Cookware with graphite core

Abstract

A cookware made from a bonded multi-layer blank assembly is provided. The cookware includes a first metal layer, a second metal layer having a cavity with a plurality of spaced posts projecting from a bottom surface of the cavity, and a perforated graphite layer having a thickness of at least 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) and having a plurality of spaced holes formed therethrough. The perforated graphite layer is positioned within the cavity of the second metal layer such that the spaced posts extend through the spaced holes. The second metal layer is metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer via at least the spaced posts. A method of making a bonded multi-layer composite cookware is also disclosed.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 714,120, filed December 13, 2019, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to multi-ply bonded cookware, and more particularly to a multi-ply bonded cookware having a core layer of perforated graphite disposed between at least two metal layers metallurgically bonded to one another. Methods of making the cookware using solid state bonding techniques are also disclosed. [Background technology]

[0003] It has long been known to produce multi-layer bonded composite cookware, in which various materials are bonded together to create a composite that combines the desired physical properties of each material. For example, the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is desirable for cooking and exterior surfaces of cookware, but stainless steel has a relatively low thermal conductivity. On the other hand, aluminum and / or copper have been bonded to stainless steel to provide a relatively high thermal conductivity and to provide well-known composite cookware, such as pots and pans. Multi-layer bonded cookware is known in the art, as shown in several patents, for example, Ulam U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,433 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,623 to Ulam, and Groll U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,636 to Groll. These documents illustrate the production of multi-layer bonded cookware, in which outer layers of stainless steel are bonded to a central layer of more conductive aluminum and / or copper. The bond between layers of such dissimilar materials is typically achieved by conventional roll bonding techniques, using aluminum and / or copper strips roll bonded to outer strips of stainless steel.

[0004] For example, a solid state bonding technique that applies high static pressure and heat for a period of time to manufacture cookware from multiple composite blanks of stainless steel-aluminum-stainless steel combination is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,993,333 to Groll et al. There is a continuing need in the art to produce cookware using improved solid state bonding techniques to reduce the weight and improve the thermal properties of the cookware. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 4,246,045 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 4,167,606 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 8,133,596 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 6,267,830 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Patent No. 9,078,539 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] In view of the conventional need in the art, it would be desirable to develop new methods of producing cookware using improved solid state bonding techniques. It would be further desirable to provide cookware made by such methods that has reduced weight and improved thermal properties compared to current cookware made by solid state bonding techniques. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, a cookware made from the bonded multi-layer blank assembly may include a first metal layer, a second metal layer having a cavity with a plurality of spaced apart posts projecting from a bottom surface of the cavity, and a perforated graphite layer having a thickness of at least 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) and having a plurality of spaced apart holes formed therethrough. The perforated graphite layer may be positioned within the cavity of the second metal layer such that the plurality of spaced apart posts extend through the plurality of spaced apart holes. The second metal layer may be metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer at least through the plurality of spaced apart posts.

[0008] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, a surface of the second metal layer surrounding the void is metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer. Preferably, said surface is flat. The depth of the void may be less than, equal to, or greater than the thickness of the perforated graphite layer. The spaced apart posts may have a circular or polygonal cross section.

[0009] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, the perforated graphite layer may be made of anisotropic graphite. The first metal layer may be made of aluminum, stainless steel, or titanium. The second metal layer may be made of aluminum.

[0010] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, a third metal layer may be metallurgically bonded to a flat side of the second metal layer opposite the void, and the third metal layer may be made of stainless steel.

[0011] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, the second metal layer may have an outer metal layer and a central metal layer received in the central opening of the outer metal layer. The void may be disposed on the central metal layer. The outer metal layer may be thinner than the central metal layer.

[0012] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, the first metal layer may have a first sub-layer of aluminum bonded to the spaced apart posts and a second sub-layer of stainless steel. The second metal layer may be metallurgically bonded to the first sub-layer of the first metal layer. A surface of the second metal layer surrounding the void may be metallurgically bonded to the first sub-layer of the first metal layer. Preferably, the surface is flat.

[0013] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, a method of making a cookware includes: (a) providing a first metal layer; (b) providing a perforated graphite layer having a thickness of at least 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) and having a plurality of spaced apart holes formed therethrough; (c) providing a second metal layer having a cavity with a plurality of spaced apart posts protruding from a bottom surface of the cavity; and (d) receiving the perforated graphite layer within the cavity of the second metal layer such that the plurality of spaced apart posts of the second metal layer interface with the plurality of spaced apart holes of the perforated graphite layer. and (e) crimping the blank assembly by applying a force in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the layers of the blank assembly and simultaneously heating the blank assembly to achieve a metallurgical bond between the first metal layer and the second metal layer at least through the spaced apart posts to provide a bonded blank assembly.

[0014] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, the method may further include (f) cooling the joined blank assembly and (g) forming the cookware from the joined blank assembly. The first metal layer may be made of aluminum, stainless steel, or titanium, and the second metal layer may be made of aluminum.

[0015] According to some embodiments or aspects of the disclosure, the method may further include (h) providing a third metal layer and laminating the third metal layer with a layer of the blank assembly prior to crimping the blank assembly such that the third metal layer faces the flat side of the second metal layer opposite the void.

[0016] According to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, the method may further include (i) providing a fourth metal layer and laminating the fourth metal layer onto the first metal layer of the blank assembly before crimping the blank assembly. The third metal layer and the fourth metal layer may be made of stainless steel. Effect of the Invention

