Magnetic stimulation coils and ferromagnetic components for reduced surface stimulation and improved treatment depth

Abstract

To provide a TMS device that may include treatment coils and ferromagnetic components that are configured to be disposed proximate to corresponding ones of the treatment coils.SOLUTION: The treatment coils and ferromagnetic components of the TMS device may cooperatively generate a magnetic field that exhibits one or more characteristics that differ from those of a magnetic field that is generated by the treatment coils alone. For example, the magnetic field may exhibit lower induced electrical stimulation intensity in the cranial nerves, while substantially maintaining a penetration depth into the subject's brain. In another example, the magnetic field may exhibit increased penetration depth into the subject's brain, while substantially maintaining induced electrical stimulation intensity in the cranial nerves. The TMS device may be configured to be adjustable and / or reconfigurable, for instance with respect to the anatomy of a subject (e.g., to the shape of the subject's head).SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 9

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 155,445, filed January 15, 2014. [Background technology]

[0002] Many medical ailments can be treated and / or diagnosed by applying a magnetic field to an affected part of a human subject's body. Neurons and muscle cells are forms of biological circuits that carry electrical signals and respond to magnetic stimulation. When a changing magnetic field is applied to a part of the body, neurons can be depolarized and stimulated. The muscle associated with the stimulated neuron can contract as if the neuron were firing due to a normal cause.

[0003] Nerve cells or neurons can be stimulated in a number of ways, such as transcutaneously via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS typically uses a rapidly changing (e.g., pulsed) magnetic field to induce electrical currents in neurons without the need to cut or pierce the skin or apply electrodes. A nerve is said to "fire" when the membrane potential in the nerve rises above a threshold voltage (e.g., approximately -90 millivolts, depending on the type of nerve and the local pH of the surrounding tissue) relative to its normal environmental level.

[0004] Magnetic stimulation has proven effective in stimulating brain regions that are primarily composed of neurological tissue. One area of ​​particular interest is the treatment of depression. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to have significant antidepressant effects in human subjects that do not respond to traditional methods. A typical rTMS treatment can involve applying subconvulsive stimulation in a repetitive, non-invasive manner to an area of ​​the subject's brain, such as the prefrontal cortex. Such treatment can cause depolarization of cortical neuron membranes. The membranes can be depolarized, for example, by induction of a small electric field exceeding 1 V / cm, which can be generated by a rapidly changing magnetic field.

[0005] A typical TMS therapy device generates a pulsed magnetic field that induces electrical currents in electrically sensitive cells (e.g., nerve cells or neurons). These induced currents typically form a complete circuit in the body such that a zero-current path through the body is created. The current induced by the TMS therapy device typically drops to zero approximately halfway through this path. The rate of this current drop can be slowed, for example, by distributing the current density generated by the TMS device over a wide surface area. However, using this approach can concentrate the return current, which can lead to a higher incidence of undesirable side effects (e.g., stimulation of untargeted areas of the subject's brain).

[0006] A typical TMS therapy device may include one or more conductive stimulation coils. Such coils may be constructed (e.g., wound) in a single layer such that the coils may be disposed as close as possible to the tissue to be stimulated. Such coils may be capable of stimulating brain tissue at a desired depth relative to the skull. However, the magnetic field or magnetic fields typically generated by such coils may cause undesirably high levels of surface stimulation (e.g., of nerves near the surface of the skull). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0007] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 7,824,324 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] As described herein, an exemplary TMS device can include one or more treatment coils and one or more ferromagnetic components configured to be disposed proximate to a corresponding one of the treatment coils. The one or more treatment coils and the ferromagnetic components of each TMS device can cooperatively generate a magnetic field that exhibits one or more properties that differ from that of the magnetic field generated by the one or more treatment coils alone.

[0009] When an exemplary TMS device, such as one of the exemplary TMS devices described herein, is operated without one or more ferromagnetic components, a first magnetic field generated by the exemplary TMS device can exhibit properties that may include, for example, a variable electrical stimulation intensity at various locations within a corresponding first volume of stimulated tissue, a first penetration depth (e.g., into the subject's brain), and a first electric field focusing. The variable electrical stimulation intensity can include, for example, a first electrical stimulation intensity at a first location in or on the subject near an outer surface of the subject (e.g., at the surface of the subject's scalp, proximal to a cranial nerve), and a second electrical stimulation intensity at a second location in the subject (e.g., within the subject's brain) spaced inwardly from the first location. The first magnetic field can exhibit a first gradient of magnetic field intensity, which can represent a ratio of the respective electric field strengths induced by the first magnetic field at the first and second locations.

[0010] When the exemplary TMS device is operated with one or more ferromagnetic components attached to the corresponding one or more treatment coils, the treatment coils and the ferromagnetic components can cooperatively generate a second magnetic field, which can exhibit properties that can differ from those of the first magnetic field, including, for example, a variable electrical stimulation intensity, a second penetration depth, and a second electric field focusing at various locations in the corresponding second volume of stimulated tissue. The variable electrical stimulation intensity can include, for example, a third electrical stimulation intensity at a first location in the subject's brain and a fourth electrical stimulation intensity at a second location in the subject's brain. The second magnetic field can exhibit a second gradient of magnetic field intensity, which can represent a ratio of the respective electric field strengths induced by the second magnetic field at the first and second locations.

[0011] The one or more ferromagnetic components may be configured such that when the TMS device is operated with one or more ferromagnetic components attached to a corresponding one or more treatment coils, cooperative operation of the one or more ferromagnetic components and the one or more treatment coils causes the second gradient of magnetic field strength to be different than the first gradient of magnetic field strength, e.g., the one or more ferromagnetic components may be configured such that the second gradient of magnetic field strength is smaller than the first gradient of magnetic field strength.

[0012] When the exemplary TMS device is operated with one or more ferromagnetic components attached to a corresponding one or more treatment coils, the penetration depth of the second magnetic field generated by the exemplary TMS device may be effectively maintained or improved (e.g., increased) relative to that of the first magnetic field, and the surface electrical stimulation intensity caused by the second magnetic field may be effectively maintained or reduced relative to that of the first magnetic field.

[0013] For example, an electrical stimulation intensity imparted by the second magnetic field at a first location (e.g., a third electrical stimulation intensity) can be lower than an electrical stimulation intensity imparted by the first magnetic field at the same location (e.g., the first electrical stimulation intensity), while an electrical stimulation intensity imparted by the second magnetic field at a second location (e.g., a fourth electrical stimulation intensity) can be substantially the same as an electrical stimulation intensity imparted by the first magnetic field at the same location (e.g., the second electrical stimulation intensity).

[0014] In another example, an electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., a third electrical stimulation intensity) imparted by the second magnetic field at a first location can be substantially the same as an electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., a first electrical stimulation intensity) imparted by the first magnetic field at the same location, and an electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., a fourth electrical stimulation intensity) imparted by the second magnetic field at a second location can be greater than an electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., a second electrical stimulation intensity) imparted by the first magnetic field at the same location.

[0015] If the TMS device includes one or more ferromagnetic components, the amount of energy used by the TMS device (e.g., during a TMS treatment) can be reduced, which can mitigate temperature rise in one or more treatment coils of the TMS device.

[0016] Exemplary TMS devices may be configured to be adjustable and / or reconfigurable, for example, to conform to one or more locations where TMS treatment is to be applied (e.g., to conform to the subject's head) according to the subject's anatomy. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1B illustrates components of the TMS device of FIG. 1A. [Figure 2A] FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary TMS device. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B illustrates components of the TMS device of FIG. 2A. [Figure 3A] FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary TMS device. [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B illustrates components of the TMS device of FIG. 3A. [Figure 4A] FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary TMS device. [Figure 4B]FIG. 4B illustrates components of the TMS device of FIG. [Figure 5A] FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary TMS device. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B illustrates components of the TMS device of FIG. 5A. [Figure 6A] FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary TMS device. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B illustrates components of the TMS device of FIG. [Figure 6C] FIG. 6C illustrates an exemplary distribution of electric field currents that may be induced by the exemplary TMS device shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. [Figure 6D] FIG. 6C illustrates another exemplary distribution of electric field currents that may be induced by the exemplary TMS device shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. [Figure 7A] FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary TMS device. [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B illustrates components of the TMS device of FIG. [Figure 7C] FIG. 7C illustrates an example distribution of electric field current that may be induced by the example TMS device shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. [Figure 7D] FIG. 7C illustrates another exemplary distribution of electric field currents that may be induced by the exemplary TMS device shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. [Figure 8A] FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary TMS device. [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B illustrates components of the TMS device of FIG. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary adjustable TMS device. [Figure 10] FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary adjustable TMS device. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary distribution of electric field current that may be induced by an exemplary tunable TMS device, where the induced electric field exhibits saddle points. [Figure 12]FIG. 1 illustrates another exemplary TMS device. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example TMS system. [Figure 14] 1 is a flow diagram of an exemplary TMS treatment process. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0018] 1A and 1B show a human subject 50 and an exemplary transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device 100 configured to generate a changing magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0019] As shown, TMS device 100 includes a treatment coil 110 and a ferromagnetic component 130. TMS device 100 may be disposed proximate to head 52 of subject 50 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0020] Treatment coil 110 can include one or more windings 112, such as multiple windings 112. As shown, treatment coil 110 has multiple windings 112, including six windings 112a-112f. It should be appreciated that treatment coil 110 can include more or fewer windings 112.

[0021] The treatment coil 110 may be fabricated from a monolithic piece of material. For example, a length of material (e.g., wire) may be continuously wound to define a plurality of windings 112. The windings 112 (e.g., one or more of the windings 112a-112f) may be fabricated separately, supported relative to one another, and attached to one another, for example, using one or more attachment members (not shown). The plurality of separately fabricated windings 112 may be placed in electrical communication with one another, for example, using one or more conductive attachment members interconnecting respective ones of the windings 112.

[0022] The windings 112 can define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the illustrated semi-elliptical shape. As shown, each winding 112 defines an arc-shaped anterior segment 114, an opposing arc-shaped posterior segment 116, and an opposing side segment 118, where the anterior segment 114 can be disposed proximate an anterior portion of the subject's head 52, the posterior segment 116 can be disposed proximate a posterior portion of the subject's head 52, and the side segment 118 can connect corresponding ends of the anterior and posterior segments 114, 116, respectively, and can be disposed along corresponding sides of the subject's head 52. The side segment 118 can be substantially straight (e.g., straight or slightly curved). The anterior segment, the posterior segment, and / or the side segments 114, 116, 118 can be configured to fit corresponding portions of the subject's head 52. As shown, the rearward segment 116 of each winding 112 is longer than the corresponding forward segment 114 such that each winding 112 tapers along a direction from the rearward segment 116 toward the forward segment 114 .

[0023] Each winding 112 may define a respective length, for example, as defined by the circumference of the winding 112 and as measured along a central axis through the winding 112. Each one of the multiple windings 112 may have the same length or different lengths. Each winding 112 may define any suitable cross-section along its length (e.g., perpendicular to its central axis), such as circular, etc. The treatment coil 110, including one or more of the windings 112a-112f, may be made from any material that exhibits suitable electrical conductivity, such as copper, etc.

[0024] Each one of the windings 112 can have the same or different shapes. The illustrated windings 112a-112f have substantially the same shape relative to one another, but show increasing lengths from the top winding 112a to the bottom winding 112f. Stated differently, the winding 112a can have a first length, the winding 112b can define a profile the same as or similar to that of the winding 112a and can have a second length that is longer than the first length, the winding 112c can define a profile the same as or similar to that of the windings 112a and 112b and can have a third length that is longer than the second length, etc. The top winding 112a can be referred to as the innermost winding of the plurality of windings 112, and the bottom winding 112f can be referred to as the outermost winding of the plurality of windings 112.

[0025] The windings 112a-112f may be configured such that spacing from winding to winding (e.g., between adjacent windings 112) remains uniform or varies. For example, the spacing between the windings 112a-112f may be defined by the length, shape, positioning, etc., of each of the windings 112a-112f. As shown, the windings 112a-112f of the treatment coil 110 are centered on an axis A1 that extends through the subject's head 52. The axis A1 may extend, for example, along a vertical direction (e.g., cranio-caudal direction) and may pass through a point (e.g., a point located medially) within the subject's head 52.

[0026] The treatment coil 110 may be configured to define a coil geometry that fits a region of the subject's head 52. For example, two or more of the windings 112a-112f may be vertically spaced from one another such that the coil geometry of the treatment coil 110 is concave relative to the subject's head 52. As shown, the treatment coil 110 defines a concave, band-shaped coil geometry that surrounds a portion of the subject's head 52.

[0027] The TMS device 100 can include a ferromagnetic component 130. The ferromagnetic component 130 can be configured to alter one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the treatment coil 110. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 130 can be positioned proximate to the treatment coil 110. The ferromagnetic component 130 can be made from any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0028] The ferromagnetic component 130 may define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the illustrated semi-elliptical band shape. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 130 defines an upper end 131 and an opposing lower end 133, the lower end 133 being spaced apart from the upper end 131. The ferromagnetic component 130 defines an anterior section 132, an opposing posterior section 134, and an opposing side section 136, the anterior section 132 may be disposed proximate an anterior portion of the subject's head 52, the posterior section 134 may be disposed proximate a posterior portion of the subject's head 52, and the side section 136 extends from the anterior section 132 to the posterior section 134. The side section 136 may be disposed along a corresponding side of the subject's head 52.

[0029] The ferromagnetic component 130 can define an inner surface 137 that faces the subject's head 52 and is configured to at least partially conform to a corresponding portion of the treatment coil 110a and / or to a corresponding portion of the subject's head 52. For example, as defined by the anterior section 132, the posterior section 134, and the side section 136, the inner surface 137 can define a shape with proportions substantially similar to (e.g., slightly larger than) those of the corresponding portion of the subject's head 52.

[0030] The ferromagnetic component 130 may be configured to at least partially receive the treatment coil 110 such that the ferromagnetic component 130 is positioned proximate to a portion of the treatment coil 110. For example, the ferromagnetic component 130 may define a recess 138 that extends into an inner surface 137 of the ferromagnetic component 130 and is configured to receive at least a portion of the treatment coil 110. The recess 138 may be configured to receive one or more of the plurality of windings 112. When the treatment coil 110 is disposed in the recess 138, for example, as shown in FIG. 1A, the ferromagnetic component 130 may at least partially surround a respective portion of the plurality of windings 112. For example, the portions of the front section 132, the rear section 134, and the side section 136 that define the recess 138 may define a shape similar to (e.g., substantially the same as) one or more corresponding windings 112.

[0031] The ferromagnetic component 130 can define one or more openings that can expose corresponding portions of the subject's head 52 to facilitate cooling during TMS treatment, for example. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 130 defines an opening 139 extending therethrough. The illustrated opening 139 is located at the upper end 131 of the ferromagnetic component 130. It should be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 130 can be configured to define more or fewer openings. For example, the ferromagnetic component 130 can be configured to define multiple openings therethrough or can be configured without any openings therethrough (e.g., configured with a dome-like shape).

[0032] The TMS device 100 may be configured such that the treatment coil 110 and the ferromagnetic component 130 are supported relative to one another. For example, the TMS device 100 may be configured such that the ferromagnetic component 130 supports the treatment coil 110 (e.g., in the recess 138). One or both of the treatment coil 110 and the ferromagnetic component 130 may include one or more complementary attachment members (not shown), which are configured to allow attachment (e.g., removably attachment) of the treatment coil 110 to the ferromagnetic component 130. The one or more attachment members may be configured such that the treatment coil 110 and the ferromagnetic component 130 are fixedly supported relative to one another (e.g., in the configuration shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B). The one or more attachment members may be configured such that the treatment coil 110 and the ferromagnetic component 130 are movable (e.g., repositionable) relative to one another.

[0033] When the treatment coil 110 is supported by (e.g., when attached to) the ferromagnetic component 130, the treatment coil 110 may be electrically isolated from the ferromagnetic component 130, for example, using a dielectric. As shown, the dielectric can be air, and when the treatment coil 110 is attached to the ferromagnetic component 130 (e.g., when disposed in a recess 138), the plurality of windings 112 may be spaced apart from the inner surface 137 of the ferromagnetic component 130. The treatment coil 110 may be attached to the ferromagnetic component 130 using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric). As shown in FIG. 1A, when the treatment coil 110 is disposed in a recess 138 of the ferromagnetic component 130, the treatment coil 110 may be at least partially surrounded by the ferromagnetic component 130.

[0034] For example, a TMS device 100 as configured and oriented relative to a subject 50 as shown in Figure 1A can be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that can exhibit greater intensity in a band-shaped region of relatively distributed intensity in the subject's brain than in an upper portion of the subject's brain. When the TMS device 100 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field can be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0035] 1A, the treatment coil 110 may define an induced current return path that is proximate to the subject's head 52. This may help drive the return current and may improve the efficiency of the TMS device 100.

[0036] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 100 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 100 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0037] 2A and 2B show a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 200 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0038] As shown, TMS device 200 includes a treatment coil 210 and a ferromagnetic component 230. TMS device 200 may be disposed proximate head 52 of subject 50 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0039] The treatment coil 210 can include one or more windings 212, such as a plurality of windings 212. As shown, the treatment coil 210 has a plurality of windings 212, including seven windings 212a-212g. It should be appreciated that the treatment coil 210 can include more or fewer windings 212.

[0040] The treatment coil 210 may be fabricated from a monolithic piece of material. For example, a length of material (e.g., wire) may be continuously wound to define a plurality of windings 212. The windings 212 (e.g., one or more of windings 212a-212g) may be fabricated separately and supported relative to one another and attached to one another, for example, using one or more attachment members (not shown). The plurality of separately fabricated windings 212 may be placed in electrical communication with one another, for example, using one or more conductive attachment members interconnecting respective ones of the windings 212.

