Remelting treatment device and remelting treatment method

Abstract

To provide a remelting treatment device and a remelting treatment method that can prevent deformation due to molten metal flow.SOLUTION: A remelting treatment device 10 moves a workpiece 12 while maintaining the surface of the workpiece 12 where a heated portion 36 is located horizontally by adjusting the tilt direction of the workpiece 12 with a dual-axis positioner 14 when the material of the surface of the workpiece 12 is modified by locally remelting and solidifying the surface of the workpiece 12.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a remelting treatment apparatus and a remelting treatment method for modifying a metal surface by heating and melting the surface. [Background technology]

[0002] Various remelting treatment devices have been proposed that supply heat to a metal surface to melt the surface and modify it.

[0003] For example, Patent Document 1 describes a technology in which high-density energy (electron beam) is irradiated onto at least a portion of the surface of cast iron to remelt and resolidify the surface layer, thereby refining and homogenizing the structure and thereby improving wear resistance. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 63-33517 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] In conventional remelting processing devices and methods, the workpiece to be processed is usually fixed and the energy irradiation device is moved. However, depending on the shape of the surface of the workpiece, deformation occurs due to the flow of molten metal.

[0006] Therefore, an object of one aspect of the present invention is to provide a remelting processing apparatus and a remelting processing method capable of preventing deformation due to the flow of molten metal. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] One aspect of the disclosure below is a remelting processing apparatus that modifies the material of a surface of a workpiece by remelting and solidifying the surface of the workpiece, the remelting processing apparatus comprising: a holding mechanism that holds the workpiece; a thermal energy supply mechanism that supplies thermal energy to a locally heated portion of the surface of the workpiece; and a drive device that drives the holding mechanism to move the heated portion along a processing area of ​​the surface of the workpiece, the drive device moving the workpiece while maintaining the surface of the workpiece on which the heated portion is located horizontal.

[0008] Another aspect is a remelting processing method using a remelting processing device that includes a holding mechanism for holding a workpiece, a thermal energy supply mechanism for supplying thermal energy to a locally heated portion on the surface of the workpiece, and a drive device for driving the holding mechanism to move the heated portion along a processing area on the surface of the workpiece, and that remelts and solidifies the surface of the workpiece to modify the material of the surface of the workpiece, wherein the drive device moves the workpiece while maintaining the surface of the workpiece on which the heated portion is located horizontally. Effect of the Invention

[0009] According to the remelting treatment apparatus and the remelting treatment method of the above aspect, deformation due to the flow of molten metal can be prevented. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of a remelting treatment apparatus according to a first embodiment. FIG. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2A is an explanatory diagram of the remelting treatment method according to the first embodiment, and FIG. 2B is an explanatory diagram of the operation when the workpiece in FIG. 2A is viewed from the front side. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3A is an explanatory diagram of a re-melting treatment method according to Comparative Example 1, and FIG. 3B is an explanatory diagram of a re-melting treatment method according to Comparative Example 2. [Figure 4] FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram of a workpiece according to the second embodiment. [Diagram 5] FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram of a problem in the workpiece re-melting treatment method according to Comparative Example 3. [Figure 6] 11 is an explanatory diagram showing a method for re-melting a workpiece according to a second embodiment. FIG. [Figure 7] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing a workpiece and a depth distribution of a modified layer according to Comparative Example 4. [Figure 8] FIG. 8A is a diagram showing the shape of a laser irradiation spot in an experimental example, and FIG. 8B is an explanatory diagram showing a method for investigating the depth of a modified layer in the experimental example of the third embodiment. [Figure 9] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between modified layer depth, feed rate, and surface temperature in an experimental example. [Figure 10] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a remelting treatment apparatus according to a third embodiment. [Figure 11] 11 is a cross-sectional view showing a depth portion of a modified layer formed by the remelting treatment device of FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0011] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments thereof and accompanying drawings.

