Low moisture pet food composition

Abstract

Low-moisture pet food compositions are provided. Such compositions may have multiple components, including an inner component and an outer component. The inner component may comprise a relatively soft mixture (e.g., softer than the outer component), and the outer component may comprise a relatively hard mixture, providing a pet food composition with a dual texture. The outer component has a low total moisture content and partially coats the inner component.

Description

Description of Related Applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 436,254, filed December 30, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. [Technical Field]

[0002] The present disclosure relates to food compositions, and more particularly to low moisture pet food compositions and processes for making same. Such compositions may be multi-ingredient and dual-textured. [Background technology]

[0003] Dry or low-moisture pet food products have become a convenient and widespread means for feeding pets. Such pet food products may be in the form of a treat, which may have a dual texture, including a harder outer shell with a softer filling inside. During conventional manufacturing processes, after extrusion of the outer shell, subsequent drying is required to reduce the moisture content of the outer shell to an acceptable level, resulting in excessive equipment costs, manufacturing time, and energy consumption. Furthermore, the inner filling of such pet food compositions may result in an undesirably low fill rate in the outer shell, which is not visible, and therefore there is a need in the art for improved formulations. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] Thus, there continues to be a consumer demand for more visual and texturally cued fillings in pet food products manufactured in treat form. Additionally, there is a need to provide a process for producing the same with reduced cost, production time, and energy consumption. The presently disclosed subject matter addresses these and other needs. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] The presently disclosed subject matter provides low-moisture, multi-component pet food compositions. Such multi-component pet food compositions may include an inner component and an outer component having different textures, providing a dual-texture composition. The outer component partially covers the inner component and has a low moisture content.

[0006] In one embodiment, a multi-ingredient pet food composition is provided. The multi-ingredient pet food composition may include an inner component and an outer component partially covering the inner component. The inner component of the multi-ingredient pet food composition may include one or more fat sources in an amount of about 0% to about 60% by weight, one or more protein sources in an amount of about 0% to about 40% by weight, and one or more carbohydrate sources in an amount of about 15% to about 70% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component. The outer component of the multi-ingredient pet food composition may have a total moisture content of about 1% to about 15% and a water activity of less than about 0.75.

[0007] In some embodiments, the outer component of the multi-component pet food composition has a total moisture content of about 6% to about 10%. In certain embodiments, the inner component and the outer component are present in a ratio of about 7:3 to about 3:7. In some embodiments, the inner component is exposed on at least two surfaces of the pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the pet food composition has a water activity of less than about 0.65.

[0008] In certain embodiments, the one or more fat sources of the inner component include beef tallow. In certain embodiments, the one or more protein sources of the inner component include animal protein, non-animal protein, or a combination thereof.

[0009] In some embodiments, the multi-component pet food composition further comprises a coating disposed on at least a portion of the outer component. In certain embodiments, the pet food composition comprises at least two segments. In some embodiments, the pet food composition has a length of from about 5 mm to about 150 mm.

[0010] In certain embodiments, the pet food product comprises a multi-component pet food composition.

[0011] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of making a low-moisture pet food composition, the method comprising the steps of extruding a material to form an outer component, introducing an inner component to form a bi-component extrudate, conveying the bi-component extrudate to a cooling tunnel, and cutting and coating the extrudate to form the low-moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the outer component has a moisture content of less than about 20% by weight of the outer component after the extrusion step and before the introducing step. In certain embodiments, the method does not include the step of drying the outer component or the bi-component extrudate.

[0012] The foregoing has outlined broadly the features and technical advantages of the present application in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood.

[0013] Additional features and advantages of the present application will be described hereinafter, which form the subject of the claims of the present application. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception and specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present application. It will also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present application as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features believed characteristic of the present application, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages, will be better understood from the following description. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0014] [Figure 1A] Images of non-limiting embodiments of low moisture pet food compositions according to the present disclosure [Figure 1B] Images of non-limiting embodiments of low moisture pet food compositions according to the present disclosure [Figure 2] 1 is a process diagram of a method for producing a low moisture pet food composition according to certain non-limiting embodiments. [Figure 3A] Graph showing palatability test results showing different average amounts eaten for each sample of a pet food composition according to certain non-limiting embodiments. [Figure 3B] A chart showing the results of palatability tests showing the percentage of cats that preferred any of the products according to certain non-limiting embodiments. [Figure 4A] Graph showing palatability test results showing different average amounts eaten for each sample of a pet food composition according to certain non-limiting embodiments. [Figure 4B] A chart showing the results of palatability tests showing the percentage of cats that preferred any of the products according to certain non-limiting embodiments. [Figure 5] Graph showing palatability test results showing different average amounts eaten for each sample of a pet food composition according to certain non-limiting embodiments. [Figure 6] Images of non-limiting embodiments of low moisture pet food compositions according to the present disclosure [Figure 7] Images of non-limiting embodiments of low moisture pet food compositions according to the present disclosure [Figure 8A] Images of non-limiting embodiments of low moisture pet food compositions according to the present disclosure [Figure 8B] Images of non-limiting embodiments of low moisture pet food compositions according to the present disclosure DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] A pet food composition and a method for making the same are provided. Such a composition advantageously has a low moisture content and can be a multi-component composition having a dual texture. The outer component of the composition can partially cover the inner component of the composition and can have a low moisture content.

[0016] For purposes of clarity, and not by way of limitation, this detailed description is divided into the following subsections: 6.1. Definition; 6.2. Low moisture pet food compositions; 6.3. Methods for producing low moisture pet food compositions; 6.4. Methods of using low moisture pet food compositions; and 6.5. Characteristics of Low Moisture Pet Food Compositions.

[0017] 6.1.Definition The terms used herein generally have their ordinary meanings in the art, within the context of this disclosure and in the specific context in which each term is used. Particular terms are discussed below or elsewhere herein to provide additional guidance in describing the compositions and methods of the present disclosure and how to make and use them.

[0018] As used in this specification and the appended claims, nouns include plural referents unless the context dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a "compound" includes a mixture of compounds.

[0019] The term "about" or "approximately" means within an acceptable error range for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend to some extent on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, "about" can mean within or greater than three standard deviations, according to practice in the art. Alternatively, "about" can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and even more preferably up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to a system or process, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold of a value. In the context of moisture content (wt%), "about" means ±1 wt%. In the context of water activity (Aw), "about" means ±0.05. In the context of final moisture, "about" means ±3%. In the context of viscosity, "about" means ±3%.

