Gasification reactor and gasification method

Abstract

A large-scale fluidized-bed biogasifier is provided for gasifying biosolids. The biogasifier includes a reactor vessel with a pipe distributor and at least two fuel feed inlets for feeding biosolids into the reactor vessel at a desired fuel feed rate of greater than 40 tons per day and averaging approximately 100 tons per day during steady-state operation of the biogasifier. The fluidized bed in the base of the reactor vessel has a cross-sectional area at least proportional to the desired fuel feed rate, such that the superficial gas velocity is in the range of 0.1 m / s (0.33 ft / s) to 3 m / s (9.84 ft / s). During operation, the biosolids are heated to a temperature range of 900°F (482.2°C) to 1600°F (871.1°C).

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This application is a pending continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 16 / 445,118, filed June 18, 2019, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 15 / 725,637, filed October 5, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 14 / 967,973, filed December 14, 2015, now U.S. Patent No. 9,809,769, issued November 7, 2017, which is a divisional application of U.S. Application No. 13 / 361,582, filed January 30, 2012, now U.S. Patent No. 9,242,219, issued January 26, 2016.

[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of sewage sludge treatment, and in particular to a fluidized bed biogasification system and method for use in the treatment of biosolids from sewage sludge. [Background technology]

[0003] No. 7,793,601 to Davison et al., entitled "Side Feed / Centre Ash Dump System," describes a gasifier for gasifying solid fuels including solid organic material. The gasifier includes a primary oxidation chamber having an inner surface lined with a refractory material. An inlet opening is provided on one of the sides for feeding solid fuel into the primary oxidation chamber. A storage vessel stores the solid fuel, and a transfer means connects the storage vessel with the inlet opening and transfers the solid fuel from the storage vessel through the inlet opening into the primary oxidation chamber in an upwardly sloping direction to form an upwardly mounted bed of solid fuel including organic material at the bottom of the primary oxidation chamber. The transfer means includes a hydraulic ram feeder and a compression tube, the hydraulic ram feeder propelling the fuel from the storage vessel into the compression tube, thereby compressing the fuel. Means are provided for feeding an oxidizer into the primary oxidation chamber to gasify the solid organic material and produce a gaseous effluent, thereby leaving a residue of solid fuel. Means are provided for removing gaseous effluent from the primary oxidation chamber. An opening in the bottom of the primary oxidation chamber has mounted therebelow means for removing residue, including a walking-floor feeder.

[0004] U.S. Patent No. 7,322,301 to Childs describes a method for processing wet sewage sludge or other feedstock containing carbonaceous material composed primarily of wet organic material in a gasifier to produce useful products. The sludge or feedstock is first dewatered using thermal energy at a location separate from the gasifier. The feedstock is processed with a small amount of oxygen or air present at temperatures necessary to break down the feedstock and produce producer gas and char in the gasifier. Some fuel generated during the feedstock processing step is fed back to a separate location and burned to provide the thermal energy required in the feedstock dewatering step, thereby minimizing or eliminating the need for external energy to dry the wet feedstock.

[0005] U.S. Patent No. 6,120,567 to Cordell et al. describes a method for gasifying solid organic material to produce a gaseous effluent and a solid residue. A primary oxidation chamber is provided having confluent top and bottom portions. The solid organic material is introduced into the primary oxidation chamber upwardly from the bottom portion of the primary oxidation chamber to provide a mass of solid organic material within the primary oxidation chamber. The mass of solid organic material is heated within the primary oxidation chamber. An oxidizing agent is added to the primary oxidation chamber to gasify the heated mass of solid organic material within the primary oxidation chamber and a flow of gaseous effluent is initiated within the primary oxidation chamber. A gaseous effluent flow path is established within the primary oxidation chamber whereby a portion of the gaseous effluent repeatedly flows in a recirculating upward and downward direction through the heated solid organic material to enhance the continued oxidation of the solid organic material. An additional portion of the gaseous effluent flow is directed in an outward direction from the primary oxidation chamber. The solid residue is then transported from the primary oxidation chamber. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Small and large scale fluidized bed biogasifiers are provided for gasifying biosolids, the large scale biogasifier including a reactor vessel with a pipe distributor and at least two fuel feed inlets for feeding biosolids into the reactor vessel at a desired fuel feed rate of greater than 40 tons per day and an average fuel feed rate of about 100 tons per day during steady state operation of the biogasifier. The fluidized bed in the base of the reactor vessel has a cross-sectional area at least proportional to the fuel feed rate such that the superficial velocity of the gas is in the range of 0.1 m / s (0.33 ft / s) to 3 m / s (9.84 ft / s). During operation, biosolids are fed into the fluidized bed reactor and an oxidant gas is applied to the fluidized bed reactor to generate a superficial velocity of producer gas in the range of 0.1 m / s (0.33 ft / s) to 3 m / s (9.84 ft / s). Inside the fluidized bed reactor, the biosolids are heated to a temperature range of 900°F (482.2°C) to 1600°F (871.1°C) in an oxygen-deficient environment with non-stoichiometric oxygen levels, thereby gasifying the biosolids. In an embodiment, the reactor inner diameter is configured to ensure that the fluidized bed can be adequately fluidized for the desired fuel feed rate at different operating temperatures and the flow rate of the fluidizing gas mixture, and also prevent slugging of the fluidization as the media is pushed up from the freeboard section. Other factors can be used in the design and sizing of the biogasifier, including the inner diameter of the bed section, the inner diameter of the freeboard section, the height of the freeboard section, the bed depth, and the height of the bed section to reach the target fuel feed rate.

[0007] In an embodiment, a method for gasifying biosolids is provided. Biosolids are fed into a fluidized bed reactor. A fluidizing gas consisting of air, flue gas, pure oxygen or steam, or a combination thereof, is introduced into the fluidized bed reactor to produce a velocity range inside the freeboard section of the gasifier ranging from 0.1 m / sec (0.33 ft / sec) to 3 m / sec (9.84 ft / sec). The biosolids are heated inside the fluidized bed reactor to a temperature range of 900°F (482.2°C) to 1700°F (926.7°C) in an oxygen-deficient environment having non-stoichiometric levels of oxygen, e.g., oxygen levels typically less than 45% of stoichiometric. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0008] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more particular description of the preferred embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the various views, which are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.

[0009] [Figure 1A-1B] FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of the overall treatment process flow for biosolids. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a schematic side view illustrating a fluidized bed biogasifier, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a tuyere-type gas distributor of a biogasifier according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4A-4B] FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a portion of a gasification process according to the present invention in one embodiment. [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 is a schematic side view showing a non-limiting example of the internal dimensions of a biogasifier according to the present invention in one embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a schematic side view showing a larger scaled up and further non-limiting example of the internal dimensions of a biogasifier according to the present invention in one embodiment. [Figure 7]FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of a larger scaled up fluidized bed gasifier according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8A] FIG. 2 is a cutaway perspective view showing a pipe gas distributor of a biogasifier according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8B] FIG. 2 is a side elevation view showing a pipe gas distributor of a biogasifier according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8C] FIG. 2 is a bottom view showing a pipe gas distributor of a biogasifier according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

[0011] With reference to FIG. 1A, the overall process for the treatment of biosolids is shown. The process begins with a dewatering unit 1 to remove the water content from the wet sewage sludge. Dewatering can be accomplished in the dewatering unit 1 utilizing integrated technologies including, for example, a belt filter press, a plate and frame press, and / or a centrifuge. Specific volumes and blends of polymers are used depending on the particular application to help flocculate the material and obtain the most efficient dewatering rate prior to the next step in the overall process.

