Perovskite precursor solution, perovskite thin film, perovskite battery, and power consumption device

Abstract

The invention relates to a perovskite precursor solution, a perovskite thin film, a perovskite battery, and a power consumption device. The perovskite precursor solution contains a surfactant, the structure of which comprises a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group, and a first functional group, the first functional group being a Lewis base containing a lone pair of electrons, and the lone pair of electrons being located on at least one of the N atom and S atom.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and more particularly to perovskite precursor solutions, perovskite thin films, perovskite batteries, and power consumption devices. [Background technology]

[0002] This description is intended solely to provide background information related to the present application and does not necessarily constitute prior art.

[0003] Perovskite solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite crystalline materials. They are currently the third generation of solar cells and have various advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, and low production cost, and have been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Nevertheless, there is still a considerable distance to be taken before perovskite cells can be commercialized and applied on a large scale, and in particular, the energy conversion efficiency of perovskite thin films is one of the important factors limiting the industrialization of perovskite cells. [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0004] In view of the above issues, this application provides a perovskite precursor solution, a perovskite thin film, a perovskite battery, and a power consumption device. The perovskite precursor solution can significantly improve the energy conversion efficiency of the battery. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] In a first aspect, the present application provides a perovskite precursor solution comprising a perovskite precursor material, a solvent, and a surfactant, wherein the structure of the surfactant comprises a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group, and a first functional group, the first functional group being a Lewis base containing a lone pair of electrons, and the lone pair of electrons being present on at least one of the N atom and the S atom. The first functional group, the hydrophilic group, and the hydrophobic group are different from each other.

[0006] In the structure of a surfactant having a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group, a lone pair of electrons can be provided by a specific type of atom (including at least one specific atom of N and S), whereby the surfactant has appropriate Lewis base characteristics. On the one hand, it can improve the wettability of the substrate surface of the perovskite precursor solution, and on the other hand, it can more stably form a complex with divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material, and can better passivate a plurality of defects such as lead vacancies and iodine vacancies in the perovskite. By introducing the surfactant with the special structure into the perovskite precursor solution, the uniformity of the perovskite thin film can be improved, and the energy conversion efficiency of the battery can be improved. Further, the perovskite precursor solution is advantageous for the production of perovskite thin films with a large area (for example, ≥ 1 cm 2 ).

[0007] In some embodiments, the first functional group includes one or more of -NR 11 -NR 12 R 13 and -SH, and R 11 and R 12 are each independently H or a hydrocarbon group, and R 13 is H, a hydrocarbon group, or a hydrocarbon group substituted with a monovalent hydrophilic group. Optionally, R 11 and R 12 are each independently H or an alkyl group. Further optionally, R 11 and R 12 are each independently H or a C 1-6 alkyl group. Further optionally, R 11 and R 12 are each independently H or a C 1-3 alkyl group. Further optionally, R 11 and R 12 are each independently H or a methyl group. Further optionally, R 11 and R 12 are both H. Optionally, R13 is H, an alkyl group, or an alkyl group substituted with a monovalent hydrophilic group, and more selectively, the alkyl group in the alkyl group or the alkyl group substituted with a monovalent hydrophilic group is independently C 1-20 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-18 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-15 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-12 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-10 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-8 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively a methyl group, Selectively, R 13 is H or a hydrocarbon group, more selectively H or an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-20 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-18 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-15 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-12 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-10 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-8 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-4 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively a H or methyl group, Selectively, examples of the monovalent hydrophilic group may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, sulfonic acid salt, sulfate group, sulfate salt, phosphate group, phosphate salt, hydrogen phosphate group, hydrogen phosphate salt, primary amino group, primary amino salt, secondary amino group, secondary amino salt, quaternary ammonium salt, -CONH2, and hydroxyl group. Selectively, R 11 , R 12 and R 13All of these are H, and further selectively, the first functional group is selected from one or two of -NH-NH2 and -SH.

[0008] A group having at least one of the NN structure and -SH structure may be adopted as the first functional group. In this case, more appropriate Lewis base properties can be provided, thereby improving the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution and reducing vacancy defects in the perovskite. This is also advantageous in improving the uniformity of the perovskite thin film and enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0009] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group includes one or more of the following: carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, sulfonic acid salt, sulfate group, sulfate salt, phosphate group, phosphate salt, hydrogen phosphate group, hydrogen phosphate salt, primary amino group, primary amino salt, secondary amino group, secondary amino salt, divalent tertiary amino group, quaternary ammonium salt, -CONH2, hydroxyl group, ether group, ester group, -CONH-, and divalent phosphate ester group. Selectively, the sulfonic acid salt, sulfate salt, phosphate salt, and hydrogen phosphate salt are alkali metal salts of the corresponding acids. Selectively, the primary amino salt and the secondary amino salt are salts formed from the corresponding amine and acid, respectively, and selectively, the acid is an organic acid or an inorganic acid, the organic acid comprises one or more of carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids and sulfonic acids, the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrohalic acids, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, and selectively, the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid, Selectively, the hydrophilic group comprises at least one of a quaternary ammonium type ion and an alkali metal ion.

[0010] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group is *-COOH, *-S(=O)2OH, *-S(=O)2OM, *-OS(=O)2OH, *-OS(=O)2OM, *-O-(O=)P(OH)2, [ka] *-NH2, *-NH2·n2A cd *-NHR0, *-NHR0·n1A cd , [ka] The hydrophilic linker L0 includes one or more of *-CONH2, *-OH, and hydrophilic linker L0, wherein the hydrophilic linker L0 is *-CONH-*, *-NHCO-*, *-C(=O)O-*, *-OC(=O)-*, and *-O-(O=)P(OM 01 )-O-*, *-NH-*, and *-O-* include one or more of these, In the formula, any "*" represents a bonding site to a carbon atom. Any M is independently an alkali metal ion. Any M1 and any M2 are, independently, alkali metal ions. Any R 10 These are independently hydrocarbon groups, Any A cd Each is an independent acid molecule, where n2 is 1 or 2, and n1 is 1. Any R0 is independently a hydrocarbon group or a substituted hydrocarbon group, and the substituted hydrocarbon group is substituted with one or more hydrophilic groups. R 01 R is an alkyl group, 02 R is a hydrocarbon group, 03 is an alkyl group, M 01 It is either absent or is H or an alkali metal ion.

[0011] In some embodiments, the surfactant is Any M can independently be lithium, sodium, or potassium. Any M1 and any M2 are independently lithium, sodium, or potassium. Any R 10 C1-10 It is an alkyl group, and selectively C 1-8 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-3 Being an alkyl group, Any A cd This is independently one organic acid or inorganic acid molecule, wherein the organic acid comprises one or more of carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids, and sulfonic acids, and the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrohalic acids, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid, and selectively, the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfuric acid. Any R0 is independently an alkyl group, and selectively, any R0 is independently a C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R0 is a methyl group. R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group. R 02 C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 The alkylene group is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 It is a methyl group or a benzyl group. R 03 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 03 It is a methyl group. M 01 It is either absent or is H, lithium, sodium, or potassium. The hydrophilic linker L0 satisfies any one or any number of the following conditions: at least one side of the hydrophilic linker L0 is connected to the monovalent hydrophilic group.

[0012] The surfactant according to this application may contain multiple types of hydrophilic groups, thereby allowing for more flexible adjustment of the surface tension of the surfactant and more flexible control of the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution and passivation of vacancy defects in the perovskite. When the surfactant structure contains alkali metal salt hydrophilic groups, it is advantageous for further passivation of interfacial defects in the perovskite layer. When the surfactant structure contains at least one of primary, secondary, or tertiary amino groups, it is advantageous for passivating bulk phase defects. When the surfactant structure contains quaternary ammonium salts, it is advantageous for controlling the nucleation rate and promoting grain growth. When acid molecules are complexed in the surfactant structure, it is advantageous for uniformity in large-area film formation of the perovskite layer. The hydrophilic groups may be monovalent hydrophilic groups located at the terminal groups, or they may be polyvalent groups acting as linkers, or they may be a combination of monovalent or polyvalent hydrophilic groups. By adjusting parameters such as the position and number of hydrophilic groups, a combination that cooperates with hydrophobic groups and primary functional groups can be formed, thereby imparting good wettability to the perovskite precursor solution, reducing vacancy defects in the perovskite, improving the uniformity of the perovskite thin film, and improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0013] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is C 8-20 Containing a carbon chain, Selectively, C 8-20 Carbon chains have a linear or branched structure. Selectively, C 8-20 The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 6 to 20, and further selectively, the C 8-20 The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 8 to 20, and further selectively, the C 8-20 The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 8 to 18, and further selectively, the C 8-20 A carbon chain is a chain with a main chain atomic length of 10 to 18 C 10-20 It is a carbon chain, Selectively, C 8-20 The carbon chain can be either saturated or unsaturated. Selectively, C 8-20A carbon chain is either an aromatic chain or an aliphatic chain. Selectively, the molecular structure of the surfactant is one or more C 8-20 It contains a carbon chain.

[0014] By introducing hydrophobic groups of a certain size into the structure of the surfactant, they can work in cooperation with the hydrophilic groups and the first functional group to form a more suitable hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance in the perovskite precursor solution of this invention. This allows the lone pair of electrons in the first functional group to exert its effect, while simultaneously stabilizing the perovskite precursor solution system, improving its dispersibility, improving the wettability of the substrate, and improving the uniformity of the perovskite thin film.

[0015] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group further comprises one or more of arylene groups Ar0 and aralkyl groups ArA. Selectively, the arylene group Ar0 is C 6-18 The arylene group is, more selectively, the arylene group Ar0 is a phenylene group or one or more C groups. 1-3 A phenylene group substituted with an alkyl group, Selectively, the aralkyl group ArA is substituted with one or more aryl groups Ar1 in C 1-18 It is an alkyl group, and any aryl group Ar1 is independently a phenyl group or one or more C 1-4 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, and more selectively, any aryl group Ar1 is independently a phenyl group or one or more C 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, and more selectively, any aryl group Ar1 is independently a phenyl group or a benzyl group, and more selectively, the aralkyl group ArA is a benzyl group.

[0016] Introducing an aromatic ring into the hydrophobic structure of the surfactant is advantageous for generating interactions between the surfactant molecule and the perovskite component, which is beneficial for better solubility in the perovskite precursor solution.

[0017] In some embodiments, in one molecule of the surfactant, the number of the hydrophilic group, the hydrophobic group, and the first functional group is each independently one or more. Optionally, in one molecule of the surfactant, the number of the first functional group is 1 or 2 to 5. Optionally, in one molecule of the surfactant, the number of the hydrophilic group is 1 or 2 to 5.

[0018] The number of the hydrophilic group, the hydrophobic group, and the first functional group in the surfactant can be adjusted respectively, whereby the surfactant can have an appropriate hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance and the Lewis basicity of the lone pair of electrons within a wide range at the same time.

[0019] In some embodiments, the mol% of the first functional group with respect to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001 mol% to 5 mol%. Optionally, the mol% of the first functional group with respect to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.1 mol% to 2.5 mol%.

[0020] The amount of the first functional group can be adjusted according to the amount of the divalent metal ions used in the perovskite precursor material, whereby it is possible to achieve both the improvement of the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution and the reduction of the pore defects in the perovskite, and at the same time, better realize the synergistic effect between the surfactant and the perovskite precursor material, better improve the uniformity of the perovskite thin film, and is also advantageous for improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0021] In some embodiments, the first functional group and the hydrophilic group are each independently bonded to the carbon atom of the hydrophobic group.

[0022] In some embodiments, the surfactant is

Chemical formula

Chemical formula

Chemical formula

Chemical formula

[0023] In some embodiments, the surfactant is In equation (I-1), L 21 and L 22 Each is independently linear or branched, and selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 Divalent hydrocarbon group or branched C 8-20 It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 It is a divalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 Alkylene group or linear carbon 8-20 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 10-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 10-18 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 12-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 12-18 It is an alkenylene group, In equation (I-1), U 03 is a trivalent alkyl group or [ka] And R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each of these is an alkylene group independently, and selectively, U 03 is trivalent C 2-10 Alkyl alkyl group or trivalent C 3-10 It is a tertiary amino group, and more selectively, U 03 ha-CH 2- CR 04 (-)-CH2-, >CH-L 04 -, or N(-CH2CH2-)3, R 04 is H or C 1-4 It is an alkyl group (R 04 (which is further selectively H, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and is even more selectively H), L 04 is C 1-6 It is an alkylene group (L 04 Further selectively C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively a methylene group, a 1,2-ethylene group, a 1,3-propylene group, or a 1,4-butylene group), and selectively R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively, R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently C 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively, R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently a methylene group or an ethylene group, and further selectively, R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Both are ethylene groups, In equation (I-1), M 01 It is either not present or is H, lithium ion, sodium ion, or potassium ion. In equation (I-1), L 10 is C 1-4It is an alkylene group, which is selectively an ethylene group or a propylene group, and is even more selectively an ethylene group. In equation (I-1), R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group, In equation (I-1), R 02 is C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 It is a methyl group or a benzyl group, In equation (I-2), M 02 It is H, lithium ions, sodium ions, or potassium ions, In equation (I-3), U N There are 0, 1 or more hydrophilic linkers L 01 It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group containing U N There are 0, 1 or more hydrophilic linkers L 01 A polyvalent saturated hydrocarbon group containing any of the hydrophilic linker L 01 These are independently *-CONH-*, *-NHCO-*, *-C(=O)O-*, *-OC(=O)-*, and *-O-(O=)P(OM 01 )-O-* or *-O-*, where * indicates a bonding site to a carbon atom, M 01 It does not exist or is H, lithium ion, sodium ion or potassium ion, or U N is a trivalent alkyl group or a tetravalent alkyl group, and selectively, U N The number of carbon atoms is 3 to 10, more selectively 3 to 6, more selectively 3, 4 or 5, and more selectively U N ha-CH 2- CR 05 (-)-CH2- and R 05 is H, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and more selectively, R 05 is H, or U NIt is a trivalent tertiary amino group, and selectively trivalent C 3-10 It is a tertiary amino group, and more selectively N(-CH2CH2-)3, In equation (I-3), U N The number of non-hydrogen atoms is 2 to 40, selectively 2 to 30, further selectively 2 to 25, further selectively 2 to 20, further selectively 2 to 18, further selectively 2 to 15, further selectively 2 to 12, further selectively 2 to 10, further selectively 2 to 8, further selectively 2 to 6, and further selectively 2, 3, 4, or 5. In equation (I-3), j is selected from integers 1 to 5, selectively selected from integers 1 to 4, and further selectively 1, 2, or 3. In equation (I-4), R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group, In equation (I-4), R 02 is C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 It is a methyl group or a benzyl group, In equations (I-2), (I-3), and (I-4), L 23 Each is independently linear or branched, and selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 Divalent hydrocarbon group or branched C 8-20 It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 Alkylene group or linear carbon 8-20 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 10-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 10-18 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L23 is independently a linear C 12-18 alkylene group or a linear C 12-18 alkenylene group, and satisfies one or more of the characteristics.

[0024] In some embodiments, the surfactant is a compound

Chemical formula

Chemical formula

[0025] In a surfactant containing a quaternary ammonium base, the film formation can be adjusted, an interaction with the perovskite intermediate phase can be generated, the nucleation rate and crystallization rate of crystals can be controlled, and the growth of crystal grains can be promoted.

[0026] In a surfactant containing a hydrogen phosphate group, the interface between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer can be passivated.

[0027] In a branched surfactant containing at least two hydrophobic carbon chains, damage to the perovskite layer by moisture can be avoided.

[0028] In a linear surfactant containing a sulfonate, the defects in the bulk phase are reduced and the short-circuit current density (Jsc) increases.

[0029] In a surfactant in which the hydrophilic group contains one or more hydroxyl groups, the solubility in the precursor solution of the surfactant is improved, and the coating uniformity over a large area can be improved.

[0030] In a surfactant in which the hydrophilic group contains one or more carboxyl groups, the defects in the bulk phase are reduced and the stability of the device can be improved.

[0031] In some embodiments, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001 mol% to 5 mol%, Selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001% to 2.5%. More selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.01% to 1%. More selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.01% to 0.5%.