[0017] These and other characteristics and features of the cookware described herein and the method of making such cookware will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, and like reference numerals in the various views refer to corresponding parts. It is to be expressly understood that the drawings are for purposes of illustration and description only. Thus, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting. Moreover, it is to be understood that the present disclosure may assume various alternative modifications and sequences of steps, unless otherwise indicated. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0018] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an exploded side cross-sectional view of a blank assembly for making a cooking utensil according to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is an assembled side cross-sectional view of the blank assembly of FIG. 1. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of detail A shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a top view of the intermediate layer shown in FIG. [Diagram 5]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a formed frying pan shape produced from the joined blank assembly of FIG. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of detail B shown in FIG. 5. [Figure 7] FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of detail C shown in FIG. 5. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is an exploded side cross-sectional view of a blank assembly for making a cooking utensil according to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is an assembled side cross-sectional view of the blank assembly of FIG. 8. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of detail D shown in FIG. [Figure 11] FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a formed frying pan shape produced from the joined blank assembly of FIG. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is an enlarged view of detail E shown in FIG. [Figure 13] FIG. 12 is an enlarged view of detail F shown in FIG. [Figure 14] FIG. 1 is an exploded side cross-sectional view of a blank assembly for making a cooking utensil according to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is an assembled side cross-sectional view of the blank assembly of FIG. 14. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is an enlarged view of detail G shown in FIG. [Figure 17] FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a formed frying pan shape produced from the joined blank assembly of FIG. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is an enlarged view of detail H shown in FIG. [Figure 19] FIG. 18 is an enlarged view of detail I shown in FIG. [Figure 20] FIG. 1 is an exploded side cross-sectional view of a blank assembly for making a cooking utensil according to some embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is an assembled side cross-sectional view of the blank assembly of FIG. 20. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 is an enlarged view of detail J shown in FIG. 21. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0019] In Figures 1 to 22, unless otherwise specified, the same reference numerals represent the same components.

[0020] As used in the specification and claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly requires a different interpretation.

[0021] For purposes of the remainder of this specification, the terms "end," "upper," "lower," "right," "left," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "lateral," "longitudinal," and their derivatives shall be taken with reference to the orientation of the present disclosure in the drawings, with the understanding that the present disclosure may assume various alternative modifications and sequences of steps unless expressly specified to the contrary.

[0022] All numbers and ranges used in the specification and claims are to be understood in all instances to be modified by the term "about." By "about," we mean plus or minus 25 percent of the stated value, such as plus or minus 10 percent of the stated value, however, this should not be construed as limiting the analysis of values ​​under the doctrine of equivalents.

[0023] Unless otherwise specified, all ranges or ratios disclosed herein should be understood to encompass the initial and final values ​​contained therein, as well as any subranges or subratios. For example, a range or ratio stated as "1 to 10" should be considered to include any subrange or subratio between (and including) a minimum value of 1 and a maximum value of 10, i.e., all subranges or subratios beginning with a minimum value of 1 or greater and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less. The ranges and / or ratios disclosed herein represent average values ​​for the stated ranges and / or ratios.

[0024] All documents, including but not limited to issued patents and patent applications, mentioned in this specification should be considered to be "incorporated by reference" in their entirety unless otherwise specified.

[0025] The terms "first," "second," etc. do not refer to a particular order or sequence, but to different states, characteristics, or elements.

[0026] The term "at least" is synonymous with "greater than or equal to."

[0027] As used herein, "at least one of" is synonymous with "one or more of." For example, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" means any one of A, B, or C, or any combination of any two or more of A, B, or C. For example, "at least one of A, B, and C" includes one or more A's alone, or one or more B's alone, or one or more C's alone, or one or more A's and one or more B's, or one or more A's and one or more C's, or one or more B's and one or more C's, or one or more of all of A, B, and C.

[0028] The term "includes" is synonymous with "comprises."

[0029] As used herein, the terms "parallel" or "substantially parallel" mean that the relative angle of two objects, such as elongated objects, including a reference line (when extended to a theoretical intersection point) is between 0° and 5°, or between 0° and 3°, or between 0° and 2°, or between 0° and 1°, or between 0° and 0.5°, or between 0° and 0.25°, or between 0° and 0.1°, inclusive of the recited values.

[0030] As used herein, the terms "perpendicular" or "substantially perpendicular" mean that the relative angle between two objects at an actual or theoretical intersection point is 85° to 90°, or 87° to 90°, or 88° to 90°, or 89° to 90°, or 89.5° to 90°, or 89.75° to 90°, or 89.9° to 90°, inclusive of the enumerated values.

[0031] As used herein, the term "solid state bonding" refers to a process for bonding two or more laminated metal or metal alloy layers together using high pressure (typically greater than 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa)) and high temperature (typically greater than 600°F (315°C)), where the high pressure is applied perpendicular or perpendicular, i.e., at 90°, to the plane of the laminated layers.

[0032] As used herein, the terms "metallurgical bonding" or "metallurgically bonded" refer to a bond formed between similar or dissimilar metallic materials that has no voids or discontinuities at the bond interface.

[0033] Referring to the drawings, FIGS. 1-3 show various views of blank assemblies 100 used in making some embodiments of cooking utensils described in this disclosure. In some embodiments or aspects, each blank assembly 100 can be used to form a cooking utensil such as a pan or frying pan as shown in FIGS. 5-7. As discussed herein, blank assembly 100 is formed from a plurality of stacked discs or layers that are metallurgically bonded together to form a unitary blank assembly 100. In some embodiments or aspects, the stacked discs or layers may be stacked such that the individual discs are substantially parallel to one another. The stacked assembly of discs or layers may then be bonded together using solid state bonding techniques, where the stacked discs or layers are bonded using high pressure (typically greater than 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa)) and high temperature (typically greater than 600° F. (315° C.)). Desirably, the high pressure is applied perpendicular to the plane of the stacked discs or layers, i.e., at 90°. The joined disks or layers form a joined multi-ply blank assembly 100. The joined multi-ply blank assembly 100 is shown in Figures 2-3.

[0034] With continued reference to Figures 1-3, blank assembly 100 has at least one upper (first) metal disc or layer 102 (hereinafter referred to as "first metal layer 102") and at least one lower (third) metal disc or layer 104 (hereinafter referred to as "third metal layer 104"). Disposed between first metal layer 102 and third metal layer 104 is second disc or layer 106 (hereinafter referred to as "second layer 106"). An upper or top surface of first metal layer 102 forms the inner surface of the cookware, and a lower or bottom surface of third metal layer 104 forms the outer surface of the cookware. In some embodiments or aspects, the layer arrangement of the blank assembly 100 can be flipped 180 degrees such that the lower or bottom surface of the first metal layer 102 forms the exterior surface of the cookware and the upper or top surface of the third metal layer 104 forms the interior surface of the cookware.