[0012] (First embodiment) As shown in FIG. 1, the remelting processing apparatus 10 according to this embodiment includes a two-axis positioner 14 for holding the workpiece 12, a laser light source 16 for heating the surface of the workpiece 12, a driving device 18 for driving the two-axis positioner 14, and a control device 20 for controlling each part. The workpiece 12 in this embodiment is, for example, a bearing housing of a transmission case. The workpiece 12 is made of metal such as aluminum alloy or cast iron, and is formed into a substantially cylindrical shape by casting or a three-dimensional modeling method. A bearing (outer ring portion) such as a ball bearing or a tapered bearing is pressed into the inner peripheral surface 12a of the workpiece 12. In this embodiment, the inner peripheral surface 12a is subjected to a remelting process to improve the strength and change the wear resistance.

[0013] The two-axis positioner 14 includes a chuck 21 that holds the workpiece 12, a rotating unit 24 that rotates the workpiece 12 about a rotation axis 22, and a tilting unit 28 that tilts the rotating unit 24 along a tilt axis 26. The chuck 21 is formed in a disk shape centered on the rotation axis 22, and has a main surface 21a perpendicular to the rotation axis 22. A fixing mechanism (not shown) that grips the workpiece 12 is provided on the main surface 21a.

[0014] The chuck 21 is connected to the rotating unit 24 via a shaft portion 30. The rotating unit 24 is composed of a motor or the like. The rotating unit 24 rotates the chuck 21 around a rotation axis 22 via the shaft portion 30. The rotating unit 24 is supported by an inclined portion 28.

[0015] The tilting section 28 has an axis member 32 extending in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 1, and the axis member 32 is connected to the rotating section 24. The axis member 32 rotates about the tilt axis 26 extending in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface by the tilting operation of the tilting section 28, tilting the rotating section 24. The tilting section 28 tilts the rotating section 24 within a predetermined tilt angle range. The rotating section 24 and the tilting section 28 operate based on the driving output of the driving device 18. The driving device 18 outputs driving force to the rotating section 24 and the tilting section 28 under the control of the control device 20.

[0016] The laser light source 16 constitutes the thermal energy supply mechanism of this embodiment. The laser light source 16 is disposed opposite to the chuck 21 of the two-axis positioner 14, and irradiates a laser beam 34 onto a heated portion 36 of the workpiece 12 to melt the surface of the workpiece 12. The laser light source 16 of this embodiment is supported by a robot arm (not shown) or the like, and can adjust the position of the heated portion 36 according to the displacement and surface shape of the workpiece 12.

[0017] It should be noted that this embodiment is not limited to the laser light source 16, and instead of the laser light source 16, an electron beam irradiation device, a plasma generating device, a gas burner that generates a combustion flame of a flammable gas, or the like may be used.

[0018] The control device 20 controls the driving device 18 and the laser light source 16 to drive the workpiece 12 and the laser light source 16. As shown in Fig. 2, the control device 20 moves the workpiece 12 so that the heated portion 36 passes through the entire processing area while maintaining the surface of the workpiece 12 at a portion where a heated portion 36 to be irradiated with laser light 34 is located in a horizontal state facing upward.

[0019] The remelting processing apparatus 10 of this embodiment is configured as described above. Hereinafter, a remelting processing method using the remelting processing apparatus 10 will be described.

[0020] As shown in Fig. 1, in the remelting processing device 10, the control device 20 acquires the surface shape of the workpiece 12 and drives the two-axis positioner 14 and the laser light source 16 according to the surface shape of the workpiece 12. When the inner peripheral surface 12a of a cylinder is to be processed, the two-axis positioner 14 aligns the central axis and the rotation axis 22 of the workpiece 12 in the horizontal direction. Then, as shown in Fig. 2A, the laser light source 16 irradiates the lower end portion of the inner peripheral surface 12a, whose normal line faces upward in the direction of gravity and is approximately horizontal, with the laser light 34 to form a heated portion 36. By making the lowest part of the processing area the heated portion 36, even if the metal of the molten portion 38 becomes flowable, it is possible to prevent it from flowing due to gravity.