[0032] By adjusting the surfactant content, the amount of the first functional group can be adjusted, thereby improving the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution and reducing vacancy defects in the perovskite. This also allows for a better synergistic effect between the surfactant and the perovskite precursor material, leading to improved uniformity of the perovskite thin film and thus improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0033] In some embodiments, the solvent comprises a first solvent and a second solvent, wherein the boiling point of the first solvent is lower than the boiling point of the second solvent.

[0034] In some embodiments, the first solvent comprises one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, 2-methoxyethanol, and acetonitrile. The second solvent comprises one or more of N-methylpyrrolidone, diphenyl sulfoxide, and dimethylpropylene urea.

[0035] In some embodiments, the volume ratio of the first solvent to the second solvent is 3 to 10. Selectively, the volume ratio of the first solvent to the second solvent is 3 to 5.

[0036] By using solvents with different boiling points in combination, it is advantageous to control the morphology of the perovskite thin film by adjusting the evaporation rate of the solvent during the production of the perovskite thin film, thereby improving the uniformity of the thin film and enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the perovskite battery.

[0037] In a second aspect, the present application provides a perovskite thin film manufactured by coating and annealing using the perovskite precursor solution described in the first aspect of the present application, or containing at least a non-solvent component in the perovskite precursor solution described in the first aspect of the present application.

[0038] A perovskite thin film produced using the perovskite precursor solution described in the first aspect of this application exhibits excellent contact with the substrate, is uniform, has few defects, and the corresponding perovskite battery has high energy conversion efficiency.

[0039] In some embodiments, the perovskite thin film has an area ≥ 1 cm². 2 That is the case.

[0040] Large-area perovskite thin films (e.g., ≥1 cm) 2 It is difficult to obtain a more uniform perovskite thin film. Compared to a perovskite precursor solution using a conventional surfactant, the perovskite precursor solution containing the surfactant of the first functional group according to the present invention has a significant advantage in that it improves the uniformity of large-area perovskite thin films.

[0041] In a third aspect, the present application provides a perovskite battery comprising a perovskite thin film as described in the second aspect of the present application.

[0042] In some embodiments, the perovskite thin film has an area of ​​≥ 1 cm². 2 And, Selectively, the perovskite thin film has an area of ​​≥ 4 cm². 2 That is the case.

[0043] In a fourth aspect, the present application provides a power consumption device including a perovskite battery as described in a third aspect of the present application.

[0044] Details of one or more embodiments of this application are described in the following drawings and description. Other features, purposes and advantages of this application will become apparent from the specification, drawings and claims.

[0045] One or more drawings may be referenced to better illustrate the embodiments or examples of the applications disclosed herein. Any additional details or examples used to illustrate the drawings should not be considered to limit the scope of the disclosed applications, the embodiments or examples described herein, or the best current understanding of those applications. In all drawings, the same components shall be given the same reference numerals. The drawings are as follows: [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0046] [Figure 1] This is a schematic diagram of a perovskite battery according to one embodiment of the present application, and includes a first electrode, a first transport layer, a perovskite layer, a second transport layer, and a second electrode. [Figure 2] This is a schematic diagram of a perovskite battery according to one embodiment of the present application, and includes a substrate layer, a first electrode, a first transport layer, a perovskite layer, a second transport layer, and a second electrode. [Figure 3] This is a schematic diagram of a perovskite battery according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4] This is a schematic diagram of a power consumption device that uses a perovskite battery as a power generation device according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0047] Hereinafter, several embodiments of the perovskite precursor solution, perovskite thin film, perovskite battery, and power consumption device disclosed herein will be described in detail with reference to the drawings as appropriate. However, unnecessary details may be omitted. For example, detailed explanations of well-known matters or redundant explanations of substantially identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily verbose explanations and to facilitate understanding for those skilled in the art. The drawings and the following explanation are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the topics described in the claims.

[0048] The “range” disclosed herein is limited in the form of a lower and upper limit, and a given range is limited by selecting one lower limit and one upper limit, the selected lower and upper limits defining the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this manner may or may not include the values ​​at both ends and can be combined in any way, that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if the ranges 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that the ranges 60-110 and 80-120 are also expected. Similarly, if the minimum range values ​​1 and 2 are listed, and the maximum range values ​​3, 4 and 5 are listed, the ranges 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5 are all intended. In this application, unless otherwise specified, the numerical range “a-b” means an abbreviated expression for any combination of real numbers between a and b, where both a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0 to 5" means that all real numbers between "0 to 5" are listed in this specification, and "0 to 5" is merely an abbreviated expression for combinations of these numbers. Also, when a parameter is described as being an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. For example, when a parameter is described as being selected from integers "2 to 10", it is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0049] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical inventions.

[0050] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of the present invention may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, if the method includes steps (a) and (b), it means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, if the method may further include step (c), it means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or steps (a), (c), and (b), or steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0051] Unless otherwise specified, the terms “include,” “contain,” and “incorporate” as used herein are open-ended or closed-ended. In the open-ended case, for example, the terms “include,” “contain,” and “incorporate” may include or incorporate other members, elements, or steps not listed, or may include or incorporate only the listed members, elements, or steps.

[0052] Unless otherwise specified, the term “or” is inclusive in this application. For example, the phrase “A or B” means “A, B, or both A and B.” Furthermore, the condition “A or B” is satisfied by either A being true (or existing) and B being false (or not existing), A being false (or not existing) and B being true (or existing), or both A and B being true (or existing).

[0053] In this application, unless otherwise specified, A (for example, B) indicates that B is a non-limiting example of A, and that A is not limited to B.

[0054] In this application, "multiple," "multiple types," etc., unless otherwise specified, refer to a number greater than or equal to 2. For example, "one or more" means one or two or more.

[0055] As used in this application, "those combinations," "any combination of those," "any combination of those," etc., include all appropriate combinations of any two or more of the listed items.

[0056] In this application, the term "appropriate" in "appropriate combination method," "appropriate method," "any appropriate method," etc., is based on the criterion that the technical solution of this application can be implemented.

[0057] In this application, the terms "preferred," "better," "better," and "preferred" are merely used to describe a more effective embodiment or example, and do not limit the scope of protection of this application. Where multiple "preferred" terms appear in a single technical solution, each "preferred" is independent unless otherwise specified, there is no contradiction, or mutual limitation.

[0058] In this application, "selectively," "selectable," and "optional" refer to something that may or may not be present, meaning that it may be either "yes" or "no." When multiple "optional" features appear in a single technical solution, each "optional" feature is independent unless otherwise specified, there is no contradiction, or mutual constraint between them.

[0059] In this application, "furthermore," "especially," etc., are used for explanatory purposes to indicate differences in the content of different technical solutions, but should not be understood as limiting the scope of protection of this application.

[0060] In this application, terms such as "First," "Second," "Third," and "Fourth" in "First Aspect," "Second Aspect," "Third Aspect," and "Fourth Aspect" are used solely for explanatory purposes and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should they be understood as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the technical features shown. Furthermore, it should be understood that "First," "Second," "Third," and "Fourth" serve only the purpose of non-exclusive enumeration and explanation, and do not constitute a closed limitation on quantity.

[0061] In this application, the term "room temperature" generally refers to 4°C to 35°C, and may also refer to 20°C ± 5°C. In some embodiments of this application, room temperature refers to 20°C to 30°C.

[0062] In this application, the units relating to the data range indicate that the units of the left and right endpoints are the same if the unit is attached only after the right endpoint. For example, both 3~5h and 3-5h indicate that the units of the left endpoint "3" and the right endpoint "5" are in hours (h).

[0063] The weights of the relevant components mentioned in the specification of the embodiments of this application refer not only to the content of each component but also to the proportional relationship of weights between each component. Therefore, as long as they expand or contract proportionally according to the content of the relevant components in the specification of the embodiments of this application, they are all within the range disclosed in the specification of the embodiments of this application. Furthermore, the weights described in the specification of the embodiments of this application may be in mass units known in the chemical industry, such as μg, mg, g, and kg.

[0064] In this application, the valence of an atom, group, or compound residue involved in the formation of a covalent bond refers to the number of bonding sites in which the atom, group, or compound residue is involved in the formation of a covalent bond. For example, the valence of an alkyl group (-CH3) is monovalent, and the valence of an alkylene group (-CH2-) is divalent. Furthermore, for example, the valence of groups such as -OH, -COOH, -CN, and -NHNH2 is monovalent, and the valence of -NHNH- is divalent. A person skilled in the art will be able to distinguish between this "valence" and the charge valence of an ion.

[0065] In this application, "electric charge valence of an ion" refers to the number of charges of an ion, which can be positive or negative. For example, trivalent iron ion (Fe 3+ The positive charge valence of ) is 3, and the iodine negative ion (I - The negative charge valence of ) is 1.

[0066] In this application, unless otherwise specified, “hydrocarbon group” refers to a monovalent or polyvalent group consisting of a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, formed after the corresponding hydrocarbon has lost one or more hydrogen atoms, and a covalent bond site is formed at the position where the hydrogen atoms were lost. Unless the valency of “hydrocarbon group” is not directly or indirectly indicated, it generally refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group. For example, unless the valency is not directly or indirectly indicated, references to “alkyl group,” “cycloalkyl group,” “aryl group,” “heteroalkyl group,” “heterocycloalkyl group,” and “heteroaryl group” generally refer to a monovalent alkyl group, a monovalent cycloalkyl group, a monovalent aryl group, a monovalent heteroalkyl group, a monovalent heterocycloalkyl group, and a monovalent heteroaryl group, respectively.

[0067] In this application, "polyvalent hydrocarbon group" refers to a polyvalent group formed when the corresponding hydrocarbon loses multiple hydrogen atoms (for example, ≥2, and further 2, 3, 4, etc.).

[0068] In this application, the number of atoms may be indicated using Arabic numerals and subscripts, for example, C 8-20 A hydrocarbon group refers to a hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0069] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "hydroxyl group" refers to -OH.

[0070] In this application, the terms "hydrocarbon" or "hydrocarbon compound" refer to compounds consisting of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms.

[0071] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "hydrocarbon group" refers to a monovalent residue produced by losing one hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon compound.

[0072] In this application, unless otherwise specified, “alkyl group” refers to a monovalent residue produced by losing one hydrogen atom from a saturated hydrocarbon containing a primary (normal) carbon atom, a secondary carbon atom, a tertiary carbon atom, a quaternary carbon atom, or a combination thereof. A phrase containing this term, for example, “C1-9 alkyl group”, refers to an alkyl group containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms, which, in each instance, may be independently a C1 alkyl group, a C2 alkyl group, a C3 alkyl group, a C4 alkyl group, a C5 alkyl group, a C6 alkyl group, a C7 alkyl group, a C8 alkyl group, or a C9 alkyl group.Appropriate examples include methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), and 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(CH3)CH2 CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl(t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl(n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl(-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl(-CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-butyl(-C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl(-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1-butyl(-CH2CH2CH (CH3)2), 2-methyl-1-butyl(-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl(-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl(-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl(-CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl(-C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-pentyl(-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 4- Examples include, but are not limited to, methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (-C(CH3)(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH(CH3)2), and 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)C(CH3)3 and -hexyl-(CH2)7CH3).

[0073] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "alkylene group" refers to a hydrocarbon group having two monovalent radical centers, which is derived and formed by removing two hydrogen atoms from an alkane group (or transported and formed by removing one more hydrogen atom from an alkyl group), and may be a saturated branched alkyl group or a saturated linear alkyl group. For example, "C1-C9 alkylene group" or "C1-9 alkylene group" refers to a group containing 1 to 9 carbon atoms in the alkyl group portion, and each instance may independently be a C1 alkylene group, a C2 alkylene group, a C3 alkylene group, a C4 alkylene group, a C5 alkylene group, a C6 alkylene group, a C7 alkylene group, a C8 alkylene group, or a C9 alkylene group. Appropriate examples include, but are not limited to, methylene(-CH2-), 1,1-ethyl(-CH(CH3)-), 1,2-ethyl(-CH2CH2-), 1,1-propyl(-CH(CH2CH3)-), 1,2-propyl(-CH2CH(CH3)-), 1,3-propyl(-CH2CH2CH2-), and 1,4-butyl(-CH2CH2CH2CH2-).

[0074] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "aromatic ring hydrocarbon compound" refers to a hydrocarbon compound containing an aromatic ring. Substituents may or may not be present on the aromatic ring. If substituents are present on the aromatic ring, there may be one or more substituents, and the substituents may be aromatic or non-aromatic. For example, the substituents may be a phenyl group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group (e.g., a vinyl group), etc.

[0075] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "aryl group" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived from an aromatic ring hydrocarbon compound by losing one hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring, that is, a monovalent bond site that directly forms on the aromatic ring, and may be a monocyclic aryl group, a fused ring aryl group, or a polycyclic aryl group, and for polycyclic ring species, at least one is an aromatic ring system. For example, "C6~C 10 "aryl group" or "C 6-10An "aryl group" is an aryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and each instance independently consists of a C6 aryl group, a C8 aryl group, a C9 aryl group, or C 10 It may also be an aryl group. Furthermore, for example, "C6~C 20 "aryl group" or "C 6-20 An "aryl group" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and each instance independently includes C6 arylaryl groups (e.g., phenyl group), C6 arylaryl groups (e.g., benzocyclobutenyl group), C8 aryl groups (e.g., amphetacyclobutenyl group), C9 aryl groups (e.g., indenyl group), and C 10 Aryl group (e.g., naphthyl group), C 12 Aryl group (e.g., acenaphthyl group, biphenyl group), C 13 Aryl group (e.g., fluorenyl group), C 14 Aryl group (e.g., anthryl group, phenanthryl group), C 18 Aryl group (e.g., triphenylene group) or C 20 The compound may be an aryl group (e.g., a perylene group), but is not limited thereto. Suitable examples of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds include, but are not limited to, benzene, toluene, benzocyclobutene, biphenyl, indene, naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, perylene, and their derivatives.

[0076] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "heteroatom" refers to atoms other than hydrogen and carbon, such as O, N, S, P, B, etc.

[0077] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "heterohydrocarbon group" refers to a hydrocarbon group in which at least one carbon atom is substituted with a heteroatom, and the heteroatom may be, but is not limited to, an N atom, an O atom, an S atom, a P atom, a B atom, etc.

[0078] There is still a considerable distance to go before perovskite batteries can be commercialized and applied on a large scale. Among these factors, the energy conversion efficiency of perovskite thin films is one of the key limitations on the industrialization of perovskite batteries. Furthermore, the uniformity of the perovskite thin film is one of the key factors in improving energy conversion efficiency. Certain surfactants can be added to improve the uniformity of the perovskite thin film, but if the added surfactant is not appropriate, it can form defects in the perovskite crystal, potentially leading to a decrease in the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0079] To address the above-mentioned universal technical challenges, in a first embodiment, the present application provides a perovskite precursor solution comprising a surfactant, the structure of which comprises a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group and a first functional group, wherein the first functional group is a Lewis base comprising a lone pair of electrons, and the lone pair of electrons is located on at least one of the N and S atoms, and the first functional group, the hydrophilic group and the hydrophobic group are distinct from each other.

[0080] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "hydrophilic group" and "hydrophobic group" both have meanings well known in the art. Generally, a "hydrophilic group" refers to a group that can dissolve in water or readily associates with water, while a "hydrophobic group" refers to a group that has no affinity for water, does not dissolve in water, or has very low solubility in water. As can be understood, "hydrophilic group" and "hydrophobic group" are relative concepts. Non-limiting examples of hydrophobic groups applicable to this application include medium- and long-chain hydrocarbon groups (e.g., C 8-20 (Hydrogen group), C 7-25Aromatic hydrocarbon groups may also be mentioned. In this application, several groups that exhibit better hydrophilicity than long-chain alkyl groups may be used as "hydrophilic groups" in this specification. Non-limiting examples of hydrophilic groups suitable for this application include one or more of the following: protic acids, protic bases, ether groups (-O-), ester groups (-COO-), amide groups (-CONH-), etc. Referring to the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, examples of protic acids include carboxyl groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfonic acid salts, sulfate groups, phosphoric acid groups, etc., and groups of organic or inorganic acid molecules such as complex carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids, sulfonic acids, hydrohalic acids, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, etc., and examples of protic bases include hydroxyl groups, primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, etc.