[0012] The material can then be fed into Bin 1 and Bin 2, which can be sized so that properly staged volumes of dewatered cake are maintained in the pipeline to ensure a continuous process in the dryer. The bins can be controlled through load cells or level sensors, and the moisture content of the biosolids can be constantly measured midway through the Predry I dryer run to ensure optimal control and performance output.

[0013] The pre-dryer unit 3 then takes the condensate and steam from the biosolids dryer, typically at 215°F to 240°F, and uses it to pre-heat the biosolids before they enter the dryer. This pre-dryer supply loop 6 minimizes the amount of energy required by the dryer thereafter and the demand on the thermal fluid loop from the biogasifier.

[0014] The biosolids are then fed into the biosolids dryer 4, which may consist of a continuous feed screw type biosolids dryer. The biosolids dryer may utilize the thermal energy generated from a coupled gasification combustion system as the primary energy source for use in the drying process. The flue gases may then pass through a heat exchanger. The energy from the heated flue gases may be transferred through a gas-liquid heat exchanger into a thermal heating fluid. This heating fluid may be "indirectly" recirculated through the dryer chamber, transferring energy to the biosolids, thereby drying the product. The temperature of the flue gases into the heat exchanger may be controlled through the use of induced draft and dilution fans to maintain a consistent heat source for the drying system.

[0015] The Odor Control Area 5 utilizes numerous types of odor control technologies to extract any contaminants that may be floating outside of the process and potentially harmful.

[0016] A dry biosolids storage 7 can be provided between the biosolids dryer 4 and the biogasifier feed system 8. The dry biosolids storage 7 can be sized to ensure that adequately graduated volumes of fuel can be maintained, thereby ensuring a continuous process in the biogasifier. The storage 7 can be controlled through load cells or level sensors to ensure optimal control and performance output.

[0017] The biogasifier feeding system 8 can be configured to meter the delivery of biosolids fuel to the biogasifier. In one embodiment, the feeding system 8 includes two metering screws and a high-velocity injection screw in the biogasifier hearth for this purpose.

[0018] The biogasifier feed system 8 feeds the biogasifier unit 9. In one embodiment, the biogasifier unit 9 is of the bubbling fluidized bed type with a custom fluidized gas delivery system and numerous instrument controls. The biogasifier unit 9 offers the ability to operate continuously, exhaust ash, and recycle flue gas for optimal operation. The biogasifier 9 can be designed to provide optimal control of temperature, reaction rate, and conversion of biosolids fuel to producer gas.

[0019] The control mechanism for temperature in the biogasifier can be based on the ability of the system to adjust the oxygen content relative to the fuel feed rate, and therefore the reaction temperature. In one embodiment, the biogasifier operates within a temperature range of 900-1700°F during steady state operation. In another embodiment, the biogasifier operates within a temperature range of 1150-1600°F during steady state operation, this range being highly preferred since it has been found that below 1150°F there are limited reactions that occur, and above 1600°F there are very significant agglomeration problems with the biosolids. Oxygen is a reactant that facilitates the chemical reactions necessary to sustain the gasification process.

[0020] The cyclone separator 10 can be provided to separate materials discharged from a fluidized bed reactor to produce clean producer gas and ash for disposal. In one embodiment, the cyclone separator 10 is efficient to ensure greater than 95% particulate removal and gas purification.

[0021] The ash discharge 11 from both the biogasifier 9 and the cyclone separator 10 is safe for transport. Such ash discharge may be disposed of or may provide value in commercial applications such as phosphorus recovery and use.

[0022] A staged combustion thermal oxidizer 12 can be provided for thermal oxidation of the clean producer gas from the cyclone separator 10. This process can be used to generate heat that can be used as energy in the system, for example to partially or fully operate the biosolids dryer 4. The thermal oxidizer is a refractory-lined steel unit with ports for the introduction of air, which promotes homogeneous mixing of the producer gas with air and allows the resulting mass to be combusted. The producer gas is delivered from the biogasifier 9 to the thermal oxidizer 12, where it reacts in a multi-stage process under negative pressure. At each stage, the temperature and oxygen content are tightly controlled, resulting in the conversion of the producer gas to a very clean, low NOx, high-grade flue gas stream that can be recovered and used to generate heat as an energy input back into the system, as described above, or output from the system for other commercial uses.

[0023] Emissions control 13 is provided to control emissions from the staged combustion thermal oxidizer 12. Emissions control 13 may include injection / atomization points where emission control chemicals are inserted after the combustion stage to reduce NOx levels in the exiting air stream. The emission control chemicals may be either one or a combination of aqueous ammonia and urea.

[0024] The bypass stack 14 can be utilized to release hot flue gases and / or thermal energy in the event of an emergency within the system, as controlled via a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SC ADA) system.

[0025] Depending on the end use of the energy, the medium through which the thermal energy is transported can be hot oil, hot air, hot water, steam, etc. This process is accomplished through the use of highly efficient heat exchangers that transfer the thermal energy from the hot flue gas to another medium. This converted medium can be used to provide energy to a selected recovery system. Energy recovery following the gasification combustion process utilizes the energy in the biosolids, reducing or eliminating the need to use fossil fuels to dry the biosolids. This makes the disclosed gasification system an energy efficient and environmentally friendly solution to biosolids management.

[0026] The first heat exchanger 15 receives the heated flue gas from the staged combustion thermal oxidizer 12. The first heat exchanger 15 can be a gas-to-liquid type heat exchanger. Energy from the heated flue gas can be transferred through the first heat exchanger 15 to a thermal heating fluid. This thermal fluid can be recirculated through the dryer chamber to indirectly transfer thermal energy to the biosolids, thereby drying the product. The thermal fluid loop 16 from the first heat exchanger 15 to the biosolids dryer 4 allows the energy recovery system to utilize the heated flue gas from the thermal oxidizer as its primary energy source.

[0027] The second heat exchanger 17 utilizes an additional energy recovery stream (typically discarded) and returns energy to the process for optimal performance efficiency. The second heat exchanger 17 in this embodiment is dedicated to the recycled flue gas loop 18. The oxygen source for the disclosed gasification system can be designed to come from air or flue gas, or a mixture thereof. In an embodiment, the disclosed system is configured such that oxygen can be introduced via recycled flue gas, which has an oxygen content of about 50% of ambient air. Having both ambient air and flue gas available as oxygen sources provides a level of flexibility in oxygen delivery, which can be further used to more precisely control the temperature of the biogasifier 9.

[0028] The injection of flue gas into the fluidizing air stream provides some of the gas velocity necessary to transport the particles out of the biogasifier 9 and into the cyclone, especially during low fuel feed rate operating conditions.

[0029] A third heat exchanger 19 can be provided to take additional energy streams that are typically wasted in other processes and re-insert them into the process to increase performance efficiency. In one embodiment, heat exchanger 19 is dedicated to hot air supply 20 to the thermal oxidizer. The hot air supply 20, which contains oxidizer air, provides heating for the air injected into the oxidizer (via the staged combustion air ring), which aids in the overall efficiency and combustion capacity through the process.

[0030] The emission control device 21 can be used to remove acid gases from the flue gas stream, such as SO2 and HCl resulting from the combustion cycle. The emission control device can be in the form of a dry injection system or a dry spray absorption system. In an embodiment, these systems can consist of multiple zones or devices: a device for blending a dry sorbent medium with a liquid to develop a sorbent slurry or a device for directly incorporating a dry sorbent, a device for metering and injecting the sorbent slurry or dry sorbent into the flue gas stream, a device for controlling the flow rate of the flue gas stream to allow efficient absorption of the acid gases into the sorbent, a collection tank for removing the precipitated dry reaction products (acid gases and sorbent slurry), or a secondary system (baghouse) for capturing the absorbed dry reaction products or residue remaining in the flue gas stream (downstream of the dry spray absorber or dry injection system).