[0020] The term "animal" or "pet" as used in accordance with the present disclosure refers to domestic animals, including, but not limited to, domestic dogs, domestic cats, horses, cows, ferrets, rabbits, pigs, rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, goats, etc. Domestic dogs and domestic cats are specific, non-limiting examples of pets. The term "animal" or "pet" as used in accordance with the present disclosure can further refer to wild animals, including, but not limited to, bison, elk, deer, stag, ducks, chickens, fish, etc.

[0021] The terms "animal feed," "animal feed composition," "pet food," "pet food article," or "pet food composition" are used interchangeably herein and refer to compositions intended for consumption by an animal or pet. Pet food can include, without limitation, nutritionally balanced compositions suitable for daily feeding, such as kibble, as well as supplements and / or treats, which may be nutritionally balanced. In alternative embodiments, the supplements and / or treats are not nutritionally balanced.

[0022] The term "carbohydrate source" includes, for example, without limitation, grains, cereals, corn, wheat, rice, oats, corn grits, sorghum, grain sorghum (milo), wheat bran, oat bran, amaranth, durum, semolina, or mixtures thereof.

[0023] As used herein, the terms "comprise," "comprising," or other variations thereof are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements does not include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0024] As used herein, the terms "cream" or "filling" refer to the inner component of a low moisture pet food composition.

[0025] In the detailed description herein, references to "an embodiment," "an embodiment," "one embodiment," "various embodiments," etc., indicate that the described embodiment may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but that not all embodiments necessarily include that particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with one embodiment, it is believed to be within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments, whether or not explicitly stated. After reading this specification, it will become apparent to one skilled in the relevant art how to implement the present disclosure in alternative embodiments.

[0026] The term "extruded" with respect to a composition or animal feed refers to a composition or animal feed that has been processed, for example, by being sent through one or more extruders. Any type of extruder can be used, non-limiting examples of which include single-screw extruders and twin-screw extruders.

[0027] The term "fat source" includes, for example, without limitation, fats derived from animal sources including poultry fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, pork fat, pork lard, dairy fat, sheep fat, beef tallow, beef fat, fish oil, menhaden oil, anchovy oil, or combinations thereof, as well as fats derived from non-animal sources including coconut fat, palm fat, palm stearin, vegetable oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, linseed oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, olestra, or combinations thereof.

[0028] The term "multi-component composition" refers to a composition comprising multiple components. In certain embodiments, the multi-component composition comprises an inner component and an outer component. In further embodiments, the multi-component composition comprises an inner component, an outer component, and a coating.

[0029] The term "nutritionally balanced" with respect to a composition means that the composition, such as a pet food, has the known nutrients necessary to sustain life in the appropriate amounts and proportions, excluding the need for supplemental water, based on recommendations from recognized authorities in the field of pet nutrition, including, but not limited to, government agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine and American Feed Control Officials Incorporated.

[0030] The terms "palatability" or "palatable" refer to a preference or taste preference. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms "palatability" or "palatable" refer to the degree to which a pet food product appeals to an animal's palatability or taste. This is suitably measured by a feeding test, e.g., a discrimination test or a ranking test. In some embodiments, "palatability" can refer to the relative preference of one food over another. For example, if an animal exhibits a preference for one of two or more foods, the preferred food is more "palatable," "has improved palatability," or "has increased palatability." In some embodiments, the relative palatability of one food compared to one or more other foods can be determined, for example, by the relative consumption of the foods, or other suitable palatability measures indicative of palatability, e.g., in a side-by-side free-choice comparison.

[0031] The term "pet treat" refers to a composition intended for regular consumption by an animal or pet. Pet treats can be nutritionally balanced. In alternative embodiments, pet treats are not nutritionally balanced.

[0032] The term "vegetable protein" includes, for example, without limitation, soybean meal, soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten meal, corn protein concentrate, distillers dried grains, distillers dried grains with solubles, vegetable protein modifications, or combinations thereof.

[0033] The term "protein source" refers to animal protein, animal-derived protein, plant protein, or a combination thereof.

[0034] As used herein, the term "shell" refers to the outer component of a low moisture pet food composition.

[0035] As used herein, the terms "weight percent" or "weight %" or "by weight" are meant to refer to either (i) the quantity by weight of an ingredient / component in a composition as a percentage of the total weight of the composition, or (ii) the quantity by weight of an ingredient / component in a material as a percentage of the weight of the final material or product.

[0036] 6.2. Low Moisture Pet Food Compositions Pet food compositions of the present disclosure are advantageously low in moisture after extrusion. Such compositions may have multiple components, including an inner component and an outer component. The inner component may be relatively soft (e.g., softer than the outer component) and may comprise a fat-based mixture. The outer component may be relatively hard and may comprise a grain-based mixture. Thus, low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may have a dual texture. The outer component may partially cover the inner component, and in particular embodiments, the inner component may be exposed on one or more surfaces of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may further comprise a coating.

[0037] 6.2.1.Inner component In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may be multi-component compositions that include an inner component. Such inner component may be relatively soft (e.g., softer than the outer component). The inner component may be fat-based and may include one or more fat sources, one or more protein sources, one or more carbohydrate sources such as flour or starch, one or more emulsifiers, one or more waxes, water, or combinations thereof.

[0038] 6.2.1.1. Fat sources In some embodiments, the inner component of the low-moisture pet food composition can include one or more fat sources. Any suitable fat source can be used in the low-moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. For example, the one or more fat sources included in the low-moisture pet food composition can include poultry fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, pork fat, pork lard, beef tallow, beef fat, coconut fat, palm fat, milk fat, sheep fat, palm stearin, vegetable oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, linseed oil, canola oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, menhaden oil, anchovy oil, olestra, or combinations thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a wide variety of fat sources are suitable for use in the compositions of the present disclosure.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the inner component may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount from about 0% to about 60%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 20% to about 40%, or from about 40% to about 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component.

[0040] In certain embodiments, with respect to the overall pet food composition, the one or more fat sources in the inner component are present in an amount of from about 5% to about 40%, from about 10% to about 40%, from about 20% to about 40%, from about 5% to about 30%, from about 5% to about 20%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 20% to about 30%, from about 15% to about 25%, from about 15% to about 20%, from about 20% to about 25%, or from about 30% to about 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0041] 6.2.1.2. Protein Sources In some embodiments, the inner component of the low-moisture pet food composition may include one or more protein sources. Any suitable protein source may be used in the low-moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. For example, protein sources included in the low-moisture pet food composition may include animal and / or non-animal proteins, wheat gluten, egg protein, collagen (e.g., collagen peptides), gelatin, whey protein, casein, soybean meal, soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate, soy protein, corn gluten meal, protein hydrolysates, corn protein concentrate, distillers dried grains, distillers dried grains with solubles, modified plant proteins, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the protein source may include meat and derivatives thereof, fish and derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, meat and derivatives thereof may include dried or fresh meat materials of specific species, such as chicken, beef, lamb, duck, and blends thereof. In some embodiments, fish and derivatives thereof may include dried or fresh fish materials of specific species such as tuna, salmon, white fish, shrimp, etc., and blends thereof. In certain embodiments, fish and derivatives thereof may include fish meal of specific species, bone meal, blood products, or combinations thereof.