[0081] In this application, "lone pair" has the meaning well known in this field and refers to an unbonded electron that is not used in the formation of a covalent bond; "lone" refers to an unbonded electron; and "bonded" refers to a pair of two electrons with opposite spins. For example, the two nitrogen atoms in -NH-NH- and -NH-NH2, and the sulfur atom in -SH, for example, all have lone pairs.

[0082] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "Lewis base" has the meaning well known in the art and generally refers to a base as defined according to Gilbert Newton Lewis's acid-base-electron theory, and more specifically, to a substance that can provide electron pairs, which may include ions, atomic groups, or molecules.

[0083] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "Lewis base" refers to a group capable of providing an electron pair.

[0084] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "a Lewis base containing a lone pair of electrons" means that the group contains an atom having a lone pair of electrons and that the group is capable of donating an electron pair.

[0085] In some embodiments, the present application provides a perovskite precursor solution comprising a perovskite precursor material, a solvent, and a surfactant, wherein the structure of the surfactant comprises a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group, and a first functional group, the first functional group being a Lewis base containing a lone pair of electrons, and the lone pair of electrons being present on at least one of the N and S atoms, and the first functional group, the hydrophilic group, and the hydrophobic group are distinct from each other.

[0086] In the structure of a surfactant having hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, a lone pair of electrons can be provided by a specific type of atom (including at least one specific atom from N and S), thereby the surfactant has appropriate Lewis base properties. On the one hand, it can improve the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution on the substrate surface, and on the other hand, it can form a more stable complex with divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material, thereby better passivating multiple defects such as lead vacancies and iodine vacancies in the perovskite. By introducing this specially structured surfactant into the perovskite precursor solution, the uniformity of the perovskite thin film can be improved, and the energy conversion efficiency of the battery can be improved.

[0087] Furthermore, the perovskite precursor solution according to this application has a large surface area (for example, ≥1 cm²). 2 This is advantageous for the fabrication of perovskite thin films.

[0088] In some embodiments, the first functional group is -NR 11 -NR 12 R 13 and -SH, including one or more of the above, R 11 and R 12 Each of these is independently either H or a hydrocarbon group, and R 13is a hydrocarbon group substituted with H, a hydrocarbon group, or a monovalent hydrophilic group, the monovalent hydrophilic group may be selected from any suitable monovalent hydrophilic group as specified herein. Examples of the monovalent hydrophilic group include, but are not limited to, one or more of carboxyl groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfonic acid salts, sulfate groups, sulfate salts, phosphate groups, phosphate salts, hydrogen phosphate groups, hydrogen phosphate salts, primary amino groups, primary amino salts, secondary amino groups, secondary amino salts, quaternary ammonium salts, -CONH2, and hydroxyl groups.

[0089] In some embodiments, R 11 and R 12 These are H or C, respectively, independently. 1-20 A hydrocarbon group, and more selectively H or C 1-18 A hydrocarbon group, and more selectively H or C 1-15 A hydrocarbon group, and more selectively H or C 1-12 A hydrocarbon group, and more selectively H or C 1-10 A hydrocarbon group, and more selectively H or C 1-8 A hydrocarbon group, and more selectively H or C 1-6 A hydrocarbon group, and more selectively H or C 1-4 A hydrocarbon group, and more selectively H or C 1-3 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively a H or a methyl group.

[0090] In some embodiments, R 13 is a hydrocarbon group substituted with H, a hydrocarbon group, or a monovalent hydrophilic group, and each hydrocarbon group among the hydrocarbon groups substituted with a hydrocarbon group or a monovalent hydrophilic group is independently C 1-20 It may be a hydrocarbon group, and selectively C 1-18 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively C 1-15 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively C 1-12 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively C 1-10 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively C 1-8 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively C 1-6 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively C1-4 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively C 1-3 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively a methyl group. The definition of a monovalent hydrophilic group may be as described above.

[0091] In some embodiments, R 11 and R 12 Each is independently either H or an alkyl group, and selectively R 11 and R 12 These are H or C, respectively, independently. 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R 11 and R 12 These are H or C, respectively, independently. 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R 11 and R 12 Each is independently either an H or a methyl group, and further selectively, R 11 and R 12 All of them are H, and further selectively, R 11 and R 12 All of these are H, and further selectively, the first functional group is selected from one or two of -NH-NH2 and -SH.

[0092] In some embodiments, R 13 This may be H, an alkyl group, or an alkyl group substituted with a hydrophilic group, and each of the alkyl groups among the alkyl groups or alkyl groups substituted with a monovalent hydrophilic group is independently C 1-20 It may be an alkyl group, and selectively C 1-18 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-15 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-12 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-10 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-8 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively a methyl group. The definition of a monovalent hydrophilic group may be as described above.

[0093] In some embodiments, R 13 is H or a hydrocarbon group, more selectively H or an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-20 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-18 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-15 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-12 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-10 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-8 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-4 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively a H or a methyl group. In some embodiments, R 13 is H. In some embodiments, R 13 It is a hydrocarbon group, and you can also refer to the definition above.

[0094] In some embodiments, the first functional group is -NR 11 -NHR 13 and -SH, including one or more of the above, R 11 and R 13 Each is independently either H or a hydrocarbon group, and selectively, R 11 and R 13 Each is independently H or an alkyl group, and further selectively, R 11 and R 13 Each is independently H or C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R 11 and R 13 Each is independently H or C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R 11 and R 13 Each of these is independently either a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

[0095] In some embodiments, the first functional group is -NH-NHR 13and -SH, including one or more of the above, R 13 R may be H or a hydrocarbon group, 13 You can also refer to the definition mentioned above.

[0096] A group having at least one of the NN structure and -SH structure may be adopted as the first functional group. In this case, more appropriate Lewis base properties can be provided, thereby improving the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution and reducing vacancy defects in the perovskite. This is also advantageous in improving the uniformity of the perovskite thin film and enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0097] When the surfactant contains an -NN- structure, it may be a monovalent hydrazine group or a divalent hydrazine group. Both nitrogen atoms in the -NN- structure can provide a pair of lone electron pairs. In the perovskite-type metal halide ABX3 in the perovskite precursor material, B is Pb 2+ And X is I - As an example, this type of surfactant containing the -NN- structure can act as a Lewis base while simultaneously providing a certain degree of reducing power, reducing elemental iodine, suppressing the oxidation of iodide ions, and reducing or avoiding stoichiometric imbalances and the resulting defect generation. The monovalent hydrazine group is located at the end of the chain, the divalent hydrazine group is located in the middle of the chain, and the monovalent hydrazine group at the end of the chain is Pb 2+ It interacts easily with and has a higher passivation effect.

[0098] When a surfactant contains -SH, the sulfur atom can provide two lone pairs of electrons. This type of surfactant has higher reducing power, resulting in better interaction with the perovskite component, promoting uniform film formation in the perovskite solution, while simultaneously improving the crystal growth rate, promoting grain growth, and optimizing the crystal quality of the bulk phase.

[0099] In the surfactant described above, if there are two or more types of primary functional groups in one molecule, the number of any one primary functional group may be one or more independently (if "more," for example, ≥2, further 2 to 8, further 2 to 5, further 2, 3, or 4).

[0100] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group includes one or more of the following: a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfonic acid salt, a sulfate group, a sulfate salt, a phosphate group, a phosphate salt, a hydrogen phosphate group, a hydrogen phosphate salt, a primary amino group, a primary amino salt, a secondary amino group, a secondary amino salt, a divalent tertiary amino group, a quaternary ammonium salt, -CONH2, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, an ester group, -CONH-, and a divalent phosphate ester group.

[0101] In this application, unless otherwise specified, for the hydrophilic groups listed above, the carboxyl group is -COOH, the sulfonic acid group is -SO3H, -S(=O)2OH, the sulfonic acid group may have a salt of -SO3M, where M is an alkali metal ion, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, or even sodium potassium; the sulfate group is -OS(=O)2OH, the sulfate group may have a salt of -OS(=O)2OM, where M is an alkali metal ion, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, or even sodium potassium; the phosphate group is -OP(=O)(OH)2, the phosphate salt may be a salt formed by substituting at least one hydrogen in -OP(=O)(OH)2 with an alkali metal ion; the hydrogen phosphate group may have one H in -OP(=O)(OH)2 replaced with a hydrocarbon group or The group may be formed by substitution with a substituted hydrocarbon group, and further, one of the H atoms may be substituted with an alkyl group or a substituted alkyl group, each independently containing a heteroatom, and each independently containing any suitable hydrophilic group in this application, the hydrogen phosphate salt may be a salt formed by one H in -OP(=O)(OH)2 being substituted with a hydrocarbon group or a substituted hydrocarbon group and the other H being substituted with an alkali metal ion, the primary amino group is -NH2, the primary amino salt is a group formed by -NH2 and an acid molecule complex, the secondary amino group has a >NH (or denoted as -NH-) structure, and may be -NHR0, R0 is a hydrocarbon group, selectively an alkyl group, and further selectively C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively a methyl group; the secondary amino salt is a group formed by a secondary amino group and an acid molecule complex; the divalent tertiary amino group is -NR0-, the definition of R0 may be the same as that for the secondary amino group; and the quaternary ammonium salt is >N + <It has a structure, bonded to four carbon atoms, *-N + R 01 R 02 R 03 It may be R 01 R is an alkyl group, 02R is a hydrocarbon group, 03 - is an alkyl group, -CONH2 is a monovalent amide group, the hydroxyl group is -OH, the ether group is -O-, the ester group is -CO-O- or -O-CO-, -CONH- is a divalent amide group, and the divalent phosphate ester group is -O-(O=)P(OM 01 )-O- may also be M 01 It is either absent or is H or an alkali metal ion. Unless otherwise specified, one or two covalent sites of the hydrophilic groups listed herein are bonded to a carbon atom.

[0102] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group includes one or more of the following: a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfonic acid salt, a sulfate group, a sulfate salt, a phosphate group, a phosphate salt, a hydrogen phosphate group, a hydrogen phosphate salt, a primary amino group, a primary amino salt, a secondary amino group, a secondary amino salt, a quaternary ammonium salt, -CONH2, and a hydroxyl group.

[0103] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group includes one or more of the following: a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfonic acid salt, a sulfate group, a sulfate salt, a phosphate group, a phosphate salt, a primary amino group, a primary amino salt, a secondary amino group, a secondary amino salt, a quaternary ammonium salt, -CONH2, and a hydroxyl group.

[0104] In some embodiments, the sulfonic acid salt, sulfate salt, phosphate salt, and hydrogen phosphate salt are alkali metal salts of the corresponding acids.

[0105] In some embodiments, the primary amino salt and the secondary amino salt are salts formed from a corresponding amine and an acid, respectively, wherein the acid is selectively an organic acid or an inorganic acid, the organic acid comprising one or more carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids and sulfonic acids, and the inorganic acid comprising one or more hydrohalic acids, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, wherein the inorganic acid comprises one or more hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid.

[0106] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group comprises at least one of a quaternary ammonium type ion and an alkali metal ion.

[0107] The surfactant according to this application may contain multiple types of hydrophilic groups, thereby allowing for more flexible adjustment of the surface tension of the surfactant and more flexible control of the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution and passivation of vacancy defects in the perovskite. When the surfactant structure contains alkali metal salt hydrophilic groups, it is advantageous for further passivation of interfacial defects in the perovskite layer. When the surfactant structure contains at least one of primary, secondary, or tertiary amino groups, it is advantageous for passivating bulk phase defects. When the surfactant structure contains quaternary ammonium salts, it is advantageous for controlling the nucleation rate and promoting grain growth. When acid molecules are complexed in the surfactant structure, it is advantageous for uniformity in large-area film formation of the perovskite layer.

[0108] The hydrophilic groups may be monovalent hydrophilic groups located at the terminal groups, or they may be polyvalent groups acting as linkers, or they may be a combination of monovalent or polyvalent hydrophilic groups. By adjusting parameters such as the position and number of hydrophilic groups, a combination that cooperates with hydrophobic groups and primary functional groups can be formed, thereby imparting good wettability to the perovskite precursor solution, reducing vacancy defects in the perovskite, improving the uniformity of the perovskite thin film, and improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0109] In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group is *-COOH, *-S(=O)2OH, *-S(=O)2OM, *-OS(=O)2OH, *-OS(=O)2OM, *-O-(O=)P(OH)2, [ka] *-NH2, *-NH2·n2A cd *-NHR0, *-NHR0·n1A cd , [ka] The hydrophilic linker L0 includes one or more of *-CONH2, *-OH, and hydrophilic linker L0, wherein the hydrophilic linker L0 is *-CONH-*, *-NHCO-*, *-C(=O)O-*, *-OC(=O)-*, and *-O-(O=)P(OM 01 )-O-*, *-NH-*, and *-O-* include one or more of these, In the formula, any "*" represents a bonding site to a carbon atom. Any M is independently an alkali metal ion (which may independently be lithium, sodium, or potassium, and further independently be sodium or potassium), Any M1 and any M2 are each independently alkali metal ions (each may independently be lithium, sodium, or potassium, and each may independently be sodium or potassium), Any R 10 These are independently hydrocarbon groups (independently C 1-10 It may be an alkyl group, and further independently C 1-8 It may be an alkyl group, and further independently C 1-6 It may be an alkyl group, and further independently C 1-4 It may be an alkyl group, and further independently C 1-3 It may be an alkyl group, and furthermore, a methyl group, an ethyl group, or a propyl group. Any A cd is an independent acid molecule (any A cd n1 may be an independent single organic acid or inorganic acid molecule, the organic acid may include one or more carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids, and sulfonic acids, the inorganic acid may include one or more hydrohalic acids, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid, and selectively, the inorganic acid may include one or more hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfuric acid), n2 is 1 or 2, and n1 is 1. Any R0 is independently a hydrocarbon group or a substituted hydrocarbon group, the substituted hydrocarbon group being substituted with one or more hydrophilic groups, selectively any R0 is independently an alkyl group, and further selectively any R0 is independently C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R0 is a methyl group. R 01 is an alkyl group (selectively, R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R 01 (is a methyl group), R 02 is a hydrocarbon group (selectively, R 02 is C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, and more selectively, R 02 (This is a methyl group or a benzyl group), R 03 is an alkyl group (selectively, R 03 or C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R 03 (is a methyl group), M 01 It is either absent or H or alkali metal ions (selectively, M 01 It does not exist or is H, lithium, sodium, or potassium, and more selectively, M 01 (It is either absent or is H, sodium, or potassium). In some examples, M 01 It does not exist, and in this case, O exists in the form of a negative ion (*-O-(O=)P(O - )-O-*). In some examples, M 01 is H or an alkali metal ion, and may further be H, lithium, sodium, or potassium, or may further be H, sodium, or potassium.

[0110] If the hydrophilic group includes multiple of the enumerated groups, the different hydrophilic groups may be connected to different carbon atoms, and two types of hydrophilic groups may be linked and combined to form a new hydrophilic group. [ka] And M 20 The definition is M 01 You can refer to, but are not limited to, M 20 R may be absent or may be H or an alkali metal ion (the alkali metal ion may be selectively lithium, sodium or potassium, and even more selectively sodium or potassium), 20 R may be an alkyl group substituted with a hydrophilic group, selectively. 20 is an alkyl group substituted with a quaternary ammonium salt type group, and more selectively, R 20 is an alkyl group substituted with choline, and more selectively, R 20 is an alkyl group substituted with acetylcholine, and among the alkyl groups substituted with the hydrophilic group, the alkyl group is selectively C 1-10 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-8 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-3 It is an alkyl group. Furthermore, for example, *-NHR 30 And R 30 R may be an alkyl group substituted with one or more hydrophilic groups, selectively, 30 C is substituted with one or more hydrophilic groups. 1-3 It is an alkyl group.

[0111] In some embodiments, a monovalent hydrophilic group is linked to at least one side of the hydrophilic linker L0.