[0031] A baghouse 22 may be provided to filter remaining particulates from the flue gas and may comprise a pulse jet type baghouse. The flue gas entering the baghouse is purified by filtering the particulates through a bag in the baghouse. A high pressure jet of air is used to remove the dust from the bag. Due to its rapid release, the jet of air does not disturb the polluted flue gas flow. Thus, the pulse jet baghouse can be operated continuously with high effectiveness in purifying the outgoing flue gas.

[0032] The clean flue gas stack 23 provides a normal exit point from the process and one of many exhaust test points that can be utilized to maintain constant regulatory compliance.

[0033] A SCADA system can be utilized to ensure complete process control over all aspects of the biogasification system, using typical thermocouples, pressure gauges, level switches, gas analysis, moisture metering, flow meters, and process instrumentation to provide "real-time" feedback and automatic adjustments of actuators to ensure optimal and efficient operation.

[0034] FIG. 1B shows an alternative embodiment of the overall flow diagram of FIG. 1A. In this embodiment, two heat exchangers are utilized instead of three, as in the embodiment of FIG. 1A. According to this embodiment, the second heat exchanger 17 can be utilized for an additional energy recovery stream (typically discarded) to return energy to the process for optimal performance efficiency. The second heat exchanger 17 can be used as an oxidant air and gas preheater for the biogasifier. The oxygen source for the disclosed gasification system can be designed to come from air or flue gas, or a mixture thereof. In an embodiment, the disclosed system can be configured such that the oxidant air and gas of the biogasifier can be preheated as an energy recovery means to further optimize the performance efficiency of the gasification system, either independently or in a mixed configuration.

[0035] FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier 200. In one embodiment, the bubbling fluidized bed gasifier 200 includes a reactor 299 operatively connected to a feeder system (not shown) as an extension of the standard gasifier system 200. In one embodiment, the gasifier 200 includes a reactor vessel 299. A bed of fluidized media 204A, such as, but not limited to, quartz sand, is at the base of the reactor vessel referred to as the reactor bed section 204. In one embodiment, the fluidized sand is the section having a temperature between 1150-1600° F. Located above the reactor bed section 204 is a transition section 204B, and located above the transition section 204B is the freeboard section 205 of the reactor vessel 299. A fluidizing gas consisting of air, flue gas, pure oxygen or steam, or a combination thereof, is introduced into the fluidized bed reactor 299 to produce a velocity range inside the freeboard section 205 of the gasifier 200 ranging from 0.1 m / sec (0.33 ft / sec) to 3 m / sec (9.84 ft / sec). The biosolids are heated inside the fluidized bed reactor to a temperature range of 900° F. to 1700° F. in an oxygen-deficient environment having non-stoichiometric levels of oxygen, e.g., oxygen levels typically less than 45% of stoichiometric.

[0036] The reactor bed section 204 of the fluidized bubbling bed gasifier 200 is filled with a fluidizing medium 204A, which may be sand (e.g., quartz or olivine), or any other suitable fluidizing medium known in the industry. Feedstock, such as, but not limited to, sludge, is delivered to the reactor bed section 204 through a fuel supply inlet 201 at 40-250°F. In one embodiment, the feedstock is delivered to the reactor bed section 204 through a fuel supply inlet 201 at 215°F, and a gas inlet 203 in the bubbling bed receives an oxidant-based fluidizing gas, such as, but not limited to, air. In one embodiment, the air is about 600°F. The air may be enriched air, or a mixture of air and recycled flue gas, or the like. The type and temperature of the air are determined by the gasification fluidization and temperature control requirements for the particular feedstock. The fluidizing gas is delivered to the bubbling bed through a gas distributor, such as shown in Figures 3 and 8A-C. An oxygen monitor 209 may be provided in communication with the fluidization gas inlet 203 to monitor the oxygen concentration in connection with controlling the oxygen level in the gasification process. A sloped or overfire natural gas burner (not shown) located on the side of the reactor vessel 299 receives a mixture of natural gas and air via port 202. In one embodiment, the natural gas air mixture is 77°F which may be required to start the gasifier and heat the fluidized bed media 204A. When the minimum ignition temperature for self-sustaining gasification reaction is reached (approximately 900°F), the natural gas is shut off. A view port 206 and media fill port 212 are also provided.

[0037] In one embodiment, a freeboard section 205 is provided between the fluidized bed section 204 and the producer gas outlet 210 of the gasifier reactor vessel 299. As the biosolids pyrolyze and turn into producer gas in the fluidized bed media section (or sand section) and then rise through the reactor vessel 299, the fluidized media 204A in the fluidized bed section 204 is separated from the producer gas in the freeboard section 205, also known and referred to as the particle break-off section. A cyclone separator 207 is provided to separate the materials discharged from the fluidized bed reactor 299, resulting in clean producer gas for recovery, and alternatively, ash can exit the bottom of the cyclone separator 207 for use or disposal.

[0038] An ash sieve 211 can fit below the gasifier vessel for bottom ash removal. The ash sieve 211 can be used as a screening device to remove any large, inert, agglomerated, or heavy particles so that the bed material and unreacted char can be reintroduced into the gasifier for continued use. In one embodiment, a valve, such as, but not limited to, a sliding valve 213 operated by a mechanism 214 for opening the sliding valve, is located directly below the ash sieve 211 to collect the ash. In one embodiment, a second valve 213 and operating mechanism 214 (not shown) is also located below the cyclone separator 207 for the same purpose. This is as a screening device to remove any large, inert, agglomerated, or heavy particles so that the bed material and unreacted char can be reintroduced into the gasifier for continued use. In one embodiment, the ash sieve 211 can be a typical solids removal device known to those skilled in the art. In another embodiment, the ash screen 211 may be replaced by or combined with the use of an overflow nozzle.

[0039] Producer gas controls 208 monitor oxygen and carbon monoxide levels in the producer gas and control the process accordingly. In one embodiment, a gasification supply system (not shown) feeds the gasifier reactor 299 through a fluidized fuel inlet 201. In one embodiment, the gasifier unit 200 is of the bubbling fluidized bed type with a custom fluidized gas delivery system and numerous instrument controls. The gasifier reactor 299 provides the ability to operate continuously, evacuate ash, and recycle flue gas for optimal operation. The gasifier reactor 299 can be designed to provide optimal control of feed rates, temperatures, reaction rates, and conversion of various feedstocks to producer gas.

[0040] Numerous thermocouple probes (not shown) are placed in the gasifier reactor 299 to monitor the temperature profile throughout the gasifier. Some heat probes are placed in the fluidized bed section 204 of the gasifier rector 299, while others are placed in the freeboard section 205 of the gasifier. The heat probes placed in the fluidized bed section 204 are not only used to monitor the bed temperature, but are also control points that are coupled to the gasifier air system via port 202 to maintain a constant temperature profile within the bed of fluidized media. There are also numerous additional controls and sensors that may be placed in the gasifier system 200 to monitor the pressure differential across the bed section 204, and the gasifier operating pressure in the freeboard section 205. These additional devices are used to monitor the conditions within the gasifier, as well as to control other auxiliary devices and processes to maintain the desired operating conditions within the gasifier. Examples of such auxiliary devices and processes include, but are not limited to, cyclones, thermal oxidizers, and recirculating flue gas and air delivery systems. These controls and sensors are not shown, as they are well known in the industry.