[0041] The windings 212 can define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the illustrated circular and / or semi-elliptical shapes. As shown, the winding 212a has a circular shape, and each of the windings 212b-212g defines an arc-shaped anterior segment 214, an opposing arc-shaped posterior segment 216, and an opposing side segment 218, where the anterior segment 214 can be disposed proximate a front portion of the subject's head 52, the posterior segment 216 can be disposed proximate a posterior portion of the subject's head 52, and the side segment 218 can connect corresponding ends of the anterior and posterior segments 214, 216, respectively, and be disposed along corresponding sides of the subject's head 52. The side segments 218 can be substantially straight (e.g., straight or slightly curved). The anterior, posterior, and / or side segments 214, 216, 218 may be configured to fit corresponding portions of the subject's head 52. As shown, the posterior segment 216 of each of the windings 212b-212g is longer than the corresponding anterior segment 214 such that each of the windings 212b-212g tapers along a direction from the posterior segment 216 toward the anterior segment 214.

[0042] Each winding 212 may define a respective length, for example, as defined by the circumference of the winding 212 and as measured along a central axis through the winding 212. Each one of the multiple windings 212 may have the same length or different lengths. Each winding 212 may define any suitable cross-section along its length (e.g., perpendicular to its central axis), such as circular, etc. The treatment coil 210, including one or more of the windings 212a-212g, may be made from any material that exhibits suitable electrical conductivity, such as copper, etc.

[0043] Each of the windings 212 can have the same or different shapes. As shown, the top winding 212a has a different circular shape than the windings 212b-212g. The winding 212a has a shorter length than the windings 212b-212g. The windings 212b-212g have substantially the same shape relative to one another, but exhibit sequentially increasing lengths from the winding 212b to the bottom winding 212g. Stated differently, the winding 212b can have a first length, the winding 212c can define a profile the same as or similar to that of the winding 212b and can have a second length that is longer than the first length, the winding 212d can define a profile the same as or similar to that of the windings 212b and 212c and can have a third length that is longer than the second length, and so on. The top winding 212a may be referred to as the innermost winding of the plurality of windings 212, and the bottom winding 212g may be referred to as the outermost winding of the plurality of windings 212.

[0044] The windings 212a-g may be configured such that spacing from winding to winding (e.g., between adjacent windings 212) remains uniform or varies. For example, the spacing between the windings 212a-g may be defined by the length, shape, positioning, etc., of each of the windings 212a-g. As shown, the windings 212a-g may be centered about respective axes A2-A8 that extend through the subject's head 52 and are angularly offset relative to one another such that the respective anterior segments 214 of the windings 212 may be spaced closer together than the respective posterior segments 216. Stated another way, the windings 212a-g may be spaced further apart from one another at the back of the subject's head 52 than at the front of the subject's head 52. The axes A2-A8 may pass through a common point P1 (e.g., a point located medially) in the subject's head 52. The respective angular offsets between adjacent ones of the axes A2-A8 may be the same or different.

[0045] The treatment coil 210 may be configured to define a coil geometry that conforms to a region of the subject's head 52. For example, two or more of the windings 212a-g may be vertically spaced apart from one another such that the coil geometry of the treatment coil 210 is concave relative to the subject's head 52. As shown, the treatment coil 210 defines an oval dome-shaped coil geometry that surrounds an upper region of the subject's head 52.

[0046] The TMS device 200 can include a ferromagnetic component 230. The ferromagnetic component 230 can be configured to alter one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the treatment coil 210. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 230 can be positioned proximate to the treatment coil 210. The ferromagnetic component 230 can be made from any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0047] The ferromagnetic component 230 may define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the illustrated oval dome shape. The ferromagnetic component 230 may define an interior volume that is shaped to at least partially fit a corresponding portion of the subject's head 52. The interior volume of the ferromagnetic component 230 may have substantially similar (e.g., slightly larger) proportions to those of the corresponding portion of the subject's head 52. The ferromagnetic component 230 may define an inner surface (not shown), which faces the subject's head 52 and is configured to at least partially fit a corresponding portion of the treatment coil 210a and / or a corresponding portion of the subject's head 52. The inner surface may define the interior volume of the ferromagnetic component 230.

[0048] The ferromagnetic component 230 may be configured to at least partially receive the treatment coil 210 such that the ferromagnetic component 230 is positioned proximate to a portion of the treatment coil 210. For example, the ferromagnetic component 230 may define a recess (not shown) that extends into an inner surface of the ferromagnetic component 230. The recess may be configured to receive one or more of the plurality of windings 212. When the treatment coil 210 is disposed in the recess, for example, as shown in FIG. 2A, the ferromagnetic component 230 may at least partially surround a respective portion of the plurality of windings 212. For example, the portion of the ferromagnetic component 230 that defines the recess may have a similar (e.g., substantially the same) shape as one or more corresponding windings 212.

[0049] The TMS device 200 may be configured such that the treatment coil 210 and the ferromagnetic component 230 are supported relative to one another. For example, the TMS device 200 may be configured such that the ferromagnetic component 230 supports the treatment coil 210 (e.g., in a recess). One or both of the treatment coil 210 and the ferromagnetic component 230 may include one or more complementary attachment members (not shown), which are configured to allow attachment (e.g., removably attachment) of the treatment coil 210 to the ferromagnetic component 230. The one or more attachment members may be configured such that the treatment coil 210 and the ferromagnetic component 230 are fixedly supported relative to one another (e.g., in the configuration shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B). The one or more attachment members may be configured such that the treatment coil 210 and the ferromagnetic component 230 are movable (e.g., repositionable) relative to one another.

[0050] When the treatment coil 210 is supported by (e.g., when attached to) the ferromagnetic component 230, the treatment coil 210 may be electrically isolated from the ferromagnetic component 230, for example, using a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, and the plurality of windings 212 may be spaced apart from an inner surface of the ferromagnetic component 230 when the treatment coil 210 is attached to the ferromagnetic component 230. The treatment coil 210 may be attached to the ferromagnetic component 230 using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric). As shown in FIG. 2A, when the treatment coil 210 is received within the ferromagnetic component 230, the treatment coil 210 may be at least partially surrounded by the ferromagnetic component 230.

[0051] For example, a TMS device 200 as configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in Figure 2A may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in frontal regions of the subject's brain than in dorsal regions of the subject's brain, for example, when the TMS device 200 is positioned relative to the subject as shown in Figures 2A and 2B. When the TMS device 200 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0052] When the TMS device 200 is oriented as shown in FIG. 2A, the treatment coil 210 can define a current return path, which is near the subject's head 52. This can help drive the return current and can improve the efficiency of the TMS device 200. The illustrated treatment coil 210 can spread the induced return current generated by the TMS device 200, for example, distributing the return current within the subject's head 52. Distributing the induced return current can reduce side effects of the TMS treatment, such as stimulation of non-targeted areas of the subject's brain. For example, the treatment coil 210 can shift the return current and reduce the exposure of the parietal lobe of the subject's brain to the return current. This can be achieved, for example, by configuring the treatment coil 210 so that most of the return current is shifted into the occipital lobe or so that most of the return current is spread across the parietal and occipital lobes.

[0053] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 200 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 200 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0054] 3A and 3B show a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 300 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0055] As shown, the TMS device 300 includes a first treatment coil 310a, a second treatment coil 310b, a first ferromagnetic component 330a, and a second ferromagnetic component 330b. The TMS device 300 may be disposed proximate to a head 52 of a subject 50 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0056] The first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b can each include one or more windings 312, such as a respective plurality of windings 312. The first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b can include the same or different numbers of windings 312. As shown, the first treatment coil 310a includes a first plurality of windings 312 including five windings 312a-312e, and the second treatment coil 310b includes a second plurality of windings 312 including five windings 312f-312j. It should be appreciated that one or both of the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b can include more or fewer windings 312 and / or can include windings 312 having the same or different geometries, radial spacings, etc.

[0057] One or both of the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b may be fabricated from a respective monolithic piece of material. For example, a first length of material (e.g., a metal strip) may be continuously wound to define a first plurality of windings 312 corresponding to the first treatment coil 310a, and a second length of material (e.g., a metal strip) may be continuously wound to define a second plurality of windings 312 corresponding to the second treatment coil 310b. The windings 312 (e.g., one or more of the windings 312a-312j) may be fabricated separately, supported relative to one another, and attached relative to one another, for example, using one or more attachment members (not shown). The separately fabricated multiple windings 312 may be placed in electrical communication with one another, for example, using one or more conductive attachment members interconnecting each one of the multiple windings 312.

[0058] Each winding 312 may define a respective length, for example, as defined by the circumference of the winding 312 and as measured along a central axis through the winding 312. Each one of the first and / or second plurality of windings 312 may have the same or different lengths. Each winding 312 may define any suitable cross-section along its length (e.g., perpendicular to its central axis), such as a rectangle, etc. One or both of the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b, including one or more of the windings 312a-312e and 312f-312j, respectively, may be made from any material that exhibits suitable electrical conductivity, such as copper, etc.

[0059] The windings 312 may define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the circular shape shown. Each of the windings 312 may have the same shape or different shapes. As shown, the windings 312a-312e of the first treatment coil 310a have substantially the same circular shape relative to one another, but exhibit sequentially increasing lengths from the top winding 312a to the bottom winding 312e. The top winding 312a may be referred to as the innermost winding of the first treatment coil 310a, and the bottom winding 312e may be referred to as the outermost winding of the first treatment coil 310a. The second treatment coil 310b may be constructed the same as the first treatment coil 310a, such that the windings 312f-312j exhibit sequentially increasing lengths from the top winding 312f to the bottom winding 312j. The top winding 312f may be referred to as the innermost winding of the second treatment coil 310b, and the bottom winding 312j may be referred to as the outermost winding of the second treatment coil 310b.

[0060] The windings 312a-312e of the first treatment coil 310a and / or the windings 312f-312j of the second treatment coil 310b may be configured such that spacing from winding to winding (e.g., between adjacent windings 312) remains uniform or varies. For example, the spacing between the windings 312a-312e and / or the spacing between the windings 312f-312j may be defined by the length, shape, positioning, etc. of each of the windings 312a-312j. As shown, the windings 312a-312e of the first treatment coil 310a are centered on an axis A9 extending through the subject's head 52. The windings 312f-312j of the second treatment coil 310b are centered on an axis A10 that extends through the subject's head 52, the axis A10 being angularly offset relative to the first axis A9. The axes A9 and A10 may pass through a common point P2 (e.g., a point located medially) in the subject's head 52.

[0061] One or both of the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b may be configured to define coil geometries that fit respective regions of the subject's head 52. For example, two or more of the windings 312a-312e of the first treatment coil 310a may be vertically spaced apart from one another such that the coil geometry of the first treatment coil 310a is concave relative to the subject's head 52. Two or more of the windings 312f-312j of the second treatment coil 310b may be vertically spaced apart from one another such that the coil geometry of the second treatment coil 310b is concave relative to the subject's head 52. As shown, the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b define respective concave, saucer-shaped coil geometries that surround respective portions of the subject's head 52.

[0062] The TMS device 300 can include a first ferromagnetic component 330a corresponding to the first treatment coil 310a and a second ferromagnetic component 330b corresponding to the second treatment coil 310b. The first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b can be configured to change one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b. As shown, the first ferromagnetic component 330a can be positioned proximal to the first treatment coil 310a and the second ferromagnetic component 330b can be positioned proximal to the second treatment coil 310b. The first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b can be made of any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0063] The first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b may define any suitable shape and may have the same or different shapes. As shown, the first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b have a saucer-like shape. One or both of the first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b may define a respective inner surface (not shown) that faces the subject's head 52 and may be configured to at least partially conform to a corresponding portion of the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b and / or a corresponding portion of the subject's head 52, respectively.

[0064] The first ferromagnetic component 330a may be configured to at least partially receive the first treatment coil 310a such that the first ferromagnetic component 330a is positioned proximal to a portion of the first treatment coil 310a. For example, an inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 330a may be configured to receive one or more of the windings 312a-312e. The second ferromagnetic component 330b may be configured to at least partially receive the second treatment coil 310b such that the second ferromagnetic component 330b is positioned proximal to a portion of the second treatment coil 310b. For example, an inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 330b may be configured to receive one or more of the windings 312f-312j.

[0065] When the first treatment coil 310a is disposed proximate to an inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 330a, for example, as shown in FIG. 3A, the first ferromagnetic component 330a can at least partially surround a respective portion of the first plurality of windings 312. When the second treatment coil 310b is disposed proximate to an inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 330b, for example, as shown in FIG. 3A, the second ferromagnetic component 330b can at least partially surround a respective portion of the second plurality of windings 312. Each portion of the first and / or second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b can have a similar (e.g., substantially the same) shape as one or more corresponding windings 312.

[0066] The TMS device 300 may be configured such that the first treatment coil 310a and the first ferromagnetic component 330a are supported relative to one another, and the second treatment coil 310b and the second ferromagnetic component 330b are supported relative to one another. For example, the TMS device 300 may be configured such that the first ferromagnetic component 330a supports the first treatment coil 310a (e.g., at an inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 330a), and the second ferromagnetic component 330b supports the second treatment coil 310b (e.g., at an inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 330b). The first treatment coil 310a and the first ferromagnetic component 330a may include one or more complementary attachment members (not shown) configured to allow attachment (e.g., releasable attachment) of the first treatment coil 310a to the first ferromagnetic component 330a, and the second treatment coil 310b and the second ferromagnetic component 330b may include one or more complementary attachment members (not shown) configured to allow attachment (e.g., releasable attachment) of the second treatment coil 310b to the second ferromagnetic component 330b.

[0067] When the first treatment coil 310a is supported by (e.g., attached to) the first ferromagnetic component 330a, the first treatment coil 310a may be electrically isolated from the first ferromagnetic component 330a, for example, using a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, and when the first treatment coil 310a is attached to the first ferromagnetic component 330a (e.g., the inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 330a), the first plurality of windings 312 may be spaced apart from the inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 330a. The first treatment coil 310a may be attached to the first ferromagnetic component 330a using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric). As shown in FIG. 3A, when the first treatment coil 310a is received within the first ferromagnetic component 330a, the first treatment coil 310a can be at least partially surrounded by the first ferromagnetic component 330a.

[0068] When the second treatment coil 310b is supported by (e.g., attached to) the second ferromagnetic component 330b, the second treatment coil 310b may be electrically isolated from the second ferromagnetic component 330b, for example, using a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, and when the second treatment coil 310b is attached to the second ferromagnetic component 330b (e.g., the inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 330b), the second plurality of windings 312 may be spaced apart from the inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 330b. The second treatment coil 310b may be attached to the second ferromagnetic component 330b using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric). As shown in FIG. 3A, when the second treatment coil 310b is received within the second ferromagnetic component 330b, the second treatment coil 310b can be at least partially surrounded by the second ferromagnetic component 330b.

[0069] The first ferromagnetic component 330a can define one or more openings 332 that expose corresponding portions of the subject's head 52 to facilitate cooling during TMS treatment, for example. The second ferromagnetic component 330b can define one or more openings 332 that expose corresponding portions of the subject's head 52 to facilitate cooling during TMS treatment, for example. As shown, the first ferromagnetic component 330a defines an opening 332 at its upper end extending therethrough, and the second ferromagnetic component 330b defines an opening 332 at its upper end extending therethrough. It should be appreciated that one or both of the first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b can be configured to define more or fewer openings. For example, one or both of the first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b may be configured to define a number of openings therethrough or may be configured without any openings therethrough.

[0070] The first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b may be supported relative to one another. For example, a bridge member (not shown) may be used to support the first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b relative to one another. Such a bridge member may have, for example, a first end that is (e.g., removably) attached to the first ferromagnetic component 330a and an opposing second end that is (e.g., removably) attached to the second ferromagnetic component 330b. The bridge member may be configured to allow adjustment of the TMS device 300, for example, to adjust the positioning of the first and / or second treatment coils 310a, 310b relative to the subject's head 52. The first end of the bridge member may be fixedly or movably (e.g., rotatably) attached to the first ferromagnetic component 330a. The second end of the bridge member may be fixedly or movably (e.g., rotatably) attached to the second ferromagnetic component 330b.

[0071] The bridge member may be configured to be adjustable between the first and second ends. For example, the bridge member may include a first portion attached to the first ferromagnetic component 330a and a second portion attached to the second ferromagnetic component 330b. The first and second portions of the bridge member may be configured to slide past one another such that the TMS device 300 may be adjusted (e.g., relative to the subject anatomy) by sliding the first and second portions of the bridge member relative to one another. The bridge member may include first and second portions that are angularly movable relative to one another (e.g., about a pivot or joint) such that the TMS device 300 may be adjusted (e.g., relative to the subject anatomy).

[0072] For example, a TMS device 300 as configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in FIG. 3A may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in a region located between the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b, e.g., in the upper regions of the subject's brain, than in other regions of the subject's brain. When the TMS device 300 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0073] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 300 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 300 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0074] The current distribution in the first and second treatment coils 310a, 310b can be the same or different. For example, if the current delivered to one of the first or second treatment coils 310a, 310b is spread over a larger area (e.g., via longer windings 312, greater winding density, etc.), one or more properties (e.g., focusing, penetration depth, etc.) of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 300 may be altered.

[0075] Additionally, one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 300 may be altered by adjusting the spacing of the first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b relative to one another (e.g., using an adjustable bridging member). For example, if the first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b are moved closer to one another (e.g., closer to the top of the subject's head), the resulting magnetic field generated by the TMS device 300 may exhibit greater focusing and may exhibit a decreased penetration depth. If the first and second ferromagnetic components 330a, 330b are moved farther away from one another (e.g., away from the top of the subject's head), the resulting magnetic field generated by the TMS device 300 may exhibit less focusing and may exhibit an increased penetration depth. Moreover, if the radial spacing between one or more of the windings 312 of each of the first and / or second treatment coils 310a, 310b is increased, the resulting magnetic field generated by the TMS device 300 can exhibit increased penetration depth.