[0035] With continued reference to FIGS. 1-3, the material from which the first metal layer 102 is made is selected to have the desired scratch resistance, wear, and thermal properties required for a cooking surface of a cookware. In some embodiments or aspects, the first metal layer 102 may be formed from food grade stainless steel. The stainless steel of the first metal layer 102 may be, for example, a 400 series stainless steel, such as 436 stainless steel, or a 300 series stainless steel, such as 304 stainless steel. In some embodiments or aspects, the stainless steel of the first metal layer 102 may be any corrosion resistant stainless steel alloy suitable for use as a food preparation surface. In further embodiments or aspects, the first metal layer 102 may be made from a titanium alloy suitable for use as a food preparation surface. In further embodiments or aspects, the material of the first metal layer 102 may include aluminum. In some embodiments or aspects, the material of the first metal layer 102 may be, for example, high purity aluminum or an alloy aluminum material coated on one or both sides with a thin layer of pure aluminum to accommodate metallurgical bonding. In some embodiments or aspects, the material of the first metal layer 102 may be a 1000 series aluminum alloy, such as an 1100 aluminum alloy.

[0036] In some embodiments or aspects, the first metal layer 102 may be a disk having a diameter of about 14 inches (355.6 mm) to form a near-finished size blank for making cookware such as a 10 inch (254 mm) diameter frying pan. In other embodiments or aspects, the first metal layer 102 may be a disk having a diameter of about 5 inches to about 20 inches (127 mm to 508 mm) to form cookware of various sizes. The diameter of the first metal layer 102 is selected to be large enough to form the bottom, sidewalls, and rim of the finished cookware. The diameter of the first metal layer 102 is selected to match the diameter of at least one of the second layer 106 and the third metal layer 104. In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the first metal layer 102 may be from about 0.010 inches (0.25 mm) to about 0.025 inches (0.65 mm), such as about 0.015 inches (0.40 mm). One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the diameter and thickness of the first metal layer 102 can be increased or decreased to create cookware of larger or smaller diameters and thicknesses, respectively.

[0037] In some embodiments or aspects, such as those shown in Figures 20-22, the blank assembly 100 may include a fourth metal layer 140 laminated onto the first metal layer 102. As discussed herein, the first metal layer 102 may be made of a material that has a binding affinity to the metallic materials of the fourth metal layer 140 and the second layer 106. In further embodiments or aspects, the blank assembly 200, 300 (shown in Figures 8-10 and 14-16) may include a fourth metal layer (not shown) laminated onto the first metal layer 202, 302. The material of the first metal layer 102, 202, 302 may be aluminum. In some embodiments or aspects, the material of the first metal layer 102, 202, 302 may be, for example, high purity aluminum or an alloy aluminum material coated on either side with a thin layer of pure aluminum to accommodate metallurgical bonding. In some embodiments or aspects, the material of the first metal layer 102, 202, 302 may be a 1000 series aluminum alloy, such as an aluminum alloy 1100. In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the first metal layer 102, 202, 302 may be from about 0.020 inches (0.5 mm) to about 0.100 inches (2.5 mm), such as about 0.040 inches (1.0 mm).

[0038] With continued reference to FIGS. 20-22, the material of the fourth metal layer 140 is selected to have the desired scratch resistance, wear, and thermal properties required for the cooking surface of the cookware. In some embodiments or aspects, the material of the fourth metal layer 140 can be a food grade stainless steel. The stainless steel of the fourth metal layer 140 can be, for example, a 400 series stainless steel, such as 436 stainless steel, or a 300 series stainless steel, such as 304 stainless steel. In some embodiments or aspects, the stainless steel of the fourth metal layer 140 can be any corrosion resistant stainless steel alloy suitable for use as a food preparation surface. In further embodiments or aspects, the fourth metal layer 140 can be made from a titanium alloy suitable for use as a food preparation surface. In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the fourth metal layer 140 can be about 0.010 inches (0.25 mm) to about 0.025 inches (0.65 mm), such as about 0.015 inches (0.4 mm).

[0039] In some embodiments or aspects, the third metal layer 104 may be made of a material that has the desired scratch resistance, wear, and thermal properties required for the exterior surface of the cookware. The material of the third metal layer 104 is selected to have a binding affinity to at least a portion of the metallic material of the second layer 106, as discussed herein. In some embodiments or aspects, the third metal layer 104 may be made of a ferromagnetic stainless steel, such as 400 grade stainless steel, to produce a finished cookware suitable for use in an induction cooking appliance. The stainless steel of the third metal layer 104 may be a magnetic grade stainless steel, such as 430 stainless steel, for example. In some embodiments or aspects, the stainless steel of the third metal layer 104 may be any stainless steel alloy suitable for use as a food preparation surface. In further embodiments or aspects, the third metal layer 104 may be made of a titanium alloy suitable for use as a food preparation surface. The material of the third metal layer 104 may be selected to have similar or identical material properties to the first metal layer 102.

[0040] In some embodiments or aspects, the third metal layer 104 may be a disk having a diameter of about 14 inches (355.6 mm) to form a near-finished size blank for making cookware such as a 10 inch (254 mm) diameter frying pan. In other embodiments or aspects, the third metal layer 104 may be a disk having a diameter of about 5 inches to about 20 inches (127 mm to 508 mm) to form cookware of various sizes. The diameter of the third metal layer 104 is selected to be large enough to form the bottom, sidewalls, and rim of the finished cookware. In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the third metal layer 104 may be about 0.010 inches (0.25 mm) to about 0.025 inches (0.6 mm), such as about 0.015 inches (0.4 mm). One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the diameter and thickness of the third metal layer 104 can be increased or decreased to create a cookware of larger or smaller diameter and thickness, respectively. The bottom surface 124 of the third metal layer 104 can be substantially flat and free of protrusions or recesses.

[0041] 1-3, the second layer 106 is disposed between the first metal layer 102 and the third metal layer 104. The second layer 106 has a perforated graphite disk or layer 108 (hereinafter referred to as "perforated graphite layer 108") having a plurality of spaced apart holes 114 formed therethrough. The second layer 106 further has a second metal disk or layer 110 (hereinafter referred to as "second metal layer 110") having a void 112 configured to receive the perforated graphite layer 108.