[0112] In some embodiments, the surfactant is Any M can independently be lithium, sodium, or potassium. Any M1 and any M2 are independently lithium, sodium, or potassium. Any R 10 C 1-10 It is an alkyl group, and selectively C 1-8 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-3 Being an alkyl group, Any A cd This is independently one organic acid or inorganic acid molecule, wherein the organic acid comprises one or more of carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids, and sulfonic acids, and the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrohalic acids, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid, and selectively, the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfuric acid. Any R0 is independently an alkyl group, and selectively, any R0 is independently a C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R0 is a methyl group. R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group. R 02 C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 The alkylene group is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 It is a methyl group or a benzyl group. R 03 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 03 It is a methyl group. M 01 It is either absent or is H, lithium, sodium, or potassium. The hydrophilic linker L0 satisfies any one or more of the following features: at least one side of the hydrophilic linker L0 is linked to a monovalent hydrophilic group.

[0113] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group includes a carbon chain, and further, C 8-20 It contains a carbon chain.

[0114] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "carbon chain" refers to a monovalent group having multiple carbon atoms linearly linked in order from a bonding site to the most distal group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group linked to two bonding sites) bonded to multiple bonding sites via multiple carbon atoms linearly linked in order. The carbon atoms linked in order along the longest interval constitute the main chain carbon atoms of the carbon chain. For example, the trivalent group -CH2CH2CH(CH2-)-CH2CH2CH2CH2- has 7 main chain carbon atoms, and the trivalent group -CH2CH(CH2CH2CH2-)-CH2CH2CH2CH2- has 8 main chain carbon atoms. The hydrogen atoms on the carbon atoms of these main chains may be substituted with hydrocarbon groups or heterohydrocarbon groups. When substituted with heterohydrocarbon groups, the heteroatoms may exist in a form that includes, but is not limited to, the hydrophilic group.

[0115] In this application, unless otherwise specified, the carbon chain bonding sites in surfactants are linked to heteroatoms in the surfactant, or form linkers containing heteroatoms with adjacent atoms or groups of atoms, such as ester groups (-CO-O- or -O-CO-), amide groups (-CO-NH- or -NH-CO-), ether bonds (-O-), secondary amino groups (-NH-), divalent tertiary amino groups (-N(CH3)-), etc.

[0116] In this application, C 8-20 A carbon chain refers to a carbon chain having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. 8-20The number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain may be 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, and may also be in an interval consisting of two of the above numbers, for example, 8 to 18, 10 to 18, 12 to 18, etc. Non-limiting examples of the carbon chain include, for example, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl, octylene, nonylene, decylene, divalent undecyl, divalent dodecyl, divalent tridecyl, divalent tetradecyl, divalent pentadecyl, divalent hexadecyl, divalent heptadecyl, divalent octadecyl, divalent nonadecyl, divalent eicosyl, or an unsaturated form of any of the above groups, or a form in which at least one hydrogen atom in any of the above-mentioned inclusion or unsaturated forms is substituted with a hydrocarbon group or a heterohydrocarbon group.

[0117] By introducing hydrophobic groups of a certain size into the structure of the surfactant, they can work in cooperation with the hydrophilic groups and the first functional group to form a more suitable hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance in the perovskite precursor solution of this invention. This allows the lone pair of electrons in the first functional group to exert its effect, while simultaneously stabilizing the perovskite precursor solution system, improving its dispersibility, improving the wettability of the substrate, and improving the uniformity of the perovskite thin film.

[0118] In some embodiments, the carbon chain in the hydrophobic group is linear or branched. 8-20 The carbon chain has a linear or branched structure. In this case, C 8-20 Because it does not contain a ring structure in the carbon chain, it exhibits excellent molecular flexibility, and the flexibility of perovskite thin films can be adjusted.

[0119] In some embodiments, C in the hydrophobic group 8-20 The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 6 to 20, and further selectively, the C 8-20 The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 8 to 20, and further selectively, the C 8-20The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 8 to 18, and further selectively, the C in the hydrophobic group 8-20 A carbon chain is a chain with a main chain atomic length of 10 to 18 C 10-20 It is a carbon chain. 8-20 The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain may be 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, or it may be an interval consisting of two of the above lengths. 8-20 The number of carbon atoms in a carbon chain is greater than or equal to the length of the main chain.

[0120] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "main chain length of a carbon chain" refers to the spacing length between two designated sites (one of which is a bonding site and the other is a bonding site or endpoint), and the spacing length refers to the number of carbon atoms sequentially bonded between two bonding sites. For a polyvalent carbon chain containing three or more bonding sites, the main chain length is the number of carbon atoms sequentially bonded between the two most distant bonding sites. For example, the spacing length of a 1,3-propylene group is 3, the spacing length of a 1,2-propylene group is 2, the spacing length of a divalent group -CH(CH2CH3)- is 1, and the spacing length of a trivalent group -CH2CH2CH(CH2-)-CH2CH2CH2CH2- is 7. [ka] (corresponding to ), the interatomic length of the trivalent group -CH2CH(CH2CH2CH2-)-CH2CH2CH2CH2- is 8.

[0121] In some embodiments, the C 8-20Carbon chains can be saturated or unsaturated. Non-limiting examples of saturated structures include, for example, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl, octilene, nonylene, decylene, divalent undecyl, divalent dodecyl, divalent tridecyl, divalent tetradecyl, divalent pentadecyl, divalent hexadecyl, divalent heptadecyl, divalent octadecyl, divalent nonadecyl, divalent eicosyl, and further linear forms of any of the above groups, such as monovalent -(CH2)9CH3, divalent -(CH2) 10 -, monovalent -(CH2) 11 CH3, divalent -(CH2) 12 -, monovalent -(CH2) 13 CH3, divalent -(CH2) 14 -, monovalent -(CH2) 15 CH3, divalent -(CH2) 16 -, monovalent -(CH2) 17 CH3, divalent -(CH2) 18 -and so on. Non-limiting examples of unsaturated structures are, for example, unsaturated forms of the saturated structures, which may contain one or more (e.g., two or three, or even two) carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds, and further, the carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds may be alkenyl groups or alkynyl groups, but are not limited to these. Another non-limiting example of an unsaturated structure is, for example, CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CHCH2CH=CH-(CH2)7C(=O)-, in which the bond site on the right is substituted with oxygen, the main chain length of the carbon chain is 18, it is an unsaturated form and contains two unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds.

[0122] Furthermore, for example, [ka] This includes at least a monovalent carbon chain CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CHCH2CH=CH-(CH2)7C(=O)- and a divalent carbon chain -(CH2) 14The surfactant contains C(=O)-, and the surfactant comprises at least a monovalent carbon chain CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CHCH2CH=CH-(CH2)7- and a divalent carbon chain -(CH2) 14 It can be considered to contain -, in which case the two long carbon chains are each linked to the carbon atoms in the divalent linker ester group -C(=O)-O-.

[0123] In some embodiments, the C 8-20 A carbon chain is either an aromatic chain or an aliphatic chain.

[0124] In this application, unless otherwise specified, an "aromatic chain" includes at least one aromatic ring. An aliphatic chain does not include any aromatic rings. The meaning of "aromatic ring" is well known to those skilled in the art, and an aromatic ring refers to a ring that is aromatic, and may be a fragrance ring or a heteroaromatic ring. All ring atoms of a "fragrant ring" are carbon atoms. A heteroaromatic ring includes at least one heteroatom. The valency of an aromatic ring is not particularly limited and may be monovalent or polyvalent, for example, monovalent or divalent. With respect to an aromatic chain, the aromatic ring may be used to provide main chain atoms (e.g., -CH2-Ph-CH2-) or may not be involved in the main chain structure as a substituent (e.g., -CH2-CH(Ph)-CH2-, -CH2-CH(pyridyl group)-CH2-). Ph represents a benzene ring.

[0125] In some embodiments, the molecular structure of the surfactant includes one or more C 8-20 It contains a carbon chain. In the molecular structure of the surfactant, the C 8-20 The number of carbon chains may be one or more, for example, one or two.

[0126] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group comprises one or more of the arylene group Ar0 and the aralkyl group ArA.

[0127] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group includes an arylene group Ar0.

[0128] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group includes an aralkyl group ArA.

[0129] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "arylene group" refers to a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived from an aromatic ring hydrocarbon compound by losing hydrogen atoms on two aromatic rings, i.e., two monovalent bonding sites are directly formed on the ring, or "arylene group" refers to a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group formed from an aryl group by losing an additional hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring. Substituents may or may not be present on the aromatic ring of the arylene group, and if substituents are present, the substituents may be aromatic or non-aromatic, and as can be understood, the substituents on the aromatic ring should also belong to the hydrocarbon group. For example, "C 6-12 An "arylene group" refers to a group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and each instance independently consists of a C6 arylene group, a C7 arylene group, a C8 arylene group, a C9 arylene group, and a C 10 Allirene group, C 11 Allirene group, C 12 It may also be an arylene group, etc. A suitable example is a phenylene group. [ka] Examples include naphthylene groups, but are not limited to these. In this application, unless otherwise specified, the groups located at the terminal ends of the structural formula are used. [ka] This indicates the covalent bond site.

[0130] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "aralkyl hydrocarbon" refers to a hydrocarbon compound formed by the substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms on an aromatic ring with an alkyl group, and more generally, unless otherwise specified, it refers to a hydrocarbon formed by the substitution of one hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring with an alkyl group. Unless otherwise specified, "aralkyl group" refers to a hydrocarbon group derived by the loss of one hydrogen atom on the alkyl carbon in the corresponding aralkyl hydrocarbon, that is, the aralkyl group draws a bonding center via the "alkyl" carbon.

[0131] In some embodiments, the arylene group Ar0 is C 6-18 It is an arylene group, and furthermore, a phenylene group or one or more C groups. 1-3 The phenylene group may be substituted with an alkyl group, or it may be a phenylene group substituted with a phenylene group or one or more methyl groups.

[0132] In some embodiments, the arylene group Ar0 is a phenylene group.

[0133] In some embodiments, the aralkyl group ArA is substituted with one or more aryl groups Ar1. 1-18 It is an alkyl group, and any aryl group Ar1 is independently a phenyl group or one or more C 1-4 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, and more selectively, any aryl group Ar1 is independently a phenyl group or one or more C 1-3 The phenyl group is substituted with an alkyl group, and more selectively, any aryl group Ar1 is independently a phenyl group or a benzyl group.

[0134] In some embodiments, the aralkyl group ArA is a benzyl group.

[0135] for example, [ka] -(CH2) 11 - and includes a carbon chain of a benzyl group. For example, [ka] -(CH2) 11 - and includes the carbon chain of the phenylene group.

[0136] The introduction of an aromatic ring into the hydrophobic structure of the surfactant is advantageous in generating interactions between the surfactant molecule and the perovskite component, thereby promoting better solubility of the surfactant in the perovskite precursor solution.

[0137] In some embodiments, the number of hydrophilic groups, hydrophobic groups, and first functional groups in a single molecule of the surfactant is one or more, independently of each other.

[0138] In some embodiments, the number of the first functional groups in one molecule of the surfactant is 1 or 2 to 5 (e.g., 1 or 2, 3, 4 or 5, and further, e.g., 1 or 2 or 3, and further, e.g., 1 or 2).

[0139] In some embodiments, the number of the first functional groups in one molecule of the surfactant may be 1 to 5, or more precisely, 1 to 3.

[0140] In some embodiments, the number of hydrophilic groups in one molecule of the surfactant is 1 or 2 to 5 (e.g., 1 or 2, 3, 4 or 5, and further, e.g., 1 or 2 or 3, and further, e.g., 1 or 2).

[0141] In some embodiments, the number of hydrophilic groups in one molecule of the surfactant may be 1 to 5, and further may be 1 to 3.

[0142] The number of hydrophilic groups, hydrophobic groups, and primary functional groups in the surfactant can be adjusted, thereby allowing the surfactant to simultaneously possess an appropriate hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance and Lewis basicity of lone pairs of electrons over a wide range.

[0143] In some embodiments, the number of hydrophilic groups in one molecule of the surfactant may be 1 to 5, and further may be 1 to 3.

[0144] In some embodiments, the mol% of the first functional group relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001 mol% to 5 mol%. The mol% of the first functional group relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001 mol%, 0.005 mol%, 0.01 mol%, 0.02 mol%, 0.04 mol%, 0.05 mol%, 0.06 mol%, 0.08 mol%, 0.1 mol%, 0.12 mol%, 0.14 mol%, 0.15 mol%, 0.16 mol%, 0.18 mol%, 0.2 mol%, 0.22 mol%, 0.24 mol%, 0.25 mol%, 0.26 mol%, 0.28 mol%, 0.3 mol%, 0.35 mol%, 0.4 mol%, The mol% can be selected from any of the following ranges: 0.45 mol%, 0.5 mol%, 0.55 mol%, 0.6 mol%, 0.65 mol%, 0.75 mol%, 0.8 mol%, 0.9 mol%, 1 mol%, 1.2 mol%, 1.4 mol%, 1.5 mol%, 1.6 mol%, 1.8 mol%, 2 mol%, 2.5 mol%, 3 mol%, 3.5 mol%, 4 mol%, 4.5 mol%, 5 mol%, etc. Alternatively, it can be selected from an interval consisting of two of the above mol% ranges, for example, 0.01 mol% to 2.5 mol%, or 0.1 mol% to 1 mol%.

[0145] The amount of the first functional group can be adjusted according to the amount of divalent metal ions used in the perovskite precursor material. This allows for both improved wettability of the perovskite precursor solution and reduction of vacancy defects in the perovskite, while also better realizing the synergistic effect between the surfactant and the perovskite precursor material. This is advantageous for improving the uniformity of the perovskite thin film and enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0146] In some embodiments, the first functional group and the hydrophilic group are each independently bonded to the carbon atom of the hydrophobic group. They may be independently directly bonded or indirectly bonded via a linker.

[0147] In some embodiments, the surfactant is [ka] In equation (I-1), q1 and q2 are each independently 0 or a positive integer, and q1 + q2 ≥ 1, L 21 and L 22 These are polyvalent hydrocarbon groups, each independently having a main chain atomic length of 8 to 20 atoms, and Z 01 and Z 02 Each of these is independently a covalent bond, a carbonyl group, or -NHC(=O)-*, where * is U 03 It refers to U 03 It is a trivalent hydrocarbon group, M 01 is either absent or H or alkali metal ions (M 01 (You may also refer to the definition for L) 10 is C 1-6 It is an alkylene group, R 01 R is an alkyl group, 02 F is a hydrocarbon group, and in one molecule, 01 and F 02 A compound in which at least one of the groups is the first functional group and the other is independently H or the first functional group, [ka] In equation (I-2), M 02 This is a compound that is an alkali metal ion, [ka] In equation (I-3), Z1 is a covalent bond or linker Z 10 And Z 10 is one selected from the group consisting of -CO-NH, -NH-CO-, -C(=O)-O-, -OC(=O)-, -NH-C(=O)-O-, -OC(=O)-NH-, and -O-, U N is a base of j+1 values, where j is a positive integer and any Q 01 These are independently -OH or -COOM 03 And M03 The compound is H or an alkali metal ion, [ka] In equation (I-4), R 01 R is an alkyl group, 02 The compound is a hydrocarbon group, Includes one or more of the following: In equations (I-2), (I-3), and (I-4), F 03 Each of these is independently the first functional group, In equations (I-2), (I-3), and (I-4), q3 is an integer ≥ 1 independently, and L 23 These are polyvalent hydrocarbon groups, each independently possessing a main chain atomic length of 8 to 20 atoms.

[0148] In some embodiments, q1 and q2 are each independently 0 or a positive integer, and q1 + q2 ≥ 1, and selectively q1 + q2 is an integer between 1 and 5 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), and further selectively 1 or 2. In some embodiments, q1 is 1 or 2 and q2 is 0. In some embodiments, q1 is 1 and q2 is 0. In some other embodiments, q1 is 2 and q2 is 0.

[0149] In some embodiments, q3 is 1 or an integer greater than or equal to 2, and more selectively 1 or 2. In some embodiments, q3 is 1. In some other embodiments, q3 is 2.

[0150] In some examples, the surfactant includes the compound shown in formula (I-1), and may further be a compound represented by formula (I-1). The compound shown in (I-1) is readily soluble in the perovskite precursor solution, has little to no effect on the viscosity of the original solution, and is advantageous for large-area film formation.