[0041] FIG. 3 shows a cutaway perspective side view of a gas distributor 302 of a biogasifier according to an embodiment of the invention. Flue gas and air inlets 203 feed flue gas and air to an array of nozzles 301. Each of the nozzles includes a downwardly oriented port inside the cap 303 such that gas exiting the nozzle is initially directed downward before being forced up into the fluidized bed in the reactor bed section 204 (FIG. 2). An optional ash screen 211 below the gasifier can be used as a sieving device to remove any agglomerated particles so that the fluidizing media and unreacted char can be reintroduced into the biogasifier for continued use. Also shown is a cutaway view of a gas inlet 203 in the bubbling bed that receives an oxidant-based fluidizing gas, such as, but not limited to, air.

[0042] The start-up and operation of the biogasifier will now be described with reference to Figures 1A-B, 2, and 4A-4B. This example is based on a biosolids feed rate of 1,168 lb / hr at 90% solids.

[0043] Biogasification furnace startup In-line or overfire natural gas burners are ignited and a slip stream of gasifier air mixed with natural gas is combusted and directed into the top of the fluidized bed to heat the refractory-lined biogasifier reactor.

[0044] As the fluidizing medium and fluidizing gas heat up, the bed begins to heat up and fluidization becomes more vigorous.

[0045] Hot gases from the natural gas burners then pass into the upper section of the biogasifier and through the cyclones, which begins to heat up the refractory of these components.

[0046] The induced draft fans are turned on and the hot gases are drawn into the oxidizer, through the heat exchanger, into the scrubbing system and up the stack, continuing the plant warm-up process.

[0047] This process continues until the biogasifier bed temperature exceeds 900°F and the refractory temperatures in the cyclones and oxidizers are at least 600°F.

[0048] The flue gas recycle blower is then slowly started to introduce additional fluidizing gas into the biogasifier, which improves the fluidization regime and improves the effectiveness of the cyclones in removing fine particles.

[0049] Now slowly add dry sludge from the dryer at 40-250F to begin to heat up within the bed of fluidized media, at this point monitor the temperature closely and operate within the 1150-1600°F temperature range. This reduces the chance of the ash clumping or "melting".

[0050] The biogasification reaction begins and producer gas is produced which entrains some solids (ash and unreacted carbon) into a cyclone where particulate matter larger than 10 microns is removed by the cyclone.

[0051] The freeboard or breakaway section allows the maximum sized particles to slow down and fall back onto the floor of the biogasifier.

[0052] The solids separated by the cyclone are transferred from the base of the cyclone into a specially designed separator where the fine ash (and some carbon) is removed as waste and the rest is recycled back into the biogasifier, increasing the overall fuel conversion rate to nearly 100 percent.

[0053] As the temperature increases and approaches the target operating temperature, preferably in the range of 1150-1600°F, the gasification and pyrolysis reactions occur at the desired levels.

[0054] Biogasification furnace operation An oxygen-deficient environment in the biogasification process can be achieved by controlling the levels of oxidant air and gas entering the reactor. Oxidant air, or ambient air, consists of approximately 23.2% oxygen by weight. Oxidant gas, or recycled flue gas, consists of oxygen levels that can vary from 5% to 15% by weight.

[0055] The temperature in the biogasifier can be controlled by adjusting the amount of oxidant air and gas entering the reactor.

[0056] The ratio of oxygen entering the biogasifier delivered by the oxidant air and gas to the stoichiometric oxygen required for complete combustion of the biosolids fuel is called the equivalence ratio and can be used as a means to regulate the temperature within the biogasification unit. Gasification occurs by operating a thermochemical conversion process with an oxygen to fuel equivalence ratio of 0.1 to 0.5 for complete stoichiometric combustion.

[0057] Depending on the selected biosolids fuel feed rate, the blend of oxidant air and oxidant gas is varied to maintain the total mass level in the biogasifier required to operate the cyclone within an acceptable efficiency range while meeting the target equivalence ratio selected to control the process temperature.

[0058] The bed pressure within the reaction section of the biogasifier can be monitored as a means of controlling the pressure of the biogasifier oxidant air and gas entering the biogasification unit, thereby ensuring continuous fluidization of the reactor bed media.

[0059] In the biogasifier 200, oxygen is used to control the temperature, reaction duration, and overall producer gas generation, typical reactions of which are known to those skilled in the art. Typically, these reactions are as follows: [ka]

[0060] The heat generated heats the incoming biosolids feed, biogasifier air, and recycled flue gas stream to reaction temperatures.

[0061] It also provides heat to complete the primarily endothermic biogasification reactions that occur within the biogasifier. [ka]

[0062] If too much oxygen is introduced, the quality of the producer gas will decrease. Maintaining a uniform operating temperature across the fluidized bed of the biogasifier is key to successful operation.

[0063] Based on the biogasifier air and flue gas flows and the fuel properties + conversion range, the superficial velocity of the gas in the bed and freeboard section of the biogasifier can be calculated. This determines what size particles of bed media (e.g., sand), ash, and biosolids will be entrained with the producer gas. Many factors are used to calculate the superficial velocity inside the reactor, including air flow rate, recycled flue gas flow rate, reactor physical geometry such as cross-sectional area and shape, sewage sludge fuel composition, fuel feed rate, and fuel conversion range.

[0064] The use of recycled flue gas, which has a lower percentage of oxygen than air, allows for greater control of the oxygen, and therefore the temperature, within the biogasifier as well as greater control of the superficial velocity of the producer gas in both the bed and freeboard sections of the biogasifier.

[0065] Biosolids, although 90% solids, contain clumped particles that may be partially reacted and carried prematurely out of the biogasifier. Typical once-through fuel conversion is about 85%, so 15% of the unreacted carbon may be carried into the cyclone.

[0066] The particle density of inert ash is about 2160 kg / m3, that of bedrock is approximately 2600 kg / m3, and that of sludge particles is approximately 600 kg / m3.

[0067] By choosing a superficial gas velocity of 1.1 m / sec in the freeboard section, for example, 200 micron ash particles and 100 micron bed media particles can be entrained in the fluidized bed. The target particle size range for the bed media is within the range of 400-900 microns, so there is no loss to the cyclone separator 207.

[0068] Approximately 50% of the ash has particles that are less than 200 microns and is carried over to the cyclone separator 207 with approximately 50% remaining in the bed.

[0069] Some unreacted carbon is conveyed to the cyclone separator 207 in particle sizes ranging from 10 to 300 microns. When the solids are removed from the bottom of the cyclone, the ash and unreacted carbon are separated and much of the unreacted carbon can be recycled back into the gasifier, increasing the overall fuel conversion to at least 95%. Ash accumulation in the bed of fluidized media can be mitigated by adjusting the superficial velocity of the gas rising inside the reactor. Alternatively, the bed media and ash can be slowly discharged from the gasifier base and sieved over an ash screen 211 before being reintroduced into the biogasifier. This process can be used to remove small agglomerates that should form in the bed of fluidized media and can also be used to control the ratio of ash to media in the fluidized bed.

[0070] Thermal oxidation machine operation When the dry biosolids feed to the biogasifier is started, the oxidizer air is turned on and passes through heat exchanger 19 (FIG. 1) where it is slowly preheated before being added to the oxidizer 12. The oxidizer can be fitted with an ignition source and when the producer gas reaches the reaction chamber, oxidation begins and significant heat of combustion is generated.