[0076] 4A and 4B show a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 400 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0077] As shown, TMS device 400 includes a first treatment coil 410a, a second treatment coil 410b, a first ferromagnetic component 430a, and a second ferromagnetic component 430b. TMS device 400 may be disposed proximate head 52 of subject 50 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0078] The first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b can each include one or more windings 412, such as a respective plurality of windings 412. The first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b can include the same or different numbers of windings 412. As shown, the first treatment coil 410a includes a first plurality of windings 412 including five windings 412a-412e, and the second treatment coil 410b includes a second plurality of windings 412 including five windings 412f-412j. It should be appreciated that one or both of the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b can include more or fewer windings 412 and / or can include windings 412 having the same or different geometries, radial spacings, etc.

[0079] One or both of the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b may be fabricated from a respective monolithic piece of material. For example, a first length of material (e.g., a metal strip) may be continuously wound to define a first plurality of windings 412 corresponding to the first treatment coil 410a, and a second length of material (e.g., a metal strip) may be continuously wound to define a second plurality of windings 412 corresponding to the second treatment coil 410b. The windings 412 (e.g., one or more of the windings 412a-412j) may be fabricated separately, supported relative to one another, and attached relative to one another, for example, using one or more attachment members (not shown). The separately fabricated multiple windings 412 may be placed in electrical communication with one another, for example, using one or more conductive attachment members interconnecting each one of the multiple windings 412.

[0080] Each winding 412 may define a respective length, for example, as defined by the circumference of the winding 412 and as measured along a central axis through the winding 412. Each one of the first and / or second plurality of windings 412 may have the same or different lengths. Each winding 412 may define any suitable cross-section along its length (e.g., perpendicular to its central axis), such as a rectangle, etc. One or both of the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b, including one or more of the windings 412a-412e and 412f-412j, respectively, may be made from any material that exhibits suitable electrical conductivity, such as copper, etc.

[0081] The windings 412 may define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the circular shape shown. Each one of the windings 412 may have the same shape or different shapes. As shown, the windings 412a-412e of the first treatment coil 410a have substantially the same circular shape relative to one another, but exhibit sequentially increasing lengths from the top winding 412a to the bottom winding 412e. The top winding 412a may be referred to as the innermost winding of the first treatment coil 410a, and the bottom winding 412e may be referred to as the outermost winding of the first treatment coil 410a. The second treatment coil 410b may be constructed the same as the first treatment coil 410a, such that the windings 412f-412j exhibit sequentially increasing lengths from the top winding 412f to the bottom winding 412j. The top winding 412f may be referred to as the innermost winding of the second treatment coil 410b, and the bottom winding 412j may be referred to as the outermost winding of the second treatment coil 410b.

[0082] The windings 412a-412e of the first treatment coil 410a and / or the windings 412f-412j of the second treatment coil 410b may be configured such that spacing from winding to winding (e.g., between adjacent windings 412) remains uniform or varies. For example, the spacing between the windings 412a-412e and / or the spacing between the windings 412f-412j may be defined by the length, shape, positioning, etc. of each of the windings 412a-412j. As shown, the windings 412a-412e of the first treatment coil 410a may be centered on respective axes A11-A15 extending through the subject's head 52, and the respective axes A11-A15 may be angularly offset from one another such that the windings 412a-412e may be spaced closest to one another on one side of the first treatment coil 410a and spaced furthest from one another on the opposing side of the first treatment coil 410a. The windings 412f-412j of the second treatment coil 410b may be centered on respective axes A16-A20 extending through the subject's head 52, and the respective axes A16-A20 may be angularly offset from one another such that the windings 412f-412j may be spaced closest to one another on one side of the second treatment coil 410b and spaced furthest from one another on the opposing side of the second treatment coil 410b.

[0083] The axes A11-A20 may pass through a common point P3 (e.g., a point located medially) in the subject's head 52. The respective angular offsets between adjacent ones of the axes A11-15 may be the same or different, and the respective angular offsets between adjacent ones of the axes A16-A20 may be the same or different. The respective angular offsets between adjacent ones of the axes A11-15 may correspond to the respective angular offsets between adjacent ones of the axes A16-20.

[0084] One or both of the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b may be configured to define coil geometries that fit respective regions of the subject's head 52. For example, two or more of the windings 412a-412e of the first treatment coil 410a may be vertically spaced apart from one another such that the coil geometry of the first treatment coil 410a is concave relative to the subject's head 52. Two or more of the windings 412f-412j of the second treatment coil 410b may be vertically spaced apart from one another such that the coil geometry of the second treatment coil 410b is concave relative to the subject's head 52. As shown, the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b define respective concave, saucer-shaped coil geometries that surround respective portions of the subject's head 52.

[0085] The TMS device 400 can include a first ferromagnetic component 430a corresponding to the first treatment coil 410a and a second ferromagnetic component 430b corresponding to the second treatment coil 410b. The first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b can be configured to change one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b. As shown, the first ferromagnetic component 430a can be positioned proximal to the first treatment coil 410a and the second ferromagnetic component 430b can be positioned proximal to the second treatment coil 410b. The first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b can be made of any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0086] The first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b may define any suitable shape and may have the same or different shapes. As shown, the first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b have a saucer-like shape. One or both of the first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b may define a respective inner surface (not shown) that faces the subject's head 52 and may be configured to at least partially conform to a corresponding portion of the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b and / or a corresponding portion of the subject's head 52, respectively.

[0087] The first ferromagnetic component 430a may be configured to at least partially receive the first treatment coil 410a such that the first ferromagnetic component 430a is positioned proximal to a portion of the first treatment coil 410a. For example, an inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 430a may be configured to receive one or more of the windings 412a-412e. The second ferromagnetic component 430b may be configured to at least partially receive the second treatment coil 410b such that the second ferromagnetic component 430b is positioned proximal to a portion of the second treatment coil 410b. For example, an inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 430b may be configured to receive one or more of the windings 412f-412j.

[0088] When the first treatment coil 410a is disposed proximate to an inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 430a, for example, as shown in FIG. 4A, the first ferromagnetic component 430a can at least partially surround a respective portion of the first plurality of windings 412. When the second treatment coil 410b is disposed proximate to an inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 430b, for example, as shown in FIG. 4A, the second ferromagnetic component 430b can at least partially surround a respective portion of the second plurality of windings 412. Each portion of the first and / or second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b can have a similar (e.g., substantially the same) shape as one or more corresponding windings 412.

[0089] The TMS device 400 may be configured such that the first treatment coil 410a and the first ferromagnetic component 430a are supported relative to one another, and the second treatment coil 410b and the second ferromagnetic component 430b are supported relative to one another. For example, the TMS device 400 may be configured such that the first ferromagnetic component 430a supports the first treatment coil 410a (e.g., at an inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 430a), and the second ferromagnetic component 430b supports the second treatment coil 410b (e.g., at an inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 430b). The first treatment coil 410a and the first ferromagnetic component 430a may include one or more complementary attachment members (not shown) configured to allow attachment (e.g., releasable attachment) of the first treatment coil 410a to the first ferromagnetic component 430a, and the second treatment coil 410b and the second ferromagnetic component 430b may include one or more complementary attachment members (not shown) configured to allow attachment (e.g., releasable attachment) of the second treatment coil 410b to the second ferromagnetic component 430b.

[0090] When the first treatment coil 410a is supported by (e.g., attached to) the first ferromagnetic component 430a, the first treatment coil 410a may be electrically isolated from the first ferromagnetic component 430a, for example, using a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, and when the first treatment coil 410a is attached to the first ferromagnetic component 430a (e.g., the inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 430a), the first plurality of windings 412 may be spaced apart from the inner surface of the first ferromagnetic component 430a. The first treatment coil 410a may be attached to the first ferromagnetic component 430a using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric). As shown in FIG. 4A, when the first treatment coil 410a is received within the first ferromagnetic component 430a, the first treatment coil 410a can be at least partially surrounded by the first ferromagnetic component 430a.

[0091] When the second treatment coil 410b is supported by (e.g., attached to) the second ferromagnetic component 430b, the second treatment coil 410b may be electrically isolated from the second ferromagnetic component 430b, for example, using a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, and when the second treatment coil 410b is attached to the second ferromagnetic component 430b (e.g., the inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 430b), the second plurality of windings 412 may be spaced apart from the inner surface of the second ferromagnetic component 430b. The second treatment coil 410b may be attached to the second ferromagnetic component 430b using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric). As shown in FIG. 4A, when the second treatment coil 410b is received within the second ferromagnetic component 430b, the second treatment coil 410b can be at least partially surrounded by the second ferromagnetic component 430b.

[0092] The first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b may be supported relative to one another. For example, a bridge member (not shown) may be used to support the first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b relative to one another. Such a bridge member may have, for example, a first end that is (e.g., removably) attached to the first ferromagnetic component 430a and an opposing second end that is (e.g., removably) attached to the second ferromagnetic component 430b. The bridge member may be configured to allow adjustment of the TMS device 400, for example, to adjust the positioning of the first and / or second treatment coils 410a, 410b relative to the subject's head 52. The first end of the bridge member may be fixedly or movably (e.g., rotatably) attached to the first ferromagnetic component 430a. The second end of the bridge member may be fixedly or movably (e.g., rotatably) attached to the second ferromagnetic component 430b.

[0093] The bridge member may be adjustable between the first and second ends. For example, the bridge member may include a first portion attached to the first ferromagnetic component 430a and a second portion attached to the second ferromagnetic component 430b. The first and second portions of the bridge member may be configured to slide past one another such that the TMS device 400 may be adjusted (e.g., relative to the subject anatomy) by sliding the first and second portions of the bridge member relative to one another. The bridge member may include first and second portions that are angularly movable relative to one another (e.g., about a pivot or joint) such that the TMS device 400 may be adjusted (e.g., relative to the subject anatomy).

[0094] For example, a TMS device 400 as configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in FIG. 4A may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in a region located between the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b, e.g., in the superior region of the subject's brain, than in other regions of the subject's brain. When the TMS device 400 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0095] When the TMS device 400 is oriented as shown in FIG. 4A, the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b can define a current return path that is near the subject's head 52. This can help drive the return current and can improve the efficiency of the TMS device 400. The illustrated first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b can spread out the induced return current generated by the TMS device 400, for example, distributing the return current within the subject's head 52. Distributing the induced return current can reduce side effects of the TMS treatment, such as stimulation of untargeted areas of the subject's brain.

[0096] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 400 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 400 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0097] The current distribution in the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b can be the same or different. For example, if the current delivered to one of the first or second treatment coils 410a, 410b is spread over a larger area (e.g., via longer windings 412, greater winding density, etc.), one or more properties (e.g., focusing, penetration depth, etc.) of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 400 may be altered.

[0098] Additionally, one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 400 may be altered by adjusting the spacing of the first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b relative to one another (e.g., using an adjustable bridging member). For example, if the first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b are moved closer to one another (e.g., closer to the top of the subject's head), the resulting magnetic field generated by the TMS device 400 may exhibit greater focusing and may exhibit a decreased penetration depth. If the first and second ferromagnetic components 430a, 430b are moved farther away from one another (e.g., away from the top of the subject's head), the resulting magnetic field generated by the TMS device 400 may exhibit less focusing and may exhibit an increased penetration depth. Moreover, if the radial spacing between one or more of the windings 412 of each of the first and / or second treatment coils 410a, 410b is increased, the resulting magnetic field generated by the TMS device 400 can exhibit increased penetration depth.

[0099] 5A and 5B show a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 500 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0100] As shown, TMS device 500 includes a first treatment coil 510a, a second treatment coil 510b, a third treatment coil 510c, a fourth treatment coil 510d, a first ferromagnetic component 530a, and a second ferromagnetic component 530b. TMS device 500 may be disposed proximate head 52 of subject 50 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG. 5A.

[0101] The first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d can each include one or more windings 512, such as a respective multiple windings 512. The first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d can each include the same or different number of windings 512. As shown, the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d each include a single winding 512. Each winding 512 can be fabricated from a single turn of material. One or more of the windings 512, for example, each of the windings 512, can be fabricated from multiple turns of material (e.g., one piece of wire wrapped multiple times around the circumference of the winding). It should be appreciated that one or more of the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d can include more than one winding 512, e.g., a plurality of windings 512.

[0102] The windings 512 may define any suitable shape. Each one of the windings 512 may have the same or different shapes. As shown, each winding 512 defines a substantially same circular shape. Each winding 512 may define a respective length, for example, as defined by the circumference of the winding 512 and as measured along a central axis through the winding 512. The windings 512 of each of the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d may have the same length or different lengths. As shown, the windings 512 of the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d have the same length. Each winding 512 may define any suitable cross-section along its length (e.g., perpendicular to its central axis), such as a rectangle. The windings 512 may be made from any material that exhibits suitable electrical conductivity, such as copper.

[0103] The first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d may be oriented with respect to the subject's head 52. The first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d may be oriented the same or differently with respect to one another. As shown, the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d are oriented in a coplanar configuration with respect to one another on a plane substantially transverse to the subject 50.

[0104] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 500 may be configured with one or more of the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d being oriented differently relative to one another. The first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d may be oriented differently (e.g., rotated about their respective geometric centers) relative to one another to fit a region of the subject's head 52. For example, the TMS device 500 may be configured with the second and third treatment coils 510b, 510c rotated 90 degrees about their respective geometric centers such that the second and third treatment coils 510b, 510c are oriented in a plane perpendicular to the plane in which the first and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510d are oriented.

[0105] The TMS device 500 can include a first ferromagnetic component 530a corresponding to the first and second treatment coils 510a, 510b and a second ferromagnetic component 530b corresponding to the third and fourth treatment coils 510c, 510d. The first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b can be configured to change one or more properties of the magnetic fields generated by the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d. As shown, the first ferromagnetic component 530a can be positioned proximal to the first and second treatment coils 510a, 510b and the second ferromagnetic component 530b can be positioned proximal to the third and fourth treatment coils 510c, 510d. The first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b may be made from any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0106] The first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b may define any suitable shape and may have the same or different shapes. As shown, the first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b have substantially the same arched cylindrical shape. The first ferromagnetic component 530a may define a first end configured to support the first treatment coil 510a and an opposing second end configured to support the second treatment coil 510b. The second ferromagnetic component 530b may define a first end configured to support the first treatment coil 510a and an opposing second end configured to support the second treatment coil 510b.

[0107] The first ferromagnetic component 530a may be configured to support the first and second treatment coils 510a, 510b such that the first ferromagnetic component 530a is positioned proximal to the first and second treatment coils 510a, 510b. For example, the first treatment coil 510a may be attached to a first end of the first ferromagnetic component 530a (e.g., wrapped around the first end of the first ferromagnetic component 530a) and the second treatment coil 510b may be attached to a second end of the first ferromagnetic component 530a (e.g., wrapped around the second end of the first ferromagnetic component 530a). The second ferromagnetic component 530b may be configured to support the third and fourth treatment coils 510c, 510d such that the second ferromagnetic component 530b is positioned proximal to the third and fourth treatment coils 510c, 510d. For example, the third treatment coil 510c may be attached to a first end of the second ferromagnetic component 530b (e.g., wrapped around the first end of the second ferromagnetic component 530b), and the fourth treatment coil 510d may be attached to a second end of the second ferromagnetic component 530b (e.g., wrapped around the second end of the second ferromagnetic component 530b).

[0108] It should be appreciated that one or both of the first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b may be configured to at least partially surround a respective portion of one or more of the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d. For example, a first end of the first ferromagnetic component 530a may define a surface configured to at least partially receive the first treatment coil 510a, a second end of the first ferromagnetic component 530a may define a surface configured to at least partially receive the second treatment coil 510b, a first end of the second ferromagnetic component 530b may define a surface configured to at least partially receive the third treatment coil 510c, and / or a second end of the second ferromagnetic component 530b may define a surface configured to at least partially receive the fourth treatment coil 510d. The first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d and the first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b may include respective complementary attachment members (not shown), each configured to enable attachment (e.g., removably attachment) of the first and second treatment coils 510a, 510b to the first ferromagnetic component 530a, and attachment (e.g., removably attachment) of the third and fourth treatment coils 510c, 510d to the second ferromagnetic component 530b.

[0109] The first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b may be supported relative to one another. For example, a bridge member (not shown) may be used to support the first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b relative to one another. Such a bridge member may have, for example, a first end that is (e.g., removably) attached to the first ferromagnetic component 530a and an opposing second end that is (e.g., removably) attached to the second ferromagnetic component 530b. The bridge member may be configured to allow adjustment of the TMS device 500, for example, to adjust the positioning of the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d relative to the subject's head 52. The first end of the bridge member may be fixedly or movably (e.g., rotatably) attached to the first ferromagnetic component 530a. A second end of the bridge member may be fixedly or movably (eg, rotatably) attached to the second ferromagnetic component 530b.

[0110] The bridge member may be adjustable between the first and second ends. For example, the bridge member may include a first portion attached to the first ferromagnetic component 530a and a second portion attached to the second ferromagnetic component 530b. The first and second portions of the bridge member may be configured to slide past one another such that the TMS device 500 may be adjusted (e.g., relative to the subject anatomy) by sliding the first and second portions of the bridge member relative to one another. The bridge member may include first and second portions that are angularly movable relative to one another (e.g., about a pivot or joint) such that the TMS device 500 may be adjusted (e.g., relative to the subject anatomy).

[0111] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 500 is not limited to the illustrated configuration of treatment coils and ferromagnetic components. For example, the TMS device 500 can include more or fewer treatment coils and / or more or fewer ferromagnetic components. For example, the TMS device 500 can include a single ferromagnetic component associated with (e.g., attached to) each of the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d. In another example, the TMS device can include three, five, six, seven, or more treatment coils and one or more corresponding ferromagnetic components. The treatment coils of such examples of the TMS device 500 can be oriented in any suitable configuration.