[0151] In some embodiments, the surfactant includes a compound represented by formula (I-2), and may further be a compound represented by formula (I-2). The compound represented by formula (I-2) improves film formation, can reduce elemental iodine (for example, X in ABX3 is the element iodine), can fill vacancies, and effectively suppresses the occurrence of defects in the bulk phase of the perovskite.

[0152] In some embodiments, the surfactant includes a compound represented by formula (I-3), and may further be a compound represented by formula (I-3). The compound represented by formula (I-3) improves solubility, fills defects at the A site, stabilizes the perovskite structure, and improves the stability of the thin film after crystallization.

[0153] In some embodiments, the surfactant may include a compound represented by formula (I-4), or a compound represented by formula (I-4). The compound represented by formula (I-4) can promote film formation, reduce the number of defects at the interface, and optimize carrier transport at the interface.

[0154] Surfactants containing quaternary ammonium bases can regulate film formation, generate interactions with the perovskite intermediate phase, adjust the nucleation rate and crystallization rate of crystals, and promote the growth of crystal grains.

[0155] Surfactants containing phosphate ester groups can passivate the interface between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer.

[0156] Branched surfactants containing at least two hydrophobic carbon chains can avoid damage to the perovskite layer due to moisture.

[0157] Linear surfactants containing sulfonates can reduce defects in the bulk phase and increase the short-circuit current density.

[0158] In surfactants containing one or more hydrophilic hydroxyl groups, the solubility of the surfactant in the precursor solution is improved, which can enhance the uniformity of coating over large areas.

[0159] Surfactants containing one or more hydrophilic carboxyl groups can reduce defects in the bulk phase and improve device stability.

[0160] In some embodiments, in formula (I-1), L 21 and L 22 Each of them may be independently linear or branched, and each may be independently saturated or unsaturated, selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independent linear C 8-20 Divalent hydrocarbon group or branched C 8-20 It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independent linear C 8-20 It is a divalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independent linear C 8-20 Alkylene group or linear carbon 8-20 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independent linear C 10-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 10-18 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independent linear C 12-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 12-18 It is an alkenylene group. 21 and L 22 An example of a saturated structure is *-(CH2)9-*, and an example of an unsaturated structure is *-(CH2)4-CH=CHCH2CH=CH-(CH2)7-*, where * indicates the binding site.

[0161] Linear L 21 or L 22A non-restrictive example is nonylene*-(CH2)9-*, where * indicates the binding site.

[0162] Branched L 21 or L 22 A non-restrictive example is the trivalent hydrocarbon group *-(CH2)2-CH(-*)CH2-CH=CHCH2CH=CH-(CH2)7-*, where * indicates a bonding site. Furthermore, for example, *-(CH2)2-CH2CH2-CH=C(-*)CH2CH=CH-(CH2)7-*, where * indicates a bonding site.

[0163] In some embodiments, in formula (I-1), U 03 is a trivalent alkyl group or [ka] And R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each of these is an alkylene group independently, and selectively, U 03 is trivalent C 2-10 Alkyl alkyl group or trivalent C 3-10 It is a tertiary amino group, and more selectively, U 03 is, -CH 2- CR 04 (-)-CH2-, >CH-L 04 -, or N(-CH2CH2-)3, R 04 H or C 1-4 It is an alkyl group (R 04 (which is further selectively H, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and is even more selectively H), L 04 is C 1-6 It is an alkylene group (L 04 Further selectively C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively a methylene group, a 1,2-ethylene group, a 1,3-propylene group, or a 1,4-butylene group), selectively R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively, R21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently C 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively, R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently a methylene group or an ethylene group, and further selectively, R 21 , R 22 and R 23 These are all ethylene groups.

[0164] In some embodiments, in formula (I-1), M 01 It is either absent or is H, lithium ions, sodium ions, or potassium ions.

[0165] In some embodiments, in formula (I-1), L 10 is C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, selectively an ethylene group or a propylene group, and more selectively an ethylene group.

[0166] In some embodiments, in formula (I-1), R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group.

[0167] In some embodiments, in formula (I-1), R 02 is C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 This is either a methyl group or a benzyl group.

[0168] In some embodiments, in formula (I-2), M 02 is H, lithium ions, sodium ions, or potassium ions.

[0169] In some embodiments, in formula (I-3), j is selected from integers 1 to 5, selectively selected from integers 1 to 4, and further selectively 1, 2, or 3.

[0170] In some embodiments, R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group.

[0171] In some embodiments, R 02 is C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 This is either a methyl group or a benzyl group.

[0172] In some embodiments, in formula (I-3), U N There are 0, 1 or more hydrophilic linkers L 01 It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group containing U N There are 0, 1 or more hydrophilic linkers L 01 A polyvalent saturated hydrocarbon group containing any of the hydrophilic linker L 01 These are independently *-CONH-*, *-NHCO-*, *-C(=O)O-*, *-OC(=O)-*, and *-O-(O=)P(OM 01 )-O-* or *-O-*, where * indicates a bonding site to a carbon atom, M 01 It is either absent or is H, lithium ions, sodium ions, or potassium ions.

[0173] In some embodiments, in formula (I-3), U N is a trivalent alkyl group or a tetravalent alkyl group, and selectively, U N The number of carbon atoms is 3 to 10, more selectively 3 to 6, more selectively 3, 4 or 5, and more selectively U N ha-CH 2- CR05 (-)-CH2- and R 05 is H, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and more selectively, R 05 H is H.

[0174] In some embodiments, in formula (I-3), U N It is a trivalent tertiary amino group, and selectively trivalent C 3-10 It is a tertiary amino group, and more selectively N(-CH2CH2-)3.

[0175] In some embodiments, in formula (I-3), U N The number of non-hydrogen atoms is 2 to 40, selectively 2 to 30, further selectively 2 to 25, further selectively 2 to 20, further selectively 2 to 18, further selectively 2 to 15, further selectively 2 to 12, further selectively 2 to 10, further selectively 2 to 8, further selectively 2 to 6, and further selectively 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[0176] In some embodiments, in equation (I-3), j is selected from integers 1 to 5, selectively selected from integers 1 to 4, and further selectively 1, 2, or 3.

[0177] In some embodiments, in equation (I-4), R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group.

[0178] In some embodiments, in equation (I-4), R 02 is C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 This is either a methyl group or a benzyl group.

[0179] In some embodiments, in formulas (I-2), (I-3), and (I-4), L 23 Each of them is independently linear or branched, and may be saturated or unsaturated, selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 Divalent hydrocarbon group or branched C 8-20 It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 Alkylene group or linear carbon 8-20 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 10-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 10-18 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 12-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 12-18 It is an alkenylene group. 23 An example of a saturated structure is *-(CH2)9-*, and an example of an unsaturated structure is *-(CH2)4-CH=CHCH2CH=CH-(CH2)7-*, where * represents the binding site.

[0180] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "alkenylene group" refers to a hydrocarbon group having two monovalent radical centers, which is formed by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkenyl group, and may be an unsaturated branched hydrocarbon group or an unsaturated straight hydrocarbon group. For example, "C 2-9 An "alkenylene group" refers to a group in which the alkenyl portion contains 2 to 9 carbon atoms, and each instance may independently be a C2, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, or C9 alkenylene group. A suitable example is the 1,2-vinyl group (-CH=CH-), but it is not limited to this.

[0181] In this application, the term "alkenyl group" refers to a monovalent residue produced by losing one hydrogen atom from a chain-like olefin compound, wherein the hydrogen atom may be located at a carbon-carbon double bond or at an alkyl substituent of the carbon-carbon double bond. The term is also used in phrases such as "C2- 10 An "alkenyl group" refers to an alkenyl group containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and each instance independently of the others is a C2 alkenyl group, C3 alkenyl group, C4 alkenyl group, C5 alkenyl group, C6 alkenyl group, C7 alkenyl group, C8 alkenyl group, C9 alkenyl group, or C 10 It may also be an alkenyl group. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, a vinyl group (CH2=CH-), an allyl group (CH2=CH-CH2-), and a CH3-CH=CH-.

[0182] In some embodiments, the surfactant is In equation (I-1), L 21 and L 22 Each is independently linear or branched, and selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 It is a divalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 Alkylene group or linear carbon 8-20 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 10-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 10-18 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 21 and L 22 Each is an independently linear C 12-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 12-18 It is an alkenylene group, In equation (I-1), U 03 is a trivalent alkyl group or [ka] And R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each of these is an alkylene group independently, and selectively, U 03 is trivalent C 2-10 Alkyl alkyl group or trivalent C 3-10 It is a tertiary amino group, and more selectively, U 03 ha-CH 2- CR 04 (-)-CH2-, >CH-L 04 -, or N(-CH2CH2-)3, R 04 is H or C 1-4 It is an alkyl group (R 04 (which is further selectively H, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and is even more selectively H), L 04 is C 1-6 It is an alkylene group (L 04 Further selectively C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively a methylene group, a 1,2-ethylene group, a 1,3-propylene group, or a 1,4-butylene group), and selectively R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively, R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently C 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and more selectively, R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Each is independently a methylene group or an ethylene group, and further selectively, R 21 , R 22 and R 23 Both are ethylene groups, In equation (I-1), M 01 It is either not present or is H, lithium ion, sodium ion, or potassium ion. In equation (I-1), L 10 is C 1-4 It is an alkylene group, which is selectively an ethylene group or a propylene group, and is even more selectively an ethylene group. In equation (I-1), R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group, In equation (I-1), R 02 is C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 It is a methyl group or a benzyl group, In equation (I-2), M 02 It is H, lithium ions, sodium ions, or potassium ions, In equation (I-3), U N There are 0, 1 or more hydrophilic linkers L 01 It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group containing U N There are 0, 1 or more hydrophilic linkers L 01 A polyvalent saturated hydrocarbon group containing any of the hydrophilic linker L 01 These are independently *-CONH-*, *-NHCO-*, *-C(=O)O-*, *-OC(=O)-*, and *-O-(O=)P(OM 01 )-O-* or *-O-*, where * indicates a bonding site to a carbon atom, M 01 It does not exist or is H, lithium ion, sodium ion or potassium ion, or U N is a trivalent alkyl group or a tetravalent alkyl group, and selectively, U N The number of carbon atoms is 3 to 10, more selectively 3 to 6, more selectively 3, 4 or 5, and more selectively U N ha-CH 2- CR 05 (-)-CH2- and R 05 is H, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and more selectively, R 05 is H, or U N It is a trivalent tertiary amino group, and selectively trivalent C 3-10It is a tertiary amino group, and more selectively N(-CH2CH2-)3, In equation (I-3), U N The number of non-hydrogen atoms is 2 to 40, selectively 2 to 30, further selectively 2 to 25, further selectively 2 to 20, further selectively 2 to 18, further selectively 2 to 15, further selectively 2 to 12, further selectively 2 to 10, further selectively 2 to 8, further selectively 2 to 6, and further selectively 2, 3, 4, or 5. In equation (I-3), j is selected from integers 1 to 5, selectively selected from integers 1 to 4, and further selectively 1, 2, or 3. In equation (I-4), R 01 is C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R 01 It is a methyl group, In equation (I-4), R 02 is C 1-8 C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring 1-3 It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 1-3 A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R 02 It is a methyl group or a benzyl group, In equations (I-2), (I-3), and (I-4), L 23 Each is independently linear or branched, and selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 It is a divalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 8-20 Alkylene group or linear carbon 8-20 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 10-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 10-18 It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L 23 Each is an independently linear C 12-18 Alkylene group or linear carbon 12-18It is an alkenylene group, It satisfies one or more of the following characteristics.

[0183] In some embodiments, the surfactant is [ka] [ka] This includes one or more of the following, and may be any one or any appropriate combination of these. In each of the above compounds, M 01 The definition of is consistent with the above. In some embodiments, M 01 It does not exist, and taking compound C1 as an example, at this time [ka] It corresponds to.

[0184] In some embodiments, the surfactant comprises one or more of compound C1, compound C2, compound C3, compound C4, compound C5, compound C6, compound C8, and compound C9, and may be any one or any suitable combination of these.

[0185] If any one of the above compounds contains a chiral atom, it may be in any suitable stereoisomerary form. For example, [ka] teeth [ka] It may also be the case that, [ka] This is a stereoisomer structure.

[0186] In some embodiments, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001 mol% to 5 mol%, selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001% to 2.5%, more selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.01% to 1%, and even more selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.01% to 0.5%. The mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001 mol%, 0.005 mol%, 0.01 mol%, 0.02 mol%, 0.04 mol%, 0.05 mol%, 0.06 mol%, 0.08 mol%, 0.1 mol%, 0.12 mol%, 0.14 mol%, 0.15 mol%, 0.16 mol%, 0.18 mol%, 0.2 mol%, 0.22 mol%, 0.24 mol%, 0.25 mol%, 0.26 mol%, 0.28 mol%, 0.3 mol%, 0.35 mol%, 0.4 mol%, 0.45 mol%, and 0.5 m It may be any one mol% selected from ol%, 0.55mol%, 0.6mol%, 0.650.7mol%, 0.75mol%, 0.8mol%, 0.9mol%, 1mol%, 1.2mol%, 1.4mol%, 1.5mol%, 1.6mol%, 1.8mol%, 2mol%, 2.5mol%, 3mol%, 3.5mol%, 4mol%, 4.5mol%, 5mol%, etc., or it may be selected from an interval consisting of any two of the above mol%s, for example, 0.01mol%~2.5mol%, 0.01mol%~2mol%, 0.01mol%~1mol%.

[0187] By adjusting the surfactant content, the amount of the first functional group can be adjusted, thereby improving the wettability of the perovskite precursor solution and reducing vacancy defects in the perovskite. This also allows for a better synergistic effect between the surfactant and the perovskite precursor material, leading to improved uniformity of the perovskite thin film and thus improving the energy conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0188] In some embodiments, the solvent comprises a first solvent and a second solvent, the boiling point of the first solvent being lower than the boiling point of the second solvent. In non-limiting examples, the first solvent may be one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, 2-methoxyethanol, and acetonitrile, and the second solvent may be one or more of N-methylpyrrolidone, diphenyl sulfoxide, and dimethylpropylene urea.

[0189] In this application, the boiling point of the solvent can be measured using well-known methods and apparatus. Unless otherwise specified, the boiling points of the first solvent and the second solvent refer to the boiling points measured at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Unless otherwise specified, "room temperature" here refers to, for example, 20-35°C, 20-30°C, and 25°C. Unless otherwise specified, "atmospheric pressure" here refers to standard atmospheric pressure.

[0190] In some embodiments, the volume ratio of the first solvent to the second solvent is 3 to 10, and selectively, the volume ratio of the first solvent to the second solvent is 3 to 5. The volume ratio of the first solvent to the second solvent may be any one value from 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, etc., or may be selected from the interval consisting of any two of the above values.

[0191] By using solvents with different boiling points in combination, it is advantageous to control the morphology of the perovskite thin film by adjusting the evaporation rate of the solvent during the production of the perovskite thin film, thereby improving the uniformity of the thin film and enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of the perovskite battery.

[0192] In some embodiments, the perovskite precursor material comprises a perovskite-type metal halide, the chemical formula of which is ABX3, where A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion.

[0193] In some embodiments, A is Cs + , K + , Rb + Li + It contains one or more of the following: organic amine cations, etc. The organic amine cation may include one or more of the following: monovalent amine cations and monovalent amidine group cations.

[0194] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations include, for example, (NR 21 R 22 R 23 R 24 ) + , (R 21 R 22 N=CR 23 R 24 ) + , (R 21R22 NC(R 25 )=NR 23 R 24 ) + or (R 21 R 22 NC (NR) 25 R 26 )=R 23 R 24 ) + And R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 and R 26 These are H and C, respectively, independently. 1-20 Alkyl groups, aryl groups, substituted C 1-20 Selected from alkyl groups or substituted aryl groups, C 1-20 Alkyl and substituted C 1-20 "C" in alkyl groups 1-20 Each alkyl group is independently and selectively C 1-15It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-10 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-8 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-6 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-4 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C 1-3 It is an alkyl group, and more selectively a methyl group. The "aryl group" in the aryl group and the substituted aryl group is independently and selectively C 6-20 It is an aryl group, and more selectively C 6-12 It is an aryl group, and more selectively C 6-10 It is an aryl group, and more selectively a phenyl group or a naphthyl group, and more selectively a phenyl group. Substituted C 1-20 The substituents in the alkyl group and the substituted aryl group are each independently C 1-10 It is a hydrocarbon group, and more selectively C 1-6 Alkyl alkyl group or C 6-10 It is an aryl group, and more selectively a methyl group or a phenyl group.