[0071] During normal operation, the temperature of the flue gas leaving the oxidizer is, for example, 1800-2200 F. Sensible heat from this stream is transferred through the pre-dryer and dryer heat exchangers, reducing the flue gas temperature from 1800 F to about 550 F.

[0072] If necessary, heat exchanger 17 is used to preheat the biogasifier gas stream prior to injection into the biogasifier.

[0073] Here, the flue gas is about 500F and 20-30% of the flue gas is recycled back to the biogasifier using a flue gas recycle blower. The remainder passes into heat exchanger 3 where the oxidized air can be preheated to at least 300F. When the oxidizer air is preheated to 300F and above 300F, oxidizer performance is improved because less energy from the combustion of producer gas can be used to heat the air to the temperature the thermal oxidizer operates at.

[0074] The defined oxygen level at the oxidizer inlet can be used to adjust the oxygen level in the flue gas by increasing / decreasing the amount of air fed to the oxidizer. The oxygen level can be controlled by limiting the use of outside or ambient air and increasing the amount of recirculated flue gas to maintain the required temperature profile at the oxidizer outlet.

[0075] This has the effect of increasing / decreasing the excess air supplied to the oxidizer, but never below the minimum level of excess air required (>25%) to ensure complete combustion and low emissions.

[0076] Biogasifier Reactor Sizing The following provides a non-limiting example illustrating the best dimension calculations for a bubbling fluidized bed biogasification reactor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, the biogasifier is sized to accommodate two specific operating conditions: the current maximum dry biosolids output generated from the dryer relative to the average solids content of the dewatered sludge sent to the dryer from the existing dewatering unit, and the maximum future feed rate of dry biosolids that the dryer must deliver to the biogasifier if the entire biosolids processing system must operate without consuming external energy, e.g., natural gas, during steady state operation where dewatered sludge with 25% solids content is dried and 5400 lb / hr of water is evaporated from the sludge.

[0077] The first operating condition corresponds to the maximum output of dry sewage sludge from the dryer, for example, when sludge with 16% solids content enters the dryer and 5400 lbs / hr of water evaporates from the sludge. This corresponds to a biosolids feed rate in a small-scale gasifier of 1,168 lbs / hr of thermally dried biosolids at 10% moisture content entering the gasifier. The second operating condition corresponds to the maximum amount of dry biosolids (dried to 10% moisture content) that the dryer can produce when dewatered biosolids with 25% solids content are fed into the dryer. The 25% solids content represents the estimated degree of dewatering required to make the drying load equivalent to the amount of thermal energy that can be recovered from the flue gas and used to operate the dryer. If biosolids below 25% solids content are processed in the dryer, it can be expected that an external heat source will be required to supplement the drying process. The second condition corresponds to a gasifier that needs to process 2,000 lbs / hr of biosolids with 10% moisture content.

[0078] FIG. 5 shows a non-limiting example of the internal dimensions of a biogasifier according to the present invention in one embodiment. The dimensions shown are shown to meet the operating conditions outlined below. Tables 1-3 below show non-limiting examples of physical parameters that are considered when sizing a biogasifier. Tables 1 and 2 show the fuel composition results from final and proximate analyses, respectively. Table 3 shows that in this example, the biogasifier is sized to accommodate specific design operating conditions for dry biosolids feed rates delivered to the biogasifier, which correspond to biosolids feed rates in a small-scale gasifier of 1,168 lbs / hr and 2,000 lbs / hr of thermally dried biosolids at 10% moisture content entering the gasifier. The dimensions shown are shown to meet the operating conditions outlined below. [Table 1] [Table 2] [Table 3-1] [Table 3-2]

[0079] With continued reference to FIG. 5, one factor in determining biogasifier sizing is the inner diameter of the bed section. The role of the reactor bed section is to accommodate the fluidized media bed. The driving factor for selecting the inner diameter of the gasifier bed section is the superficial velocity range of the gas, which changes with different reactor inner diameters. The inner diameter needs to be small enough to ensure that the media bed can be adequately fluidized at different operating temperatures for a given air, recirculating flue gas, and fuel feed rate, but not so small that it produces such high velocities that a slagging regime occurs and the media pushes out of the freeboard section. The media particle size can be adjusted during commissioning to fine-tune the fluidization behavior of the bed. In a non-limiting example of the present invention, an average media (sand) particle size of about 700 pm was selected for its ability to fluidize easily as well as its difficulty to entrain from the reactor. The most difficult time to fluidize the bed is during start-up when the bed media and inlet gas are cold. This minimum flow requirement is determined by the minimum fluidization velocity ("U") displayed in the previous table. mf ") value.

[0080] Another factor in determining biogasifier sizing is the inside diameter of the freeboard section. The freeboard area of ​​the biogasifier allows particles to shed under gravity. The freeboard diameter is selected for the superficial velocity of the gas mixture produced from different operating temperatures and fuel feed rates. The gas superficial velocity must be large enough to entrain small ash particles, but not so large that media particles are entrained in the gas stream. The degree of fresh fuel entrainment should also be minimized from correct freeboard section sizing. This is a phenomenon that must be carefully considered in the case of biosolids gasification, where the fuel typically has a very fine particle size. Introducing the fuel to the side of the fluidized bed below the surface of the fluidized media is one way to minimize fresh fuel entrainment. This is based on the principle that the fuel needs to travel to the surface of the bed before it can be entrained from the biogasifier, which provides time for the gasification reaction to occur. In a non-limiting example of the invention shown in FIG. 5, a reactor freeboard diameter of 4 feet, 9 inches is selected to prevent entrainment of sand (or other fluidizing media) particles in the bed while maintaining a superficial gas velocity high enough to entrain the ash.

[0081] Additional factors in determining biogasifier sizing are the media bed depth and bed section height. Generally, the higher the media to fuel ratio in the bed, the more isothermal the bed temperature can be. Typically, fluidized beds have a fuel to media mass ratio of about 1-3%. The amount of electrical energy consumed to fluidize the media bed typically imposes a practical limit on the desired depth of the media. Deeper beds have a higher gas pressure drop across them, and more energy is consumed by the blower to overcome this resistance to gas flow. In this example shown in Figure 5, a fluidized media depth of 3 feet was chosen based on balancing the energy consumption of the blower against having enough media in the bed to maintain an isothermal temperature and good heat transfer coefficient. The bed section height of the reactor in this non-limiting example is based on a typical length to diameter aspect ratio of 1.5 to the fluidized media depth.