[0112] For example, the TMS device 500 as configured and oriented relative to the subject as shown in FIG. 5A may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in one or more regions located between the centers of adjacent ones of the first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d in upper regions of the subject's brain than in other regions of the subject's brain. For example, a first region of greater magnetic field strength may be exhibited between portions of the first and second treatment coils 510a, 510b that are closest to each other. A second region of greater magnetic field strength may be exhibited between portions of the second and fourth treatment coils 510b, 510d that are closest to each other. A third region of greater magnetic field strength may be exhibited between portions of the fourth and third treatment coils 510d, 510c that are closest to each other. A fourth region of greater magnetic field strength may be exhibited between portions of the third and first treatment coils 510c, 510a, respectively, that are closest to one another.

[0113] The first, second, third, and fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, and 510d can induce an electric field that exhibits a strong gradient. This gradient can be strong in the opposite direction on the opposing treatment coils (e.g., the first and second treatment coils 510a, 510b, or the first and third treatment coils 510a, 510c). This nature of the induced electric field can result in a magnetic field that can better direct stimulation of nerve cells (e.g., peripheral neurons) in the subject's brain, which may be more sensitive to stimulation at rapidly changing current densities. When the TMS device 500 is oriented with respect to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field can be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0114] The first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b can improve the energy efficiency of the treatment coils 510a-510d of the TMS device 500 (e.g., as opposed to using exposed treatment coils 510a-510d to generate a magnetic field without the first and second ferromagnetic components 530a, 530b).

[0115] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 500 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 500 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0116] One or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 500 may be altered by adjusting the size of one or more of the first, second, third, or fourth treatment coils 510a, 510b, 510c, 510d. For example, by altering the respective size (e.g., diameter, coil density, etc.) of one or more of the treatment coils 510a-510d, the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 500 may be altered to target specific portions (e.g., zones) of the subject's brain. Adjusting the respective size of one or more of the treatment coils 510a-510d may cause the TMS device 500 to generate magnetic fields exhibiting different strengths at different respective locations in the subject's brain. This may be useful, for example, with respect to the treatment of peripheral nerves that may be straight (e.g., not curved).

[0117] 6A and 6B show a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 600 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0118] As shown, TMS device 600 includes a treatment coil 610 and a ferromagnetic component 630. TMS device 600 may be disposed proximate head 52 of subject 50 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0119] The treatment coil 610 can include one or more windings 612, such as a plurality of windings 612. As shown, the treatment coil 610 has a plurality of windings 612, including four windings 612a-612d. It should be appreciated that the treatment coil 610 can include more or fewer windings 612.

[0120] The treatment coil 610 may be fabricated from a monolithic piece of material. For example, a length of material (e.g., wire) may be continuously wound to define a plurality of windings 612. The windings 612 (e.g., one or more of windings 612a-612d) may be fabricated separately and supported relative to one another and attached to one another, for example, using one or more attachment members (not shown). The plurality of separately fabricated windings 612 may be placed in electrical communication with one another, for example, using one or more conductive attachment members interconnecting respective ones of the windings 612.

[0121] The windings 612 may be configured to define respective portions of the treatment coil 610. For example, the windings 612a-612d of the illustrated treatment coil 610 are configured to define a base portion 614 of the treatment coil 610 and a protruding portion 616 of the treatment coil 610. The base portion 614 may be configured to substantially conform to the anatomy of the subject's head 52. As shown, the base portion 614 defines a concave shape that is configured to substantially conform to a frontal region of the subject's head 52. The base portion 614 may be configured to contact the subject's head 52 during treatment or to be spaced (e.g., a small distance) from the subject's head 52 during treatment. The protruding portion 616 may be configured as a return portion of the treatment coil 610. As shown, the protruding portions 616 of the treatment coil 610 are angularly offset relative to the base portion 614 and extend outwardly from the base portion 614 in a direction away from the base portion 614 and in a direction away from the subject's head 52. It should be appreciated that the treatment coil 610 is not limited to the illustrated configuration of the base portion 614 and / or the protruding portions 616. For example, the protruding portions 616 could be curved (e.g., to at least partially conform to the back portion of the subject's head 52). Such a configuration of the treatment coil 610 could reduce the efficiency of the TMS device 600.

[0122] As shown, each winding 612 defines an arc-shaped forward segment 618, an opposing arc-shaped side segment 620, and a number of straight rearward segments 622, where the arc-shaped forward segment 618 may be disposed proximate a forward portion of the subject's head 52 and the arc-shaped side segment 620 may be disposed along a corresponding side of the subject's head 52, and the number of straight rearward segments 622 are connected to each other and to the side segments 620. The forward and / or side segments 618, 620 may be configured to fit corresponding portions of the subject's head 52. A base portion 614 of the illustrated treatment coil 610 is defined by the respective forward and side segments 618, 620 of the winding 612, and a protruding portion 616 of the treatment coil 610 is defined by the number of rearward segments 622.

[0123] Each winding 612 may define a respective length, for example, as defined by the circumference of the winding 612 and as measured along a central axis through the winding 612. Each one of the multiple windings 612 may have the same length or different lengths. Each winding 612 may define any suitable cross-section along its length (e.g., perpendicular to its central axis), such as circular, etc. The treatment coil 610, including one or more of the windings 612a-612d, may be made from any material that exhibits suitable electrical conductivity, such as copper, etc.

[0124] Each one of the windings 612 can have the same shape or different shapes. The illustrated windings 612a-612d have similar shapes relative to one another and may be at least partially nested relative to one another. The winding 612a may be referred to as the innermost winding of the plurality of windings 612, and the winding 612d may be referred to as the outermost winding of the plurality of windings 612.

[0125] The windings 612a-612d may be configured such that spacing from winding to winding (e.g., between adjacent windings 612) remains uniform or varies. For example, the spacing between the windings 612a-612d may be defined by the length, shape, positioning, etc. of each of the windings 612a-612d. As shown, the spacing of the windings 612 from one another varies by segment such that the front segments 618 are spaced farther apart from one another than the side segments 620 and the rear segments 622 are spaced apart from one another.

[0126] The treatment coil 610 may be configured to define a coil geometry that fits a region of the subject's head 52. For example, two or more of the windings 612a-612d may be vertically spaced from one another such that the coil geometry of the treatment coil 610 is concave relative to the subject's head 52. As shown, a base portion 614 of the treatment coil 610 defines a concave, band-shaped coil geometry that surrounds a portion of the subject's head 52.

[0127] The TMS device 600 can include a ferromagnetic component 630. The ferromagnetic component 630 can be configured to alter one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the treatment coil 610. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 630 can be disposed proximate to the treatment coil 610 (e.g., positioned near the treatment coil 610). The ferromagnetic component 630 can be made from any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles, or the like.

[0128] The ferromagnetic component 630 may define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the illustrated annular semi-toroidal shape. The ferromagnetic component 630 may define an inner surface 632 that faces the subject's head 52 and is configured to at least partially conform to a corresponding portion of the treatment coil 610 and / or a corresponding portion of the subject's head 52. The inner surface 632 may define a shape with proportions substantially similar to (e.g., slightly larger than) those of the corresponding portion of the subject's head 52.

[0129] The ferromagnetic component 630 may be configured to at least partially receive the treatment coil 610 such that the ferromagnetic component 630 is positioned proximate to a portion of the treatment coil 610. The ferromagnetic component may partially surround a portion of the treatment coil 610, such as the base portion 614. The ferromagnetic component 630 may define a recess (not shown) that extends into an inner surface 632 of the ferromagnetic component 630 and is configured to receive at least a portion of the treatment coil 610. The recess may be configured to receive one or more of the plurality of windings 612. When the treatment coil 610 is disposed in the recess, the ferromagnetic component 630 may at least partially surround a respective portion of the plurality of windings 612. The portion of the ferromagnetic component 630 that defines the recess may have a similar (e.g., substantially the same) shape as one or more corresponding windings 612.

[0130] The ferromagnetic component 630 can define one or more openings that can expose corresponding portions of the subject's head 52, for example, to facilitate cooling during TMS treatment. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 630 defines an opening 634 extending therethrough. The illustrated opening 634 is located at an upper end of the ferromagnetic component 630. As shown, the opening 634 is configured such that the protruding portion 616 of the treatment coil 610 can be disposed within the opening 634. It should be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 630 can be configured to define more or fewer openings. For example, the ferromagnetic component 630 can be configured to define multiple openings therethrough, or can be configured without any openings therethrough (e.g., configured with a dome-like shape).

[0131] The TMS device 600 may be configured such that the treatment coil 610 and the ferromagnetic component 630 are supported relative to one another. For example, the TMS device 600 may be configured such that the ferromagnetic component 630 supports (e.g., in a recess) the treatment coil 610. One or both of the treatment coil 610 and the ferromagnetic component 630 can include complementary attachment members (not shown) that are configured to allow attachment (e.g., removably attachment) of the treatment coil 610 to the ferromagnetic component 630.

[0132] When the treatment coil 610 is supported by (e.g., when attached to) the ferromagnetic component 630, the treatment coil 610 may be electrically isolated from the ferromagnetic component 630, for example, using a dielectric. As shown, the dielectric can be air, and when the treatment coil 610 is attached to the ferromagnetic component 630 (e.g., when disposed in a recess), the plurality of windings 612 may be spaced apart from the inner surface 632 of the ferromagnetic component 630. The treatment coil 610 may be attached to the ferromagnetic component 630 using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric).

[0133] When the treatment coil 610 and the ferromagnetic component 630 are supported relative to one another in an assembled configuration, for example, as shown in FIG. 6A , the protruding portion 616 of the treatment coil 610 can protrude through an opening 634 in the ferromagnetic component 630 and can extend away from the subject's head 52 and away from the ferromagnetic component 630. When the treatment coil 610 and the ferromagnetic component 630 are supported relative to one another in an assembled configuration, the treatment coil 610, e.g., the base portion 614 and at least a portion of the protruding portion 616, can be at least partially surrounded by the ferromagnetic component 630.

[0134] When the TMS device 600 is oriented relative to the subject 50, the ferromagnetic component 630 (e.g., inner surface 632) may be positioned near an outer surface of the subject's head 52, for example, as shown in FIG. 6A. For example, the ferromagnetic component 630 may surround a portion of the subject's head 52, such that the ferromagnetic component 630 surrounds at least a portion of the treatment coil 610 (e.g., base portion 614). The ferromagnetic component 630 may be configured such that the inner surface 632 substantially conforms to a corresponding portion of the subject's head 52. A portion of the ferromagnetic component 630 may extend beyond one or more portions of the treatment coil 610. For example, the ferromagnetic component 630 may define a predetermined radius (e.g., in a plane transverse to the subject 50), such that the ferromagnetic component extends beyond one or both of the base portion 614 and the protruding portion 616 of the treatment coil 610.

[0135] For example, a TMS device 600 as configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in FIG. 6A may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in frontal regions on opposing sides of the subject's brain than in other regions of the subject's brain. When the TMS device 600 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain. The illustrated configuration of the ferromagnetic components 630 may exhibit a slower decrease in electrical field stimulation as a function of distance perpendicular to the surface of the subject's head.

[0136] 6A , the ferromagnetic component 630 can contribute to spreading the induced return current generated by the TMS device 600, for example, by spreading the return current within the subject's head 52. Spreading the induced return current can reduce side effects of TMS treatment, such as stimulation of untargeted regions of the subject's brain. This can improve the efficiency of the treatment coil 610 and / or the TMS device 600.

[0137] 6C illustrates an example current distribution in tissue of the brain 60 of a subject (e.g., subject 50) when the TMS device 600 is operated without the ferromagnetic component 630. For example, with the ferromagnetic component 630 removed, the TMS device 600 can be operated such that the treatment coil 610 generates a magnetic field in the subject's brain 60. The magnetic field can induce a current in a targeted volume of tissue of the subject's brain 60. This targeted volume of stimulated brain tissue can be referred to as a stimulation volume. When the TMS device 600 is operated, for example, during a TMS treatment, the stimulation volume can include one or more regions (e.g., including regions 61, 62, and 63) that exhibit different levels of induced current. The induced current in region 61 can be greater than the induced current in regions 62 and 63. The induced current in region 62 can be greater than the induced current in region 63. The magnetic field can induce return currents in one or more regions of the subject's brain 60, including, for example, regions 64 and 65. The induced return current in region 65 can be greater than the induced return current in region 64.

[0138] 6D illustrates an example current distribution in tissue of the brain 60 of a subject (e.g., subject 50) when the TMS device 600 is operated with the ferromagnetic component 630. For example, the TMS device 600 may be operated such that the treatment coil 610 and the ferromagnetic component 630 cooperate to generate a magnetic field in the subject's brain 60. The magnetic field may induce a current in a targeted stimulation volume of the subject's brain 60. When the TMS device 600 is operated, for example, during a TMS treatment, the stimulation volume may include one or more regions (e.g., including regions 61′, 62′, and 63′) that exhibit different levels of induced current. The induced current in region 61′ may be greater than the induced current in regions 62′ and 63′. The induced current in region 62′ may be greater than the induced current in region 63′. The magnetic field may induce a return current in one or more regions (e.g., including regions 64′ and 65′) of the subject's brain 60. The induced return current in region 65' may be greater than the induced return current in region 64'.

[0139] The TMS device 600 can distribute the induced return current when operated with the ferromagnetic component 630. For example, as shown, the regions 64' and 65' can be larger than the corresponding regions 64 and 65 induced when the TMS device 600 is operated without the ferromagnetic component 630. Distributing the induced return current can reduce the current density in one or more regions of the brain 60 outside the targeted stimulation volume, which can reduce the TMS therapy dose outside the targeted stimulation volume. The ferromagnetic component 630 can improve the efficiency of the TMS device 600, for example, without reducing the penetration depth of the magnetic field in the targeted stimulation volume.

[0140] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 600 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 600 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0141] 7A and 7B show a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 700 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0142] As shown, TMS device 700 includes a treatment coil 710 and a ferromagnetic component 730. TMS device 700 may be disposed proximate head 52 of subject 50 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0143] The treatment coil 710 can include one or more windings 712, such as a plurality of windings 712. As shown, the treatment coil 710 has a plurality of windings 712, including seven windings 712a-712g. It should be appreciated that the treatment coil 710 can include more or fewer windings 712.

[0144] The treatment coil 710 may be fabricated from a monolithic piece of material. For example, a length of material (e.g., wire) may be continuously wound to define a plurality of windings 712. The windings 712 (e.g., one or more of windings 712a-712g) may be fabricated separately, supported relative to one another, and attached to one another, for example, using one or more attachment members (not shown). The plurality of separately fabricated windings 712 may be placed in electrical communication with one another, for example, using one or more conductive attachment members interconnecting respective ones of the windings 712.

[0145] The windings 712 may be configured to define respective portions of the treatment coil 710. For example, the windings 712a-712g of the illustrated treatment coil 710 are configured to define a base portion 714 of the treatment coil 710 and a protruding portion 716 of the treatment coil 710. The base portion 714 may be configured to substantially conform to the anatomy of the subject's head 52. As shown, the base portion 714 defines a concave shape that is configured to substantially conform to the subject's head 52. The base portion 714 may be configured to contact the subject's head 52 during treatment or to be spaced (e.g., a small distance) from the subject's head 52 during treatment. The protruding portion 716 may be configured as a return portion of the treatment coil 710. As shown, the protruding portions 716 of the treatment coil 710 are angularly offset relative to the base portion 714 and extend outwardly from the base portion 714 in a direction away from the base portion 714 and in a direction away from the subject's head 52. It should be appreciated that the treatment coil 710 is not limited to the illustrated configuration of the base portion 714 and / or the protruding portions 716. For example, the protruding portions 716 could be curved (e.g., to at least partially conform to the back portion of the subject's head 52). Such a configuration of the treatment coil 710 could reduce the efficiency of the TMS device 700.

[0146] As shown, each winding 712 defines an arc-shaped forward segment 718, an opposing arc-shaped side segment 720, and a number of straight rearward segments 722, where the arc-shaped forward segment 718 may be disposed proximate a forward portion of the subject's head 52 and the arc-shaped side segment 720 may be disposed along a corresponding side of the subject's head 52, and the number of straight rearward segments 722 are connected to each other and to the side segments 720. The forward and / or side segments 718, 720 may be configured to fit corresponding portions of the subject's head 52. A base portion 714 of the illustrated treatment coil 710 is defined by the respective forward and side segments 718, 720 of the winding 712, and a protruding portion 716 of the treatment coil 710 is defined by the number of rearward segments 722.

[0147] Each winding 712 may define a respective length, for example, as defined by the circumference of the winding 712 and as measured along a central axis through the winding 712. Each one of the multiple windings 712 may have the same length or different lengths. Each winding 712 may define any suitable cross-section along its length (e.g., perpendicular to its central axis), such as circular, etc. The treatment coil 710, including one or more of the windings 712a-712d, may be made from any material that exhibits suitable electrical conductivity, such as copper, etc.

[0148] Each one of the windings 712 can have the same or different shapes. The illustrated windings 712a-712d have similar shapes relative to each other and may be at least partially nested relative to each other. The illustrated windings 712e-712g have similar shapes relative to each other and may be at least partially nested relative to each other.

[0149] The windings 712a-712g may be configured such that spacing from winding to winding (e.g., between adjacent windings 712) remains uniform or varies. For example, the spacing between the windings 712a-712g may be defined by the length, shape, positioning, etc., of each of the windings 712a-712g. As shown, the spacing of the windings 712 from one another varies from segment to segment. For the windings 712a-712d, the forward segments 718 are spaced closer to one another than the side segments 720 are spaced apart from one another. For the windings 712e-712g, the forward segments 718 are spaced farther from one another than the side segments 720 are spaced apart from one another. The spacing of the rearward segments 722 may vary from winding to winding.