[0195] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations include, for example, CH3NH3 + (Methanamine, MA + ), ammonium (NH4 + ) is a non-restrictive example of a monovalent amidine cation, for example, NH2CH=NH2 + (Formamidine, FA) + (This is how it is written.)

[0196] In this application, unless otherwise specified, B is a divalent metal ion.

[0197] In some embodiments, B is Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Fe 2+ Mn 2+ Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ Co 2+ and Sb 2+ Includes one or more of the following.

[0198] In some embodiments, B may include, but is not limited to, divalent metal ions of one or more elements such as gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and europium.

[0199] In some embodiments, X is I - , Br - Cl - and F - Includes one or more of the following.

[0200] In some embodiments, X is I - , Br - and Cl - Includes one or more of the following.

[0201] In some embodiments, X is I - , Br - It includes one or two of the following. X is I - , Br - Alternatively, a combination thereof may be used. In some embodiments, X is I - That is the case.

[0202] In a second aspect, the present application provides a perovskite thin film manufactured by coating and annealing using the perovskite precursor solution described in the first aspect of the present application, or containing at least a non-solvent component in the perovskite precursor solution described in the first aspect of the present application.

[0203] A perovskite thin film produced using the perovskite precursor solution described in the first aspect of this application exhibits excellent contact with the substrate, is uniform, has few defects, and the corresponding perovskite battery has high energy conversion efficiency.

[0204] In some embodiments, the perovskite thin film is manufactured by a method comprising the steps of applying the perovskite precursor solution described in the first aspect of this application to a predetermined location, performing an annealing treatment, and manufacturing the perovskite thin film.

[0205] It can be applied using slit coating.

[0206] The annealing temperature may be 100 to 180°C, for example, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 180°C, etc., or it may be selected from a temperature range consisting of any two of the above temperatures, for example, 100 to 150°C.

[0207] The challenge of uniformity in perovskite thin films, particularly large-area perovskite films, is one of the key factors limiting the industrialization of perovskite solar cells. Currently, the mainstream method for manufacturing large-area perovskite thin films is coating, which requires the perovskite precursor solution to have low surface tension and good wettability. Therefore, surfactants are generally added to the perovskite precursor solution, but if the added surfactant is not appropriate, it can form defects in the perovskite crystal, potentially leading to a decrease in the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0208] In some embodiments, the perovskite thin film has an area of ​​≥ 1 cm². 2 And furthermore, for example, 1 cm 2 , 1.5cm 2 , 2cm 2 , 3cm 2 , 4cm 2 And so on, and furthermore, for example, is greater than or equal to any of the above areas, and furthermore, is selected from an interval consisting of any two of the above areas.

[0209] In some embodiments, the perovskite thin film has an area of ​​≥ 4 cm². 2 That is the case.

[0210] Large-area perovskite thin films (e.g., ≥1 cm) 2It is difficult to obtain a more uniform perovskite thin film. Compared to a perovskite precursor solution using a conventional surfactant, the perovskite precursor solution containing the surfactant of the first functional group according to the present invention has a significant advantage in that it improves the uniformity of large-area perovskite thin films.

[0211] In a third aspect, the present application provides a perovskite battery comprising a perovskite thin film as described in the second aspect of the present application.

[0212] In some embodiments, the present application provides a perovskite battery comprising an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, and a perovskite thin film according to a second aspect of the present application, wherein the perovskite thin film is provided between the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer.

[0213] In some embodiments, the present application provides a perovskite battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a perovskite thin film according to a second aspect of the present application, wherein the perovskite thin film is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

[0214] In some embodiments, the present application provides a perovskite battery comprising, in order, a positive electrode, an electron transport layer, a perovskite thin film according to a second aspect of the present application, a hole transport layer, and a negative electrode. Furthermore, it may be either an inverted PIN battery or a forward NIP battery.

[0215] The perovskite thin film described in the second aspect of this application is also called a perovskite layer and is also a light-absorbing layer in a perovskite battery.

[0216] When a perovskite cell operates, the light-absorbing layer is irradiated with light, causing electrons inside to gain energy and break free from the constraints of the light-absorbing layer, forming negatively charged electron carriers and simultaneously positively charged hole carriers. This creates electron-hole pairs, and the free electrons and free holes are transferred in opposite directions through the corresponding transport layers, causing electron and hole flow, which constitutes an external current and realizes the conversion of light energy to electrical energy. Furthermore, when the perovskite layer absorbs a photon, it is excited and generates electron-hole pairs. These electron-hole pairs further dissociate to form free carriers with opposite charges. Of these, the free electrons are transported to the positive electrode via the electron transport layer, and the free holes are transported to the negative electrode via the hole transport layer. The two free carriers are collected at their respective electrodes, and further, a photocurrent is formed in the perovskite cell circuit.

[0217] The electron transport layer can extract and transport electron carriers and block the passage of free holes.

[0218] The hole transport layer can extract and transport hole carriers and block the passage of free electrons.

[0219] As can be understood, the perovskite battery further comprises two electrodes. One of these two electrodes can be used as the positive electrode to collect electron carriers transported through the electron transport layer, and the other as the negative electrode to collect hole carriers transported through the hole transport layer.

[0220] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer material is an imide compound, a quinone compound, a fullerene and its derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidine (OMeTPA-FA), calcium titanate (CaTiO3), lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), poly3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), triptycene-cored triphenylamine (H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine The material may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: phenylamine (EDOT-OMeTPA), N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene (CzPAF-SBF), polythiophene, metal oxides, silicon dioxide (SiO2), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), etc. The metal element may include one or more of the following: Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr.

[0221] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer is 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), polytriarylamine (PTAA), nickel oxide (NiO x This may include, but is not limited to, one or more materials and derivatives thereof that can transport holes and block electrons, such as poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), WO3, etc.

[0222] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery 100 has the structure shown in Figure 1 and includes, in order, a first electrode 120, a first transport layer 130, a perovskite layer 140, a second transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160. Furthermore, each of the illustrated structural layers is stacked in order.

[0223] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 100 has the structure shown in Figure 2 and includes, in order, a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first transport layer 130, a perovskite layer 140, a second transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160. Furthermore, each of the illustrated structural layers is stacked in order.

[0224] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery has the structure shown in Figure 3 (a vertical cross-sectional view of the device) and includes a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first transport layer 130, a perovskite layer 140, a second transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160, which are stacked in order. Here, P1, P2, and P3 are etching regions provided between the layers, which are used to divide a large-area manufactured film layer into different assemblies and to form a series-connected battery structure. Of these, P1, P2, and P3 are used to connect spaced-apart structural layers, thereby forming a circuit between the first electrode and the second electrode, and creating a perovskite battery in a perovskite battery assembly. P1, P2, and P3 may each be independently linear etching regions and are also referred to as etching lines. P1, P2, and P3 may each be independently laser etching regions. The number of P1, P2, and P3 may each be one or more independently. In Figure 3, P1 is connected to the substrate layer from the surface of the first transport layer, penetrating the first transport layer and the bottom of the first electrode, thereby not connecting the left and right sides of the divided P1 (achieving insulation), and the material in the P1 etching region is the same as the perovskite layer. P2 is connected to the surface of the first electrode from the surface of the second transport layer, penetrating the second transport layer, the perovskite layer and the first transport layer, and the material in the P2 etching region is the same as the material of the second electrode. P3 reaches the surface of the first electrode from the surface of the second electrode, penetrating the second electrode, the second transport layer, the perovskite layer and the first transport layer, and the P3 etching region is not filled with material.

[0225] In some embodiments, the width of P1 is 10 to 50 μm, for example, 30 μm.

[0226] In some embodiments, the width of P2 is 10 to 200 μm, for example, 150 μm. Furthermore, the distance between P2 and P1 may be 20 to 80 μm, for example, 20 μm.

[0227] In some embodiments, the width of P3 is 10 to 50 μm, for example, 15 μm. Furthermore, the distance between P3 and P2 may be 20 to 40 μm, for example, 20 μm.

[0228] In some embodiments, P1 in the perovskite battery penetrates from the surface of the first transport layer to the bottom of the first electrode, and the filling material of P1 may coincide with the perovskite layer (as shown in Figure 3). In some other embodiments, P1 in the perovskite battery further penetrates from the surface to the bottom of the first electrode, and the filling material within P1 may coincide with the first transport layer.

[0229] In some embodiments, one of the "first transport layer" and the "second transport layer" is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer. In some embodiments, the first transport layer is an electron transport layer. In some embodiments, the first transport layer is a hole transport layer.

[0230] In some embodiments, one of the "first electrode" and the "second electrode" is a transparent electrode for injecting light. In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0231] In some embodiments, examples of the material for the transparent electrode include FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium oxide zinc), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), etc., but the material is not limited to one or more of these materials.

[0232] In some embodiments, the second electrode includes a conductive material, and the conductive material may be an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of inorganic conductive materials include, for example, metallic conductive materials, and as metallic conductive materials, one of the following may be gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), etc., or any suitable mixture of these elements. The conductive material may include a conductive oxide, and furthermore, the conductive material may be a conductive oxide, and non-limiting examples of conductive oxides include one or more of the following: FTO, ITO, IWO, AZO, etc.

[0233] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery is either an inverted PIN battery or a forward NIP battery.

[0234] The perovskite battery relating to this application may include both forward and reverse types.

[0235] In the standard configuration, the perovskite battery includes a transparent electrode and, sequentially, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode layer stacked on the transparent electrode.

[0236] In the reverse configuration, the perovskite cell includes a transparent electrode and, sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode, a hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer. The transparent electrode is used to allow light to enter.

[0237] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell includes a structure comprising, in order, a substrate layer (which may be a glass substrate or a flexible substrate), a first electrode, a hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode. The flexible substrate may include one or more materials such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene naphthalate. Selectively, the first electrode is a transparent electrode for injecting light.

[0238] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell includes a structure comprising, in order, a substrate layer (glass substrate or flexible substrate), a first electrode, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode. Selectively, the first electrode is a transparent electrode for allowing light to enter. The definition of a flexible substrate can be found above.

[0239] The substrate layer referred to in the embodiments or examples of this application may be, but is not limited to, a glass substrate or a flexible substrate.

[0240] In some embodiments, the substrate layer is a flexible substrate layer. Furthermore, the material of the substrate layer may include, but is not limited to, organic polymer materials, and may also include, but is not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc., one or more of these materials may be mixed in different proportions.

[0241] In some embodiments, the substrate layer 110 in the structure shown in Figure 3 is a light-receiving glass substrate.

[0242] The specifications of the perovskite cell are not particularly limited and may be 300mm x 300mm, but are not limited thereto.

[0243] As can be understood, the structure of the perovskite battery according to the present application is not limited to the structural layers listed above. Other functional layers, such as buffer layers, can be introduced as needed. In some embodiments, the perovskite battery may be provided with a buffer layer with appropriate energy levels, which can exert one or more effects such as lowering the energy level barrier, promoting energy level matching, improving carrier extraction efficiency, simultaneously passivating interfacial defect states, protecting the light absorption layer, suppressing oxidative decomposition of the battery by water molecules and oxygen, improving photoelectric conversion efficiency, and improving the stability of the perovskite battery. Depending on the location of the buffer layer, there may be four types of buffer layers: a buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the anode, a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the cathode, a buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the absorption layer, and a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the absorption layer. Examples of materials used for the buffer layer of the perovskite battery include, but are not limited to, Cu2O, NiO, AZO, and TiO2.

[0244] In a fourth aspect, the present application provides a power consumption device including a perovskite battery as described in a third aspect of the present application.

[0245] The structure of the perovskite battery may be a single junction, a stacked cell, or any other structure, but is not limited to these.

[0246] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery may be used as a power generation device for a power consumption device. The type of power generation device may include, but is not limited to, integrated power generation. The location of the power generation device may be, but is not limited to, the rooftop or back panel of an automobile.

[0247] Furthermore, the above-mentioned power-consuming devices may include, but are not limited to, mobile devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers, electric vehicles, trains, ships and satellites, and power generation systems.

[0248] Figure 4 shows an example of a power consumption device. The power consumption device 20 is an automobile, and may further be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.

[0249] Other examples of power-consuming devices may include mobile phones, tablet computers, laptop computers, calculators, and the like.

[0250] Another example of a power-consuming device may be a wearable device such as a wristwatch. Several embodiments of the present application are described below. The embodiments described below are illustrative and are for interpretive purposes only, and should not be considered as limitations thereon. Where no technical or specific conditions are indicated in the embodiments, they should be carried out in accordance with the above description, or in accordance with the technical or specific conditions described in the literature in the art, or in accordance with the product instructions. Where the manufacturer of a reagent or instrument is not specified, it should be either a commonly available commercial product or one that can be synthesized by conventional methods using a commercially available product. [Examples]

[0251] In the following examples, room temperature refers to 20°C to 30°C, and may also be 25°C.

[0252] In each of the following examples, unless otherwise specified, the following raw materials are commercially available or can be obtained by using commercially available raw materials and performing simple chemical modifications. The intermediates and final products synthesized in each example, including the surfactant of this application, are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (FIR) spectroscopy. 1The structure can be identified by detection methods including, but not limited to, one or more of the following: ¹H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry. The sample preparation and measurement methods for these methods are well known to those skilled in the art, and the measurement parameters can be appropriately adjusted according to the specific structure and material properties of the compound. To those skilled in the art, given the structural formula of the target compound, it is possible to determine whether or not a compound with the target structure has been synthesized by combining it with the measurement results of the aforementioned methods. 1 Taking 1H NMR as an example, structural identification can be performed based on parameters such as peak position, peak shape, and integrated area ratio in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, and it is possible to confirm whether or not a specific group has disappeared or appeared.

[0253] In the following examples, unless otherwise specified, NBS is N-bromosuccinimide, DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide, and DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide.

[0254] Manufacturing example: Surfactant manufacturing 1 ¹H NMR measurements were performed using a Bruker AVANCE NEO nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard, a scanning power of 400 MHz, and deuterated dimethylformamide (deuterated DMF) as the solvent.

[0255] High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurement: Thermo Fisher Ultimate 3000 standard model; solvent is acetonitrile.

[0256] Mass spectrometry measurement: Shimadzu gas chromatograph / mass spectrometer GCMS-QP2010; solvent is acetone.

[0257] Lecithin was prepared using CAS:8002-43-5. In the following manufacturing examples 1-8, the origin of the lecithin raw material is the same.

[0258] Manufacturing Example 1: Production of hydrazine group-modified lecithin (Su1) [ka] Step 1: Synthesis of brominated lecithin A clean, dry round-bottom flask was taken, and 5.4 g of NBS, 0.03 mol of AuCl3, 60 mL of dichloroethane, 0.06 mol of lecithin (CAS: 8002-43-5), and a stirring bar were added. The mixture was reacted at 80°C for 11 hours, and the reaction process was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). If any starting material remained after 11 hours, the reaction time was appropriately extended. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was filtered to remove insoluble matter, and the mother liquor was concentrated by vacuum distillation. Brominated lecithin was obtained by column chromatography (mobile phase was petroleum ether / ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of 20:1).

[0259] Step 2: Synthesis of hydrazine-modified lecithin A clean, dry round-bottom flask was taken, and 0.07 mol of K2CO3, 0.07 mol of NaI, and 0.07 mol of hydrazine hydrate were added in sequence to 0.007 mol of brominated lecithin. Then 100 mL of DMF and a stirring bar were added, and the mixture was stirred to obtain a suspension. The mixture was heated to 80°C and reacted for 24 hours, and the solvent was removed by sequential filtration and concentration. The mixture was repeatedly extracted with saturated brine and dichloromethane, and after mixing the oil phase, it was concentrated and purified by column chromatography (mobile phase: ethyl acetate / n-hexane = 1:10, volume ratio) to obtain the product. The obtained product was vacuum-dried at room temperature for 16 hours to obtain hydrazine-modified lecithin, and after compound analysis and structural analysis, it was confirmed that the structural compound represented by Su1 was obtained, and it was labeled as compound Su1.