[0082] Another factor in determining the sizing of the biogasifier is the height of the freeboard section 205. The freeboard section 205 is designed to allow particles to shed under gravity. As one increases in elevation from the surface of the bed, the particle density decreases until a certain elevation is reached, known as the transport break-off height (TDH). Above the TDH, the particle density entrained in the reactor becomes constant. Extending the reactor above the TDH provides no additional benefit in particle removal. For practical purposes, in this non-limiting example shown in FIG. 5, 10 feet is selected for the height of the freeboard section 205. The present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiment of FIG. 5, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0083] FIG. 6 shows a schematic side view showing that a larger scaled-up embodiment of the present invention is provided with an expanded internal biogasifier dimension. In this embodiment, the present invention shows a scaled-up or expanded biogasification reactor vessel. In one embodiment, the increase in reactor vessel size has at least a four times larger capacity scale in processing feedstock volume than the small-scale reactor vessel shown in FIG. 5 and referenced in FIGS. 1-5. For example, the small-scale reactor can process 24 tons of feedstock per day. The large-scale reactor can process more than 40 tons of feedstock per day, with an average of about 100 tons per day. The average of 100 tons of feedstock per day corresponds to at least four times the average of the small-scale reactor of 24 tons per day, which corresponds to about 96 tons per day. In one embodiment of the scaled-up large reactor, the multi-tuyere gas distributor shown in FIG. 3 is replaced with a conventional pipe-based fluidized gas distribution system shown in FIGS. 8A-8C. The substitution of the pipe-based distributor 800 simplifies and eliminates the complexity, time, and cost associated with mechanical fabrication of scaling up the multiple tuyere gas distributor design used in the bioreactor unit shown in FIG. 3 and referenced in FIGS. 1-5. A conventional pipe-based fluidized gas distribution system allows for a single large tank reactor capable of processing at least four times the volume of feedstock processed in the small scale reactor shown in FIGS. 1-5. The larger scale reactor shown in FIGS. 6-8 has many of the same features as the smaller scale version shown in FIGS. 1-5. However, some adjustments to the reactor bed and freeboard heights are required based on the change in diameter of the reactor bed section. The equation for transport takeoff height ("TDH") is a function of the change in diameter of the reactor bed section 704 shown in FIG. 7. Specifically, the geometric ratios remain the same to minimize / eliminate performance scale-up risks.

[0084] FIG. 6 also shows a non-limiting example illustrating sample dimension calculations for sizing a biogasifier reactor when the biogasifier reactor is a bubbling fluidized bed biogasifier reactor. In this example, the biogasifier is sized to accommodate specific design operating conditions for a dry biosolids feed rate delivered to the biogasifier, corresponding to biosolids feed rates in a large-scale gasifier of 8,333 lbs / hr and 7040 lbs / hr of thermally dried biosolids at a moisture content of 10% entering the gasifier. The dimensions shown are shown to meet the operating conditions outlined below. Table 4 below shows a non-limiting example of physical parameters considered when sizing a biogasifier. [Table 4-1] [Table 4-2]

[0085] FIG. 7 illustrates a scaled-up embodiment of a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier 700. In one embodiment, the bubbling fluidized bed gasifier 700 includes a reactor 799 operatively connected to a feeder system (not shown) as an extension of the standard gasifier system 700. A bed of fluidized media 704A, such as, but not limited to, quartz sand, is at the base of the reactor vessel referred to as the reactor bed section 704. In one embodiment, the fluidized sand is the section having a temperature between 1150° F. and 1600° F. Located above the reactor bed section 704 is a transition section 704B, and located above the transition section 704B is the freeboard section 705 of the reactor vessel 799. Fluidizing gas, consisting of air, flue gas, pure oxygen or steam, or combinations thereof, is introduced into the fluidized bed reactor 799 to produce a velocity range inside the freeboard section 705 of the gasifier 700 ranging from 0.1 m / sec (0.33 ft / sec) to 3 m / sec (9.84 ft / sec). The biosolids are heated inside the fluidized bed reactor to a temperature range of 900°F to 1600°F in an oxygen deficient environment having non-stoichiometric levels of oxygen, e.g., oxygen levels typically less than 45% of stoichiometric. In another embodiment, the fluidized bed is a section having a temperature of 1150°F to 1600°F.

[0086] The reactor bed section 704 of the fluidized bubbling bed gasifier 700 is filled with a fluidizing medium 704A, which may be sand (e.g., quartz or olivine), or any other suitable fluidizing medium known in the industry. Feedstock, such as, but not limited to, sludge, is delivered to the reactor bed section 704 through a fuel supply inlet 701 at 40-250°F. In one embodiment, the feedstock is delivered to the reactor bed section 704 through a fuel supply inlet 701 at 215°F, and a gas inlet 703 in the bubbling bed receives an oxidant-based fluidizing gas, such as, but not limited to, gas, flue gas, recycled flue gas, air, enriched air, and any combination thereof (collectively hereinafter referred to as "gas" or "air"). In one embodiment, the air is about 600°F. The type and temperature of the air are determined by the gasification fluidization and temperature control requirements for the particular feedstock. The fluidizing gas is delivered to the bubbling bed through a gas distributor as shown in Figures 3 and 8A-C.

[0087] An oxygen monitor 709 may be provided in communication with the fluidization gas inlet 703 to monitor the oxygen concentration in connection with controlling the oxygen level in the gasification process. A sloped or overfire natural gas burner (not shown) located on the side of the reactor vessel 799 receives a mixture of natural gas and air via port 702. In one embodiment, the natural gas air mixture is 77°F which may be required to start the gasifier and heat the fluidized bed media 704A. When the minimum ignition temperature for self-sustaining gasification reaction is reached (approximately 900°F), the natural gas is shut off. A view port 706 and media fill port 712 are also provided.

[0088] In one embodiment, a freeboard section 705 is provided between the fluidized bed section 704 and the producer gas outlet 710 of the gasification reactor vessel 799. As the biosolids pyrolyze and turn into producer gas in the fluidized bed media section (or sand section) and then rise through the reactor vessel 799, the fluidized media 704A in the fluidized bed section 704 is separated from the producer gas in the freeboard section 705, also known and referred to as the particle break-off section. A cyclone separator 707 is provided to separate materials discharged from the fluidized bed reactor 799, resulting in clean producer gas for recovery and alternatively, ash can exit the bottom of the cyclone separator 707 for use or disposal.

[0089] An ash sieve 711 can fit below the gasifier vessel for bottom ash removal. The ash sieve 711 can be used as a screening device to remove any large, inert, agglomerated, or heavy particles so that the bed material and unreacted char can be reintroduced into the gasifier for continued use. In one embodiment, a valve, such as, but not limited to, a sliding valve 713 operated by a mechanism 714 for opening the sliding valve, is located directly below the ash sieve 711 to collect the ash. In one embodiment, a second valve 713 and operating mechanism 714 (not shown) is also located below the cyclone separator 207 for the same purpose. This is as a screening device to remove any large, inert, agglomerated, or heavy particles so that the bed material and unreacted char can be reintroduced into the gasifier for continued use. In one embodiment, the ash sieve 711 can be a typical solids removal device known to those skilled in the art. In another embodiment, the ash sieve 711 may be replaced by or combined with the use of an overflow nozzle.

[0090] Producer gas controls 708 monitor oxygen and carbon monoxide levels in the producer gas and control the process accordingly. In one embodiment, a gasification feed system (not shown) feeds the gasifier reactor 799 through a fluidized fuel inlet 701. In one embodiment, the gasifier unit 700 is of the bubbling fluidized bed type with a custom fluidized gas delivery system and numerous instrument controls. The gasifier reactor 799 provides the ability to operate continuously, evacuate ash, and recycle flue gas for optimal operation. The gasifier reactor 799 can be designed to provide optimal control of feed rates, temperatures, reaction rates, and conversion of various feedstocks to producer gas.

[0091] Numerous thermocouple probes (not shown) are placed in the gasifier reactor 799 to monitor the temperature profile throughout the gasifier. Some heat probes are placed in the fluidized bed section 704 of the gasifier rector 799, while others are placed in the freeboard section 705 of the gasifier. The heat probes placed in the fluidized bed section 704 are not only used to monitor the bed temperature, but are also control points coupled to the gasifier air system via port 702 to maintain a constant temperature profile within the bed of fluidized media. There are also numerous additional controls and sensors that may be placed within the gasifier system 700 to monitor the pressure differential across the bed section 704, and the gasifier operating pressure in the freeboard section 205. These additional devices are used to monitor the conditions within the gasifier, as well as to control other auxiliary devices and processes to maintain the desired operating conditions within the gasifier. Examples of such auxiliary devices and processes include, but are not limited to, cyclones, thermal oxidizers, and recirculating flue gas and air delivery systems. These controls and sensors are not shown, as they are well known in the industry. Referring to FIG. 7, an ash screen 711 can be fitted below the gasifier vessel for bottom ash removal. The ash screen 711 can be used as a screening device to remove any agglomerated particles so that the bed material and unreacted char can be reintroduced into the gasifier for continued use. In one embodiment, a slide valve 713 operated by a mechanism for opening slide valve 714 is located directly below the ash screen 711 to collect the ash. In one embodiment, the second slide valve 713 and operating mechanism 714 are located below the cyclone separator 707.