[0042] In certain embodiments, the inner component can include one or more protein sources in an amount of about 0% to about 40%, about 0% to about 35%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 35%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 40%, or about 15% to about 35% by weight. Alternatively, the inner component can include one or more protein sources in an amount of about 1% to about 10%, 1% to about 15%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 40%, about 10% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 30% to about 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component.

[0043] In certain embodiments, with respect to the overall pet food composition, the inner component may comprise one or more protein sources in an amount of about 0% to about 25%, about 1% to about 25%, about 5% to about 25%, about 10% to about 25%, about 0% to about 10%, about 1% to about 10%, about 5% to about 10%, or about 10% to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0044] In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may comprise a protein source in an amount of about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 20%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. Alternatively, the amount of protein source may range from about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 25%, or about 15% to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may comprise a protein source in an amount less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, or less than about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0045] Carbohydrate Sources In some embodiments, the inner component of the low-moisture pet food composition may include one or more carbohydrate sources. Any suitable carbohydrate source can be used in the low-moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. Such carbohydrate sources include wheat flour, starch, or a combination thereof. For example, the low-moisture pet food composition may include wheat flour, heat-treated wheat flour, corn flour, wheat starch, pea starch, pregelatinized starch (e.g., pregelatinized wheat starch), native starch, maltodextrin, cereals, grains, corn, wheat, rice, oats, corn grits, sorghum, grain sorghum (milo), wheat bran, oat bran, amaranth, durum, semolina, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, maltodextrin or other substitutes for animal and / or non-animal proteins can be used as thickeners to achieve specific viscosity, heat stability, and pet feeding performance. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a wide variety of carbohydrate sources are suitable for use in the compositions of the present disclosure.

[0046] In certain embodiments, the inner component may comprise one or more carbohydrate sources in an amount of from about 15% to about 70% by weight, or from about 40% to about 65% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component.

[0047] In certain embodiments, with respect to the overall pet food composition, the inner component may comprise one or more carbohydrate sources in an amount of from about 5% to about 25%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 15% to about 25%, or from about 10% to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0048] Emulsifiers In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may further comprise one or more emulsifiers. Any suitable emulsifier can be used in the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. For example, the one or more emulsifiers may include a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, lecithin, or a combination thereof.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the inner component may include one or more emulsifiers in an amount of less than about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component. In certain embodiments, the inner component may include one or more emulsifiers in an amount of about 1% to about 10% by weight, about 5% to about 10% by weight, or about 1% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component. In certain embodiments, with respect to the entire pet food composition, the one or more emulsifiers may be present in the inner component in an amount of less than about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, with respect to the entire pet food composition, the one or more emulsifiers may be present in the inner component in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight, about 2% to about 4% by weight, or about 1% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0050] Wax In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may further comprise one or more waxes. Any suitable wax may be used in the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. For example, the one or more waxes may include carnauba wax, beeswax, or a combination thereof.

[0051] In certain embodiments, the inner component may comprise one or more waxes in an amount of about 0.5% to about 2.0%, about 1% to about 2%, or about 1.25% to about 1.75%, or about 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component. In some embodiments, with respect to the pet food composition as a whole, the one or more waxes may be present in the inner component in an amount of about 0.75% to about 1.50% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0052] 6.2.1.6.Water In certain embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may further comprise water.

[0053] In certain embodiments, the inner component may comprise water in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 0.15% to about 2%, or about 0.25% to about 1%, or about 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component. In some embodiments, with respect to the pet food composition as a whole, water may be present in the inner component in an amount of about 0.25% to about 1.40%, about 0.25% to about 1%, about 1% to about 1.40%, or about 0.25% to about 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0054] 6.2.1.7. Composition of inner components In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more protein sources, one or more carbohydrate sources, one or more fat sources, one or more emulsifiers, one or more waxes, water, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the inner component may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 40% to about 60% by weight, one or more protein sources in an amount of about 0% to about 40% by weight, one or more carbohydrate sources in an amount of about 15% to about 70% by weight, one or more emulsifiers in an amount less than about 10% by weight, one or more waxes in an amount of about 0.5% to about 2.0% by weight, and water in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component.

[0055] In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more protein sources, one or more carbohydrate sources, one or more fat sources, one or more emulsifiers, one or more waxes, water, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 45% to about 55% by weight, one or more protein sources in an amount of about 0% to about 35% by weight, one or more carbohydrate sources in an amount of about 40% to about 65% by weight, one or more emulsifiers in an amount less than 10% by weight, one or more waxes in an amount of about 1% to about 2% by weight, and water in an amount of 0.15% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component.

[0056] In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more protein sources, one or more carbohydrate sources, one or more fat sources, one or more emulsifiers, one or more waxes, water, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 40% to about 50% by weight, one or more protein sources in an amount of about 5% to about 30% by weight, one or more carbohydrate sources in an amount of about 40% to about 65% by weight, one or more emulsifiers in an amount less than about 10% by weight, one or more waxes in an amount of about 1.25% to about 1.75% by weight, and water in an amount of 0.25% to about 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component.

[0057] In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more protein sources, one or more carbohydrate sources, one or more fat sources, one or more emulsifiers, one or more waxes, water, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 50% to about 60% by weight, one or more protein sources in an amount of about 5% to about 30% by weight, one or more carbohydrate sources in an amount of about 40% to about 65% by weight, one or more emulsifiers in an amount less than about 10% by weight, one or more waxes in an amount of about 1.5% by weight, and water in an amount of 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component.

[0058] In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may include one or more fat sources and one or more carbohydrate sources. In certain embodiments, the one or more fat sources may be present in an amount of about 55% to about 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component, and the one or more carbohydrate sources may be present in an amount of about 40% to about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component. In some embodiments, the one or more fat sources may include beef tallow, and the one or more carbohydrate sources may include wheat flour.