[0042] In some embodiments or aspects, the second metal layer 110 may be made of a material that has a binding affinity to the metallic materials of the first metal layer 102 and the third metal layer 104, as discussed herein. The material of the second metal layer 110 may be aluminum. In some examples or aspects, the second metal layer 110 may be made of high purity aluminum or an alloy aluminum material coated on either side with a thin layer of pure aluminum to accommodate metallurgical bonding. In some embodiments or aspects, the second metal layer 110 may be made of a 1000 series aluminum alloy, such as, for example, an 1100 aluminum alloy.

[0043] In some embodiments or aspects, the second metal layer 110 may be a disk having a diameter of about 14 inches (355.6 mm) to form a near-finished size blank for making cookware such as a 10 inch (254 mm) diameter frying pan. In other embodiments or aspects, the second metal layer 110 may be a disk having a diameter of about 5 inches to about 20 inches (127 mm to 508 mm) to form cookware of various sizes. The diameter of the second metal layer 110 is selected to be large enough to form the bottom, sidewalls, and rim of the finished cookware. In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the second metal layer 110 may be about 0.020 inches (0.5 mm) to about 0.200 inches (5.0 mm), such as about 0.040 inches (1.0 mm). One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the diameter and thickness of second metal layer 110 can be increased or decreased to create cookware of larger or smaller diameter and thickness, respectively. Bottom surface 126 of second metal layer 110 can be substantially flat and free of protrusions or recesses.

[0044] In some embodiments or aspects, the voids 112 may have a circular shape with a diameter that is the same as or slightly larger than the diameter of the circular perforated graphite layer 108. For example, the voids 112 may have a diameter of about 3 inches (76.2 mm) to about 12 inches (305 mm), such as about 7 inches (178 mm). The perforated graphite layer 108 may have a diameter that corresponds to about 90-99.9% of the diameter of the voids 112. In other embodiments or aspects, the voids 112 may have any desired geometric shape that corresponds to any desired geometric shape of the perforated graphite layer 108. The voids 112 may have a depth (i.e., the distance the voids 112 are recessed relative to the upper surface 120 of the second metal layer 110) of about 0.010 inches (0.25 mm) to about 0.100 inches (2.5 mm), such as about 0.020 inches (0.5 mm). The voids may have a uniform depth or may have a non-uniform depth that varies over at least a portion of the voids 112. In some embodiments or aspects, the voids 112 may be centered on the second metal layer 110 such that the voids 112 and the second metal layer 110 have a common axis. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the diameter and depth of the voids 112 can be made larger or smaller, respectively, to accommodate a larger and thicker perforated graphite layer 108.

[0045] The second metal layer 110 has a plurality of upwardly projecting, spaced apart posts 116 (hereinafter referred to as "posts 116") within the void 112. The posts 116 extend upward from a bottom surface 118 of the void 112, which is recessed relative to an upper surface 120 of the second metal layer 110. As shown in FIG. 4, the posts 116 may be arranged in a regular array within the void 112, or may be randomly distributed. For example, the posts 116 may be arranged in a circular array with equal or unequal spacing between adjacent posts 116. In various embodiments or aspects, the density of the posts 116 (i.e., the number of posts 116 per unit area) may be uniform throughout the void 112 or may vary among different portions of the void. For example, the density of the posts 116 may be higher or lower in a radial direction of the void 112. In some embodiments or aspects, the posts 116 may be provided in one or more groups of posts 116. The posts 116 may have the same size (i.e., diameter) or different sizes relative to one another.

[0046] 4, the voids 112 and posts 116 may be formed by removing material from the upper surface 120 of the second metal layer 110, such as by machining. In some embodiments or aspects, the voids 112 and posts 116 may be cast using a mold. The posts 116 may have a cross-sectional shape that is circular, polygonal (such as hexagonal), or any other geometric shape.

[0047] In some embodiments or aspects, the posts 116 may have a height of about 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) to about 0.100 inches (2.54 mm), such as about 0.020 inches (0.508 mm) above the bottom surface 118 of the cavity 112. In some embodiments or aspects, the height of the posts 116 is selected to be slightly higher than the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 108, such that the tops of the posts 116 protrude through the holes in the perforated graphite layer 108, as described herein. In embodiments or aspects in which the posts 116 have a circular shape, the posts 116 may have a diameter of about 0.050 inches (1.27 mm) to about 0.250 inches (6.35 mm), such as about 0.125 inches (3.175 mm). In other embodiments or aspects in which the posts 116 have a non-circular shape, the posts 116 may have a diameter of about 0.12 inches (0.12 inches). 2 (7.9mm 2 ) etc., about 0.002in 2 (1.3mm 2 ) to about 0.050in 2 (32mm 2 ) surface area. In some embodiments or aspects, posts 116 may have a constant width or diameter along their longitudinal length measured in a direction from bottom surface 118 toward top surface 120 of cavity 112. In other embodiments or aspects, the width or diameter of the posts may narrow or widen in a direction from bottom surface 118 toward top surface 120 of cavity 112.

[0048] In some embodiments or aspects, the perforated graphite layer 108 may be made of anisotropic graphite configured to transfer heat energy primarily radially (rather than axially). In this manner, the cooking surface may be heated uniformly while avoiding hot spots. Graphite is preferably selected for its high coefficient of thermal conductivity (approximately 500-1500 W / mK compared to approximately 220 W / mK for aluminum and 340 W / mK for copper). Anisotropic graphite may have approximately 2-6 times higher thermal conductivity than copper in the direction of the XY plane that defines the cooking surface. Anisotropic graphite is also approximately 1 / 6 the weight of copper and acts as an insulator in the Z direction (i.e., a direction substantially perpendicular to the cooking surface) compared to copper. The lower conductivity in the Z direction (approximately 1 / 100 of the XY plane) acts as a thermal dam that temporarily prevents direct heat flow from the heat source to the food preparation surface, thus giving the heat energy additional time to spread evenly along the cooking surface. The perforated graphite layer 108 is effective to spread heat evenly across the cooking surface while impeding the flow of heat in a direction perpendicular to the cooking surface. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it has been found that the presence of the perforated graphite layer 108 increases the resistance to electrical current, thereby increasing the efficiency of induction heating as compared to a cookware without the perforated graphite layer 108.