[0021] Thereafter, the control device 20 shown in FIG. 1 rotates the rotating part 24 around the rotation axis 22 at a predetermined scan speed. As a result, as shown in FIG. 2B, the workpiece 12 rotates around the central axis, and the heated part 36 moves along the inner circumferential surface 12a. In the heated part 36, the surface of the metal constituting the workpiece 12 is heated, and a molten part 38 in which the metal is melted is formed to a predetermined depth. As shown in FIG. 2A, the heated part 36 is the lowest part on the inner circumferential surface 12a, and is always kept approximately horizontal. As a result, the molten metal does not flow out of the heated part 36, but remains there.

[0022] As shown in FIG. 2B, the molten portion 38 on the surface of the workpiece 12 is rapidly cooled and resolidified by thermal diffusion toward the workpiece 12 as the heated portion 36 moves. Then, a modified layer 39 with a finer and more homogenous structure is formed along the inner circumferential surface 12a of the workpiece 12. This improves the strength of the surface of the inner circumferential surface 12a, and changes the wear resistance to a desired value. When the heated portion 36 passes over the entire inner circumferential surface 12a, which is the processing area, of the workpiece 12, the control device 20 stops driving the laser light source 16 and the two-axis positioner 14. This completes the remelting method of this embodiment.

[0023] The remelting processing apparatus 10 and the remelting processing method of the present embodiment have the following advantages.

[0024] As shown in Comparative Example 1 in Fig. 3A, when the part of the inner circumferential surface 12a of the workpiece 12 whose normal direction is downward becomes the heated part 36, the metal flows downward from the molten part 38 due to the action of gravity, and the deformation of the shape of the inner circumferential surface 12a increases, and the part where the flowed-out metal is fixed loses its shape. Similarly, when the inner circumferential surface 12a of the workpiece 12 is aligned with the direction of gravity as in Comparative Example 2 in Fig. 3B, the molten metal flows out from the heated part 36, and the shape of the workpiece 12 changes.

[0025] In contrast, the present embodiment is a remelting processing apparatus 10 that modifies the material of the surface of the workpiece 12 by remelting and solidifying the surface of the workpiece 12, and includes a holding mechanism (e.g., a two-axis positioner 14) that holds the workpiece 12, a thermal energy supply mechanism (e.g., a laser light source 16) that supplies thermal energy to a localized heated portion 36 on the surface (e.g., the inner surface 12a) of the workpiece 12, and a drive unit 18 that drives the holding mechanism to move the heated portion 36 along the processing area of ​​the surface of the workpiece 12 (in this embodiment, the inner surface 12a), and the drive unit 18 moves the workpiece 12 while maintaining the surface of the workpiece 12 on which the heated portion 36 is located horizontal.

[0026] According to this configuration, the surface of the workpiece 12 on which the heating portion 36 is located is maintained horizontal, so that the molten metal is kept in place without flowing out of the heating portion 36, thereby preventing deformation or shoulder sagging caused by the flowing out metal.

[0027] In the above-mentioned remelting processing device 10, the workpiece 12 has a cylindrical machining surface (e.g., inner surface 12a), a holding mechanism (e.g., two-axis positioner 14) holds the workpiece 12 so that the central axis of the machining surface (inner surface 12a) faces horizontally, a thermal energy supply mechanism (laser light source 16) supplies thermal energy to the lower end of the machining surface (inner surface 12a) in the gravity direction, and a drive unit 18 may rotate the workpiece 12 around the central axis (rotation axis 22).

[0028] According to this configuration, the remelting process can be performed on the workpiece 12 having a cylindrical machining surface while preventing the molten metal from flowing out.

[0029] In the above-mentioned remelting processing apparatus 10, the holding mechanism may be a two-axis positioner 14. With this configuration, even if the surface of the workpiece 12 is inclined in a complex manner, the surface on which the heating portion 36 is located can be kept horizontal.

[0030] The remelting processing method of this embodiment is a remelting processing method using a remelting processing device 10 that includes a holding mechanism for holding the workpiece 12, a thermal energy supply mechanism for supplying thermal energy to a localized heated portion 36 on the surface of the workpiece 12, and a drive device 18 for driving the holding mechanism to move the heated portion 36 along the processing area on the surface of the workpiece 12, and that locally remelts and solidifies the surface of the workpiece 12, thereby modifying the material of the surface of the workpiece 12, and the drive device 18 moves the workpiece 12 while maintaining the normal direction of the surface (e.g., the inner surface 12a) of the workpiece 12 where the heated portion 36 is located facing upward in the direction of gravity.