[0059] In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more fat sources present in an amount of about 40% to about 55% by weight, one or more carbohydrate sources present in an amount of about 40% to about 45% by weight, and one or more protein sources present in an amount of about 5% to about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component. In some embodiments, the one or more fat sources may comprise beef tallow, the one or more carbohydrate sources may comprise wheat flour, and the one or more protein sources may comprise animal and / or non-animal protein.

[0060] In some embodiments, the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition may include one or more fat sources present in an amount of about 40% to about 45% by weight, one or more carbohydrate sources present in an amount of 25% to about 35% by weight, and one or more protein sources present in an amount of about 25% to about 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the inner component. In some embodiments, the one or more fat sources may include beef tallow, the one or more carbohydrate sources may include maltodextrin, and the one or more protein sources may include animal and / or non-animal protein.

[0061] 6.2.2.Outer component In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may be multi-component compositions further comprising an outer component. Such outer component may be relatively hard. The outer component may be grain-based and may include one or more protein sources, one or more carbohydrate sources, one or more additional ingredients, one or more processing aids, or combinations thereof.

[0062] 6.2.2.1. Protein Sources In some embodiments, the outer components of the low moisture pet food composition may include one or more protein sources. Any suitable protein source can be used in the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. The one or more protein sources may include meal or powder. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the meal or powder may include animal meal or animal powder. For example, in certain non-limiting embodiments, the animal meal or powder may include animal liver powder, poultry liver powder, beef liver powder, chicken powder, poultry meal (e.g., dried chicken by-product meal), beef liver powder, beef meal, spray-dried mechanically deboned meat (MDM), meat meal (e.g., spray-dried pork or sieved poultry meal), or combinations thereof. A variety of spray-dried animal proteins are suitable for use in the present disclosure. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more protein sources may include one or more vegetable proteins, such as soy flour, soybeans, vital wheat gluten, wheat gluten, corn gluten, maize gluten, pea protein (e.g., 75% pea protein), whey protein, or combinations thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a variety of animal and vegetable proteins are suitable for use in the compositions of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the protein source may include meat and derivatives thereof, fish and derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, meat and derivatives thereof may include dried or fresh meat materials of specific species, such as chicken, beef, lamb, and duck, and blends thereof. In certain embodiments, fish and derivatives thereof may include dried or fresh fish materials of specific species, such as tuna, salmon, whitefish, and shrimp, and blends thereof. In certain embodiments, fish and derivatives thereof may include fish meal of specific species, bone meal, blood products, or combinations thereof.

[0063] In one embodiment, the one or more protein sources may include poultry meal. In an alternative embodiment, the one or more protein sources may further include animal liver powder and wheat gluten. In another alternative embodiment, the one or more protein sources may further include pea protein and corn gluten.

[0064] In certain embodiments, the outer component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more protein sources in an amount of about 0% to about 80%, about 0% to about 40%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 20%, about 40% to about 80%, about 30% to about 60%, about 20% to about 60%, or about 25% to about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component. In certain embodiments, the one or more protein sources may be one or more animal proteins present in the outer component in an amount of about 0% to about 50%, about 15% to about 40%, or about 19% to about 36% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component. In certain embodiments, the one or more protein sources can be one or more vegetable proteins present in the outer component in an amount from about 0% to about 50%, from about 0% to about 15%, or from about 35% to about 50%, or from about 15% to about 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component.

[0065] In certain embodiments, with respect to the pet food composition as a whole, the one or more protein sources may be present in the outer component in an amount of from about 0% to about 60%, from about 0% to about 30%, from about 1% to about 60%, from about 1% to about 30%, from about 30% to about 60%, from about 10% to about 50%, or from about 15% to about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0066] In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may comprise a protein source in an amount of about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 20%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. Alternatively, the amount of protein source may range from about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 25%, or about 15% to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may comprise a protein source in an amount less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, or less than about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0067] Carbohydrate Sources In some embodiments, the outer component of the low moisture pet food composition can include one or more carbohydrate sources. Any suitable carbohydrate source can be used in the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. For example, the one or more carbohydrate sources can include rice, corn, ground corn, corn flour, wheat flour, rice flour, pea starch, soy flour, potato starch, functional starches (e.g., corn, wheat, rice), or combinations thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a wide variety of starches are suitable for use in the outer component of the compositions of the present disclosure.

[0068] In one embodiment, the one or more carbohydrate sources may include rice and corn. In another alternative embodiment, the one or more carbohydrate sources may include corn and soy flour.

[0069] In certain embodiments, the one or more carbohydrate sources may be present in the outer component in an amount of about 0% to about 75% by weight, about 0% to about 30% by weight, about 1% to about 75% by weight, about 1% to about 30% by weight, about 10% to about 45% by weight, about 30% to about 45% by weight, or about 45% to about 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component.

[0070] In certain embodiments, with respect to the pet food composition as a whole, the one or more carbohydrate sources may be present in the outer component in an amount from about 1% to about 60%, from about 5% to about 60%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 15% to about 40%, from about 15% to about 35%, or from about 20% to about 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0071] Additional Ingredients In certain embodiments, the outer component may include one or more additional ingredients. In certain embodiments, the outer component may include one or more yeast sources (e.g., yeast, brewer's yeast, brewer's pure 43% bag yeast, or distiller's dried yeast). In certain embodiments, the one or more yeast sources may be present in the outer component in an amount of about 0% to about 25%, about 0% to about 5%, about 5% to about 20%, or about 5% to about 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component.

[0072] In certain embodiments, the outer component can include one or more salts (e.g., calcium chloride). In certain embodiments, the one or more salts can be present in the outer component in an amount of about 0% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 2.5%, about 1% to about 3%, or about 1.5% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component.

[0073] In certain embodiments, the outer component can include additional ingredients such as active ingredients, e.g., probiotics, minerals, e.g., calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, or any other vitamin, mineral, or other substance of nutritional importance. In certain embodiments, the outer component can include one or more additional ingredients in an amount of about 0% to about 5%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1.5% to about 5%, about 1% to about 3%, or about 1% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component.

[0074] 6.2.2.4. Outer Component Formulation In some embodiments, the outer component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more protein sources, one or more carbohydrate sources, one or more additional ingredients, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the one or more protein sources may be present in an amount of about 0% to about 80% by weight, and the one or more carbohydrate sources may be present in an amount of about 0% to about 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component. In certain embodiments, the one or more protein sources may be present in an amount of about 25% to about 45% by weight, and the one or more carbohydrate sources may be present in an amount of about 45% to about 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component.