[0260] Manufacturing Example 2. Production of Mercapto-Modified Lecithin (Su2) [ka] The mercapto-modified lecithin is synthesized using essentially the same method as in Production Example 1, but the difference lies in step 2 below.

[0261] 0.05 mol of brominated lecithin and 0.052 mol of thiourea were dissolved in 50 mL of 95% ethanol, and the reaction mixture was refluxed and stirred for 3 hours. Then, 30 mL of 2.5 mol / L sodium hydroxide solution was added to the reaction mixture, and reflux was continued for 2 hours. The aqueous layer was separated and oxidized with dilute hydrochloric acid (pH 1). The acidic solution was then extracted twice with petroleum ether. The organic phases were combined and washed with saline solution. After drying the organic phases with sodium sulfate, the petroleum ether solvent was removed by distillation, and the product was separated by column chromatography. The obtained product was vacuum-dried at room temperature for 8 hours to obtain mercapto-modified lecithin, and after compound analysis and structural analysis, it was confirmed that the structural compound represented by Su2 was obtained, and it was written as compound Su2.

[0262] Here, 95% ethanol refers to a mixture of ethanol and water in a volume ratio of 95%:5%.

[0263] Manufacturing Example 3. Production of hydrazine group-modified sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Su3) [ka] Using essentially the same method as in Production Example 1, hydrazine-modified sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was synthesized, the only difference being that lecithin was replaced with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in Step 1. After compound measurement and structural analysis, it was confirmed that the structural compound shown as Su3 was obtained, and this compound was denoted as compound Su3.

[0264] Manufacturing Example 4. Production of Hydrazine Group Modified Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate (Su4) [ka] Hydrazine group-modified sodium lauroyl glutamate was synthesized using essentially the same method as in Production Example 1, the only difference being that lecithin was replaced with sodium lauroyl glutamate in Step 1. After compound measurement and structural analysis, it was confirmed that the structural compound shown as Su4 was obtained, and this compound was denoted as compound Su4.

[0265] Manufacturing Example 5. Production of Dimercapto Group Modified Lecithin (Su5) [ka] Dimercapto-modified lecithin was synthesized using essentially the same method as in Production Example 2, with the only difference being that the amount of NBS added in Step 1 was doubled (changed to 10.8 g), and at the same time, the amount of brominated lecithin used in Step 2 was halved, i.e., changed to 0.025 mol. After compound measurement and structural analysis, it was confirmed that the structural compound shown as Su5 was obtained, and it was named compound Su5.

[0266] Production Example 6. Production of hydrazine group and mercapto group modified lecithin (Su6) [ka] Hydrazine group and mercapto group modified lecithin was synthesized using essentially the same method as in Production Example 1, the only difference being that the following Step 3 was added to Step 2 of Production Example 1.

[0267] 0.05 mol of hydrazine-modified lecithin and 0.052 mol of thiourea were dissolved in 50 mL of 95% ethanol, and the reaction mixture was refluxed and stirred for 3 hours. Then, 30 mL of 2.5 mol / L sodium hydroxide solution was added to the reaction mixture, and reflux was continued for 2 hours. The aqueous layer was separated and oxidized with dilute hydrochloric acid (pH 1). The acidic solution was then extracted twice with petroleum ether. The organic phases were combined and washed with saline solution. After drying the organic phases with sodium sulfate, the petroleum ether solvent was removed by distillation, and the product was separated by column chromatography. The obtained product was vacuum-dried at room temperature for 8 hours to obtain hydrazine-modified and mercapto-modified lecithin. Compound analysis and structural analysis confirmed that the structural compound represented by Su6 was obtained, and it was named compound Su6.

[0268] Production Example 7. Production of hydrazine group and mercapto group modified lecithin (Su7) [ka] Step 1: Synthesis of brominated lecithin A clean, dry round-bottom flask was taken, and 5.4 g of NBS, 0.03 mol of AuCl3, 60 mL of dichloroethane, 0.06 mol of lecithin (CAS: 8002-43-5), and a stirring bar were added. The mixture was reacted at 80°C for 11 hours, and the reaction process was monitored by liquid chromatography. If any starting material remained after 11 hours, the reaction time was appropriately extended. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was filtered to remove insoluble matter, and the mother liquor was concentrated by vacuum distillation. Brominated lecithin was obtained by column chromatography (mobile phase: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate 20:1, volume ratio).

[0269] Step 2: Synthesis of hydrazine-modified lecithin A clean, dry round-bottom flask was taken, and 0.07 mol of K2CO3, 0.07 mol of NaI, and 0.07 mol of hydrazine hydrate were added in sequence to 0.007 mol of brominated lecithin (prepared in step 1). Then 100 mL of DMF and a stirring bar were added, and the mixture was stirred to obtain a suspension. The mixture was heated to 80°C and reacted for 24 hours, followed by filtration and concentration to remove the solvent. The mixture was repeatedly extracted with saturated brine and dichloromethane, the oil phase was mixed and concentrated, and the product was purified by column chromatography (mobile phase: ethyl acetate / n-hexane = 1:10, volume ratio) to obtain the product. The obtained product was vacuum-dried at room temperature for 16 hours to obtain hydrazine-modified lecithin IM7b.

[0270] Step 3: Synthesis of BMPO ligand: 5 mmol of 2,6-dimethylaniline was precisely weighed and dissolved in 10 mL of THF (tetrahydrofuran) solution. 10.5 mmol of triethylamine was added sequentially and stirred. 10 mmol of oxalyl chloride was slowly added under an ice bath. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then vacuum concentrated to remove residual solvent. Water was added to dissolve the mixture, and it was filtered to remove Et3N·HCl (triethylamine hydrochloride). The filtrate was washed with water and petroleum ether, vacuum dried, and the BMPO ligand was obtained.

[0271] Step 4: The mixture of product IM7b (4 mmol), LiBr (40 mmol), CF3CO2H (12 mmol), and Cu complex (8 mol% CuI, 8 mol% BMPO, 16 mol% CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide)) in CH3NO2 (10 mL) was placed in a reaction tube and heated at 60°C for 20 hours under an oxygen atmosphere. The mixture was filtered sequentially and concentrated to remove the solvent. Repeated extraction with saturated brine and dichloromethane, the oil phase was mixed and concentrated, and the product IM7c was obtained by column chromatography (mobile phase: ethyl acetate / n-hexane = 1:10, volume ratio).

[0272] Step 5: 5 mmol of the product IM7c from Step 3 and 0.052 mol of thiourea were dissolved in 50 mL of 95% ethanol, and the reaction mixture was refluxed and stirred for 3 hours. Then 30 mL of 2.5 mol / L sodium hydroxide solution was added to the reaction mixture and refluxed for 2 hours. The aqueous layer was separated and oxidized with dilute hydrochloric acid (pH 1). The acidic solution was then extracted twice with petroleum ether. The organic phases were combined and washed with saline solution. After drying the organic phases with sodium sulfate, the petroleum ether solvent was removed by distillation, and the product was separated by column chromatography. The obtained product was vacuum-dried at room temperature for 8 hours to obtain lecithin modified with hydrazine and mercapto groups. Compound analysis and structural analysis confirmed that the structural compound represented by Su7 was obtained, and it was named compound Su7.

[0273] CF3CO2H is trifluoroacetic acid.

[0274] Manufacturing Example 8. Production of hydrazine group-modified lecithin (Su8) [ka] Step 1: Preparation of 2-((((2S)-2-(((E)-9-bromooctadeca-12-enoyl)oxy)-2-(palmitoyloxy)ethoxy)(hydroxyl)phosphoryl)oxy))-N,N,N-trimethylethane-1-amine (Preparation of brominated lecithin) A clean, dry three-necked round-bottom flask was taken, a thermometer and condenser were inserted, 5 mmol of lecithin (CAS: 8002-43-5) was added, the mixture was cooled to -5°C, and 10 mmol of hydrobromic acid was added dropwise, controlling the temperature between 0 and 5°C during the addition process. After the addition was complete, the reaction was continued for 1 hour, and the mixture was distilled under reduced pressure to obtain brominated lecithin P8a. The mixture was concentrated, and the product was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate / n-hexane = 1:20, volume ratio) and vacuum-dried at 50°C for 12 hours. Structural measurements and analysis confirmed that the brominated compound P8a with the following structure had been synthesized.

[0275] [ka] Step 2: Synthesis of BMPO ligand: 5 mmol of 2,6-dimethylaniline was precisely weighed and dissolved in 10 mL of THF (tetrahydrofuran) solution. 10.5 mmol of triethylamine was added sequentially and stirred. 10 mmol of oxalyl chloride was slowly added under an ice bath. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then vacuum concentrated to remove the residual solvent. Water was added to dissolve the mixture, and it was filtered to remove Et3N·HCl (triethylamine hydrochloride). The filtrate was washed with water and petroleum ether, and vacuum dried to obtain the BMPO ligand.

[0276] Step 3: Take a clean, dry round-bottom flask and sequentially add 0.6 mmol of brominated compound P8a, 8 mol% CuI, 8 mol% BMPO, and 16 mol% CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), dissolving them in 0.6 mL of water. First, add 0.12 mmol of K3PO4, stir with a stirring bar at 80°C for 15 minutes, then add the remaining 0.6 mmol of K3PO4 and 0.6 mmol of hydrazine hydrate. Introduce nitrogen gas into the mixture for 10-15 minutes, heat the oil bath to 80°C, seal and allow to react for 8 hours, cool to room temperature, dilute with dichloromethane, filter, extract with saturated brine, separate the organic layer, acidify to pH 34 with 37% hydrochloric acid, filter the precipitate, wash with dichloromethane, mix the oil phase, concentrate, purify by column chromatography (ethyl acetate / n-hexane = 1:10) to obtain the product, and vacuum dry the obtained product at room temperature for 16 hours. Through compound measurement and structural analysis, it was confirmed that the structural compound shown in Su8 was obtained.

[0277] Example 1. Manufacturing of a perovskite battery An inverted perovskite cell was used as a non-limiting example. A configuration that allows for shallow grooves, as shown in Figure 1, was adopted. For the shallow groove regions P1, P2, and P3, the width of P1 was approximately 30 μm, the width of P2 was 150 μm, and it was etched deeply to the FTO layer, with a distance of 20 μm between P2 and P1, the width of P3 was 15 μm, and it was etched deeply to the FTO layer, with a distance of 20 μm between P3 and P2.

[0278] 1.1. Take a set of FTO conductive glass (to be the first electrode) measuring 10 cm x 10 cm, etch it to form a P1 shallow groove region, wash it with a cleaning agent, then sonicate it with deionized water, ethanol, and acetone for 10 minutes, and after the sonication is complete, dry it with N2 to prepare it for use.

[0279] 1.2. One sheet of FTO conductive glass manufactured in step 1.1 above was taken, and a 10 nm thick nickel oxide layer (with the hole transport layer designated as the first transport layer) was fabricated using the magnetron sputtering method.

[0280] 1.3. Fabrication of Perovskite Layers Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: A solution of perovskite-type metal halide FAPbI3 (1 mol / L) was prepared using a mixed solvent of DMF and DMSO in a volume ratio of 4:1. Based on the mol% of the surfactant relative to Pb, the surfactant was added according to the type and amount shown in Table 1 to obtain the perovskite precursor solution.

[0281] Using the prepared perovskite precursor solution, a single perovskite wet film was coated onto the nickel oxide layer by a coating method. The sheet was then transferred to a vacuum apparatus and vacuumed for 60 seconds to a vacuum level of 15 Pa. After vacuuming was complete, the sheet was placed on a hot plate at 120°C and annealed for 40 minutes to form a 500 nm thick perovskite layer. The perovskite layer was fabricated and etched to form a P2 shallow groove region.

[0282] 1.4. Preparation of the C60 / BCP electron transport layer (second transport layer) and second electrode The fabricated perovskite sheet was placed in a deposition apparatus, and 25nm C60, 5nm thick BCP (basocuproine), and 100nm Cu were deposited in sequence to form a Cu electrode. After that, the sheet was etched to form a P3 shallow groove region, and a perovskite device was obtained.

[0283] Examples 2-8 employ essentially the same method as Example 1, differing only in the type and / or amount of surfactant used. Please refer to Table 1.

[0284] Comparative Example 1 employed essentially the same method as Example 1, but differed in that lecithin was used as a surfactant.

[0285] Comparative Example 2 employed essentially the same method as Example 3, differing in that sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was used as the surfactant.

[0286] Comparative Example 3 employed essentially the same method as Example 4, differing in that it used sodium lauroyl glutamate as the surfactant.

[0287] Comparative Example 4 employed essentially the same method as Comparative Example 1, but differed in that it further added an equimolar amount of hydrazine hydrate to lecithin.

[0288] Comparative Example 5 employed essentially the same method as Comparative Example 1, but differed in that it also added an equimolar amount of thioglycolic acid to lecithin.

[0289] Comparative Example 6 employed essentially the same method as Example 1, but differed in that it did not include the addition of a surfactant and used a DMF / DMSO solution of FAPbI3 as a precursor solution to produce a perovskite thin film.

[0290] [Table 1]

[0291] Test method 1. Morphology of perovskite thin films Testing method: Thickness testing using a step gauge (Bruker DektakXT, resolution 10 nm) and scanning electron microscope (Zeiss Sigma300; resolution 1 nm).

[0292] The step gauge test can determine whether the film thickness is uniform, and the scanning electron microscope can observe whether the grain size is uniform. A thickness deviation of <5% was considered to indicate good uniformity, and a grain size of ±50 nm was considered to indicate uniformity.

[0293] 2. Energy conversion efficiency and battery stability Standard simulated sunlight (AM 1.5G, 100 mW / cm 2 The energy conversion efficiency of the battery was tested under irradiation conditions, and the initial test efficiency and the efficiency after 800 hours under dark conditions and RH < 2% conditions were measured. Battery stability was recorded based on the percentage of the efficiency value after 800 hours relative to the initial efficiency. See Table 2 for test results.

[0294] Test results As can be seen from the test results, when a perovskite precursor solution was prepared using the surfactant according to the present invention, and perovskite thin films and perovskite batteries were manufactured (see Examples 1 to 8), the perovskite batteries obtained in Examples 1 to 8 showed significantly improved energy conversion efficiency and battery stability compared to Comparative Examples 1 to 6. Furthermore, perovskite thin films with good uniformity were obtained in all cases, and the crystal grain size was uniform. This is because the surfactant according to the present invention significantly improved the uniformity of the perovskite thin films. Here, Comparative Example 6 did not contain any surfactant, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 used a general surfactant, and Comparative Examples 4 to 5 used a combination of a general surfactant and a functionalized small molecule having a lone pair of electrons.

[0295] [Table 2]

[0296] Each of the technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way, and for the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of each of the technical features in the above embodiments will be described. However, as long as these combinations of technical features are inconsistent, they should all be considered to fall within the scope described herein.

[0297] Furthermore, this application is not limited to the embodiments described above. The embodiments described above are merely illustrative, and any embodiment that has a substantially identical configuration to the technical idea and exhibits similar effects within the scope of the technical solution of this application is included in the technical scope of this application. The above examples merely illustrate some embodiments of this application, and although the descriptions are detailed, they should not be understood as limiting the scope of the claims. In addition, various modifications that a person skilled in the art could conceive of the embodiments, as long as they do not depart from the spirit of this application, and other forms constructed by combining some of the components of the embodiments are also included in the scope of this application. It should be noted that a person skilled in the art can make several further changes and improvements, provided that they do not depart from the concept of this application, and all of these should also be considered within the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be based on the attached claims, and the specification and drawings can be used to interpret the content of the claims. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0298] 100 Perovskite Batteries 110 Substrate layer 120 1st electrode 130 1st transport layer 140 Perovskite layer 150 2nd transport layer 160 2nd electrode P1 1st shallow groove area P2 2nd shallow groove area P3 3rd shallow trench area 20 Power consumption equipment

Claims

1. A perovskite precursor solution comprising a perovskite precursor material, a solvent, and a surfactant, wherein the structure of the surfactant comprises a hydrophilic group, a hydrophobic group, and a first functional group, the first functional group being a Lewis base containing a lone pair of electrons, and the lone pair of electrons being present on at least one of the N atom and the S atom, and the first functional group, the hydrophilic group, and the hydrophobic group being different from each other.