[0150] The treatment coil 710 may be configured to define a coil geometry that fits a region of the subject's head 52. For example, two or more of the windings 712a-g may be vertically spaced from one another such that the coil geometry of the treatment coil 710 is concave relative to the subject's head 52. As shown, a base portion 714 of the treatment coil 710 defines a concave, half-dome shaped coil geometry that surrounds a portion of the subject's head 52.

[0151] The TMS device 700 can include a ferromagnetic component 730. The ferromagnetic component 730 can be configured to alter one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the treatment coil 710. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 730 can be positioned proximate to the treatment coil 710. The ferromagnetic component 730 can be made from any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0152] The ferromagnetic component 730 may define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the illustrated annular half-dome shape. The ferromagnetic component 730 may define an inner surface (not shown) that faces the subject's head 52 and is configured to at least partially conform to a corresponding portion of the treatment coil 710 and / or to a corresponding portion of the subject's head 52. The inner surface may define a shape with proportions substantially similar to (e.g., slightly larger than) those of the corresponding portion of the subject's head 52.

[0153] The ferromagnetic component 730 may be configured to at least partially receive the treatment coil 710 such that the ferromagnetic component 730 is positioned proximate to a portion of the treatment coil 710. The ferromagnetic component may partially surround a portion of the treatment coil 610, such as the base portion 614. The ferromagnetic component 730 may define a recess (not shown) that extends into an inner surface of the ferromagnetic component 730 and is configured to receive at least a portion of the treatment coil 710. The recess may be configured to receive one or more of the plurality of windings 712. When the treatment coil 710 is disposed in the recess, the ferromagnetic component 730 may at least partially surround a respective portion of the plurality of windings 712 (e.g., the base portion 714 of the treatment coil 710). The portion of the ferromagnetic component 730 that defines the recess may have a similar (e.g., substantially the same) shape as one or more corresponding windings 712.

[0154] The ferromagnetic component 730 may be configured to expose one or more portions of the subject's head 52, for example, to facilitate cooling during TMS treatment. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 730 defines a groove 732 that extends into an edge of the ferromagnetic component 730 near its upper end. It should be appreciated that the groove 732 is not limited to the location shown. Moreover, the ferromagnetic component 730 may be configured to define more or fewer grooves, such as, for example, multiple grooves (e.g., having the same size or different sizes) or no grooves at all. It should further be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 730 may be configured to define one or more openings extending therethrough (e.g., in addition to or instead of one or more grooves). For example, the ferromagnetic component 730 may be configured to define multiple openings extending therethrough.

[0155] The TMS device 700 may be configured such that the treatment coil 710 and the ferromagnetic component 730 are supported relative to one another. For example, the TMS device 700 may be configured such that the ferromagnetic component 730 supports (e.g., in a recess) the treatment coil 710. One or both of the treatment coil 710 and the ferromagnetic component 730 can include complementary attachment members (not shown) that are configured to allow attachment (e.g., removably attachment) of the treatment coil 710 to the ferromagnetic component 730.

[0156] When the treatment coil 710 is supported by (e.g., when attached to) the ferromagnetic component 730, the treatment coil 710 may be electrically isolated from the ferromagnetic component 730, for example, using a dielectric. As shown, the dielectric can be air, and when the treatment coil 710 is attached to the ferromagnetic component 730 (e.g., when disposed in a recess), the plurality of windings 712 may be spaced apart from an inner surface of the ferromagnetic component 730. The treatment coil 710 may be attached to the ferromagnetic component 730 using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric).

[0157] When the treatment coil 710 and the ferromagnetic component 730 are supported relative to one another in an assembled configuration, e.g., as shown in FIG. 7A , a protruding portion 716 of the treatment coil 710 can protrude beyond the ferromagnetic component 730 and can extend away from the subject's head 52 and away from the ferromagnetic component 730. When the treatment coil 710 and the ferromagnetic component 730 are supported relative to one another in an assembled configuration, the treatment coil 710, e.g., the base portion 714 and at least a portion of the protruding portion 716, can be at least partially surrounded by the ferromagnetic component 730.

[0158] When the TMS device 700 is oriented relative to the subject 50, the ferromagnetic component 730 may be positioned near an outer surface of the subject's head 52, for example, as shown in FIG. 7A. The ferromagnetic component may be disposed above one or more portions of the treatment coil 710 that are disposed near the subject's head 52 (e.g., above the base portion 714). The ferromagnetic component 730 may extend away from the base portion 714 of the treatment coil 710, for example, toward the protruding portion 716. It should be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 730 may be configured such that at least a portion of the ferromagnetic component 730 extends beyond one or more portions of the treatment coil 710. For example, the ferromagnetic component 730 may be configured such that a portion of the ferromagnetic component 730 extends upwardly beyond the protruding portion 716 of the treatment coil 710.

[0159] For example, TMS device 700 as configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in FIG. 7A may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in frontal regions of the subject's brain than in dorsal regions of the subject's brain. When TMS device 700 is oriented relative to subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain. The illustrated configuration of ferromagnetic component 730 may enable TMS device 700 to exhibit increased energy efficiency while maintaining or improving penetration depth (e.g., as compared to properties exhibited by TMS device 600 using ferromagnetic component 630).

[0160] 7A , the ferromagnetic component 730 can contribute to a redistribution of current concentration of the counter-induced current, for example, redistributing the induced current within the subject's head 52. The illustrated configuration of the ferromagnetic component 730 can exhibit a slower reduction in electric field stimulation as a function of distance perpendicular to the surface of the subject's head. The TMS device 700 can better maintain electric field stimulation as a function of distance perpendicular to the surface of the subject's head.

[0161] 7C illustrates an example current distribution in tissue of the brain 70 of a subject (e.g., subject 50) when the TMS device 700 is operated without the ferromagnetic component 730. For example, with the ferromagnetic component 730 removed, the TMS device 700 can be operated such that the treatment coil 710 generates a magnetic field in the subject's brain 70. The magnetic field can induce a current in a targeted volume of tissue of the subject's brain 70. This targeted volume of stimulated brain tissue can be referred to as a stimulation volume. When the TMS device 700 is operated, for example, during a TMS treatment, the stimulation volume can include one or more regions (e.g., including regions 71, 72, and 73) that exhibit different levels of induced current. The induced current in region 71 can be greater than the induced current in regions 72 and 73. The induced current in region 72 can be greater than the induced current in region 73. The magnetic field can induce return currents in one or more regions of the subject's brain 70, including, for example, regions 74 and 75. The induced return current in region 75 can be greater than the induced return current in region 74.

[0162] 7D illustrates an example current distribution in tissue of a brain 70 of a subject (e.g., subject 50) when the TMS device 700 is operated with the ferromagnetic component 730. For example, the TMS device 700 may be operated such that the treatment coil 710 and the ferromagnetic component 730 cooperate to generate a magnetic field in the subject's brain 70. The magnetic field may induce a current in a targeted stimulation volume of the subject's brain 70. When the TMS device 700 is operated, for example, during a TMS treatment, the stimulation volume may include one or more regions (e.g., including regions 71′, 72′, and 73′) that exhibit different levels of induced current. The induced current in region 71′ may be greater than the induced current in regions 72′ and 73′. The induced current in region 72′ may be greater than the induced current in region 73′. The magnetic field may induce a return current in one or more regions (e.g., including regions 74′ and 75′) of the subject's brain 70. The induced return current in region 75' may be greater than the induced return current in region 74'.

[0163] The TMS device 700 can redistribute the induced return current (e.g., displace, reorient, change, etc. the volume of the induced return current) when operated with the ferromagnetic component 730. For example, as shown, regions 74' and 75' can be displaced more from the targeted stimulation volume, e.g., relative to the overhanging portion 716 of the treatment coil 710, which is induced when the TMS device 700 is operated without the ferromagnetic component 730. Redistributing the induced return current can reduce the current density in one or more regions of the brain 70 outside the targeted stimulation volume, which can reduce the TMS treatment dose outside the targeted stimulation volume.

[0164] When the TMS device 700 is oriented as shown in FIG. 7A , the ferromagnetic component 730 can improve the efficiency of the treatment coil 710 and / or the TMS device 700, for example, without reducing the penetration depth of the magnetic field in the targeted stimulation volume. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 730 can extend beyond the base portion 714 of the treatment coil 710. This configuration can shift return induced currents in the subject's head 52. Shifting the induced return currents can reduce side effects of the TMS treatment, such as stimulation of untargeted areas of the subject's brain.

[0165] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 700 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 700 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0166] 8A and 8B show a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 800 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0167] As shown, TMS device 800 includes a treatment coil 810 and a ferromagnetic component 830. TMS device 800 may be disposed proximate head 52 of subject 50 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0168] The treatment coil 810 can include one or more windings 812, such as a plurality of windings 812. As shown, the treatment coil 810 has a plurality of windings 812, including seven windings 812a-812g. It should be appreciated that the treatment coil 810 can include more or fewer windings 812.

[0169] The treatment coil 810 may be fabricated from a monolithic piece of material. For example, a length of material (e.g., wire) may be continuously wound to define a plurality of windings 812. The windings 812 (e.g., one or more of windings 812a-812g) may be fabricated separately, supported relative to one another, and attached to one another, for example, using one or more attachment members (not shown). The plurality of separately fabricated windings 812 may be placed in electrical communication with one another, for example, using one or more conductive attachment members interconnecting respective ones of the windings 812.

[0170] The windings 812 may be configured to define respective portions of the treatment coil 810. For example, the windings 812a-812g of the illustrated treatment coil 810 are configured to define a base portion 814 of the treatment coil 810 and a protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810. The base portion 814 may be configured to substantially conform to the anatomy of the subject's head 52. As shown, the base portion 814 defines a concave shape that is configured to substantially conform to the subject's head 52. The base portion 814 may be configured to contact the subject's head 52 during treatment or to be spaced (e.g., a small distance) from the subject's head 52 during treatment. The protruding portion 816 may be configured as a return portion of the treatment coil 810. As shown, the protruding portions 816 of the illustrated treatment coil 810 are angularly offset relative to the base portion 814 and extend outwardly from the base portion 814 in a direction away from the base portion 814 and in a direction away from the subject's head 52. It should be appreciated that the treatment coil 810 is not limited to the illustrated configuration of the base portion 814 and / or the protruding portions 816. For example, the protruding portions 816 could be curved (e.g., to at least partially conform to the back portion of the subject's head 52). Such a configuration of the treatment coil 810 could reduce the efficiency of the TMS device 800.

[0171] As shown, each winding 812 defines an arc-shaped forward segment 818, an opposing arc-shaped side segment 820, and a number of straight rearward segments 822, where the arc-shaped forward segment 818 may be disposed proximate a forward portion of the subject's head 52 and the arc-shaped side segment 820 may be disposed along a corresponding side of the subject's head 52, and the number of straight rearward segments 822 are connected to each other and to the side segments 820. The forward and / or side segments 818, 820 may be configured to fit corresponding portions of the subject's head 52. A base portion 814 of the illustrated treatment coil 810 is defined by the respective forward and side segments 818, 820 of the winding 812, and a protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810 is defined by the number of rearward segments 822.

[0172] Each winding 812 may define a respective length, for example, as defined by the circumference of the winding 812 and as measured along a central axis through the winding 812. Each one of the multiple windings 812 may have the same length or different lengths. Each winding 812 may define any suitable cross-section along its length (e.g., perpendicular to its central axis), such as circular, etc. The treatment coil 810, including one or more of the windings 812a-812d, may be made from any material that exhibits suitable electrical conductivity, such as copper, etc.

[0173] Each one of the windings 812 can have the same or different shapes. The illustrated windings 812a-812d have similar shapes relative to each other and may be at least partially nested relative to each other. The illustrated windings 812e-812g have similar shapes relative to each other and may be at least partially nested relative to each other.

[0174] The windings 812a-g may be configured such that spacing from winding to winding (e.g., between adjacent windings 812) remains uniform or varies. For example, the spacing between the windings 812a-g may be defined by the length, shape, positioning, etc., of each of the windings 812a-g. As shown, the spacing of the windings 812 from one another varies from segment to segment. For the windings 812a-d, the forward segments 818 are spaced closer to one another than the side segments 820 are spaced apart from one another. For the windings 812e-g, the forward segments 818 are spaced farther from one another than the side segments 820 are spaced apart from one another. The spacing between the rearward segments 822 may vary from one winding to another.

[0175] The treatment coil 810 may be configured to define a coil geometry that fits a region of the subject's head 52. For example, two or more of the windings 812a-g may be vertically spaced from one another such that the coil geometry of the treatment coil 810 is concave relative to the subject's head 52. As shown, a base portion 814 of the treatment coil 810 defines a concave, half-dome shaped coil geometry that surrounds a portion of the subject's head 52.

[0176] The TMS device 800 can include a ferromagnetic component 830. The ferromagnetic component 830 can be configured to change one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the treatment coil 810. The ferromagnetic component 830 can be disposed proximate to at least a portion of the treatment coil 810 (e.g., positioned near at least a portion of the treatment coil 810). As shown, the ferromagnetic component 830 can be disposed proximate to the base portion 814 of the treatment coil 810 so as to partially surround a portion of the base portion 814 (e.g., an area of ​​the base portion 814). The ferromagnetic component 830 can be made of any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles, or the like.

[0177] The ferromagnetic component 830 may be configured to at least partially surround a portion of the treatment coil 810. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 830 is configured to at least partially surround the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810. The ferromagnetic component may define any suitable shape, such as, for example, the illustrated arc shape. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 830 defines a first end 832, an opposing second end 834 spaced apart from the first end 832, and an arc-shaped intermediate section 836 extending from the first end 832 to the second end 834.

[0178] The ferromagnetic component 830 may be configured such that first and second ends 832, 834 are disposed on opposing sides of the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810. For example, the first end 832 of the ferromagnetic component 830 may be configured to be disposed at a first forward-facing side location of the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810, and the second end 834 of the ferromagnetic component 830 may be configured to be disposed at a second rearward-facing side location of the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810.

[0179] The ferromagnetic component 830 can be configured to at least partially surround the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810. For example, the intermediate section 836 of the ferromagnetic component 830 can define an arc that at least partially surrounds the protruding portion 816. As shown, the arc defined by the intermediate portion 836 defines a loop that at least partially surrounds the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810.

[0180] It should be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 830 is not limited to the illustrated configuration, e.g., the illustrated mid-section 836 extending upwardly and over the upper end of the protruding portion, and the geometry of the ferromagnetic component 830 may be configured differently relative to the treatment coil 810. For example, the ferromagnetic component 830 may be configured such that the second end 834 may be positioned near the back of the subject's head during treatment, and the mid-section 836 may be configured to at least partially conform to the geometry of the subject's head. In such a configuration, the mid-section 836 may extend over the base portion 814 of the treatment coil 810 and through an opening defined by the protruding portion 816. Such a configuration of the ferromagnetic component 830 may enable the TMS device 800 to exhibit an increase in a corresponding electric field induced by one or more current levels delivered to the treatment coil 810 (e.g., as compared to the illustrated configuration of the treatment coil 830). In another example, the ferromagnetic component may be configured to extend from one side of the protruding portion 816 to the other, for example, by extending around an upper end of the protruding portion 816, by extending around either of the opposing sides of the protruding portion 816, or by any combination thereof.

[0181] It should further be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 830 may be configured to differently surround at least a portion of the treatment coil 810 (e.g., the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810). For example, the ferromagnetic component may define a plurality of substantially straight (e.g., straight or slightly curved) intermediate sections between a first end 832 and a second end 834 that extend from one side of the protruding portion 816 to the other.

[0182] As shown, a first end 832 of the ferromagnetic component 830 is disposed near a portion of the base portion 814 of the treatment coil 810 so as to partially surround the portion of the base portion 814 of the treatment coil 810. The first end 832 can define a substantially flat surface (as shown) or can be configured to fit over a corresponding portion of the base portion 814 of the treatment coil 810. A second end 834 of the ferromagnetic component 830 is disposed near a portion of the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810 so as to partially surround the portion of the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810. The second end 834 can define a substantially flat surface (as shown) or can be configured to fit over a corresponding portion of the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810. It should be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 830 is not limited to the illustrated configuration of the first and second ends 832, 834, and that the ferromagnetic component 830 may be configured with one or both of the first and second ends 832, 834 in any other suitable location relative to the treatment coil 810.

[0183] The TMS device 800 may be configured such that the treatment coil 810 and the ferromagnetic component 830 are supported relative to one another. For example, the TMS device 800 may be configured such that the ferromagnetic component 830 supports the treatment coil 810. One or both of the treatment coil 810 and the ferromagnetic component 830 can include complementary attachment members (not shown) configured to allow attachment (e.g., removably attachment) of the treatment coil 810 to the ferromagnetic component 830. For example, the first and second ends 832, 834 of the ferromagnetic component 830 can include attachment members configured to be secured to complementary attachment members supported by the base portion 814 and the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810, respectively.

[0184] When the treatment coil 810 is supported by (e.g., when attached to) the ferromagnetic component 830, the treatment coil 810 may be electrically isolated from the ferromagnetic component 830, for example, using a dielectric. As shown, the dielectric can be air, and the plurality of windings 812 may be spaced apart from the ferromagnetic component 830 when the treatment coil 810 is attached to the ferromagnetic component 830. The treatment coil 810 may be attached to the ferromagnetic component 830 using one or more attachment members, which may be made of any suitable electrically isolating material (e.g., a dielectric).

[0185] When the treatment coil 810 and the ferromagnetic component 830 are supported relative to one another in an assembled configuration, for example, as shown in FIG. 8A , the protruding portion 816 of the treatment coil 810 may be disposed within a loop defined by the ferromagnetic component 830. When the treatment coil 810 and the ferromagnetic component 830 are supported relative to one another in an assembled configuration, respective portions of the treatment coil 810, e.g., the base portion 814 and the protruding portion 816, may be at least partially surrounded by the ferromagnetic component 830.