[0075] In certain embodiments, based on the total weight of the outer components, the one or more protein sources may be present in an amount of about 20% to about 70% by weight, the one or more carbohydrate sources may be present in an amount of about 30% to about 65% by weight, and the one or more additional ingredients may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 10% by weight. In some embodiments, the one or more protein sources may include poultry meal (e.g., sieved poultry meal). In some embodiments, the one or more carbohydrate sources may include rice flour and corn. In some embodiments, the one or more additional ingredients may include sodium chloride and yeast.

[0076] In certain embodiments, the outer component of the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more carbohydrate sources present in an amount of about 50% to about 60% by weight, one or more animal proteins as protein sources present in an amount of about 15% to about 25% by weight, one or more plant proteins as protein sources present in an amount of about 10% to about 15% by weight, yeast present in an amount of about 0% to about 5% by weight, and minerals present in an amount of about 5% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the outer component.

[0077] 6.2.2.5. Characteristics of the outer components The outer components of the pet food compositions of the present disclosure may have a moisture content of less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, or from about 6% to about 10%.

[0078] The water activity (Aw) of the outer ingredients of the pet food compositions of the present disclosure can be from about 0.4 to about 0.785, from about 0.4 to about 0.65, from about 0.4 to about 0.63, from about 0.4 to about 0.55, from about 0.45 to about 0.5, or from about 0.5 to about 0.55. In certain embodiments, the water activity (Aw) of the outer ingredients of the pet food compositions of the present disclosure can be less than about 0.75, less than about 0.65, less than about 0.63, less than about 0.55, less than about 0.5, less than about 0.45, or less than about 0.4.

[0079] The low moisture content of the outer component after extrusion can reduce or eliminate subsequent drying loads required for the extrudate, since the outer component exiting the extruder has a moisture level substantially equal to that of the final product. In contrast, the former outer component is typically extruded at about 24% to about 30% moisture and may require subsequent drying to achieve the target moisture level of the final product. Therefore, the outer component of the present disclosure has a beneficially low moisture content. Additionally, by limiting and / or eliminating the post-extrusion drying step, the process of the present disclosure provides a low moisture pet food composition with a dual texture of the outer component and the visible inner component that would otherwise melt during the high-temperature drying step after extrusion.

[0080] Coating In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may further comprise a coating. The coating may comprise a variety of ingredients known in the art. In certain embodiments, the coating may comprise one or more fat sources, such as beef tallow, and other additives, such as digestive palatant materials.

[0081] In some embodiments, the coating may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, or about 40% to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating. In certain embodiments, with respect to the pet food composition as a whole, the coating may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 2%, or about 2% to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0082] In some embodiments, the coating may include one or more additives in an amount of about 45% to about 75%, about 55% to about 75%, about 50% to about 65%, or about 55% to about 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating. In certain embodiments, with respect to the pet food composition as a whole, the one or more additives may be present in the coating in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.75% to about 4.5%, or about 1% to about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0083] In some embodiments, the coating may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 20% to about 60% by weight, and one or more additives in an amount of about 45% to about 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating. In certain embodiments, the coating may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 30% to about 50% by weight, and one or more additives in an amount of about 50% to about 65% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating. In some embodiments, the coating may comprise one or more fat sources in an amount of about 40% to about 50% by weight, and one or more additives in an amount of about 55% to about 65% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating.

[0084] In certain embodiments, the coating may be present or applied in an amount of about 1% to about 10%, about 7% to about 8%, about 1% to about 5%, or about 3% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition, relative to the overall pet food composition. In further embodiments, the coating may be present or applied in an amount of less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 4.5%, or less than about 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition, relative to the overall pet food composition. The coating may be disposed on at least a portion of the outer component of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the coating may be a uniform coating. In certain embodiments, the coating may be a palatability-enhancing coating.

[0085] 6.2.4. Additional Additives The low moisture pet food compositions of the presently disclosed subject matter may also contain other additives. For example, dry protein, such as meat protein, may be included in the outer component and rehydrated during the extrusion process.

[0086] 6.2.4.1. Colorings and flavorings Additionally, the inner and outer components of the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may include colorants and flavorants.

[0087] Any suitable flavoring can be used in the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure, such as fish, seafood, meat, poultry, cheese, catnip, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may comprise one or more flavorings in an amount from about 0% to about 8%, from about 0% to about 5%, from about 1% to about 5%, or from about 3% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0088] Any suitable colorant can be used in the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure as a dry powder including, for example, dark malt, carmine, sunset yellow, natural brown, banana yellow, beta-carotene, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may include one or more colorants in an amount of less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, from about 1% to about 3%, or from about 1% to about 2%, by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0089] Further additives may include liquids in water or oil dispersion form, such as carmine, caramel, natural brown, banana yellow, beta-carotene, or combinations thereof. Such liquids may be present in an amount of less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, from about 1% to about 3%, or from about 1% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0090] 6.2.4.2. Anti-pilling agents In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more anti-hairball agents. For example, such ingredients may include psyllium seed husks, purslane powder, lignin, cellulose, beet pulp, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions may include one or more anti-hairball agents in an amount of about 1% to about 10%, about 5% to about 10%, or about 3% to about 8%, by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions may include one or more anti-hairball agents in an amount of less than about 10%, less than about 8%, less than about 5%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, or about 5% to about 10%, by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may comprise psyllium seed husks in an amount of less than about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may comprise purslane powder in an amount of less than about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0091] 6.2.4.3. Active ingredients The pet food compositions of the present disclosure may further comprise one or more active ingredients, which may include, in non-limiting examples, a source of fiber, mineral, vitamin, polyphenol, amino acid, carotenoid, antioxidant, fatty acid, glucose mimetic, probiotic, prebiotic, or combinations thereof. Suitable active ingredients include biologics, such as enzymes, antibodies, immunoglobulins, cytokines, epigenetic agents, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Sources of mineral ingredients, in non-limiting examples, include sodium selenite, monosodium phosphate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, zinc oxide, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese oxide, potassium iodide, and / or cobalt carbonate. Sources of vitamin components include, by non-limiting example, choline chloride, vitamin E supplement, ascorbic acid, vitamin A acetate, calcium pantothenate, pantothenic acid, biotin, thiamine mononitrate (a source of vitamin B1), vitamin B12 supplement, niacin, riboflavin supplement (a source of vitamin B2), inositol, pyridoxine hydrochloride (a source of vitamin B6), vitamin D3 supplement, folic acid, vitamin C, and / or ascorbic acid. Sources of polyphenol components include, by non-limiting example, tea extract, rosemary extract, rosmarinic acid, coffee extract, caffeic acid, turmeric extract, blueberry extract, grape extract, grape seed extract, and / or soy extract. Sources of amino acid components include l-tryptophan, taurine, histidine, carnosine, alanine, cysteine, arginine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, isoleucine, histidine, leucine, glycine, glutamine, taurine, tyrosine, homocysteine, ornithine, citrulline, glutamic acid, proline, peptides, and / or serine. Sources of antioxidant components include, by way of non-limiting example, tocopherol (vitamin E), vitamin C, vitamin A, plant-derived materials, carotenoids (as described above), selenium, and / or CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10).Sources of fatty acid components include arachidonic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, gamma-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and / or fish oil as a source of EPA and / or DHA.

