embodiments of the coating method, the concentration of the coating agent in the mixture is about 1 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL, about 1 mg / mL to about 150 mg / mL, about 1 mg / mL to about 125 mg / mL, about 1 mg / mL to about 100 mg / mL, about 25 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL, about 25 mg / mL to about 150 mg / mL, about 25 mg / mL to about 125 mg / mL, about 25 mg / mL to about 100 mg / mL, about 50 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL, about 50 mg / mL to about 150 mg / mL, about 50 mg / mL to about 125 mg / mL, or about 50 mg / mL to about 100 mg / mL.

[0169] In some embodiments of the coating method, contacting the surface of the agricultural produce comprises spraying the mixture onto the surface of the agricultural produce. The mixture can be sprayed, for example, from a commercially available sprayer. In some embodiments, the mixture is aerosol sprayed onto the surface of the agricultural produce. In some embodiments of the coating method, contacting the surface of the agricultural produce comprises immersing the agricultural produce in the mixture. In other embodiments of the coating method, the mixture can be brushed, dripped, drop-cast, rolled, tapped, or poured onto the surface of the agricultural produce.

[0170] In some embodiments of the coating method, removing at least a portion of the solvent comprises evaporating at least a portion of the solvent. In some embodiments, the evaporation may be passive. In other embodiments, the evaporation may be active, such as in convective drying. [Example]

[0171] Example

[0172] Example 1 Coated apples

[0173] Coatings A and B having the compositions shown in Table 1 were prepared.

[0174] [Table 1]

[0175] Mixtures 1 and 2 were prepared of coating agents A and B dispersed in water at the concentrations shown in Table 2. For each of Mixtures 1 and 2, apples were coated by dipping them into a bowl of the mixture and then dried in a heated tunnel at 50-60°C (dwell time 90-100 seconds). The mass loss of the coated apples and a control group of uncoated apples was then measured under ambient conditions. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0176] [Table 2]

[0177] As shown in Table 2, coatings formed from coatings containing beeswax reduced mass loss from produce.

[0178] Example 2 coated avocado

[0179] Coatings C and D were prepared having the compositions shown in Table 3.

[0180] [Table 3]

[0181] Mixtures 3 and 4 were prepared of coating agents C and D dispersed in water at the concentrations shown in Table 4. For each of Mixtures 3 and 4, avocados were coated by dipping them into a bowl of the mixture and then dried in a heated tunnel at approximately 70°C (dwell time 90-100 seconds). The coated avocados were evaluated under ambient conditions.

[0182] [Table 4]

[0183] An image of an avocado coated with Mixture 3 is shown in Figure 1A, and an image of an avocado coated with Mixture 4 is shown in Figure 1B. As shown in Figures 1A and 1B, the wax-containing coating with monoglyceride produced a coating with improved uniformity and higher gloss compared to the wax-containing coating without monoglyceride.

[0184] Example 3 Emulsion evaluation

[0185] Coating agents E to G having the compositions shown in Table 5 were prepared.

[0186] [Table 5]

[0187] Mixtures 5-7 were prepared of coating agents E-G dispersed in water at the concentrations shown in Table 6. Each of Mixtures 5-7 was subjected to successive filtrations (11 μm to 0.2 μm) and then freeze-dried to determine the percentage of emulsified solids present in each mixture after filtration. The results are shown in Table 6.

[0188] [Table 6]

[0189] As shown in Table 6, the wax-containing coatings containing fatty acid salts formed improved emulsions compared to the wax-containing coatings without fatty acid salts.

[0190] Example 4 Performance mapping of wax-containing compositions

[0191] A Scheffe ternary mixture design of experiments (DoE) was conducted on coatings formed from coatings containing combinations of beeswax (mass fractions 0-1), glyceryl monostearate (mass fractions 0-0.5), and sodium stearate (mass fractions 0.025-0.2) dispersed in water (30 g / L). The initial design space is shown in Figure 2. Colloidal dispersions (filled circles) of each composition shown in Figure 2 were visually inspected for phase separation. The resulting profile of phase separation (1 = phase separation; 0 = no phase separation) for the colloidal dispersions is shown in Figure 3 as a function of the mass fractions of beeswax, glycerol monostearate, and sodium stearate.