[0186] For example, a TMS device 800 configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in Figure 8A may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in frontal regions of the subject's brain than in dorsal regions of the subject's brain. When the TMS device 800 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0187] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 800 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 800 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0188] A transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device may be configured to be adjustable and / or reconfigurable, for example, relative to a subject's anatomy. For example, a TMS device may be configured to be adjusted and / or reconfigured to fit the location where TMS treatment is to be applied (e.g., on, in, or near the subject). Adjusting and / or reconfiguring a TMS device may change one or more properties exhibited by a magnetic field generated by the TMS device during treatment (e.g., a stimulation volume of the magnetic field, a distribution of the magnetic field within the subject's anatomy, a penetration depth of the magnetic field, a focusing of the magnetic field, or a location of the magnetic field relative to the subject's anatomy, etc.). For example, adjusting and / or reconfiguring a TMS device may enable a magnetic field generated by the TMS device to be distributed and / or shaped (e.g., by volume) to target specific neural structures in the subject's brain (e.g., one or more of the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), supplementary motor area (SMA), auditory cortex, etc.).

[0189] FIG. 9 illustrates a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 900 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50. The TMS device 900 can be configured to be adjustable and / or reconfigurable with respect to the anatomical structure of the subject 50. As shown, the TMS device 900 includes multiple treatment coils 910 and a ferromagnetic component 930. The TMS device 900 can be disposed proximate the subject's head 52 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG. 9.

[0190] The TMS device 900 may be configured to be adjustable, for example, relative to the anatomy of the subject's head 52. For example, the ferromagnetic component 930 of the TMS device 900 may be configured to be adjustable. The ferromagnetic component 930 may include multiple pieces. One or more pieces of the ferromagnetic component 930 may be configured to be adjustable relative to one or more other pieces of the ferromagnetic component 930. For example, the illustrated ferromagnetic component 930 includes a first piece 940 and a second piece 950. The first and second pieces 940, 950 are configured to be adjustable (e.g., pivotally adjustable) relative to one another. The ferromagnetic component 930 (e.g., the first and second pieces 940, 950) may be made from any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0191] The first piece 940 of the ferromagnetic component 930 defines a free end 942, a constrained end 944, and a mid-section 946, the constrained end 944 being spaced apart from the free end 942 and attached to the second piece 950, the mid-section 946 extending from the free end 942 to the constrained end 944. The second piece 950 of the ferromagnetic component 930 defines a free end 952, a constrained end 954, and a mid-section 956, the constrained end 954 being spaced apart from the free end 952 and attached to the first piece 940, the mid-section 956 extending from the free end 952 to the constrained end 954. As shown, the mid-sections 946, 956 of the first and second pieces 940, 950 define respective arched shapes. The intermediate sections 946 , 956 may define an arc shape for the ferromagnetic component 930 .

[0192] The first and second pieces 940, 950 of the ferromagnetic component 930 may be configured to be adjustable relative to one another. As shown, the constrained ends 944, 954 of the first and second pieces 940, 950 are joined together at a joint 960. The joint 960 may be configured to allow one or more degrees of freedom in the adjustment of the first and second pieces 940, 950 relative to one another. As shown, the joint 960 is configured to allow adjustment in one degree of freedom, such that the first and second pieces 940, 950 may be pivoted relative to one another about the joint 960. To illustrate, the first and second pieces 940, 950 may be pivoted about the joint 960 such that the respective free ends 942, 952 are brought closer together or moved farther away from one another (e.g., in the coronal plane). It should be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 930 is not limited to adjustment through the degrees of freedom shown, for example, the ferromagnetic component 930 may be configured to be adjustable in a different single degree of freedom (e.g., in the transverse plane) or may be configured to be adjustable in multiple degrees of freedom (e.g., in both the coronal and transverse planes).

[0193] As shown, the first and second pieces 940, 950 have approximately the same length (e.g., as defined by free ends 942, 952 and constrained ends 944, 954, respectively) such that the joint 960 is located substantially at the midpoint of the ferromagnetic component 930 (e.g., equidistant from the free end 942 of the first piece 940 and the free end 952 of the second piece 950). It should be appreciated that the ferromagnetic component 930 is not limited to the illustrated location of the joint 960. For example, the joint 960 may be located along the ferromagnetic component 930 (e.g., such that the first and second pieces 940, 950 define different respective lengths).

[0194] The shape of the ferromagnetic component 930 may be changed by adjusting the first and second pieces 940, 950. This may allow the ferromagnetic component 930 to better fit the anatomy of the subject's head 52 (e.g., to the shape of the subject's head 52). Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 930 to better fit the subject's anatomy may improve the efficiency of the TMS device 900. Adjusting the first and second pieces 940, 950 may change the orientation (e.g., position and / or spacing) of each of the treatment coils 910 relative to one another. Changing the shape (e.g., arc shape) of the ferromagnetic component 930, and thereby changing the orientation of one or more of the treatment coils 910, may modify one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 900 (e.g., in the subject's head 52). For example, adjusting one or both of the first and second pieces 940, 950 of the ferromagnetic component 930 can enable the TMS device 900 to maintain efficiency across a variety of head types (e.g., head shapes, sizes, etc.). The TMS device 900 may be configured to be adjustable and / or reconfigurable in preparation for or during a TMS treatment.

[0195] It should be appreciated that the adjustable and / or reconfigurable TMS device 900 is not limited to the illustrated configuration of the adjustable ferromagnetic component 930. The ferromagnetic component 930 may be configured to be differently adjustable. For example, the ferromagnetic component 930 may be configured to include three or more pieces that may be joined together at three or more adjustable joints such that the ferromagnetic component 930 is adjustable in multiple locations. Each of the one or more adjustable joints may be configured to allow adjustment in one or more degrees of freedom. The ferromagnetic component 930 can be monolithic and adjustable. For example, the ferromagnetic component 930 may be configured (e.g., during fabrication) to define a flexible ferromagnetic component that allows adjustability (e.g., relative to the subject's head 52).

[0196] The illustrated adjustable TMS device 900 has multiple treatment coils 910, including four treatment coils 910. Each treatment coil 910 may be defined by one or more windings (e.g., multiple windings), which may be fabricated, for example, by wrapping a conductive material (e.g., copper wire) one or more times around the outer surface of the ferromagnetic component 930 at each location (e.g., directly on the ferromagnetic component 930 or on an intermediate medium affixed to the ferromagnetic component 930). The treatment coils 910 may define respective winding densities, which may be the same or different from one another.

[0197] As shown, each of the first and second pieces 940, 950 supports two treatment coils 910. The treatment coils 910 may be spaced apart (e.g., substantially equally spaced apart) from one another along the length of the ferromagnetic component 930 (e.g., as defined by the free end 942 of the first piece 940 and the free end 952 of the second piece 950). Additionally, the illustrated TMS device 900 is configured such that the attachment locations of each of the treatment coils 910 on the first piece 940 mirror the attachment locations of each of the treatment coils 910 on the second piece 950 with respect to the midpoint of the ferromagnetic component 930. The illustrated treatment coils 910 are fixed at respective positions along the ferromagnetic component 930 and have the same winding density. It should be appreciated that the adjustable TMS device 900 is not limited to the illustrated configuration of treatment coils 910. For example, the TMS device 900 may be configured with more or fewer treatment coils 910 at any suitable location along the ferromagnetic component 930.

[0198] The adjustable TMS device 900 may be configured such that one or more of the treatment coils 910 are adjustable relative to the ferromagnetic component 930. For example, the TMS device 900 may be configured such that one or more of the treatment coils 910 may be repositionable along the first and / or second pieces 940, 950 of the ferromagnetic component 930 (e.g., repositionable between the free ends 942, 952 of the first and second pieces 940, 950). The adjustable treatment coils 910 may be freely adjustable (e.g., between two opposing positions) or may be incrementally adjustable (e.g., between predetermined positions spaced apart from one another).

[0199] The adjustable TMS device 900 may be configured with removable treatment coils 910. For example, the TMS device 900 may be configured such that one or more of the treatment coils 910 are removable from the ferromagnetic component 930. This configuration may allow the TMS device 900 to be reconfigured with respect to the treatment coils 910. For example, the configuration of the TMS device 900 may be changed by replacing one or more treatment coils 910. To illustrate, a first treatment coil having a first winding density may be removed from the ferromagnetic component 930 and replaced with a second treatment coil 910 having a different (e.g., higher or lower) winding density. The ferromagnetic component 930 may include one or more markings, such as multiple markings, that may correspond to predetermined installation positions with respect to the one or more treatment coils 910.

[0200] For example, an adjustable TMS device 900 as configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in Fig. 9 may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in upper regions of the subject than in other regions of the subject's brain. The region of greater strength may be located in the subject's brain near a midpoint along the ferromagnetic component 930 (e.g., as defined by free ends 942, 952), e.g., below joint 960. When the TMS device 900 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0201] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 900 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 900 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0202] One or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 900 may be altered by adjusting the ferromagnetic component 930. Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 930 can increase or decrease one or more gaps between each of the treatment coils 910. For example, if the ferromagnetic component 930 is adjusted such that the free ends 942, 952 are moved toward one another (e.g., moved closer to the subject's head such that the respective spaces between the subject's head and one or both of the first and second pieces 940, 950 are reduced), the resulting magnetic field generated by the TMS device 900 can exhibit greater focusing and can exhibit reduced penetration depth. When the ferromagnetic component 930 is adjusted so that the free ends 942, 952 are moved away from one another (e.g., moved farther from the subject's head so that the respective space between the subject's head and one or both of the first and second pieces 940, 950 is increased), the resultant magnetic field generated by the TMS device 900 may exhibit less focusing and may exhibit increased penetration depth.

[0203] Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 930 can cause the electric field induced by the magnetic field (e.g., generated by the TMS device 900) to develop a saddle point. A saddle point can result from adjusting the ferromagnetic component 930 such that a gap between each one of the treatment coils 910 is enlarged or reduced. For example, such a gap can be defined between the two treatment coils 910 closest to the joint 960, which treatment coils 910 are supported by the first and second pieces 940, 950, respectively. Such a saddle point can develop under the ferromagnetic component 930 at a location near the joint 960. The presence of a saddle point in the electric field induced by the TMS device 900 can allow the TMS device 900 to be oriented relative to the subject anatomy (e.g., relative to the subject's head during TMS treatment) to avoid stimulating a surface location located above the location to be stimulated and / or can allow stimulation of tissue below a sensitive region of the subject anatomy (e.g., a sensitive surface location on the subject). The peak induced electric field can remain at the surface, but not above (e.g., directly above), the location of interest. Nearby tissue with similar conductivity can accommodate a higher current density.

[0204] Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 930 can reduce the air gap between the TMS device 900 and the subject's head 52, which can increase (e.g., maximize) the efficiency of the TMS device 900. Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 930 can enable the creation of a local zone of lower electric field over a portion of the subject's anatomy (e.g., the surface of the subject's head). This can enable stimulation below sensitive surface locations of the subject. The peak induced electric field can remain at the surface, but not above (e.g., directly above) the location of interest. Nearby tissue with similar conductivity can receive a higher current density.

[0205] FIG. 10 illustrates a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 1000 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50. The TMS device 1000 can be configured to be adjustable and / or reconfigurable with respect to the anatomical structure of the subject 50. As shown, the TMS device 1000 includes a plurality of treatment coils 1010 and a ferromagnetic component 1030. The TMS device 1000 can be disposed proximate to the subject's head 52 in preparation for or during TMS treatment, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 10.

[0206] The TMS device 1000 may be configured to be adjustable, for example, to the anatomy of the subject's head 52. For example, the ferromagnetic component 1030 of the TMS device 1000 may be configured to be adjustable. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 1030 defines an arc shape extending from a first end 1032 to an opposing second end 1034. The illustrated ferromagnetic component 1030 includes a plurality of pieces 1036 configured to be removably attached relative to one another. The ferromagnetic component 1030 may be adjusted, for example, by adding or removing pieces 1036. As shown, the plurality of pieces 1036 define respective first through sixth segments 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070, 1080, and 1090 (i.e., 1040-1090) of the ferromagnetic component 1030. The pieces 1036 of the ferromagnetic component 1030 (eg, the first through sixth segments 1040-1090) may be made from any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0207] The first segment 1040 defines a first end 1042 and an opposing second end 1044, which also defines the first end 1032 of the illustrated configuration of the ferromagnetic component 1030. The second through fifth segments 1050-1080 define first and second ends 1052 and 1054, 1062 and 1064, 1072 and 1074, and 1082 and 1084. The sixth segment 1090 defines a first end 1092 and an opposing second end 1044, which also defines the second end 1034 of the illustrated configuration of the ferromagnetic component 1030. The first through sixth segments 1040-1090 can define respective lengths (e.g., as defined by corresponding first and second ends), which can be the same or different from one another. As shown, the second and fifth segments 1050, 1080 have approximately the same length, the third and fourth segments 1060, 1070 have approximately the same length, and the first and sixth segments 1040, 1090 have approximately the same length. The second and fifth segments 1050, 1080 are shorter than the first and sixth segments 1040, 1090, which are shorter than the third and fourth segments 1060, 1070.

[0208] Each first and second end of one or more of the first through sixth segments 1040-1090 (e.g., each first and second end of each piece 1036) may define corresponding first and second end surfaces (not shown), which may be angularly offset with respect to one another. For example, the first and second end surfaces of the illustrated segments are angularly offset such that each segment defines a truncated wedge shape that is tapered, narrowing in proximity to the subject's head 52. One or more of the segments may define first and second end surfaces that are differently angled with respect to one another (e.g., parallel to one another).

[0209] The first through sixth segments 1040-1090 can be configured to be removably attached to one another. For example, one or both of the first and second ends of each segment can define a mounting structure (not shown). The mounting structures of the segments can be configured to removably engage one another, for example, to secure the ferromagnetic component 1030 in an assembled configuration. In the exemplary assembled configuration of the ferromagnetic component 1030 shown in FIG. 10 , the second end 1044 of the first segment 1040 is removably attached to the first end 1052 of the second segment 1050, the second end 1054 of the second segment 1050 is removably attached to the first end 1062 of the third segment 1060, the second end 1064 of the third segment 1060 is removably attached to the first end 1072 of the fourth segment 1070, the second end 1074 of the fourth segment 1070 is removably attached to the first end 1082 of the fifth segment 1080, and the second end 1084 of the fifth segment 1080 is removably attached to the first end 1092 of the sixth segment 1090. As shown, when the first through sixth segments 1040-1090 (ie, the plurality of pieces 1036) are removably attached to one another, the ferromagnetic component 1030 defines an arc shape.

[0210] The shape of the ferromagnetic component 1030 may be changed by adding or removing pieces 1036. This may allow the ferromagnetic component 1030 to better conform to the anatomy of the subject's head 52 (e.g., to the shape of the subject's head 52). Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 1030 to better fit the subject's anatomy may improve the efficiency of the TMS device 1000. For example, one or more segments may be removed and / or replaced to change the configuration of the ferromagnetic component 1030, i.e., reconfigure the ferromagnetic component 1030. In the exemplary illustration, the second and fifth segments 1050, 1080 may be removed (e.g., detached) from the ferromagnetic component 1030. With the second and fifth segments 1050, 1080 removed, the second end 1044 of the first segment 1040 may be removably attached to the first end 1062 of the third segment 1060, and the second end 1074 of the fourth segment 1070 may be removably attached to the first end 1092 of the sixth segment 1090, such that the ferromagnetic component 1030 is assembled in a different configuration. In another exemplary illustration of reconfiguring the ferromagnetic component 1030, one or more segments may be removed and replaced with a respective segment having different properties than the one or more removed segments. Such different properties may include, for example, one or more of the length of the segments, the angular offset of the first and second end surfaces, differences in the treatment coils 1010 attached to the segments, or the absence of a treatment coil 1010.

[0211] Removing, adding, and / or replacing one or more pieces 1036 (e.g., segments) of the ferromagnetic component 1030 can change the orientation (e.g., position and / or spacing) of each of the treatment coils 1010 relative to one another. Changing the shape (e.g., arc shape) of the ferromagnetic component 1030, and thereby changing the orientation of one or more of the treatment coils 1010, can modify one or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1000 (e.g., in the subject's head 52). For example, removing, adding, and / or replacing one or more pieces 1036 of the ferromagnetic component 1030 can enable the TMS device 1000 to maintain efficiency across a variety of head types (e.g., head shapes, sizes, etc.). The TMS device 1000 can be configured to be adjustable and / or reconfigurable in preparation for or during a TMS treatment.

[0212] The illustrated adjustable TMS device 1000 has multiple treatment coils 1010, including four treatment coils 1010. The treatment coils 1010 may be attached to respective pieces 1036 (e.g., segments) of the ferromagnetic component 1030. Each treatment coil 1010 may be defined by one or more windings (e.g., multiple windings), which may be fabricated, for example, by wrapping a conductive material (e.g., copper wire) one or more times around an outer surface of each of the segments of the ferromagnetic component 1030 (e.g., directly on the segment or on an intermediate medium affixed to the segment). The treatment coils 1010 may define respective winding densities, which may be the same or different from one another.

[0213] The ferromagnetic component 1030 may be configured such that each piece 1036 (e.g., each segment) includes none, one treatment coil 1010, or more treatment coils 1010. As shown, each of the first, third, fourth, and sixth segments 1040, 1060, 1070, and 1090 supports a respective one of the treatment coils 1010. The treatment coils 1010 may be attached at respective locations along the first, third, fourth, and sixth segments 1040, 1060, 1070, and 1090 such that the treatment coils 1010 are equally spaced from one another along the ferromagnetic component 1030. The treatment coils 1010 shown are fixed at respective locations along the first, third, fourth, and sixth segments 1040, 1060, 1070, and 1090 and have the same winding density. It should be appreciated that the tunable TMS device 1000 is not limited to the illustrated configuration of treatment coils 1010. For example, the TMS device 1000 may be configured with more or fewer treatment coils 1010 (e.g., such that one or more segments include two or more treatment coils 1010) at any suitable location along the ferromagnetic component 1030.