[0092] Such active ingredients may be present in amounts of about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 5%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the pet food composition. In certain embodiments, one or more active ingredients may be present in an amount less than about 5%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, or less than about 0.1% by weight, based on the total weight of the pet food composition.

[0093] Antioxidants In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more antioxidants. Any suitable antioxidant can be used in the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. For example, the one or more antioxidants can include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), citric acid, vitamin E, other artificial or natural antioxidants, such as tocopherol, rosemary extract, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions may include one or more antioxidants in an amount of about 0% to about 3%, about 1% to about 3%, or about 2% to about 3%, by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0094] Dairy products In some embodiments, the low-moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more dairy products, such as dried cheese or milk products, or a combination thereof. Any suitable dairy product can be used in the low-moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. For example, the low-moisture pet food composition may include cheese powder. In certain embodiments, the low-moisture pet food composition may include one or more dairy products in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 5%, or about 1% to about 5%, by weight, based on the total weight of the low-moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the low-moisture pet food composition may include one or more dairy products in an amount less than about 5%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, or less than about 0.1%, by weight, based on the total weight of the low-moisture pet food composition.

[0095] 6.2.4.6.Oil In some embodiments, the low-moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more oils. For example, the low-moisture pet food compositions may include sunflower oil, fish oil, omega-3, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the low-moisture pet food compositions may include one or more oils in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 2%, or about 1% to about 2%, by weight, based on the total weight of the low-moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the low-moisture pet food compositions may include one or more oils in an amount of less than about 2%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, or less than about 0.1%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 1%, or about 0.5% to about 1.5%, by weight, based on the total weight of the low-moisture pet food composition.

[0096] The components and ratios of the inner and outer components of the low moisture pet food composition can be varied to impart different properties or aesthetic characteristics. In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may include additional excipients not disclosed or described herein.

[0097] 6.2.5. Food Composition The pet food compositions of the present disclosure may be multi-component compositions comprising an inner component and an outer component. Figures 1A and 1B provide images of non-limiting embodiments of low-moisture pet food compositions according to the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the inner component may comprise one or more fat sources, one or more protein sources, and one or more carbohydrate sources as provided herein. In some embodiments, the outer component may comprise one or more protein sources, one or more carbohydrate sources, and one or more additional ingredients as provided herein. In certain embodiments, the inner component may comprise beef tallow, animal and / or non-animal protein, poultry liver powder, and wheat flour. In certain embodiments, the outer component may comprise potato starch, poultry liver powder, soybean fines, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, wheat gluten, and corn gluten. The low-moisture pet food composition may further be at least partially coated with a coating. In certain embodiments, the coating may comprise beef tallow and a digestible umami agent.

[0098] The ratio of inner to outer ingredients in the low moisture pet food composition can be about 3:7, about 7:3, about 3:2, about 2:3, or about 1: 1. In some embodiments, the ratio of inner to outer ingredients in the low moisture pet food composition can be from about 3:2 to about 1:1, or from about 3:7 to about 7:3.

[0099] In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may comprise the inner ingredient in an amount of about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 55%, or about 45% to about 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may comprise the inner ingredient in an amount of at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, or at least about 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0100] In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may comprise the outer component in an amount of about 30% to about 70%, about 35% to about 60%, about 40% to about 60%, or about 40% to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may comprise the outer component in an amount of at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, or at least about 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition.

[0101] Additionally, in some embodiments, the inner component can have a textured surface. In alternative embodiments, the inner component can have a smooth surface. For example, and without limitation, the content of the inner component can impart a desired texture.

[0102] In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition may comprise about 65% by weight of the inner component and about 35% by weight of the outer component, about 60% by weight of the inner component and about 40% by weight of the outer component, about 40% by weight of the inner component and about 60% by weight of the outer component, or about 50% by weight of the inner component and about 50% by weight of the outer component, based on the total weight of the low moisture pet food composition. In some embodiments, the amount of the inner component may be greater than the amount of the outer component in the low moisture pet food composition. In such embodiments, an increased amount of the inner component may provide an outer component with larger openings.

[0103] 6.3. Methods for Producing Low Moisture Pet Food Compositions In certain embodiments, methods of producing low moisture pet food compositions are provided. A variety of processes can be used to provide the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. An exemplary process for producing such a low moisture pet food composition is provided in Figure 2.

[0104] For example, materials in powder form for forming the outer component of the low-moisture pet food composition can be fed to an extruder. Additionally or alternatively, a pretreatment device can be used to preheat the materials by using heat, moisture, and time before feeding the materials to the extruder. In some embodiments, additional moisture can be added to the process subsequently, for example, through water and / or steam. Water and / or steam can be added to the extruder or, if used, to the pretreatment device as needed. The materials can then be extruded in a twin-screw or single-screw extruder, and the inner component of the low-moisture pet food composition can be fed from a holding vessel. The bi-component extrudate can then be rolled after extrusion, if desired. In some embodiments, the extrudate is conveyed to a cooling tunnel. The bi-component extrudate can then be conveyed to a crimper or cutter, if desired. In some embodiments, the bi-component extrudate can be crimped in a crimper. In certain embodiments, the bi-component extrudate can be cut with a cutter (e.g., a guillotine cutter or other cutting mechanism). The bi-component extrudate can then be conveyed to a cooling tunnel after being crimped or cut. In some embodiments, cooling occurs only before being crimped or cut. In some embodiments, cooling occurs only after being crimped or cut. In some embodiments, cooling occurs before and after being crimped or cut. In certain embodiments, the bi-component extrudate can be further coated. In certain embodiments, the bi-component extrudate can be coated with a coating that enhances palatability.