2. The first functional group is -NR １１ -NR １２ R １３ and -SH, including one or more of the above, R １１ and R １２ Each is independently either H or a hydrocarbon group, and R １３ is a hydrocarbon group substituted with H, a hydrocarbon group, or a monovalent hydrophilic group. Optionally, R １１ and R １２ are each independently H or an alkyl group, and further optionally, R １１ and R １２ are each independently H or a C １－６ alkyl group, and further optionally, R １１ and R １２ are each independently H or a C １－３ alkyl group, and further optionally, R １１ and R １２ are each independently H or a methyl group, and further optionally, R １１ and R １２ are both H, Selectively, R １３ is H, an alkyl group, or an alkyl group substituted with a monovalent hydrophilic group, and more selectively, the alkyl group in the alkyl group or the alkyl group substituted with a monovalent hydrophilic group is independently C １－２０ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－１８ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－１５ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－１２ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－１０ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－８ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－６ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－４ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－３ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively a methyl group, Selectively, R １３ is H or a hydrocarbon group, more selectively H or an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－２０ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－１８ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－１５ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－１２ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－１０ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－８ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－６ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－４ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively H or C １－３ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively a H or a methyl group, Selectively, as examples of the monovalent hydrophilic group, there are carboxyl groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfonic acid salts, sulfate groups, sulfate salts, phosphate groups, phosphate salts, hydrogen phosphate groups, hydrogen phosphate salts, primary amino groups, primary amino salts, secondary amino groups, secondary amino salts, quaternary ammonium salts, and -CONH ２ One or more of the and hydroxyl groups may be mentioned, but are not limited to these. Selectively, R １１ , R １２ and R １３ Both are H, and further selectively, the first functional group is -NH-NH ２ A perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, selected from one or two of -SH.

3. The hydrophilic groups include carboxyl groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfonic acid salts, sulfate groups, sulfate salts, phosphate groups, phosphate salts, hydrogen phosphate groups, hydrogen phosphate salts, primary amino groups, primary amino salts, secondary amino groups, secondary amino salts, divalent tertiary amino groups, quaternary ammonium salts, and -CONH ２ , comprising one or more of a hydroxyl group, an ether group, an ester group, -CONH- and a divalent phosphate ester group, Selectively, the sulfonic acid salt, sulfate salt, phosphate salt, and hydrogen phosphate salt are alkali metal salts of the corresponding acids. Selectively, the primary amino acid salt and the secondary amino acid salt are salts formed with the corresponding amine and acid, and selectively, the acid is an organic acid or an inorganic acid, the organic acid comprises one or more of carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids and sulfonic acids, the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrohalic acids, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, and selectively, the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid, The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic group selectively comprises at least one of quaternary ammonium type ions and alkali metal ions.

4. The hydrophilic group is *-COOH, *-S(=O) ２ OH, *-S(=O) ２ OM, *-O-S(=O) ２ OH, *-O-S(=O) ２ OM, *-O-(O=)P(OH) ２ , 【Chemistry 1】 *-NH ２ 、*-NH ２ ・n ２ A ｃｄ 、*-NHR ０ 、*-NHR ０ ・n １ A ｃｄ 、 【Chemistry 2】 *-CONH ２ , *-OH and hydrophilic linker L ０ The hydrophilic linker L includes one or more of the above. ０ are *-CONH-*, *-NHCO-*, *-C(=O)O-*, *-OC(=O)-*, *-O-(O=)P(OM ０１ ) -O-*, *-NH-*, and *-O-* include one or more of these, In the formula, any "*" represents a bonding site to a carbon atom. Any M is independently an alkali metal ion. Any M １ and any M ２ These are, independently, alkali metal ions. Any R １０ These are independently hydrocarbon groups, Any A ｃｄ It is an independent acid molecule, n ２ is 1 or 2, n １ is 1, Any R ０ These are independently hydrocarbon groups or substituted hydrocarbon groups, and the substituted hydrocarbon group is substituted with one or more hydrophilic groups. R ０１ R is an alkyl group, ０２ R is a hydrocarbon group, ０３ is an alkyl group, M ０１ The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein the element is absent or is H or an alkali metal ion.

5. The surfactant is Any M can independently be lithium, sodium, or potassium. Any M １ and any M ２ These are, independently, lithium, sodium, or potassium, Any R １０ C is independent １－１０ It is an alkyl group, and selectively C １－８ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－６ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－４ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively C １－３ Being an alkyl group, Any A ｃｄ This is independently a single organic acid or inorganic acid molecule, wherein the organic acid comprises one or more of carboxylic acids, phosphoric acid, and sulfonic acid, and the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrohalic acid and sulfuric acid, and selectively, the inorganic acid comprises one or more of hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfuric acid. Any R ０ is independently an alkyl group, and selectively any R ０ C is independent １－３ It is an alkyl group, and more selectively, R ０ It is a methyl group, R ０１ is C １－３ It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R ０１ It is a methyl group, R ０２ is a C １－８ alkylene group substituted with an alkyl group or a benzene ring, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or a phenyl group substituted with 1 to 4 C １－３ alkyl groups, and optionally, R １－３ is a methyl group or a benzyl group, and ０２ ​ R ０３ is C １－３ It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R ０３ It is a methyl group, M ０１ does not exist or is H, lithium, sodium or potassium, and The hydrophilic linker L ０ The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 4, wherein at least one side of the is linked to the monovalent hydrophilic group, and any one or any more of the features of the above.

6. The hydrophobic group is C ８－２０ Containing a carbon chain, Selectively, C ８－２０ Carbon chains have a linear or branched structure. Selectively, C ８－２０ The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 6 to 20, and further selectively, the C ８－２０ The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 8 to 20, and further selectively, the C ８－２０ The main chain atomic length of the carbon chain is 8 to 18, and further selectively, the C ８－２０ A carbon chain is a chain with a main chain atomic length of 10 to 18 C １０－２０ It is a carbon chain, Selectively, C ８－２０ The carbon chain can be either saturated or unsaturated. Selectively, C ８－２０ A carbon chain is either an aromatic chain or an aliphatic chain. Selectively, the molecular structure of the surfactant is one or more C ８－２０ A perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, comprising a carbon chain.

7. The aforementioned hydrophobic group is an arylene group Ar ０ and further comprising one or more aralkyl groups ArA, Selectively, the arylene group Ar ０ is C ６－１８ It is an arylene group, and more selectively the arylene group Ar ０ is a phenylene group or one or more C groups １－３ A phenylene group substituted with an alkyl group, Selectively, the aralkyl group ArA is one or more aryl groups Ar １ C replaced by １－１８ It is an alkyl group, and any of the aforementioned aryl groups Ar １ These are independently phenyl groups or one or more C groups. １－４ A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, and more selectively, any aryl group Ar １ These are independently phenyl groups or one or more C groups. １－３ A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, and more selectively, any aryl group Ar １ The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 6, wherein is independently a phenyl group or a benzyl group, and more selectively, the aralkyl group ArA is a benzyl group.

8. In one molecule of the surfactant, the number of hydrophilic groups, hydrophobic groups, and first functional groups is one or more, independently of each other. Selectively, in one molecule of the surfactant, the number of the first functional groups is 1 or 2 to 5. The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein selectively, the number of hydrophilic groups in one molecule of the surfactant is 1 or 2 to 5.

9. The mol% of the first functional group relative to the divalent metal ion in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001 mol% to 5 mol%, The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein selectively, the mol% of the first functional group relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.1 mol% to 2.5 mol%.

10. The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein the first functional group and the hydrophilic group are each independently bonded to the carbon atom of the hydrophobic group.

11. The surfactant is 【Transformation 3】 In equation (I-1), q1 and q2 are each independently 0 or a positive integer, and q1 + q2 ≥ 1, L ２１ and L ２２ These are polyvalent hydrocarbon groups, each independently having a main chain atomic length of 8 to 20 atoms, and Z ０１ and Z ０２ Each of these is independently a covalent bond, a carbonyl group, or -NHC(=O)-*, where * is U ０３ It refers to U ０３ It is a trivalent hydrocarbon group, M ０１ It is either absent or H or alkali metal ions, L １０ is C １－６ It is an alkylene group, R ０１ R is an alkyl group, ０２ F is a hydrocarbon group, and in one molecule, ０１ and F ０２ A compound in which at least one of the groups is the first functional group and the other is independently H or the first functional group, 【Chemistry 4】 In equation (I-2), M ０２ This is a compound that is an alkali metal ion, 【Transformation 5】 In equation (I-3), Z １ is a covalent bond or linker Z １０ Z １０ is one selected from the group consisting of -CO-NH, -NH-CO-, -C(=O)-O-, -O-C(=O)-, -NH-C(=O)-O-, -O-C(=O)-NH-, and -O-, U Ｎ is a base of j+1 values, j is a positive integer, and any Q ０１ These are independently -OH or -COOM ０３ And M ０３ The compound is H or an alkali metal ion, 【Transformation 6】 In equation (I-4), R ０１ R is an alkyl group, ０２ The compound is a hydrocarbon group, Includes one or more of the following: In equations (I-2), (I-3), and (I-4), F ０３ Each of these is independently the first functional group, In equations (I-2), (I-3), and (I-4), q3 is an integer ≥ 1 independently of L ２３ The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein each of the groups is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group having a main chain atomic length of 8 to 20 independently.

12. The surfactant is In equation (I-1), L ２１ and L ２２ Each is independently linear or branched, and selectively, L ２１ and L ２２ Each is an independently linear C ８－２０ Divalent hydrocarbon group or branched C ８－２０ It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L ２１ and L ２２ Each is an independently linear C ８－２０ It is a divalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L ２１ and L ２２ Each is an independently linear C ８－２０ Alkylene group or linear carbon ８－２０ It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L ２１ and L ２２ Each is an independently linear C １０－１８ Alkylene group or linear carbon １０－１８ It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L ２１ and L ２２ Each is an independently linear C １２－１８ Alkylene group or linear carbon １２－１８ It is an alkenylene group, In equation (I-1), U ０３ is a trivalent alkyl group or 【Transformation 7】 And R ２１ , R ２２ and R ２３ Each is an alkylene group independently, and selectively, U ０３ is trivalent C ２－１０ Alkyl or trivalent C ３－１０ It is a tertiary amino group, and more selectively, U ０３ ha-CH ２－ CR ０４ (-)-CH ２ -,>CH-L ０４ -, or N(-CH) ２ CH ２ -) ３ And R ０４ is H or C １－４ It is an alkyl group (R ０４ (and is further selectively H, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and is even more selectively H), L ０４ is C １－６ It is an alkylene group (L ０４ Further selectively C １－４ It is an alkylene group, and more selectively C １－４ It is an alkylene group, and more selectively a methylene group, a 1,2-ethylene group, a 1,3-propylene group, or a 1,4-butylene group), and selectively R ２１ , R ２２ and R ２３ Each is independently C １－４ It is an alkylene group, and more selectively, R ２１ , R ２２ and R ２３ Each is independently C １－３ It is an alkylene group, and more selectively, R ２１ , R ２２ and R ２３ Each is independently a methylene group or an ethylene group, and further selectively, R ２１ , R ２２ and R ２３ Both are ethylene groups, In equation (I-1), M ０１ It is either not present or is H, lithium ion, sodium ion, or potassium ion. In equation (I-1), L １０ is C １－４ It is an alkylene group, which is selectively an ethylene group or a propylene group, and is even more selectively an ethylene group. In equation (I-1), R ０１ is C １－３ It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R ０１ It is a methyl group, In equation (I-1), R ０２ is C １－８ C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring １－３ It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. １－３ A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R ０２ It is a methyl group or a benzyl group, In equation (I-2), M ０２ It is H, lithium ions, sodium ions, or potassium ions, In equation (I-3), U Ｎ There are 0, 1 or more hydrophilic linkers L ０１ It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group containing U Ｎ There are 0, 1 or more hydrophilic linkers L ０１ A polyvalent saturated hydrocarbon group containing any of the hydrophilic linker L ０１ These are independently *-CONH-*, *-NHCO-*, *-C(=O)O-*, *-O-C(=O)-*, and *-O-(O=)P(OM ０１ )-O-* or *-O-*, where * indicates a bonding site to a carbon atom, M ０１ It does not exist or is H, lithium ion, sodium ion or potassium ion, or U Ｎ is a trivalent alkyl group or a tetravalent alkyl group, and selectively, U Ｎ The number of carbon atoms is 3 to 10, more selectively 3 to 6, more selectively 3, 4 or 5, and more selectively U Ｎ ha-CH ２－ CR ０５ (-)-CH ２ - and R ０５ is H, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and more selectively, R ０５ is H, or U Ｎ It is a trivalent tertiary amino group, and selectively trivalent C ３－１０ It is a tertiary amino group, and further selectively N(-CH) ２ CH ２ -) ３ That is, In equation (I-3), U Ｎ The number of non-hydrogen atoms is 2 to 40, selectively 2 to 30, further selectively 2 to 25, further selectively 2 to 20, further selectively 2 to 18, further selectively 2 to 15, further selectively 2 to 12, further selectively 2 to 10, further selectively 2 to 8, further selectively 2 to 6, and further selectively 2, 3, 4, or 5. In equation (I-3), j is selected from integers 1 to 5, selectively selected from integers 1 to 4, and further selectively 1, 2, or 3. In equation (I-4), R ０１ is C １－３ It is an alkyl group, and selectively, R ０１ It is a methyl group, In equation (I-4), R ０２ is C １－８ C substituted with an alkyl group or benzene ring １－３ It is an alkylene group, and the benzene ring is a phenyl group or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. １－３ A phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group, selectively R ０２ It is a methyl group or a benzyl group, In equations (I-2), (I-3), and (I-4), L ２３ Each is independently linear or branched, and selectively, L ２３ Each is an independently linear C ８－２０ Divalent hydrocarbon group or branched C ８－２０ It is a polyvalent hydrocarbon group, and more selectively, L ２３ Each is an independently linear C ８－２０ Alkylene group or linear carbon ８－２０ It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L ２３ Each is an independently linear C １０－１８ Alkylene group or linear carbon １０－１８ It is an alkenylene group, and more selectively, L ２３ Each is an independently linear C １２－１８ Alkylene group or linear carbon １２－１８ A perovskite precursor solution according to claim 11, which satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: being an alkenylene group.

13. The surfactant is a compound 【Chemistry 8-1】 【Chemistry 8-2】 Includes one or more of the following, M ０１ The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein the element is absent or is H or an alkali metal ion.

14. The mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001 mol% to 5 mol%. Selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.001% to 2.5%. More selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.01% to 1%. The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein, more selectively, the mol% of the surfactant relative to the divalent metal ions in the perovskite precursor material is 0.01% to 0.5%.

15. The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises a first solvent and a second solvent, and the boiling point of the first solvent is lower than the boiling point of the second solvent.

16. The first solvent comprises one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, 2-methoxyethanol, and acetonitrile. The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 15, wherein the second solvent comprises one or more of N-methylpyrrolidone, diphenyl sulfoxide, and dimethylpropylene urea.

17. The volume ratio of the first solvent to the second solvent is 3 to 10. The perovskite precursor solution according to claim 15, wherein selectively, the volume ratio of the first solvent to the second solvent is 3 to 5.

18. A perovskite thin film manufactured by coating and annealing using the perovskite precursor solution described in claim 1, or comprising at least a non-solvent component in the perovskite precursor solution described in claim 1.

19. The perovskite thin film has an area of ​​≥ 1 cm². ２ And, Selectively, the perovskite thin film has an area of ​​≥ 4 cm². ２ The perovskite thin film according to claim 18.

20. A perovskite battery comprising a perovskite thin film according to claim 18.

21. A power consumption device including a perovskite battery as described in claim 20.

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