[0031] According to the above-described remelting method, the remelting process can be performed while preventing the molten metal from flowing out from the heated portion 36 on the surface of the workpiece 12.

[0032] Second embodiment As shown in Fig. 4, the workpiece 12A of this embodiment is a cylinder head 40. A recess 44 that constitutes a combustion chamber 42 is formed in the cylinder head 40. The combustion chamber 42 of the cylinder head 40 becomes hot due to the effect of high-temperature exhaust heat accompanying the combustion of fuel in the engine, so there is a demand for improving thermal fatigue strength. Therefore, in this embodiment, a remelting process is performed on the combustion chamber 42 of the cylinder head 40 using the remelting process device 10 shown in Fig. 1.

[0033] The recess 44 constituting the combustion chamber 42 has a pent roof shape recessed toward the back side of the paper surface of Fig. 4, and is formed with a first inclined surface 48a and a second inclined surface 48b inclined at different angles on the left and right sides of a central ridge line 46. Two intake ports 50 are provided on the first inclined surface 48a, side by side in the extension direction of the ridge line 46. Furthermore, two exhaust ports 52 are provided on the second inclined surface 48b, side by side in the extension direction of the ridge line 46.

[0034] The remelting process of the workpiece 12A is performed by moving the heated portion 36, indicated by the hatched portion, from the center 42a to the outer periphery while rotating around the center 42a of the combustion chamber 42. The heated portion 36 may also be moved from the outer periphery to the center 42a.

[0035] 5, in the conventional remelting process, the cylinder head 40 is fixed, and the heating portion 36 to which the laser light 34 is irradiated is moved. In this case, the inclination of the first inclined surface 48a and the second inclined surface 48b causes the molten metal to flow down toward the ridge portion 46, and the shape of the combustion chamber 42 is changed.

[0036] Therefore, as shown in Fig. 6, in this embodiment, a remelting process is performed on the cylinder head 40 in Fig. 4 by using a remelting process device 10 to remelt the combustion chamber 42. The configuration of each part of the remelting process device 10 shown in Fig. 6 is basically the same as that of the remelting process device 10 shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 6, the same components as those in Fig. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.

[0037] The workpiece 12A (cylinder head 40) is fixed onto the main surface 21a of the chuck 21. At this time, the workpiece 12A is fixed to the chuck 21 such that the center 42a of the combustion chamber 42 coincides with the rotation axis 22 of the chuck 21.

[0038] The remelting processing device 10 drives the two-axis positioner 14 and the laser light source 16 to perform remelting processing in the combustion chamber 42. The rotating part 24 of the two-axis positioner 14 is rotated to rotate the workpiece 12A about the rotation axis 22. In addition, the laser light source 16 irradiates the laser light 34 toward the heated portion 36.

[0039] Under the control of the control device 20, the driving device 18 drives the inclined portion 28 so that the normal of the surface of the workpiece 12A where the heating portion 36 is located faces upward in the direction of gravity, i.e., so that the surface is horizontal. For example, while the heating portion 36 is passing over the first inclined surface 48a, the driving device 18 adjusts the inclination angle of the inclined portion 28 so that the first inclined surface 48a is horizontal. Also, while the heating portion 36 is passing over the second inclined surface 48b, the driving device 18 adjusts the inclination angle of the inclined portion 28 so that the second inclined surface 48b is horizontal.

[0040] Therefore, the surface of the workpiece 12A on which the heating portion 36 is located is always kept horizontal, preventing the molten metal from flowing out from the melting portion 38 of the heating portion 36. In this way, the two-axis positioner 14 makes it possible to keep the surface on which the heating portion 36 is located horizontal, even if the workpiece 12A has a plurality of inclined surfaces 48a, 48b that are inclined in different directions.