[0105] In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition can display portion indications by, for example, but not by way of limitation, a creasing indentation. In certain embodiments, a specialized creasing wheel with both cutting and creasing fins can be used. For example, if the creasing fins exceed a certain length and have a certain sharpness, the indentations can be formed when the low moisture pet food composition is conditioned for a certain period of time to maintain the indentations creasing the fins. To avoid or mitigate potential loss of inner ingredients at excessively high temperatures or potential damage to outer ingredients at excessively low temperatures, the low moisture pet food composition should be cut within a certain temperature range.

[0106] In certain embodiments, if cutting or creasing is to be performed, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure can be rolled, for example, using an in-line roller, to form an oval shape, etc. Such rolling can be performed within a period of time to ensure that the outer component achieves a firmer texture before cutting or creasing.

[0107] In certain embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure can be imparted with different edge shapes, for example, by the cutting process of the composition. As shown in Figure 7, crease cutting (left) can impart a different edge shape to the low moisture pet food composition compared to guillotine cutting (right).

[0108] 6.4. Methods of Using Low Moisture Pet Food Compositions The low moisture pet food composition of the present disclosure can be used alone as a pet food product. Such a final product can include, for example, without limitation, a final treat product. Depending on the specific active ingredient, such a low moisture pet food composition can be used for various purposes, such as oral care or supplements. Alternatively, the low moisture pet food composition can be used in combination with other pet food compositions (e.g., kibble) to form a mixed pet food final product.

[0109] 6.5. Characteristics of Low-Moisture Pet Food Compositions The present disclosure provides low-moisture pet food compositions. Such compositions may be multi-component compositions having an inner component and an outer component, with the outer component partially covering the inner component. The inner component may be relatively soft (e.g., softer than the outer component), and the outer component may be relatively hard. Thus, the low-moisture pet food composition may have a dual texture.

[0110] The low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure can be formed into a variety of shapes. For example, in some embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition can be in the shape of a bar. In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition can have a height-to-width ratio of about 20:1 to about 1:1. In some embodiments, the shape has a length and a width, and in some embodiments, the length and width are different from one another. In some embodiments, the outer component can partially cover the inner component of the low moisture pet food composition. For example, and without limitation, the inner component can be exposed on at least one surface of the low moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, the inner component can be exposed on at least two surfaces. In further embodiments, the low moisture pet food composition can be exposed on surfaces located at opposite ends of the composition such that two sides of the inner component are exposed. Thus, in some embodiments, the softer inner component of the dual-textured food composition of the present disclosure can be visible.

[0111] In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure may display a portion size label. In some embodiments, the overall shape of the low moisture pet food composition may be in the form of an oval or cylinder, e.g., a bar shape. In some embodiments, the ends of the low moisture pet food composition may be closed or at least partially open, revealing the inner ingredients or filling. For example, as shown in Figure 6, in some embodiments, the inner ingredients of the low moisture pet food composition may be visible when the composition is at least partially split or torn at the portion size label.

[0112] In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions may have a length of about 5 mm to 150 mm, 8 mm to about 150 mm, about 25 mm to about 125 mm, or about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the low moisture pet food compositions may have a length of at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 10 mm, at least about 100 mm, or at least about 150 mm. Non-limiting embodiments of the lengths of low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure are provided as shown in Figures 8A-8B.

[0113] In some embodiments, a low-moisture pet food composition can comprise one or more segments. In some embodiments, a segment comprises the length between recesses along the longitudinal length of the low-moisture pet food composition. In certain embodiments, a low-moisture pet food composition can comprise at least one segment, at least two segments, at least three segments, at least four segments, or at least five segments. In some embodiments, each of the one or more segments can have a length of about 5 mm to 150 mm, 8 mm to about 130 mm, about 10 mm to about 100 mm, or about 15 mm to about 50 mm. In some embodiments, one or more segments of a low-moisture pet food composition can have the same length. In some embodiments, one or more segments of a low-moisture pet food composition can have different lengths. In some embodiments, the low-moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure can have shapes and sizes that are safe and palatable for animals, such as cats.

[0114] Low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure can beneficially have low final moisture. For example, uncoated pet food compositions of the present disclosure can have a final moisture of less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, about 3.5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 12%, about 8% to about 12%, about 5% to about 15%, about 3.5% to about 7.5%, about 4% to about 6%, or about 5% to about 7.5%. Uncoated pet food compositions of the present disclosure can have a water activity (Aw) of less than about 0.63, less than about 0.5, less than about 0.4, or less than about 0.3. In certain embodiments, low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure having an inner component and an outer component can have a water activity (Aw) of about 0.3 to about 0.45, about 0.3, about 0.35, about 0.4, or about 0.45. The coated pet food compositions of the present disclosure may have a final moisture content of about 5.5% to about 15%, about 5.5% to about 9.5%, about 6% to about 8%, or about 5.5% to about 7%. In certain embodiments, the coated pet food compositions of the present disclosure may have a final moisture content of less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 9.5%, about 10%, or about 12%. The coated pet food compositions of the present disclosure may have a water activity (Aw) of less than about 0.65, less than about 0.63, less than about 0.6, less than about 0.55, less than about 0.5, less than about 0.4, or less than about 0.3.

[0115] The low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure can advantageously have a texture that provides the composition intact from the supply chain and edible to animals, e.g., cats. Factors such as the relative ingredient blend, process, and product design (e.g., ratio of inner to outer ingredients; presence, number, spacing, and depth of dimples) can affect the overall texture of such low moisture pet food compositions. In certain embodiments, the texture of the low moisture pet food composition allows the overall composition to be formulated in a manner that minimizes the generation of stains and / or particulates and provides an edible product that is safe for animal consumption. [Example]

[0116] 7. Working Example The following examples are merely illustrative of the presently disclosed subject matter and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the subject matter in any way.

[0117] Example 1: Low Moisture Pet Food Composition - Outer Component (Shell) This example provides outer components, such as grain-based shells, prepared according to the present disclosure as Compositions 1 through 5. Such outer components can advantageously have low final moisture contents and can be used with inner components, such as those provided in Examples 2 and 7, to form dual-texture pet food compositions of the present disclosure.

[0118] Table 2 gives the components of compositions 1 to 3 and their proportions.

[0119] [Table 2]

[0120] Table 3 gives the components of Composition 4 and their proportions.

[0121] [Table 3]

[0122] Table 4 gives the components of Composition 5 and their proportions.

[0123] [Table 4]

[0124] Example 2: Low Moisture Pet Food Composition - Inner Component (Filling) This example provides inner ingredients, such as cream-based fillings, prepared according to the present disclosure as compositions 6 through 20. Such inner ingredients can have a high viscosity and can be used with outer ingredients, such as those provided in Example 1, to form dual-texture pet food compositions of the present disclosure.