[0214] The adjustable TMS device 1000 may be configured such that one or more of the treatment coils 1010 are adjustable relative to the ferromagnetic component 1030. For example, the TMS device 1000 may be configured such that one or more of the treatment coils 1010 may be repositionable along a corresponding segment of the ferromagnetic component 1030. The adjustable treatment coils 1010 may be freely adjustable (e.g., between two opposing positions along a segment) or may be incrementally adjustable (e.g., between predetermined positions spaced apart from one another along a segment).

[0215] The adjustable TMS device 1000 may be reconfigured with respect to the treatment coil 1010. For example, the configuration of the TMS device 1000 may be changed by removing one or more segments including the treatment coil 1010 and replacing them with one or more segments having a different treatment coil 1010. To illustrate, a segment having a first treatment coil with a first winding density may be removed from the ferromagnetic component 1030 and replaced with a segment having a treatment coil 1010 with a different (e.g., higher or lower) winding density. The one or more segments of the ferromagnetic component 1030 may include one or more respective markings, such as multiple markings, that may correspond to predetermined installation positions with respect to the one or more treatment coils 1010.

[0216] For example, an adjustable TMS device 1000 as configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in Fig. 10 may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in the subject's upper regions than in other regions of the subject's brain. The region of greater strength may be located in the subject's brain near a midpoint along the ferromagnetic component 1030 (e.g., as defined by the first and second ends 1032, 1034). When the TMS device 1000 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0217] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 1000 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50) and that the TMS device 1000 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0218] One or more properties of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1000 may be altered by adjusting the ferromagnetic component 1030. For example, adding or removing one or more pieces 1036 of the ferromagnetic component 1030 can change the respective space between one or more portions of the ferromagnetic component 1030 and the subject's head. In an exemplary illustration, when one or more pieces 1036 are added to or removed from the ferromagnetic component 1030 such that the first and second ends 1032, 1034 are moved toward one another (e.g., closer to the subject's head), the resultant magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1000 can exhibit greater focusing and can exhibit reduced penetration depth. In another exemplary illustration, if one or more pieces 1036 are added to or removed from the ferromagnetic component 1030 such that the first and second ends 1032, 1034 are moved away from one another (e.g., farther from the subject's head), the resultant magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1000 may exhibit less focusing and may exhibit increased penetration depth.

[0219] Adding or removing one or more pieces 1036 from the ferromagnetic component 1030 can cause the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1000 to become more focused or more diffuse, such that the volume and / or area of ​​stimulated tissue can be adjusted (e.g., to target one or more specific regions of the brain). Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 1030 (e.g., by adding or removing one or more pieces 1036) can reduce the air gap between the TMS device 1000 and the subject's head 52, which can increase (e.g., maximize) the efficiency of the TMS device 1000.

[0220] Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 1030 can enable the creation of a local zone of lower electric field over a portion of the subject's anatomy (e.g., the surface of the subject's head). For example, adjusting the ferromagnetic component 1030 (e.g., by adding or removing one or more pieces 1036) can cause the electric field induced by the magnetic field (e.g., generated by the TMS device 1000) to develop a saddle point. A saddle point can result from adjusting the ferromagnetic component 1030 such that a gap between each one of the treatment coils 1010 is enlarged or reduced. For example, such a gap can be defined between the treatment coil 1010 supported by the third segment 1060 and the treatment coil 1010 supported by the fourth segment 1070. Such a saddle point can develop under the ferromagnetic component 1030 at a location near the interface between the second end 1064 of the third segment 1060 and the first end 1072 of the fourth segment 1070. The presence of a saddle point in the electric field induced by the TMS device 1000 can allow for orienting the TMS device 1000 relative to the subject's anatomy (e.g., relative to the subject's head during TMS treatment) to avoid stimulating surface locations located above the location to be stimulated and / or can allow for stimulation of tissue below a sensitive region of the subject's anatomy (e.g., a sensitive surface location on the subject). The peak induced electric field can remain superficial, but not above (e.g., directly above) the location of interest. Nearby tissue with similar conductivity can receive a higher current density.

[0221] It should be appreciated that the adjustability features of adjustable and / or reconfigurable TMS devices 900 and 1000 are not mutually exclusive, and that an adjustable and / or reconfigurable TMS device may be configured to include features from both TMS devices 900 and 1000. For example, a TMS device may include one or more pieces that are joinable to one another so as to be adjustably attached to one another (e.g., as shown in FIG. 9 ) and may additionally include one or more pieces (e.g., segments) that are configured to be removably attached to one another (e.g., as shown in FIG. 10 ). A TMS device with such a configuration may be adjusted and / or reconfigured (e.g., relative to a subject's anatomy, such as the subject's head) using, for example, a combination of techniques described herein.

[0222] 11 illustrates an example distribution of electric field currents that may be induced by an example TMS device 1100. The TMS device 1100 may be an adjustable TMS device, such as TMS device 900, TMS device 1000, or another adjustable TMS device. The adjustable TMS device 1100 may include one or more treatment coils 1110 (e.g., multiple treatment coils 1110) and a ferromagnetic component 1130. The ferromagnetic component 1130 may be configured to be adjustable. For example, the ferromagnetic component 1130 may include first and second pieces 1140 and 1150, where the first and second pieces 1140 and 1150 are adjustable relative to one another about a joint 1160.

[0223] The TMS device 1100 can be operated such that the treatment coil 1110 and the ferromagnetic component 1130 cooperatively generate a magnetic field in a target anatomical structure (e.g., brain 80) of a human subject (e.g., a TMS patient). The magnetic field can induce currents in a targeted stimulation volume of the subject's brain 80. When the TMS device 1100 is operated, for example, during a TMS treatment, the stimulation volume can include one or more regions exhibiting different levels of induced currents (e.g., regions 81, 82, and 83) and / or induced return currents (e.g., regions 84 and 85).

[0224] Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 1130 can cause the electric field induced by the magnetic field (e.g., generated by the TMS device 1100) to develop a saddle point (e.g., saddle point 86). The ferromagnetic component 1130 can be adjusted such that a gap between each one of the treatment coils 1110 is enlarged or reduced. For example, a gap 1170 can be defined between the two treatment coils 1110 closest to the joint 1160, which are supported by the first and second pieces 1140, 1150, respectively. As shown, the saddle point 86 can develop beneath the ferromagnetic component 1130, proximal to the joint 1160. The saddle point 86 may allow the TMS device 100 to be oriented (e.g., relative to the subject's head) during TMS treatment so as to avoid stimulating surface locations positioned above the location to be stimulated and / or may allow stimulation of tissue below sensitive areas of the subject's anatomy (e.g., sensitive surface locations on the subject).

[0225] 12 illustrates a human subject 50 and an exemplary TMS device 1200 configured to generate a varying magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject 50. The subject 50 can be, for example, a TMS patient. The target anatomical structure of the subject 50 can be, for example, brain tissue of the subject 50.

[0226] As shown, the TMS device 1200 includes a treatment coil 1210 and a ferromagnetic component 1230. The TMS device 1200 may be disposed proximate to a subject's head 52 in preparation for or during a TMS treatment, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0227] The ferromagnetic component 1230 may be configured such that the treatment coil 1210 is spaced a distance D from one or more locations of the subject's anatomy (e.g., from an upper surface of the subject's head 52) such that heat transfer from the treatment coil 1210 to the subject 50 is controlled. For example, the distance D may be determined such that heat transfer from the treatment coil 1210 to the subject's head does not cause the skin temperature of the subject's head 52 to exceed a predetermined threshold.

[0228] The ferromagnetic component 1230 may define any suitable shape. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 1230 may include a rectangular upper portion 1231 defining a first end 1232, an opposing second end 1233 spaced apart from the first end 1232, and an intermediate portion extending between the first end 1232 and the second end 1233. The ferromagnetic component may include one or more leg portions 1234, which may extend downwardly from the upper portion 1231. As shown, the ferromagnetic component 1230 includes two leg portions 1234. Each leg portion defines an upper end supported by the upper portion 1231 and an opposing free end 1235. A first one of the leg portions 1234 extends downwardly from a first end 1232 of the upper portion 1231, and a second one of the leg portions 1234 extends downwardly from a second end 1233 of the upper portion 1231. The leg portions 1234 can be configured to at least partially conform to a subject's anatomy. For example, the free end 1235 of the illustrated leg portion is angled to at least partially conform to the shape of the subject's head 52.

[0229] The ferromagnetic component 1230 can be configured to support one or more treatment coils 1210. As shown, a middle portion of the ferromagnetic component 1230 is configured to support the treatment coil 1210. The ferromagnetic component 1230 can be assembled from separate pieces (e.g., the top portion 1231 and the leg portion 1234) or can be monolithic. The ferromagnetic component 1230, or one or more portions thereof, can be made from any material that exhibits suitable ferromagnetic properties, such as powdered ferromagnetic iron particles.

[0230] The TMS device 1200 can include one or more treatment coils 1210. The illustrated TMS device 1200 includes a single treatment coil 1210. The treatment coil 1210 can be defined by one or more windings (e.g., multiple windings). As shown, the windings can be fabricated by wrapping a conductive material (e.g., copper wire) one or more times around the outer surface of the ferromagnetic component 1230 (e.g., directly on the ferromagnetic component 1230 or on an intermediate medium affixed to the ferromagnetic component 1230) at each location. In another example, the one or more windings can be embedded within the ferromagnetic component 1230. The windings can include one or more turns and can have the same or different geometric shapes. It should be appreciated that the TMS device 1200 is not limited to the illustrated treatment coil configuration. For example, the TMS device 1200 may be configured with more treatment coils 1210 at any suitable location along the ferromagnetic component 1230.

[0231] The TMS device 1200 may be configured to be adjustable such that the distance D may be configurable. For example, one or more leg portions 1234 may be configured to be adjustable such that a respective free end 1235 of the leg portion 1234 may be moved closer to or farther from the upper portion 1231. Such reconfigurable leg portions 1234 may be configured to be freely adjustable (e.g., between two opposing positions) or may be incrementally adjustable (e.g., between predetermined positions spaced apart from one another). The leg portions 1234 may be configured for manual length adjustment, automatic length adjustment, or a combination thereof. The TMS device 1200 may be configured to be adjustable and / or reconfigurable in preparation for and / or during TMS treatment.

[0232] For example, an adjustable TMS device 1200, as configured and oriented relative to a subject as shown in Figure 12, may be operated to cause the generation of a magnetic field in the subject's brain that may exhibit greater strength in the subject's superior regions than in other regions of the subject's brain. When the TMS device 1200 is oriented relative to the subject 50 as shown, the magnetic field may be distributed to reside simultaneously in both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0233] It should be appreciated that the TMS device 1200 is not limited to the orientation shown relative to the subject (e.g., relative to the head 52 of the subject 50), and that the TMS device 1200 may be oriented differently relative to the subject such that a portion of the magnetic field exhibiting a greater strength is localized at a different location in the subject's anatomy (e.g., a different location within the subject's brain).

[0234] Adjusting the ferromagnetic component 1230 by changing the distance D between the treatment coil 1210 and the subject's head 52 (e.g., by adjusting the length of the leg portions 1234) can allow for control of the amount of heat transferred from the treatment coil 1210 to the subject's head 52. For example, one or both of the leg portions 1234 can be lengthened or shortened such that the heat transfer from the treatment coil 1210 to the subject's head does not cause the skin temperature of the subject's head 52 to exceed a predetermined threshold.

[0235] The ferromagnetic components of the TMS device may be fabricated using any suitable technique and / or material. For example, one or more of the ferromagnetic components illustrated and described herein (e.g., ferromagnetic components 130, 230, 330a and 330b, 430a and 430b, 530a and 530b, 630, 730, 830, 930, 1030, 1130, and 1230) may be fabricated to include a distributed air gap structure. Such a distributed air gap structure may be created, for example, by dispersing powdered ferromagnetic particles (e.g., iron particles) in a matrix of insulating material. In an exemplary process for manufacturing the ferromagnetic components of the TMS device, the individual ferromagnetic particles in powder may be mixed with a binding material, such as, for example, a phenolic resin or an epoxy resin. The ferromagnetic powder and binding mixture may be formed (e.g., by a pressing process) into a desired shape of the ferromagnetic component. The formed ferromagnetic component may be subjected to a heating process (e.g., a baking process) to harden the material of the ferromagnetic component. The resulting ferromagnetic component may exhibit a distributed gap structure. This exemplary fabrication process is described in further detail in commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0139994, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0236] One or more components of the TMS device T (e.g., any of TMS devices 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200) may be configured to control a temperature associated with operation of the TMS device (e.g., before and / or during TMS treatment). For example, the ferromagnetic components of the TMS device may be configured for active cooling, passive cooling, or a combination thereof. For example, the ferromagnetic components may be configured with one or more active or passive heat transfer structures, such as heat sinks, openings (e.g., holes), cooling fins, and the like. Such structures may enable, for example, convection cooling, conduction cooling (e.g., fluid cooling), charge carrier transport, and the like. Such structures may be equipped with sensors (e.g., temperature sensors). The ferromagnetic components may be configured to be electrically and / or thermally insulating. In another example, one or more treatment coils of a TMS device may be configured for active cooling, passive cooling, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more treatment coils of a TMS device may be configured with one or more active or passive heat transfer structures, such as heat sinks, cooling fins, etc. Such structures may be equipped with sensors (e.g., temperature sensors).

[0237] 13 is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example TMS system 1300 that may be used to apply TMS therapy to a human subject (e.g., a TMS patient). The TMS system 1300 includes a TMS device 1302. In an example implementation of the TMS system 1300, one of the example TMS devices described herein (e.g., any of the TMS devices 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200) may be implemented as the TMS device 1102. The TMS system 1300 further includes a control circuit 1304, which is in electrical communication with (e.g., electrically connected to) the TMS device 1302. The TMS system 1300 further includes a power source 1306, which is in electrical communication with (e.g., electrically connected to) the control circuitry 1304. The power source 1306 can be, for example, an alternating current (AC) power source or a direct current (DC) power source. The power source 1306 can be a wired power source (e.g., a residential or commercial power source) or a portable power source (e.g., a battery, a capacitor, or other energy storage device).

[0238] The TMS system 1300 can include a positioning device (not shown), configured to support one or more of the TMS device 1302, the control circuitry 1304, and the power source 1306. The positioning device can be configured, for example, to enable firm (e.g., stabilized), adjustable positioning of the TMS device 1302 proximate a subject's treatment location (e.g., proximate the subject's brain). The positioning device can be, for example, a manipulable, repositionable arm to which the TMS device 1302 can be attached (e.g., removably attached). Such a repositionable arm can be configured for manual adjustment (e.g., by a TMS treatment technician) and / or electronic adjustment (e.g., as a motorized robotic arm). An electronically adjustable arm (e.g., a robotic arm) can be configured for automatic repositioning, for example, based on feedback observed during a series of TMS treatments.

[0239] The control circuitry 1304 may be configured to deliver pulses of current from the power source 1306 to the TMS device 1302 (e.g., to one or more treatment coils of the TMS device 1302). For example, the control circuitry 1304 may operate as a switch to deliver pulses of current to the TMS device 1302 according to opening and / or closing the switch. If the TMS device 1302 includes more than one treatment coil (e.g., according to TMS devices 300, 400, 500, 900, 1000, or 1100), the control circuitry 1304 may be configured to pulse different treatment coils simultaneously or according to a predetermined sequence (e.g., sequentially, randomly, in a particular order, etc.). In such a configuration, the amount of current delivered in a pulse to each treatment coil may be the same or different.

[0240] The pulses of current can cause the TMS device 1302 to generate a changing magnetic field, for example, in a subject receiving treatment from the TMS system 1300. For example, the control circuitry 1304 can be in electrical communication with (e.g., electrically connected to) one or more treatment coils of the TMS device 1302 (e.g., treatment coil 110, if the TMS device 100 is implemented as the TMS device 1302). The pulses of current delivered from the control circuitry 1304 to the TMS device 1302 can excite the one or more treatment coils, which can cause the one or more treatment coils to generate a changing magnetic field in the subject.

[0241] When the TMS device 1302 is operated without the one or more ferromagnetic components (e.g., when the one or more ferromagnetic components are removed or otherwise omitted from the TMS device 1302), the one or more treatment coils of the TMS device 1302 can generate a first magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of the subject (e.g., in the subject's brain). The first magnetic field can exhibit a first set of properties, such as, for example, a volume of tissue in the target anatomical structure that is stimulated (e.g., a first stimulation volume), a penetration depth in the subject at which effective TMS treatment is achieved (e.g., an effective penetration depth), various levels of magnetic field strength that can induce different levels of electric field strength in the subject (e.g., such that an electrical stimulation intensity level near an outer surface of the subject's head varies from an electrical stimulation intensity level at that penetration depth), and an electric field focusing in the subject associated with the first magnetic field. In examples where the target anatomical structure is brain tissue of a subject, the stimulation volume can include, for example, a region (e.g., a three-dimensional volume) of cortical tissue within a magnetic field above the threshold for cortical stimulation.