[0192] Approximately 0.6 mL of each colloidal dispersion was coated onto a glass slide, which was then dried overnight in an oven at approximately 40°C. After drying, the gloss level of each coated slide was measured twice using a handheld gloss meter (Horiba) rotated 90° between measurements. Generally, levels up to approximately 30 were considered low gloss, levels greater than approximately 30 to approximately 40 were considered medium gloss, and levels greater than approximately 40 were considered high gloss. A triangular graph of gloss levels across the design space is shown in Figure 4. Figures 5A and 5B show low gloss coatings formed from a coating containing 91.2 wt% beeswax and 8.8 wt% sodium stearate and a coating containing 75.3 wt% beeswax, 10 wt% glycerol monostearate, and 14.8 wt% sodium stearate, respectively. Figure 5C shows a medium gloss coating formed from 63.4 wt% beeswax, 30 wt% glycerol monostearate, and 6.6 wt% sodium stearate. Figure 5D shows a high gloss coating formed from 44.5 wt% beeswax, 40 wt% glycerol monostearate, and 15.5 wt% sodium stearate. As shown in Figure 4 and Figures 5A-5D, different relative amounts of wax, monoglyceride, and fatty acid salt produced coatings with different gloss levels.

[0193] Example 5 coated avocado

[0194] Coating agents H to N having the compositions shown in Tables 7 and 8 were prepared.

[0195] [Table 7]

[0196] [Table 8]

[0197] Mixtures 8-14 were prepared of coating agents H-M dispersed in water at the concentrations shown in Table 9. For each of Mixtures 8-14, avocados were coated by dipping them into a bowl of the mixture and then dried in a heated tunnel at approximately 70°C (dwell time 90-100 seconds). The mass loss of the coated avocados and a control group of uncoated avocados was then measured at ambient conditions. The results are shown in Table 9.

[0198] [Table 9]

[0199] Figure 6 compares an untreated avocado (left) with an avocado coated with Mixture 8 (right). As shown in Figure 6, the coated avocado had a higher gloss level compared to the untreated avocado. Figure 7 compares an avocado coated with Mixture 11 (left) with an avocado coated with Mixture 8 (right). As shown in Figure 7, the avocado coated with Mixture 11 had a lower gloss level compared to the avocado coated with Mixture 8. Figure 8 compares an avocado coated with Mixture 13 (left) with an avocado coated with Mixture 8 (right). As shown in Figure 8, the avocado coated with Mixture 11 had a significantly lower gloss level compared to the avocado coated with Mixture 8. The results in Figures 6-8 and Table 8 show that the coatings produced coatings with similar and acceptable barrier properties, although at different gloss levels (e.g., from high gloss with Coating H to low gloss with Coating M).

[0200] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to image the surfaces of untreated avocados and avocados coated with Mixtures 8, 12, and 14. The results are shown in Figure 9 (Everhart-Thornley detector (ETD); high voltage (HV) 5.00 kV; spot 4.0; magnification 500x; working distance (WD) 3.8 mm; horizontal field width (HFW) 254 μm; tilt 0°), Figure 10 (ETD; HV 3.00 kV; spot 2.0; magnification 500x; WD 8.4 mm; HFW 254 μm; tilt 0°), Figure 11 (ETD; HV 3.00 kV; spot 2.0; magnification 650x; WD 14.8 mm; HFW 195 μm; tilt 0°), and Figure 12 (ETD; HV 3.00 kV; spot 2.0; magnification 500x; WD 8.5 mm; HFW 254 μm; tilt 0°), respectively. As shown in Figures 9-12, the coatings formed from the coatings containing beeswax were relatively smooth compared to the coatings from the coatings without beeswax and compared to the scaly surface of the untreated avocado.

[0201] While the present disclosure includes details of many specific embodiments, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present subject matter or the scope of what can be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features described in this disclosure in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented separately or in any suitable subcombination in multiple embodiments. Furthermore, the features described above may be described as working in certain combinations, and even if originally claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may in some cases be excluded from the combination, and a claimed combination may also be directed to a subcombination or variations of the subcombination.

[0202] Specific embodiments of the present subject matter have been described. Other embodiments, modifications, and permutations of the described embodiments, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, are within the scope of the following claims. Although operations are shown in a particular order in the drawings or claims, this should not be understood as requiring such operations to be performed in the particular order or sequential order shown, or as requiring all illustrated operations to achieve desirable results (although some operations may be considered optional).

[0203] Therefore, the exemplary embodiments set forth above do not define or bind this disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterations may also occur without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure.

Claims

1. 1. A composition comprising: a wax present in an amount from about 20% to about 98% by weight of the composition; and One or more C present in a total amount of about 2% to about 40% by weight of the composition ４ ~C ２８ Salts of fatty acids A composition comprising:

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the wax is present in an amount of from about 40% to about 98% by weight of the composition.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the wax is present in an amount of from about 60% to about 98% by weight of the composition.