[0125] Table 5 gives the components and their ratios for compositions 6-13.

[0126] [Table 5-1]

[0127] [Table 5-2]

[0128] Table 6 gives the components and their ratios of compositions 14-20.

[0129] [Table 6-1]

[0130] [Table 6-2]

[0131] Example 3: Low Moisture Pet Food Composition This example provides a low moisture pet food composition of the present disclosure. Table 7 provides the ingredients and their proportions for Sample A.

[0132] [Table 7]

[0133] Table 8 gives the ingredients of Sample B and their proportions.

[0134] [Table 8]

[0135] Example 4: Palatability Test (Samples A and C) This example provides a palatability test of the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. Sample A was tested for palatability in comparison to a control composition (hereinafter "Control A"). Sample A included two sides with an exposed inner cream component. Composition 1 of the outer component (hereinafter "Sample C") was also tested for palatability against Control A. Palatability testing was conducted. Cats (n=30) were exposed to both samples. Both samples were presented to each cat for approximately 20 minutes. Samples were presented in excess so that differences in feeding performance could be assessed. Cats were exposed to both samples a total of four times, and the position of the samples was rotated between each exposure to ensure there was no bias due to product order or date effects.

[0136] The components and their ratios of Control A are given in Table 9.

[0137] [Table 9]

[0138] The palatability testing results for Sample A are provided in Figures 3A and 3B. As shown in Figure 3A, Sample A can perform at least comparably to Control A in providing a palatable pet food composition. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 3B, 28.3% of the cats ate only Sample A, and 11.7% of the cats ate twice the amount of Sample A as Control A.

[0139] The results of the palatability test for Sample C are provided in Figures 4A and 4B. Different product formats (i.e., outer component (Sample C) and outer component with inner component and coating (Control A)) were tested and evaluated for palatability. As shown in Figure 4B, 11.7% of the cats ate Sample C alone, and 20% of the cats ate twice the amount of Sample C as compared to Control A. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 4A, a directional preference was observed for Sample C (p=0.066). Such results suggest that the outer component provided in Sample C can be used in products to deliver a high level of palatability.

[0140] Example 5: Palatability test (Sample B) This example provides a palatability test of the low moisture pet food compositions of the present disclosure. Sample B was tested for palatability in comparison to a control composition (hereinafter "Control B"). Sample B included two sides with an exposed inner cream component. Palatability testing was conducted according to Example 4. Cats (n=29) were exposed to both samples.

[0141] The components of Control B and their ratios are given in Table 10.

[0142] [Table 10]

[0143] The palatability test results for Sample B are given in Tables 11-12 and FIG.

[0144] [Table 11]

[0145] [Table 12]

[0146] As shown in Table 11, there was a difference in intake of Sample B compared to Control B of 3.54 g. As shown in Table 12, the average intake of Sample B of 11.95 g was higher than the average intake of Control B. As shown in Figure 5, significant differences were determined between the products at the 5% level. Sample B was found to be significantly more palatable than the Control B formulation.

[0147] Example 6: Low Moisture Pet Food Composition - Outer Component (Shell) This example provides an outer component, such as a grain-based shell, prepared in accordance with the present disclosure as Composition 21. Such an outer component may advantageously have a low final moisture content and may be used with inner components, such as those provided in Examples 2 and 7, to form a dual-texture pet food composition of the present disclosure.

[0148] Table 13 gives the ingredients of Composition 21 and their proportions.

[0149] [Table 13]

[0150] Example 7: Low Moisture Pet Food Composition - Inner Component (Filling) This example provides inner components, such as cream-based fillings, prepared according to the present disclosure as compositions 22-23.

[0151] Table 14 gives the ingredients of Composition 22 and their proportions.

[0152] [Table 14]

[0153] Table 15 gives the ingredients of Composition 23 and their proportions.

[0154] [Table 15]

[0155] Example 8: Low Moisture Pet Food Composition - Coating This example provides a coating according to the present disclosure as composition 24.

[0156] Table 16 gives the ingredients of Composition 24 and their proportions.

[0157] [Table 16]

[0158] In addition to the various embodiments illustrated and claimed, the disclosed subject matter extends to other embodiments having other combinations of the features disclosed and claimed herein. Thus, specific features presented herein can be combined with each other in other ways within the scope of the disclosed subject matter, such that the disclosed subject matter includes any suitable combination of features disclosed herein. The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the disclosed subject matter has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed subject matter to those disclosed embodiments.

[0159] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the systems and methods of the disclosed subject matter without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosed subject matter. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosed subject matter cover such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0160] Various patents and patent applications are cited herein, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Claims

1. In a multi-component pet food composition, an inner component, based on the total weight of the inner component, one or more fat sources in an amount from about 0% to about 60% by weight; one or more protein sources in an amount from about 0% to about 40% by weight; and one or more carbohydrate sources in an amount of about 15% to about 70% by weight; an inner component comprising: an outer component partially enveloping the inner component, the outer component having a total moisture content of about 1% to about 15% and a water activity of less than about 0.75; 1. A multi-ingredient pet food composition comprising:

2. 10. The multi-component pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the outer component has a total moisture content of from about 6% to about 10%.

3. 10. The multi-component pet food composition of claim 1, wherein said inner component and said outer component are present in a ratio of about 7:3 to about 3:

7.

4. 10. The multi-component pet food composition of claim 1, wherein said inner component is exposed on at least two surfaces of said pet food composition.

5. 10. The multi-ingredient pet food composition of claim 1, wherein said pet food composition has a water activity of less than about 0.

65.

6. 10. The multi-component pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more fat sources of the inner component comprise beef tallow.

7. 10. The multi-component pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more protein sources comprise animal protein, non-animal protein, or a combination thereof.

8. 10. The multi-component pet food composition of claim 1, further comprising a coating disposed on at least a portion of said outer component.

9. 10. The multi-component pet food composition of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises at least two segments.

10. 10. The multi-component pet food composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a length of from about 5 mm to about 150 mm.

11. A pet food product comprising the multi-component pet food composition of claim 1.

12. 1. A method for producing a low moisture pet food composition, comprising the steps of extruding a material to form an outer component, introducing an inner component to form a bi-component extrudate, conveying the bi-component extrudate to a cooling tunnel, and cutting and coating the extrudate to form a low moisture pet food composition.

13. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the outer component has a moisture content of less than about 20% by weight of the outer component after the extruding step and before the introducing step.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the method does not include the step of drying the outer component or the bicomponent extrudate.

Images