[0049] In some embodiments or aspects, the perforated graphite layer 108 may have a circular shape having a diameter of about 3 inches (76.2 mm) to about 12 inches (305 mm), such as about 7 inches (178 mm). As referred to herein, the perforated graphite layer 108 may have a diameter that corresponds to about 90-99.9% of the diameter of the voids 112. In other embodiments or aspects, the perforated graphite layer 108 may have any desired geometric shape corresponding to any desired geometric shape of the voids 112. The perforated graphite layer 108 may have a thickness of about 0.010 inches (0.25 mm) to about 0.100 inches (2.5 mm), such as about 0.020 inches (0.5 mm). The perforated graphite layer 108 may have a minimum thickness of about 0.010 inches (0.25 mm). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it has been found that perforated graphite layer 108 having a thickness less than the minimum thickness may be damaged during the solid-state bonding process, thereby compromising the ability to distribute heat evenly along the cooking surface of the cookware. Furthermore, perforated graphite layer 108 having at least the minimum thickness is easier to handle and less expensive to manufacture than perforated graphite layer having a thickness less than the minimum thickness, thereby reducing the overall cost of the cookware. Furthermore, perforated graphite layer 108 having at least the minimum thickness is configured to transfer more energy in the plane defining the cooking surface than perforated graphite layer having a thickness less than the minimum thickness. In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of perforated graphite layer 108 is selected to be less than the height of posts 116 of second metal layer 110. In this manner, the upper surface of perforated graphite layer 108 may be recessed within cavity 112 relative to upper surface 120 of second metal layer 110 and the top of posts 116.

[0050] In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 108 is selected to be less than the height of the posts 116 / depth of the voids 112 of the second metal layer 110. In this manner, the upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 108 may be recessed within the voids 112 relative to the upper surface 120 of the second metal layer 110 and the tops of the posts 116. In other embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 108 is selected to be the same as the height of the posts 116 / depth of the voids 112. In further embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 108 may be selected to be slightly greater than the height of the posts 116 / depth of the voids 112 of the second metal layer 110. In this manner, the upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 108 may protrude slightly from the voids 112 relative to the upper surface 120 of the second metal layer 110 and the tops of the posts 116. The perforated graphite layer 108 is more compressible than the first and second metal layers 102, 110 and is therefore compressed into the voids 112 during the solid state bonding process.

[0051] 1-3, each of the holes 114 penetrates the material of the perforated graphite layer 108 between its upper surface and its lower surface. The size and arrangement of the holes 114 in the perforated graphite layer 108 is selected to correspond to the size and arrangement of the posts 116 on the second metal layer 110. In this manner, the posts 116 may be arranged such that all of the posts 116 correspond (i.e., align) with all of the holes 114, and each post 116 is received within a respective hole 114. For example, in an embodiment in which the posts 116 are arranged in a circular array and the spacing of the posts 116 is uniform throughout the voids 112 of the second metal layer 110, the holes 114 have a corresponding circular array arrangement such that the posts 116 can be received within the holes 114. The holes 114 are shaped such that a single post 116 can be received within a single hole 114. In some embodiments or aspects, multiple posts 116 may be received within a single hole 114. In further embodiments or aspects, the number of holes 114 may be greater than the number of posts 116 such that some holes 114 do not have posts 116 therein.

[0052] The holes 114 may have the same or different shape as the posts 116. For example, the holes 114 may have a circular shape to receive circular or non-circular posts 116. In embodiments or aspects in which the holes 114 have a circular shape, the holes 114 may have a diameter of about 0.050 inches (1.27 mm) to about 0.250 inches (6.35 mm), such as about 0.125 inches (3.175 mm). The holes 114 may have the same size and shape or different sizes and shapes.

[0053] Referring to Figures 8-10, a blank assembly 200 according to another embodiment or aspect of the present disclosure is shown. The components of the blank assembly 200 shown in Figures 8-10 are substantially similar to the components of the blank assembly 100 described herein with reference to Figures 1-3. The reference numbers in Figures 8-10 are used to indicate the same components of the corresponding reference numbers in Figures 1-3, except that the most significant digit of each reference number is replaced with the number 2. For example, the first metal layer shown in Figures 1-3 is identified by reference number 102, while the same first metal layer shown in Figures 8-10 is identified by reference number 202. The previous description of the components of the blank assembly 100 shown generally in Figures 1-3 applies to the blank assembly 200 shown in Figures 8-10, so only the relative differences between the two blank assemblies are discussed herein below. A bonded multi-layer blank assembly 200 is shown in Figures 9-10.

[0054] 8-10, blank assembly 200 has at least one upper (first) metal disc or layer 202 (hereinafter referred to as "first metal layer 202") and at least one lower (second) metal disc or layer 210 (hereinafter referred to as "second metal layer 210"). Disposed between first metal layer 202 and second metal layer 210 is core disc or layer 206 (hereinafter referred to as "core layer 206"). An upper or top surface of first metal layer 202 forms the inner surface of the cookware, and a lower or bottom surface of second metal layer 210 forms the outer surface of the cookware.

[0055] The first metal layer 202 may be formed from food grade stainless steel, such as 400 series stainless steel, such as 436 stainless steel, or 300 series stainless steel, such as 304 stainless steel, or from a titanium alloy suitable for use as a food preparation surface. The material of the first metal layer 202 may be aluminum. In some embodiments or aspects, the first metal layer 202 may be formed from high purity aluminum, or an alloy aluminum material coated on either side with a thin layer of pure aluminum to accommodate metallurgical bonding. In some embodiments or aspects, the first metal layer 202 may be made of a 1000 series aluminum alloy, such as an 1100 aluminum alloy. The material of the second metal layer 210 is selected to have a binding affinity to the metal material of the first metal layer 202. The material of the second metal layer 210 may include aluminum. In some embodiments or aspects, the second metal layer 210 may be made of high purity aluminum, or an alloy aluminum material coated on either side with a thin layer of pure aluminum to accommodate metallurgical bonding. In some embodiments or aspects, the second metal layer 210 may be made of a 1000 series aluminum alloy, such as, for example, an aluminum alloy 1100. The bottom surface 224 of the second metal layer 210 may be substantially flat and free of protrusions or recesses.