[0041] As described above, in the remelting processing device 10, the workpiece 12A has a plurality of inclined surfaces 48a, 48b inclined in different directions, and the driving device 18 drives the holding mechanism (for example, the two-axis positioner 14) so ​​that the inclined surfaces 48a, 48b on which the heating portion 36 is located are horizontal. With this configuration, the surface of the workpiece 12A on which the heating portion 36 is located can be kept horizontal.

[0042] Third embodiment In the present embodiment, a remelting processing apparatus 10A and a remelting processing method capable of making the depth of the modified layer 39 uniform for workpieces 12B having different thicknesses will be described below. Prior to the description of the embodiment, Comparative Example 4 will be described.

[0043] 7, the workpiece 12B according to Comparative Example 4 includes portions with different thicknesses. When the remelting process is performed on the workpiece 12B, the modified layer 39 becomes shallow in the thick portions of the workpiece 12B, while the modified layer 39 is formed deep in the thin portions of the workpiece 12B, and the depth of the modified layer 39 varies depending on the location.

[0044] In an experimental example, a laser beam 34 having a rectangular irradiation spot shape 34a shown in Fig. 8A was used to irradiate a flat sample 54 as shown in Fig. 8B while changing the scanning speed and the surface temperature of the heated portion 36, to form a modified layer 39, and the change in the depth of the modified layer 39 was investigated. As the sample 54, an aluminum alloy plate having a width and length of 100 mm and a thickness of 20 mm was used.

[0045] In the experimental example, the depth of the modified layer 39 was examined by changing the scanning speed and the surface temperature. The feed speed affects the amount of heat input to the sample 54, and the slower the scanning speed, the greater the amount of heat input per unit area of ​​the modified layer 39, which is thought to affect the depth of the modified layer 39. In this experimental example, the scanning speed was changed in the range of 0.5 mm / sec to 0.9 mm / sec. In addition, the surface temperature of the heated portion 36 was measured by a radiation thermometer 56, and the output value of the laser light source 16 was controlled so that the surface temperature was constant. In this experimental example, the surface temperature was changed in the range of 800°C to 900°C.

[0046] As shown in Fig. 9, contrary to expectations, the change in the depth of the modified layer 39 (vertical axis of the figure) was small relative to the change in the feed rate (horizontal axis of the figure). In contrast, it was revealed that the depth of the modified layer 39 changed significantly due to the change in the surface temperature (depth axis of the figure).

[0047] Based on the results of the above experimental examples, as shown in Fig. 10, in the remelt processing device 10A of this embodiment, a radiation thermometer 56 and an output adjustment device 58 are added to the remelt processing device 10 in Fig. 1. Note that in the remelt processing device 10A, the same components as those in the remelt processing device 10 are given the same reference numerals and detailed description thereof will be omitted.

[0048] The radiation thermometer 56 is attached to the laser light source 16 and measures the surface temperature of the heated portion 36. The output adjustment device 58 is connected to the radiation thermometer 56 and the laser light source 16. The output adjustment device 58 adjusts the output of the laser light source 16 according to the detection result of the radiation thermometer 56. When the surface temperature of the heated portion 36 detected by the radiation thermometer 56 is higher than a preset temperature, the output adjustment device 58 reduces the output value of the laser light source 16. When the surface temperature of the heated portion 36 detected by the radiation thermometer 56 is lower than a preset temperature, the output adjustment device 58 increases the output value of the laser light source 16. By adjusting the output value of the laser light source 16 by the output adjustment device 58, the remelting process can be performed while maintaining the temperature of the heated portion 36 constant.

[0049] As described above, the remelting processing apparatus 10A of this embodiment is equipped with a temperature sensor (e.g., a radiation thermometer 56) that measures the temperature of the heated portion 36, and an output adjustment device 58 that controls the amount of thermal energy supplied from the thermal energy supply mechanism (e.g., a laser light source 16) so as to keep the temperature of the heated portion 36 constant.

[0050] As shown in FIG. 11, according to the remelting processing apparatus 10A of this embodiment, even if the thickness varies depending on the location, as in the case of a workpiece 12B, the depth of the modified layer 39 can be kept uniform.