[0092] As with the small fluidized bed gasifier, some unreacted carbon is carried to the cyclone separator 707 in particle sizes ranging from 10 to 300 microns. When the solids are removed from the bottom of the cyclone, the ash and unreacted carbon are separated and much of the unreacted carbon can be recycled back into the gasifier, increasing the overall fuel conversion to at least 95%. Ash accumulation in the bed of fluidized media can be mitigated by adjusting the superficial velocity of the gas rising inside the reactor. Alternatively, the bed media and ash can be slowly discharged from the gasifier base and sieved over an ash sieve 711 before being reintroduced into the biogasifier. This process can be used to remove small agglomerates that should form in the bed of fluidized media and can also be used to control the ratio of ash to media in the fluidized bed. With continued reference to FIG. 7, feedstock, such as, but not limited to, biosolids material, can be fed into the gasifier from two or more locations on the reactor vessel 799 via fuel feed inlets 701, which can be variably sized so that a desired volume of feedstock is fed into the gasifier through multiple feed inlets 701 around the reactor vessel 799 to accommodate a continuous feed process to the gasifier. For the present invention, and in one embodiment, the number of fuel feed inlets is between two and four. The minimum number of feed inlets 701 is based in part on the degree of backmixing and radial mixing of the char particles in the bed and the inner diameter of the reactor bed section 704. For a bubbling fluidized bed, one feed point can be provided per 20 ft2 of bed cross-sectional area. For example, and in one embodiment, where the reaction bed section has an internal diameter of 9 feet, the reactor vessel 799 has at least three feed inlets 701 located equidistant radially to maintain in-bed mixing. The feed inlets 701 can be considered to be all at one level, or at two or more levels, or at different levels and of different sizes.

[0093] With continued reference to Figures 6 and 7, one factor in determining the sizing of the biogasifier is the inner diameter of the bed section of the reactor bed section 704. The role of the reactor bed section 704 is to accommodate the fluidized media bed. The driving factor for selecting the inner diameter of the gasifier bed section 704 is the superficial velocity range of the gas, which changes with different reactor inner diameters. The inner diameter needs to be small enough to ensure that the media bed can be adequately fluidized at different operating temperatures for a given air, recirculating flue gas, and fuel feed rate, but not so small that it produces such high velocities that a slagging regime occurs and the media pushes up out of the freeboard section. The media particle size can be adjusted during commissioning to fine-tune the fluidization behavior of the bed. In a non-limiting example of the present invention, an average media (sand) particle size of about 700 pm was selected for its ability to fluidize easily as well as its difficulty to entrain from the reactor. The most difficult time to fluidize the bed is during start-up when the bed media and inlet gas are cold. This minimum flow requirement is expressed as the Minimum Fluidization Velocity ("Umf") value shown in the previous table.

[0094] Another factor in determining the sizing of the biogasifier is the inside diameter of the freeboard section 705. The freeboard region 705 of the biogasifier allows particles to fall off under gravity. The diameter of the freeboard is selected for the superficial velocity of the gas mixture produced from different operating temperatures and fuel feed rates. The gas superficial velocity must be large enough to entrain small ash particles, but not so large that media particles are entrained in the gas stream. The degree of fresh fuel entrainment should also be minimized from correct freeboard section sizing. This is a phenomenon that must be carefully considered in the case of biosolids gasification, where the fuel typically has a very fine particle size. Introducing the fuel to the side of the fluidized bed below the surface of the fluidized media is one way to minimize fresh fuel entrainment. This is based on the principle that the fuel needs to travel to the surface of the bed before it can be entrained from the biogasifier, which provides time for the gasification reaction to occur. In one embodiment, the reactor freeboard 705 diameter of 11 feet, 5 inches is selected to prevent entrainment of sand (or other fluidizing media) particles in the bed while maintaining a gas superficial velocity high enough to entrain the ash.

[0095] Another factor in determining biogasifier sizing is the height of the freeboard section 705. The freeboard section 705 is designed to allow particles to shed under gravity. As particles rise in elevation from the bed section 704, at some elevation the particle density decreases until a level known as the transport break-off height ("TDH") is reached. Above the TDH, the particle density entrained in and rising through the reactor vessel 799 remains constant. Extending the reactor vessel above the TDH provides no additional benefit in particle removal. In one embodiment, the freeboard height is greater than 20 feet. In another embodiment, the height above the TDH is 10 feet. In another embodiment, the freeboard 705 height is between 10 and 20 feet.

[0096] With continued reference to Figures 6 and 7, additional factors in determining biogasifier sizing are the media bed depth and bed section height using the sample diagram of Figure 6. In general, the higher the media to fuel ratio in the bed, the more isothermal the bed temperature can be. Typically, fluidized beds have a fuel to media mass ratio of about 1-3%. The amount of electrical energy consumed to fluidize the media bed typically imposes a practical limit on the desired depth of the media. Deeper beds have a higher gas pressure drop across them, and more energy is consumed by the blower to overcome this resistance to gas flow. In this example, a fluidized media depth of 3 feet is chosen, which is based on balancing the energy consumption of the blower against having enough media in the bed to maintain an isothermal temperature and good heat transfer coefficient. In one embodiment, this is based on a typical length to diameter aspect ratio of 1.5 for the depth of the fluidized media. In one embodiment of the present invention, the media depth is the same 4 feet, and the bed section height is 6 feet. While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0097] Figure 8A shows a cutaway perspective view of a biogasifier pipe gas distributor according to an embodiment of the present invention, Figure 8B shows a side elevation view of a biogasifier pipe gas distributor according to an embodiment of the present invention, and Figure 8C shows a bottom view of a biogasifier pipe gas distributor according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0098] In one embodiment, the present invention has a pipe distributor design with a main air inlet 801, said main air inlet 801 having an upper portion 801A and a lower portion 801B. In one embodiment, the lower portion 801B is connected to a pipe 812, such as, but not limited to, an elbow or J-pipe. In one embodiment, the lower portion 801B is connected to the pipe 812 using a male mounting seal connected to a female mounting seal 803 connected to a female mounting stub connected to the pipe 812. In one embodiment, the pipe 812 has a proximal end 812A and a distal end 812B, the proximal end 812A is mechanically connected to the main air inlet 801 and the distal end 812B is connected to the gas inlet 703. In one embodiment, the distal end of the pipe 812B has a flange 811 for connecting to the gas inlet 703.