4. 4. The composition of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the one or more salts are present in a total amount of from about 2% to about 25% by weight of the composition.

5. 4. The composition of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the one or more salts are present in a total amount of from about 2% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

6. the wax is present in an amount of from about 75% to about 98% by weight of the composition; the one or more salts are present in a total amount of from about 2% to about 25% by weight of the composition; The composition of claim 1.

7. One or more C ４ ~C ２８ 7. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a monoglyceride of a fatty acid.

8. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of from about 1% to about 45% by weight of the composition.

9. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of from about 1% to about 26% by weight of the composition.

10. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the composition.

11. the wax is present in an amount of from about 58% to about 75% by weight of the composition; the one or more salts are present in a total amount of from about 2% to about 25% by weight of the composition; the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of from about 10% to about 40% by weight of the composition; The composition of claim 7.

12. the wax is present in an amount of from about 35% to about 60% by weight of the composition; the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 10% to about 30% by weight of the composition; the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of from about 15% to about 35% by weight of the composition; The composition of claim 7.

13. Wax, and One or more C ４ ~C ２８ Salts of fatty acids wherein the ratio of the total weight of the wax to the total weight of the one or more salts is from about 50:1 to about 3:

1.

14. One or more C ４ ~C ２８ 14. The composition of claim 13, further comprising monoglycerides of fatty acids, wherein the ratio of the total weight of the wax to the total weight of the one or more monoglycerides is from about 100:1 to about 3:

1.

15. wax, One or more C ４ ~C ２８ Salts of fatty acids, and One or more C ４ ~C ２８ Monoglycerides of fatty acids wherein a ratio of the total weight of the wax to the total weight of the one or more salts is from about 40:1 to about 2:1, and a ratio of the total weight of the wax to the total weight of the one or more monoglycerides is from about 8:1 to about 1:

1.

16. wax, One or more C ４ ~C ２８ Salts of fatty acids, and One or more C ４ ~C ２８ Monoglycerides of fatty acids wherein a ratio of the total weight of the wax to the total weight of the one or more salts is from about 6:1 to about 1:1, and a ratio of the total weight of the wax to the total weight of the one or more monoglycerides is from about 4:1 to about 1:

1.

17. 17. The composition of any of claims 14 to 16, wherein the wax, the one or more salts, and the one or more monoglycerides comprise at least 80% by weight of the composition.

18. 18. The composition of any of claims 1 to 17, wherein the wax comprises beeswax, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, sunflower wax, or any combination thereof.

19. 18. The composition of any of claims 1 to 17, wherein the wax comprises beeswax.

20. 20. The composition of any of claims 1 to 19, wherein the wax comprises one or more wax esters.

21. One or more of the wax esters independently represent Formula III: 【Chemistry 15】 wherein: Each R Ｂ teeth, 1 to 3 R each Ｃ C optionally substituted with ２４ ~C ３２ Alkyl or C ２４ ~C ３２ alkenyl, or -R Ｈ C(O)OR Ｄ and Each R Ｃ are independently —OH, —C(O)OR Ｄ , or -OC(O)R Ｈ and Each R Ｄ is H or R Ｂ and Each R Ｈ are independently 1 to 3 R Ｃ C optionally substituted with １１ ~C １９ The side chain is 21. The composition of claim 20.

22. Each R Ｈ 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein is a saturated side chain.

23. 23. The composition of any of claims 20 to 22, wherein the one or more wax esters comprise one or more monoesters present in a total amount of from about 40% to about 100% by weight of the one or more wax esters.

24. One or more of the monoesters are independently selected from the group consisting of: C ３６ ~C ５４ 24. The composition of claim 23 comprising a monoester.

25. 25. The composition of claim 23 or claim 24, wherein the one or more wax esters further comprise one or more diesters present in a total amount of from about 5% to about 50% by weight of the one or more wax esters.

26. 26. The composition of any of claims 23 to 25, wherein the one or more wax esters further comprise one or more triesters present in a total amount of from about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the one or more wax esters.

27. 27. The composition of any of claims 20 to 26, wherein the one or more wax esters comprise from about 50% to about 100% by weight of the wax.

28. 28. The composition of any of claims 20 to 27, wherein the wax further comprises one or more alkanes.

29. The wax is one or more types of C ２４ ~C ３６ Contains alkanes, the one or more wax esters and the one or more C ２４ ~C ３６ the alkane comprises from about 60% to about 100% by weight of the wax; 29. The composition of claim 28.