[0056] 8-10, a core layer 206 is disposed between the first metal layer 202 and the second metal layer 210. The core layer 206 is a perforated graphite disk or layer 208 (hereinafter referred to as "perforated graphite layer 208") having a plurality of spaced apart holes 214 formed therethrough. Whereas the second layer 106 of FIGS. 1-3 includes the second metal layer 110 and the perforated graphite layer 108 received within the voids 112 of the second metal layer 110, the core layer 206 of FIGS. 8-10 includes only the perforated graphite layer 208. The perforated graphite layer 208 is configured to be received within the voids 212 that are recessed relative to the upper surface 220 of the second metal layer 210.

[0057] In some embodiments or aspects, the voids 212 may have a circular shape with a diameter the same as or slightly larger than the diameter of the circular perforated graphite layer 208. In other embodiments or aspects, the voids 212 may have any desired geometric shape that corresponds to any desired geometric shape of the perforated graphite layer 208. In some embodiments or aspects, the voids 212 may be centered on the second metal layer 210 such that the voids 212 and the second metal layer 210 have a common axis.

[0058] 8-10, a plurality of spaced apart posts 216 (hereinafter referred to as "posts 216") project upwardly from a bottom surface 218 of the cavity 212. Similar to the posts 116 shown in FIG. 4, the posts 216 may be arranged in a regular array or may be randomly distributed within the cavity 212. The posts 216 may have a cross-sectional shape that is circular, polygonal (such as hexagonal), or any other geometric shape.

[0059] In some embodiments or aspects, the perforated graphite layer 208 may be made of anisotropic graphite configured to transfer thermal energy primarily radially (rather than axially). In this manner, the cooking surface may be heated evenly while avoiding hot spots. As described herein with the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-4, the perforated graphite layer 208 may have a minimum thickness of about 0.010 inches (0.25 mm). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it has been found that a perforated graphite layer 208 having a thickness less than the minimum thickness may be damaged during the solid-state bonding process, thereby compromising its ability to distribute heat evenly along the cooking surface of the cookware. Additionally, a perforated graphite layer 208 having at least the minimum thickness is easier to handle and less expensive to manufacture than a perforated graphite layer having a thickness less than the minimum thickness, thereby reducing the overall cost of the cookware. Further, a perforated graphite layer 208 having at least a minimum thickness is configured to transfer more energy in a plane defining the cooking surface than a perforated graphite layer having a thickness less than the minimum thickness. In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 208 is selected to be less than the height of the posts 216 / depth of the voids 212 of the second metal layer 210. In this manner, the upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 208 may be recessed within the voids 212 relative to the upper surface 220 of the second metal layer 210 and the tops of the posts 216. In other embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 208 is selected to be the same as the height of the posts 216 / depth of the voids 212. In further embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 208 may be selected to be slightly greater than the height of the posts 216 / depth of the voids 212 of the second metal layer 210. In this manner, the upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 208 may protrude slightly out of the voids 212 relative to the upper surface 220 of the second metal layer 210 and the tops of the posts 216. Because the perforated graphite layer 208 is more compressible than the first and second metal layers 202, 210, it is compressed into the voids 212 during the solid state bonding process.

[0060] 8-10, each of the holes 214 penetrates the material of the perforated graphite layer 208 between its upper surface and its lower surface. The size and arrangement of the holes 214 in the perforated graphite layer 208 is selected to correspond to the size and arrangement of the posts 216 on the second metal layer 210. In this manner, the posts 216 may be arranged such that every post 216 corresponds (i.e., aligns) with every hole 214, with each post 216 being received within a respective hole 214. In some embodiments or aspects, multiple posts 216 may be received within a single hole 214. In further embodiments or aspects, the number of holes 214 may be greater than the number of posts 216, such that some holes 214 do not have a post 216 therein. The holes 214 may have the same or different shape as the posts 216.

[0061] 14-16, a blank assembly 300 according to another embodiment or aspect of the present disclosure is shown. The components of the blank assembly 300 shown in FIGS. 14-16 are substantially similar to the components of the blank assembly 100 described herein with reference to FIGS. 1-3. The reference numbers in FIGS. 14-16 are used to indicate the same components of the corresponding reference numbers in FIGS. 1-3, except that the most significant digit of each reference number is replaced with the number 3. For example, the first metal layer shown in FIGS. 1-3 is identified by reference number 102, while the same first metal layer shown in FIGS. 14-16 is identified by reference number 302. The previous description of the components of the blank assembly 100 shown generally in FIGS. 1-3 applies to the blank assembly 300 shown in FIGS. 14-16, so only the relative differences between the two blank assemblies are discussed herein below. A bonded multi-layer blank assembly 300 is shown in FIGS. 15-16.

[0062] 14-16, blank assembly 300 has at least one upper (first) metal disc or layer 302 (hereinafter referred to as "first metal layer 302") and at least one lower (third) metal disc or layer 304 (hereinafter referred to as "third metal layer 304"). Disposed between first metal layer 302 and third metal layer 304 is second disc or layer 306 (hereinafter referred to as "second layer 306"). An upper or top surface of first metal layer 302 forms the inner surface of the cookware and a lower or bottom surface of third metal layer 304 forms the outer surface of the cookware.

[0063] The first metal layer 302 may be formed from a food grade stainless steel, such as 400 or 436 series stainless steel, or from a titanium alloy suitable for use as a food preparation surface. The material of the third metal layer 304 is selected to have a binding affinity to at least a portion of the metal material of the second layer 306, as discussed herein. In some embodiments or aspects, the third metal layer 304 may be made from a food grade stainless steel, such as 400 or 436 series stainless steel, or from a titanium alloy. The material of the third metal layer 304 may include aluminum. In some embodiments or aspects, the material of the third metal layer 304 may be, for example, high purity aluminum, or an alloy aluminum material coated on either side with a thin layer of pure aluminum to accommodate metallurgical bonding. In some embodiments or aspects, the material of the third metal layer 304 may be a 1000 series aluminum alloy, such as an 1100 aluminum alloy. The bottom surface 324 of the third metal layer 304 may be substantially flat and free of protrusions or recesses.