[0099] The top portion of the main air inlet 801A is aligned with and is an opening to a central trunk 806 having at least ten side air branches 805 that are open at one end to the central trunk and closed at the other end. In one embodiment, the side air branches 805 are symmetrically spaced on either side of the central trunk 806. In one embodiment, the side air branches 805 vary in length to fit symmetrically within the diameter of the bottom of the reactor bed 204. In one embodiment, each of the side air branches 805 includes a downwardly pointing gas and air distribution nozzle 810, also referred to as a gas and air distribution port 810. Because the air distribution nozzle 810 points downward, the air entering from the main air inlet 801 is injected in a downward motion into the cone-shaped bottom of the gasifier reactor 799. In one embodiment, the distribution nozzle 810 points downward at an angle, such as, but not limited to, a 45 degree angle. The configuration and general location of the nozzles and components differs from the tuyere design of smaller reactor vessels in that fewer gas / air distribution nozzles are needed in the tuyere design to meet the fluidization and good mixing requirements, but still enough to fluidize the entire amount of fluidization media material when it slumps in the bottom cone section of the reactor, which is also an essential part of the reactor.

[0100] Many of the components that make up the scaled-up version of the present invention are the same as the small-scale gasifier and function in the same way. The advantage of this large-scale fluidized bed gasifier over the prior art is that there are no successful single reactor vessel bubbling fluidized bed gasifiers larger than 30 tons per day (tpd) for biosolids feed. Current systems can process more than 40 tpd, and average processing volumes of about 100 tpd. No other waste or systems are known that can process a variety of feedstocks (not just biosolids) on a large scale. Reactor scale-up has not been successfully commercialized for both technical and economic reasons. Prior art fluidized bed gasifiers used specifically for biosolids feedstocks are limited to about 30 tpd. Most of the most common ambient pressure bubbling bed fluidized bed gasifier plants operate by utilizing biosolids (sewage sludge) or woody biomass as fuel in the air-blown fluidized bed gasifier.

[0101] The reactor scale is new, the gas distributor design is new, and the fluidized bed and freeboard heights are uniquely tailored at over 40 tpd, and averaging about 100 tpd, based on the case study samples included in Table 4 above. This of course means that under certain conditions, the current system can process well in excess of 100 tpd. In one embodiment, the present invention processes 80 tpd to 120 tpd of feedstock.

[0102] The present invention processes large amounts of feedstock in either a single or multiple gasifier systems, making large industrial facilities feasible and cost-effective to replace the current and commonly practiced use of multiple smaller units. The gas distributors can be of different designs, such as pipe, tuyere, perforated plate, and valve plate designs. The selection of distributor design can generally be guided by the desired gasifier capacity (diameter size) and feedstock characteristics (ash content, ash softening point, reactivity, etc.), vessel dimensions, location / position of feedstock feed ports, and number of feed ports. Some parts can be made for specific materials. It depends on the material properties of the waste to be handled, for example, a waste product with high chlorides requires the gas distributor or feed ports to be manufactured with a specific stainless steel or application of a protective coating. Overall, the large device of the present invention is relatively simpler, uses conventional components, and is easier to scale up under ambient pressure conditions and at low temperatures. In one sample embodiment for biosolids gasification, the invention calls for a minimum of 2-4 biosolids feed ports or inlets spaced around the periphery of the gasifier and a pipe distributor design with downward gas / air distribution ports so that air is injected in a downward motion into the lower cone of the gasifier, with the size, number and placement of the gas / air injection distribution ports being a function of the properties of the fluidized bed media and balancing the air per good design practices.

[0103] The present invention is designed for biomass waste processors and standardizes capacity scale into a single design for >40 tpd and average 100 tpd feedstocks that can be used in a single facility and retain economies of scale. It can also be run in tandem with other standard large scale support equipment such as dryers, pollution control equipment, thermal handling equipment, etc. This allows for standardized system and equipment design and commoditization.

[0104] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not by way of limitation. Similarly, the various diagrams may represent example architectures or other configurations of the present invention, provided to aid in understanding the features and functionality that may be included in the present invention. The present invention is not limited to the illustrated example architectures or configurations, but the desired features may be implemented using a variety of alternative architectures and configurations.

[0105] Indeed, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art how alternative functional configurations can be implemented to implement the desired features of the present invention. Additionally, with respect to operational descriptions and method claims, the order in which steps are presented herein does not require various embodiments to implement the recited functions in the same order, unless the context dictates otherwise.

[0106] While the present invention is described above with reference to various exemplary embodiments and implementations, it should be understood that various features, aspects, and functionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment described, but may be applied to one or more of the other embodiments of the invention, either alone or in various combinations, whether or not such an embodiment is described, and whether or not such features are presented as part of a described embodiment. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention is not limited by any of the exemplary embodiments described above.

Claims

1. 1. A gasification reactor comprising: a reactor vessel having a cylindrical shape with a bottom provided with an inverted cone section; a freeboard section forming an upper half of the reactor vessel, the freeboard section having a diameter sized to accommodate gas produced from the conversion of more than 40 tons of fuel per day; a fluidized bed in a bed section within the reactor vessel immediately below the freeboard section, the fluidized bed having a diameter sized to process and convert more than 40 tons of fuel to gas per day; at least two fuel supply inlets located beneath the freeboard section and configured to supply fuel into the reactor vessel at a fuel supply rate of greater than 40 tons of fuel per day during steady state operation of the gasifier; a gas distributor that is a pipe distributor, the gas distributor comprising a main air inlet, a central trunk having side air branches, and a nozzle located on each of the side air branches, the side air branches extending horizontally from either side of the central trunk, the nozzles facing downward toward the inverted cone section of the reactor vessel; the fuel is a biosolid; a gasification reactor, wherein the pipe distributor is located within the inverted cone section of the reactor vessel, the inverted cone section of the reactor vessel comprising at least one gas inlet that supplies flue gas and air from a thermal oxidizer configured to thermally oxidize gas produced in the gasification reactor to a main air inlet and a nozzle of the pipe distributor, whereby the gas is directed to the fluidized bed of the reactor vessel.

2. 2. The gasification reactor of claim 1, further comprising: said side air branches open at one end to receive gas from said central trunk and closed at another end.

3. 10. The gasification reactor of claim 1, wherein the central trunk has at least 10 side air branches.

4. 2. The gasification reactor of claim 1, wherein said side air branches are symmetrically spaced about said central trunk.

5. 2. The gasification reactor of claim 1, wherein said freeboard section has a diameter of at least 137 inches and said fluidized bed has a diameter of at least 108 inches.

6. 2. The gasification reactor of claim 1, further comprising: said main air inlet having an upper portion and a lower portion, said upper portion being aligned with an opening in said central trunk line, and said lower portion of said main air inlet being connected to a pipe connected to said gas inlet.

7. 7. The gasification reactor of claim 6, further comprising said pipe connected to said gas inlet with a flange.

8. 10. The gasification reactor of claim 1 further comprising: said side air branches of varying lengths to fit symmetrically within said diameter of said bottom of said reactor vessel.

9. The gasification reactor of claim 1 , further comprising: each of said nozzles configured to direct said gas downwardly into said bottom of said reactor vessel.

10. 10. The gasification reactor of claim 9, further comprising: said nozzle directing said gases downward at a 45 degree angle.

11. 10. The gasification reactor of claim 1 further comprising at least one inlet for adding an inert medium.

12. 10. The gasification reactor of claim 1 further comprising an outlet for the condensate and an outlet for the producer gas.

13. The gasification reactor of claim 1 , wherein the freeboard section is configured to provide entrainment of particles from the gasification reactor during operation.

14. 10. The gasification reactor of claim 1 further comprising an ash screen fitted below the bottom of the gasification reactor.

15. 2. The gasification reactor of claim 1, wherein the freeboard section has a larger diameter than the fluidized bed such that the superficial velocity range of gas inside the freeboard section during steady state operation is from 0.1 m / sec (0.33 ft / sec) to 3 m / sec (9.84 ft / sec).

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