30. The wax is represented by Formula IV: 【Chemistry 16】 wherein: R Ｄ is H or C １ is alkyl, The sum of x and y is between 28 and 88.

30. The composition of any one of claims 20 to 29.

31. 31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the one or more wax esters and the one or more compounds of Formula IV comprise from about 60% to about 100% by weight of the wax.

32. Each of the one or more salts present in the composition independently represents a group of formula II: 【Chemistry 17】 wherein: R Ｈ is C ３ ~C ２７ is a side chain, X ｎ＋ is a cationic moiety having a formal charge n; 32. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 31.

33. X ｎ＋ But Li ＋ , Na ＋ , K. ＋ , Cs ＋ , Ag ＋ , Ca ２＋ , Mg ２＋ , Zn ２＋ , Cu ２＋ , and (R Ｄ ) ４ N ＋ is selected from R Ｄ Each of the existing １ ~C ６ Alkyl, C ３ ~C ６ Cycloalkyl, C ３ ~C ６ selected from heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; Each C １ ~C ６ The alkyl is C ３ ~C ６ Cycloalkyl, C ３ ~C ６ 1 to 3 R independently selected from heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl Ｅ , where necessary, If necessary, R Ｄ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, ３ ~C ６ forming a heterocycloalkyl, 33. The composition of claim 32.

34. R Ｈ 34. The composition of claim 32 or claim 33, wherein is an unsubstituted saturated side chain.

35. Each of the one or more salts present in the composition independently has the formula IIA: [Chemistry 18] wherein: R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , R ７ , R ８ , and R ９ are each independently H, OH, C １ ~C ６ Alkyl, C ２ ~C ６ alkenyl, and C １ ~C ６ alkoxy; R １０Ａ , R １０Ｂ , R １１Ａ , and R １１Ｂ Each occurrence of is independently H, OH, C １ ~C ６ Alkyl, C ２ ~C ６ alkenyl, and C １ ~C ６ alkoxy; R on the adjacent carbon atom １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , R ７ , R ８ , R ９ , R １０Ａ , R １０Ｂ , R １１Ａ , and R １１Ｂ Any two of these, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a double bond, a 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or C ３ ~C ６ can form a cycloalkyl, o is an integer from 0 to 17; p is an integer from 0 to 17; The sum of o and p is 0 to 17, X ｎ＋ is a cationic moiety having a formal charge n; 32. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 31.

36. X ｎ＋ But Li ＋ , Na ＋ , K. ＋ , Cs ＋ , Ag ＋ , Ca ２＋ , Mg ２＋ , Zn ２＋ , Cu ２＋ , and (R Ｄ ) ４ N ＋ is selected from R Ｄ Each of the existing １ ~C ６ Alkyl, C ３ ~C ６ Cycloalkyl, C ３ ~C ６ selected from heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; Each C １ ~C ６ The alkyl is C ３ ~C ６ Cycloalkyl, C ３ ~C ６ 1 to 3 R independently selected from heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl Ｅ , where necessary, If necessary, R Ｄ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, ３ ~C ６ forming a heterocycloalkyl, 36. The composition of claim 35.

37. Each of the one or more monoglycerides independently has the formula I-i or I-ii: 【Chemistry 19】 wherein: R Ａ１ and R Ａ２ are each independently H and C １ ~C ６ alkyl, R Ｈ is C ３ ~C ２７ The side chain is 37. The composition of any one of claims 7 to 36.

38. R Ａ１ and R Ａ２ 38. The composition of claim 37, wherein each is H.

39. R Ｈ 39. The composition of claim 37 or claim 38, wherein is an unsubstituted saturated side chain.

40. R Ｈ is C １１ ~C ２１ 40. The composition of any one of claims 37 to 39, which is a side chain.

41. the one or more monoglycerides R Ｈ is C １５ ~C ２７ a first compound of formula I-i or formula I-ii, which is a side chain; and R Ｈ is C ３ ~C １３ a second compound of formula I-i or I-ii which is a side chain 41. The composition of any of claims 37 to 40, comprising:

42. 42. The composition of claim 41, wherein the second compound of formula Ii or formula I-ii is present in a total amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the composition.