[0064] Continuing with reference to Figures 14-16, a second layer 306 is disposed between the first metal layer 302 and the third metal layer 304. Whereas the second layer 106 of Figures 1-3 includes the second metal layer 110 and the perforated graphite layer 108 received within the voids 112 of the second metal layer 110, the second layer 306 of Figures 14-16 includes a second metal layer 310 and a perforated graphite disk or layer 308 (hereinafter referred to as "perforated graphite layer 308"). The second metal layer 310 includes a central metal core disk or layer 310a (hereinafter referred to as "central metal layer 310a") and a ring-shaped outer core metal disk or layer 310b (hereinafter referred to as "outer metal layer 310b") surrounding the central metal layer 310a. The perforated graphite layer 308 is received within a cavity 312 in a second metal layer 310. The cavity 312 is formed on a central metal layer 310a. The outer metal layer 310 b and / or the central metal layer 310 a The material of the outer metal layer 310 may be aluminum. In some embodiments or aspects, the outer metal layer 310 b and / or the central metal layer 310 a The material may be, for example, high purity aluminum or an alloyed aluminum material coated on either side with a thin layer of pure aluminum to accommodate metallurgical bonding. In some embodiments or aspects, the outer metal layer 310 b and / or the central metal layer 310 a The material of the second metal layer 310 may be a 1000 series aluminum alloy, such as aluminum alloy 1100. Thus, the material of the second metal layer 310 may be aluminum.

[0065] The outer metal layer 310b has a central opening 322 shaped to receive the central metal layer 310a therein. In some embodiments or aspects, the central opening 322 may have a circular shape with a diameter the same as or slightly larger than the diameter of the circular central metal layer 310a. For example, the central opening 322 may have a diameter of about 3 inches (76.2 mm) to about 12 inches (305 mm), such as about 7 inches (178 mm). The thickness of the central metal layer 310a may be the same as or different from the thickness of the outer metal layer 310b. For example, the central metal layer 310a may be thinner or thicker than the outer metal layer 310b. In some embodiments or aspects, the central metal layer 310a may be thicker (e.g., 0.004 inches (0.1 mm)) than the outer metal layer 310b. In this manner, the additional material of the central metal layer 310a may be compressed during solid state bonding such that the upper and lower surfaces of the central metal layer 310a and the outer metal layers 310b are substantially flat. Compression of the additional material of the central metal layer 310a contributes to a stronger bond with the perforated graphite layer 308 during solid state bonding. The bottom surfaces 326a, 326b of the central metal layer 310a and the outer metal layers 310b may be substantially flat and free of protrusions or recesses.

[0066] 14-16, the voids 312 may have a circular shape with a diameter the same as or slightly larger than the diameter of the circular perforated graphite layer 308. In other embodiments or aspects, the voids 312 may have any desired geometric shape that corresponds to any desired geometric shape of the perforated graphite layer 308. In some embodiments or aspects, the voids 312 may be centered on the central metal layer 310a such that the voids 312 and the central metal layer 310a have a common axis.

[0067] 14-16, a plurality of spaced apart posts 316 (hereinafter referred to as "posts 316") project upwardly from a bottom surface 318 of the cavity 312. Similar to the posts 116 shown in FIG. 4, the posts 316 may be arranged in a regular array or may be randomly distributed within the cavity 312. The posts 316 may have a cross-sectional shape that is circular, polygonal (such as hexagonal), or any other geometric shape.

[0068] In some embodiments or aspects, the perforated graphite layer 308 is formed with a plurality of spaced apart holes 314 therethrough. Each hole 314 penetrates the material of the perforated graphite layer 308 between its upper surface and its lower surface. The size and arrangement of the holes 314 in the perforated graphite layer 308 is selected to correspond to the size and arrangement of the posts 316 on the central metal layer 310a. In this manner, the posts 316 can be arranged such that all of the posts 316 correspond (i.e., align) with all of the holes 314, with each post 316 being received within a respective hole 314. In some embodiments or aspects, multiple posts 316 may be received within a single hole 314. In further embodiments or aspects, the number of holes 314 may be greater than the number of posts 316, such that some holes 314 do not have a post 316 therein. The holes 314 may have the same shape as the posts 316 or a different shape.

[0069] The perforated graphite layer 308 may be made of anisotropic graphite configured to transfer thermal energy primarily radially (rather than axially). In this manner, the cooking surface may be heated evenly while avoiding hot spots. As described herein, the perforated graphite layer 308 may have a minimum thickness of approximately 0.010 inches (0.25 mm). Without being bound by theory, it has been found that perforated graphite layers 308 having thicknesses less than the minimum thickness may be damaged during the solid-state bonding process, thereby compromising the ability to distribute heat evenly along the cooking surface of the cookware. Furthermore, perforated graphite layers 308 having at least the minimum thickness are easier to handle and less expensive to manufacture than perforated graphite layers having lesser thicknesses, thereby reducing the overall cost of the cookware. Furthermore, perforated graphite layers 308 having a minimum thickness are configured to transfer more energy in the plane defining the cooking surface than perforated graphite layers having lesser thicknesses. In some embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 308 is selected to be less than the height of the posts 316 of the central metal layer 310a. In this manner, the upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 308 may be recessed within the void 312 relative to the upper surface 320 of the central metal layer 310a and the tops of the posts 316. In other embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 308 is selected to be the same as the height of the posts 316 / depth of the void 312. In further embodiments or aspects, the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 308 may be selected to be slightly greater than the height of the posts 316 / depth of the void 312 of the second metal layer 310. In this manner, the upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 308 may protrude slightly from the void 312 relative to the upper surface 320 of the second metal layer 310 and the tops of the posts 316. The perforated graphite layer 308 is more compressible than the first and second metal layers 302, 310 and is therefore compressed into the voids 312 during the solid state bonding process.