[0051] Although the present invention has been described above with reference to preferred embodiments, it goes without saying that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various modifications are possible without departing from the spirit of the present invention. [Explanation of symbols]

[0052] 10, 10A... Remelting treatment device 12, 12A, 12B... Workpiece 14...2-axis positioner 16...Laser light source 18...Drive unit 20...Control unit 36: Heating part 38: Melting part 39...Modified layer 48a, 48b...Inclined surface 56…Radiation thermometer 58…Output adjustment device

Claims

1. A remelting processing apparatus for modifying a material of a surface of a workpiece by remelting and solidifying the surface of the workpiece, A holding mechanism for holding the workpiece; A thermal energy supply mechanism for supplying thermal energy to a locally heated portion on a surface of the workpiece; A drive device that drives the holding mechanism to move the heating portion along a processing area on the surface of the workpiece, The holding mechanism is a two-axis positioner having a rotating part that rotates the workpiece around a rotating axis and an inclination part that rotates the rotating part around an inclination axis perpendicular to the rotating axis, The holding mechanism holds the cylindrical workpiece such that a central axis of a processing surface, which is an inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical workpiece, is oriented horizontally, The thermal energy supply mechanism supplies thermal energy to a lower end portion of the processing surface in a gravity direction, The driving device rotates the workpiece using the rotating part while maintaining the surface of the workpiece on which the heating portion is located horizontally using the tilting part.

2. A remelting processing apparatus for modifying a material on a surface of a workpiece by remelting and solidifying the surface of the workpiece, A holding mechanism for holding the workpiece; A thermal energy supply mechanism for supplying thermal energy to a locally heated portion on a surface of the workpiece; A drive device that drives the holding mechanism to move the heating portion along a processing area on the surface of the workpiece, The holding mechanism is a two-axis positioner having a rotating part that rotates the workpiece around a rotating axis and an inclination part that rotates the rotating part around an inclination axis perpendicular to the rotating axis, A remelting processing device, wherein the outer surface of the workpiece has a recess, the recess having a plurality of inclined surfaces inclined in different directions, and the driving device drives the rotating portion and the inclined portion of the holding mechanism so that the inclined surface on which the heating portion is located is horizontal.

3. The remelting processing apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising: A temperature sensor that measures the temperature of the heating portion; an output adjustment device that controls the amount of thermal energy supplied by the thermal energy supply mechanism so as to keep the temperature of the heating portion constant; The remelting processing device comprises:

4. A remelting processing method using a remelting processing device comprising: a holding mechanism for holding a workpiece; a thermal energy supply mechanism for supplying thermal energy to a locally heated portion of a surface of the workpiece; and a drive device for driving the holding mechanism to move the heated portion along a processing region of the surface of the workpiece, the remelting processing device remelting and solidifying the surface of the workpiece to modify the material of the surface of the workpiece, The holding mechanism is a two-axis positioner having a rotating part that rotates the workpiece around a rotating axis and an inclination part that rotates the rotating part around an inclination axis perpendicular to the rotating axis, The holding mechanism holds the cylindrical workpiece such that a central axis of a processing surface, which is an inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical workpiece, is oriented horizontally, The thermal energy supply mechanism supplies thermal energy to a lower end portion of the processing surface in a gravity direction, A remelting processing method in which the driving device rotates the workpiece using the rotating part while maintaining the surface of the workpiece on which the heating portion is located horizontally using the inclination part.

5. A remelting processing method using a remelting processing device comprising: a holding mechanism for holding a workpiece; a thermal energy supply mechanism for supplying thermal energy to a locally heated portion of a surface of the workpiece; and a drive device for driving the holding mechanism to move the heated portion along a processing area of ​​the surface of the workpiece, and which performs material modification of the surface of the workpiece by remelting and solidifying the surface of the workpiece, comprising: The holding mechanism is a two-axis positioner having a rotating part that rotates the workpiece around a rotating axis and an inclination part that rotates the rotating part around an inclination axis perpendicular to the rotating axis, A remelting processing method in which the outer surface of the workpiece has a recess, the recess having a plurality of inclined surfaces inclined in different directions, and the driving device drives the rotating part and the inclined part of the holding mechanism so that the inclined surface on which the heating part is located is horizontal.

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