43. Each of the one or more monoglycerides independently has formula IA-i or formula IA-ii: 【Chemistry 20】 wherein: R Ａ１ and R Ａ２ are each independently H, and C １ ~C ６ alkyl, R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , R ７ , R ８ , and R ９ are each independently H, OH, C １ ~C ６ Alkyl, C ２ ~C ６ alkenyl, and C １ ~C ６ alkoxy; R １０Ａ , R １０Ｂ , R １１Ａ , and R １１Ｂ Each occurrence of is independently H, OH, C １ ~C ６ Alkyl, C ２ ~C ６ alkenyl, and C １ ~C ６ alkoxy; R on the adjacent carbon atom １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , R ７ , R ８ , R ９ , R １０Ａ , R １０Ｂ , R １１Ａ , and R １１Ｂ Any two of, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a double bond, a 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, or C ３ ~C ６ can form a cycloalkyl, o is an integer from 0 to 17; p is an integer from 0 to 17; The sum of o and p is 0 to 17.

37. The composition of any one of claims 7 to 36.

44. R Ａ１ and R Ａ２ 44. The composition of claim 43, wherein each is H.

45. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 44, and solvent A mixture comprising:

46. 46. ​​The mixture of claim 45, wherein the mixture comprises from about 30% to about 99.9% by weight of the solvent.

47. 46. ​​The mixture of claim 45, wherein the mixture comprises from about 90% to about 99.5% by weight of the solvent.

48. 48. The mixture of any of claims 45 to 47, wherein the solvent comprises one or more of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and methyl tert-butyl ether.

49. 45. A coated agricultural product comprising an agricultural product and a layer disposed on a surface of the agricultural product, the layer comprising the composition of any of claims 1 to 44.

50. 50. The coated agricultural produce of claim 49, wherein the layer is disposed on a cuticular surface of the agricultural produce.

51. 51. The coated agricultural product of claim 49 or claim 50, wherein the layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 μm to about 20 μm.

52. 51. The coated agricultural product of claim 49 or claim 50, wherein the layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.

53. 1. A method of coating an agricultural product, said method comprising: contacting the surface of the agricultural produce with a mixture comprising a coating agent and a solvent, the coating agent comprising: a wax present in an amount of about 20% to about 98% by weight of the coating; and One or more C present in a total amount of about 2% to about 40% by weight of the coating agent. ４ ~C ２８ Salts of fatty acids and removing at least a portion of the solvent to form a coating on the surface of the agricultural produce. A method comprising:

54. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the wax comprises beeswax, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, sunflower wax, or any combination thereof.

55. 55. The method of claim 53 or claim 54, wherein the wax comprises one or more wax esters present in a total amount of from about 50% to about 100% by weight of the wax.

56. the wax is present in an amount of about 75% to about 98% by weight of the coating; the one or more salts are present in an amount of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the coating; 56. A method according to any one of claims 53 to 55.

57. The coating agent is one or more of C ４ ~C ２８ 57. The method of any of claims 53 to 56, further comprising a monoglyceride of a fatty acid.

58. 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of about 1% to about 20% by weight of the coating.

59. the wax is present in an amount of about 58% to about 75% by weight of the coating; the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the coating; the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of from about 10% to about 40% by weight of the coating; 58. The method of claim 57.

60. the wax is present in an amount of about 35% to about 60% by weight of the coating; the one or more salts are present in a total amount of about 10% to about 30% by weight of the coating; the one or more monoglycerides are present in a total amount of from about 15% to about 35% by weight of the coating; 58. The method of claim 57.

61. 61. The method of any of claims 53 to 60, wherein the concentration of the coating agent in the mixture is from about 1 mg / mL to about 200 mg / mL.

62. 61. The method of any of claims 53 to 60, wherein the concentration of the coating agent in the mixture is from about 25 mg / mL to about 150 mg / mL.

63. 63. The method of any of claims 53 to 62, wherein the solvent comprises one or more of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and methyl tert-butyl ether.

64. 64. The method of any of claims 53 to 63, wherein the coating agent and the solvent comprise at least about 98% by weight of the mixture.

65. 65. The method of any of claims 53 to 64, wherein the surface is a cuticular surface of the agricultural produce.

66. contacting the surfaces comprises: spraying the mixture onto the surface; or immersing the agricultural produce in the mixture.

66. The method of any of claims 53 to 65, comprising:

67. 67. The method of any of claims 53 to 66, wherein removing at least a portion of the solvent comprises evaporating at least a portion of the solvent.

68. 68. The method of any of claims 53 to 67, further comprising adding the coating agent to the solvent to form the mixture.

69. 1. A method of coating an agricultural product, said method comprising: contacting the surface of the agricultural produce with a mixture according to any one of claims 45 to 48; and removing at least a portion of the solvent to form a coating on the surface of the agricultural produce. A method comprising:

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