[0242] A configuration in which the TMS device 1302 is operated without one or more ferromagnetic components may be referred to as an air-core therapy coil configuration. When the TMS device 1302 is operated in such a configuration, the first magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1302 may exhibit a property (e.g., a first property) that may include, for example, a variable induced electrical stimulation intensity at various locations within a corresponding first volume of stimulated tissue, a first penetration depth (e.g., into the subject's brain), and a first electric field focusing. The variable induced electrical stimulation intensity may include, for example, a first electrical stimulation intensity at a first location in or on the subject near an outer surface of the subject (e.g., at the surface of the subject's scalp, proximal to a cranial nerve), and a second electrical stimulation intensity at a second location in the subject (e.g., within the subject's brain) spaced inwardly from the first location (e.g., at a greater depth within the subject's anatomy relative to the first location). The second location can be, for example, near the effective penetration depth of the magnetic field. In an example where the target anatomical structure is brain tissue of the subject, the first magnetic field can be distributed within the subject's brain such that the volume of brain tissue stimulated by the first magnetic field is simultaneously within both the first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

[0243] The strength of the first magnetic field may indicate a gradient (e.g., a first gradient) between two locations in the subject anatomy (e.g., the target anatomy). The strength of the first magnetic field may represent, for example, the magnetic flux density B of the first magnetic field. The first gradient of the magnetic field strength may represent a ratio of respective electric field strengths induced by the first magnetic field at two selected locations of the subject anatomy. In an example where the target anatomy is brain tissue of the subject, the first gradient of the magnetic field strength may represent a peak dB / dt (time rate of change of magnetic field strength) near an outer surface of the subject's head (e.g., at the first location) versus a peak dB / dt at a suitable reference point in the subject's brain (e.g., at the second location).

[0244] When the TMS device 1302 is operated with one or more ferromagnetic components attached to the corresponding one or more treatment coils, the treatment coils and the ferromagnetic components can cooperate to generate a second magnetic field, which can exhibit a property (e.g., a second property) that can be different from the property exhibited by the first magnetic field. Such properties can include, for example, a variable induced electrical stimulation intensity, a second penetration depth (e.g., into the subject's brain), and a second electric field focusing at various locations in the corresponding tissue volume stimulated by the second magnetic field (e.g., a second stimulation volume that can be the same as or different from the first stimulation volume). The variable induced electrical stimulation intensity can include, for example, a third electrical stimulation intensity at the first location that can be different from the first electrical stimulation intensity, and a fourth electrical stimulation intensity at the second location that can be different from the second electrical stimulation intensity.

[0245] The strength of the second magnetic field can indicate a gradient (e.g., second gradient) between two locations in the subject anatomy (e.g., target anatomy). The strength of the second magnetic field can represent, for example, the magnetic flux density B of the second magnetic field. The second gradient of the magnetic field strength can represent the ratio of respective electric field strengths induced by the second magnetic field at two selected locations of the subject anatomy. In an example where the target anatomy is brain tissue of the subject, the second gradient of the magnetic field strength can represent the peak dB / dt (time rate of change of magnetic field strength) near the outer surface of the subject's head (e.g., at the first location) versus the peak dB / dt at an appropriate reference point in the subject's brain (e.g., at the second location).

[0246] The one or more ferromagnetic components may be configured such that when the TMS device 1302 is operated with one or more ferromagnetic components attached to a corresponding one or more treatment coils, the cooperative operation of the one or more ferromagnetic components and the one or more treatment coils causes a gradient of the magnetic field strength of the second magnetic field (e.g., the second gradient) to be different from a gradient of the magnetic field strength of the first magnetic field (e.g., the first gradient). For example, the one or more ferromagnetic components may be configured such that the second gradient of the magnetic field strength is smaller than the first gradient of the magnetic field strength (e.g., the first gradient is steeper than the second gradient when measured at the same two locations, respectively).

[0247] To illustrate, compared to operation of the TMS device 1302 in an air-core treatment coil configuration, the one or more ferromagnetic components may be configured such that the cooperative operation of the one or more ferromagnetic components and the one or more treatment coils causes the penetration depth of the second magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1302 to be effectively maintained relative to the penetration depth of the first magnetic field (e.g., such that the second penetration depth is not shallower than the first penetration depth), while the surface electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., near the cranial nerve) caused by the second magnetic field may be reduced relative to the surface electrical stimulation intensity caused by the first magnetic field. For example, the electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., third electrical stimulation intensity) exhibited by the second magnetic field at a first location can be lower than the electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., first electrical stimulation intensity) exhibited by the first magnetic field at the same location. The electrical stimulation intensity imparted by the second magnetic field at the second location (e.g., a fourth electrical stimulation intensity) can be substantially the same as the electrical stimulation intensity imparted by the first magnetic field at the same location (e.g., a second electrical stimulation intensity). Reducing the surface stimulation of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device (e.g., by producing a localized surface reduction of the induced electric field) can allow TMS therapy to be applied proximal to one or more surface locations that may be sensitive to electrical stimulation (e.g., on the subject's head).

[0248] In another example, compared to operation of the TMS device 1302 in an air-core treatment coil configuration, the one or more ferromagnetic components may be configured such that the cooperative operation of the one or more ferromagnetic components and the one or more treatment coils causes a surface electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., near a cranial nerve) caused by the second magnetic field to be effectively maintained relative to a surface electrical stimulation intensity caused by the first magnetic field, while the penetration depth of the second magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1302 is increased relative to the penetration depth of the first magnetic field (e.g., such that the second penetration depth is deeper than the first penetration depth). For example, the electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., third electrical stimulation intensity) exhibited by the second magnetic field at a first location can be substantially the same as the electrical stimulation intensity (e.g., first electrical stimulation intensity) exhibited by the first magnetic field at the same location. The electrical stimulation intensity exhibited by the second magnetic field at the second location (e.g., the fourth electrical stimulation intensity) can be greater than the electrical stimulation intensity exhibited by the first magnetic field at the same location (e.g., the second electrical stimulation intensity). Maintaining superficial stimulation of the magnetic field generated by the TMS device while increasing the effective penetration depth can enhance the efficiency of TMS treatment.

[0249] In examples where the target anatomical structure is brain tissue of the subject, the second magnetic field may be distributed within the subject's brain such that a volume of brain tissue stimulated by the second magnetic field is simultaneously present within both a first hemisphere and a second hemisphere of the subject's brain. For example, the second magnetic field may stimulate a second volume of brain tissue within the subject's brain that is substantially coincident with the first volume stimulated by the first magnetic field (e.g., such that the first and second stimulation volumes at least partially overlap one another). The first and second magnetic fields may stimulate a volume of brain tissue that is, for example, approximately 250 cubic millimeters (250 mm 3 ) to 375 cubic millimeters (375mm 3), for example, approximately 275 cubic millimeters (275 mm 3 ) to 355 cubic millimeters (350mm 3 ), for example, approximately 300 cubic millimeters (300 mm 3 ) volume, etc.

[0250] The respective convergence of the first and second electric fields induced by the first and second magnetic fields, respectively, can be substantially the same, for example, the second magnetic field can exhibit a second electric field convergence that is slightly reduced compared to the first electric field convergence exhibited by the first magnetic field.

[0251] When the TMS device 1302 is operated with one or more ferromagnetic components attached to a corresponding one or more treatment coils, the ferromagnetic components can allow the TMS device 1302 to be spaced farther from the subject's head during treatment, for example, compared to the spacing between the TMS device 1302 and the subject's head when the TMS device 1302 is operated without the one or more ferromagnetic components (e.g., according to an air-core treatment coil configuration). This can protect the subject undergoing TMS treatment from the temperature rise exhibited by the treatment coils. When the TMS device includes one or more ferromagnetic components, the amount of energy used by the TMS device (e.g., during TMS treatment) can be reduced. This can mitigate the temperature rise in the one or more treatment coils of the TMS device.

[0252] The control circuitry 1304 may be configured to pulse the TMS device 1302 to generate a varying magnetic field. For example, the control circuitry 1304 may be configured to deliver pulses of current to the TMS device 1302 according to a predetermined pulse duration. The pulse duration may be determined, for example, according to a desired penetration depth into the target anatomical structure (e.g., into the subject's brain) that the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1302 will exhibit.

[0253] In an exemplary implementation of the TMS system 1300, the control circuit 1304 may be configured to deliver a pulse of current to the TMS device 1302 according to a pulse duration in a range of approximately one hundred fifty microseconds (150 μs) to two hundred fifty microseconds (250 μs), e.g., in a range of approximately one hundred ninety microseconds (190 μs) to two hundred ten microseconds (210 μs), e.g., a pulse duration of approximately two hundred microseconds (200 μs). A pulse duration within this range may cause the magnetic field generated by the TMS device 1302 to exhibit a penetration depth of approximately two.8 centimeters (2.8 cm) to five.5 centimeters (3.5 cm), e.g., a penetration depth of approximately five centimeters (5 cm) (e.g., at least 5 cm). For example, this penetration depth can be achieved when one of the TMS devices described herein (e.g., any of TMS devices 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200) is implemented as the TMS device 1302 and pulsed by the control circuitry 1304 according to the described pulse durations.

[0254] 14 is a flow diagram of an example TMS treatment process 1400. The TMS treatment process 1400 may be implemented using a TMS device, such as one of the example TMS devices described herein (e.g., any of TMS devices 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200).

[0255] At 1402, a TMS device may be selected for use in the TMS therapy process 1400. The TMS device may have a static configuration (e.g., in accordance with TMS devices 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, and 1200) or may have an adjustable and / or reconfigurable configuration (e.g., in accordance with TMS devices 900, 1000) (and may have an adjustable configuration of TMS devices 300, 400, and 1100). If the TMS device selected has a static configuration, the therapy process 1400 may proceed to 1408. If the TMS device selected has an adjustable and / or reconfigurable configuration, the therapy process 1400 may proceed to 1404.

[0256] At 1404, a desired treatment configuration for the TMS device may be determined. This determination may be made based on the subject's anatomy at the desired treatment location. For example, the determination may be made according to one or more of the size of the subject's head and the portion of the subject's brain that will be treated.

[0257] At 1406, the TMS device may be adjusted and / or reconfigured according to the determined treatment configuration. For example, if the TMS device 900 is selected as the TMS device for the treatment process 1400, the ferromagnetic component 930 may be adjusted, for example, by adjusting the first and second pieces 940, 950. In another example, if the TMS device 1000 is selected as the TMS device for the treatment process 1400, the ferromagnetic component 1030 may be reconfigured by removing and / or replacing one or more pieces 1036 (e.g., one or more of the first through sixth segments 1040-1090). When the TMS device has been adjusted and / or reconfigured according to the determined treatment configuration, the treatment process 1400 may proceed to 1408.

[0258] At 1408, the TMS device may be positioned proximate to a desired treatment location on the subject (e.g., proximate to the subject's head). For example, if the TMS device is attached to a positioning device, the positioning device may be operated such that one or more treatment coils of the TMS device are disposed near a skin location on the subject's head.

[0259] At 1410, the TMS device may be operated to generate a magnetic field within the subject (e.g., within the subject's head). For example, a control circuit in electrical communication with the TMS device may be operated to deliver pulses of current to the TMS device. At 1412, the magnetic field generated by the TMS device may be used to stimulate one or more portions of the subject's anatomy (e.g., one or more portions of the subject's brain). In an example, one or more portions of the subject's brain may be stimulated according to one or more stimulation cycles, each stimulation cycle including 5 seconds of stimulation followed by a 5 second rest period. The stimulation may be performed, for example, at a frequency rate of approximately fifteen hertz (15 Hz).

[0260] The treatment process 1400 can include using a TMS device to determine a subject's motor threshold location. The TMS device can be configured such that localization is not required during the motor threshold location procedure. For example, a TMS device (e.g., any of TMS devices 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200) can be configured to generate a magnetic field in the subject's brain, which stimulates (e.g., in an anterior-posterior direction) a strip-shaped region of the subject's brain that encompasses the motor threshold location. The motor threshold location can be determined using localization of the TMS device. For example, the TMS device can be moved over an area of ​​the subject's head until a positioning indication is observed (e.g., until the subject's thumb moves or twitches, indicating the motor threshold location). The motor threshold location can be determined, for example, using a stimulation frequency rate of approximately one (1) Hz. From the motor threshold location, the TMS device can be moved to a desired treatment location on the subject. In an example, the desired treatment location may be approximately five centimeters (5 cm) anterior to the determined motor threshold location.

[0261] A TMS device, such as the exemplary TMS devices described herein (e.g., any of TMS devices 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200), may be used to treat a number of illnesses or disorders, such as, for example, depression, incontinence, and weight management issues. Such treatment may be administered to a subject, for example, using the exemplary TMS device according to the exemplary TMS treatment process 1400. The exemplary TMS device may be used to treat other illnesses or disorders. For example, the TMS device may be used in muscle rehabilitation. The TMS device may be used in the treatment of peripheral nervous system disorders.

[0262] Exemplary TMS devices may be used in one or more of the following treatment situations: major depressive disorder, epilepsy, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, bipolar disorder and / or mania, anxiety disorders (e.g., panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), pain (e.g., migraine, trigeminal neuralgia), chronic pain disorders (e.g., pain due to diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia), episodic pain disorders (e.g., fibromyalgia, regional myofascial pain syndrome), rehabilitation following stroke (neuroplasticity induction), tinnitus. , stimulation of transplanted neurons to promote integration, substance-related disorders (e.g., addiction, abuse, and / or withdrawal diagnoses for alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, etc.), spinal cord injury and regeneration and / or rehabilitation, head injury, reversal of sleep deprivation, primary sleep disorders (e.g., primary insomnia, primary hypersomnia, or circadian rhythm sleep disorder), cognitive enhancement, dementia, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS), drug delivery systems (e.g., altering cell membrane permeability to drugs), induction of protein synthesis (e.g., induction of transcription and translation), stuttering, aphasia, dysphagia, essential tremor, and eating disorders (e.g., bulimia, anorexia, binge eating).

[0263] It should be appreciated that the exemplary TMS device may be used for uses other than therapeutic applications. For example, the exemplary TMS device may be used (e.g., according to the exemplary TMS therapy process 1400) to perform a diagnosis of one or more ailments in a subject. To illustrate, the exemplary TMS device may be used to diagnose a subject's response to a drug or other therapy and / or to quantify the effectiveness of such therapy. For example, a pharmaceutical product may be known to have an effect (e.g., a direct effect or a secondary effect) on the performance of the central nervous system. Such an effect may be observed using the exemplary TMS device, for example, by providing TMS and observing one or more of an evoked potential, a motor response, a conduction velocity, or other response. Changes observed in one or more such responses may be used, for example, to quantify the performance of the pharmaceutical product or to determine optimal dosing of the pharmaceutical product.

[0264] The exemplary TMS device may be used (e.g., according to the exemplary TMS therapy process 1400) to perform a diagnosis of one or more pathologies in a subject, for example, by observing a neurological response. Such pathologies may include, but are not limited to, degenerative diseases, trauma severity, disease progression, systemic deficiencies, and congenital anomalies. To illustrate, the exemplary TMS device may be used in the diagnosis of, for example, motor function of compromised disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ALS, MS, diabetic neuropathy, chronic demyelinating neuropathy, acute demyelinating neuropathy, epilepsy, vitamin B12 deficiency (e.g., pernicious anemia), vitamin E deficiency, neurosarcoidosis, tinnitus, and stroke. The exemplary TMS device may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with respect to such pathologies. For example, a TMS device may be used to assess and / or measure the effects of medications such as, for example, anticonvulsants, Alzheimer's medications, antipsychotic medications, painkillers, anti-anxiety medications, hypnotics (sedatives), (central) analgesics, ADHD medications, or anesthetics.

[0265] It should be appreciated that the exemplary TMS devices described herein (e.g., any of TMS devices 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, or 1200) are not limited to their illustrated configurations. For example, one or more components from a first of the exemplary TMS devices may be implemented in a second of the exemplary TMS devices. In an exemplary illustration, a ferromagnetic component configured similarly to the ferromagnetic component 230 of the TMS device 200 may be substituted for the ferromagnetic component 130 of the TMS device 100. In another exemplary illustration, one or both of the first and second treatment coils 410a, 410b of the TMS device 400 may be substituted for the corresponding first and / or second treatment coils 310a, 310b of the TMS device 300. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that these and other different configurations of the exemplary TMS devices may be implemented without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. 1. A system for treating or diagnosing a patient during a Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) procedure, comprising: a first stimulating coil, a second stimulating coil, a third stimulating coil, and a fourth stimulating coil, the first, second, third, and fourth stimulating coils being circular; a first ferromagnetic component configured to be partially received within the first and second stimulating coils, and a second ferromagnetic component configured to be partially received within the third and fourth stimulating coils; a bridge member configured to support the first and second ferromagnetic components relative to one another; a control circuit in electrical communication with the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils, the control circuit configured to supply current to the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils to generate a magnetic field in a target anatomical structure of a subject as part of the TMS treatment; A system comprising:

2. the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils are coplanar with one another; 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils are configured to be positioned in a transverse plane relative to the subject.

3. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein when the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils are oriented with respect to the subject, the generated magnetic field is distributed to be simultaneously in both first and second hemispheres of the subject's brain.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second ferromagnetic components each define an arch shape.

5. the first ferromagnetic component defines a first end configured to support the first stimulating coil and a second end configured to support the second stimulating coil; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the second ferromagnetic component defines a first end configured to support the third stimulator coil and a second end configured to support the fourth stimulator coil.

6. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils are arranged in a cloverleaf pattern.

7. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils and the first and second ferromagnetic components are configured such that, when activated to generate the magnetic field, the magnetic field exhibits a higher strength in one or more regions located between respective centers of adjacent stimulation coils in an upper region of the subject's brain than in other regions of the subject's brain.

8. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first ferromagnetic component is configured to allow attachment to the first and second stimulator coils and the second ferromagnetic component is configured to allow attachment to the third and fourth stimulator coils.

9. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the bridge member includes a first portion attached to the first ferromagnetic component and a second portion attached to the second ferromagnetic component, the first and second portions of the bridge member configured to slide relative to one another to adjust relative positions of the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils.

10. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the bridge member includes a first portion attached to the first ferromagnetic component and a second portion attached to the second ferromagnetic component, the first and second portions being angularly movable relative to one another to adjust relative positions of the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils.

11. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein when driven with the same current, the magnetic field generated by the first, second, third, and fourth stimulation coils is stronger when including the first and second ferromagnetic components than when not including the first and second ferromagnetic components.

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