[0070] Having described the structure of the blank assembly 100, 200, 300 according to various embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, we now describe a method of making a cookware using the bonded multi-layer blank assembly 100, 200, 300. Prior to bonding, the layers of the blank assembly 100, 200, 300 undergo a suitable surface treatment step, such as degreasing, surface ablation by chemical or mechanical methods. After the suitable surface treatment, the unbonded blank assembly 100, 200, 300 is formed by stacking the various layers on top of each other. Desirably, the layers are aligned such that the centers of each layer have a common axis. In some embodiments or aspects, the layers may be stacked such that their centers are offset from each other. For manufacturing efficiency, multiple unbonded blank assemblies 100, 200, 300 may be stacked on top of each other with or without spacer layers between adjacent blank assemblies 100, 200, 300.

[0071] For the blank assembly 100 shown in Figures 1-3, the second layer 106 is laminated onto the upper surface of the third metal layer 104. The perforated graphite layer 108 of the second layer 106 is disposed within the voids 112 of the second metal layer 110 such that the holes 114 of the perforated graphite layer 108 are aligned with the posts 116 of the voids 112. The tops of the posts 116 are configured to be flush with or extend above the upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 108 when the posts 116 are received within the holes 114 of the perforated graphite layer 108. The first metal layer 102 is laminated onto the second layer 106 such that the lower surface of the first metal layer 102 is positioned facing the upper surfaces of the second metal layer 110 and the perforated graphite layer 108. When stacked, the first metal layer 102, the second layer 106, and the third metal layer 104 are substantially parallel to one another. For manufacturing efficiency, multiple unbonded blank assemblies 100 may be stacked on top of one another with or without spacer layers between adjacent blank assemblies 100.

[0072] 8-10, the core layer 206 (i.e., the perforated graphite layer 208) is disposed within the voids 212 of the second metal layer 210 such that the holes 214 of the perforated graphite layer 208 are aligned with the posts 216 of the voids 212. The tops of the posts 216 are configured to be flush with or extend above an upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 208 when the posts 216 are received within the holes 214 of the perforated graphite layer 208. The first metal layer 202 is layered over the core layer 206 and the second metal layer 210 such that the lower surface of the first metal layer 202 is positioned opposite the upper surface 220 of the second metal layer 210 and the perforated graphite layer 208. When stacked, the top metal layer 22, the perforated graphite layer 208, and the second metal layer 210 are substantially parallel to one another.

[0073] 14-16, the central metal layer 310a and the outer metal layer 310b are positioned on the upper surface of the third metal layer 304 such that the central metal layer 310a is received in the central opening 322 of the outer metal layer 310b. The perforated graphite layer 308 is disposed in the void 312 of the central metal layer 310a such that the holes 314 of the perforated graphite layer 308 are aligned with the posts 316 of the void 312. The tops of the posts 316 are configured to be flush with or extend above the upper surface of the perforated graphite layer 308 when the posts 316 are received in the holes 314 of the graphite layer 308. The first metal layer 302 is laminated onto the second layer 306 (i.e., the central metal layer 310a, the outer metal layer 310b, and the perforated graphite layer 308) such that the lower surface of the first metal layer 302 is positioned against the upper surfaces of the central metal layer 310a, the outer metal layer 310b, and the perforated graphite layer 108. When laminated, the first metal layer 302, the second layer 306, and the third metal layer 304 are substantially parallel to one another.

[0074] The blank assembly 100, 200, 300 or stacked blank assemblies 100, 200, 300 are then placed in a press (not shown) for applying a load or pressure perpendicular or perpendicular to the plane of the layers of the blank assembly 100, 200, 300 by solid-state bonding techniques. The solid-state bonding technique of bonding pre-cut near-net-shape plate blanks not only reduces scrap losses previously incurred in the manufacture of composite cookware by conventional roll bonding, but also allows other materials to be used in the fabrication of multiple composites that would otherwise be difficult, impossible, and / or expensive to do by roll bonding. For example, solid-state bonding allows the use of different grades of stainless steel than would normally be possible with conventional roll bonding, so as to reduce material costs. Furthermore, solid-state bonding further allows the inclusion of materials such as graphite that would not otherwise be bondable to stainless steel.

[0075] Heat between about 500°F and 1,000°F (260-538°C) is applied to the blank assembly or assemblies 100, 200, 300 for a sufficient time (about 1-4 hours) while applying pressure between 5,000 psi and 20,000 psi (34.5-137.9 MPa) to achieve a solid state bond (i.e., a metallurgical bond) between the metal layers of the blank assembly or assemblies 100, 200, 300. During the solid state bonding process, air that may be present between the posts of the core metal layer and the perforated graphite layer due to dimensional differences between the core metal layer and the perforated graphite layer is forced out of the blank assembly 100, 200, 300.

[0076] 1-3, during the solid state bonding process, the lower surface of the second metal layer 110 is metallurgically bonded to the upper surface of the third metal layer 104. The upper surfaces of the second metal layer 110 and posts 116 are metallurgically bonded to the lower surface of the first metal layer 102. The perforated graphite layer 108 is completely encapsulated between the second metal layer 110 and the first metal layer 102, with the voids 112 in the second metal layer 110 completely surrounding the perforated graphite layer 108 on its bottom and sides and the first metal layer 102 sealing its top surface.

[0077] Each blank assembly 100, 200, 300 is then removed from the press and allowed to cool, which in some embodiments or aspects may be accomplished by exposure to ambient air or by using a coolant such as forced air or a liquid.

[0078] After solid state bonding, the joined blank assembly 100, 200, 300 is formed in a drawing press, spinning machine, or hydroforming machine (not shown) into the desired shape of the cookware 400, such as the frying pan shape shown in Figures 5-7, 11-13, and 17-19. The joined blank assembly 100, 200, 300 may be oriented such that the first metal layer 102, 202, 302 forms the inner surface of the cookware 400 and the second metal layer 210 or the third metal layer 104, 304 forms the outer surface of the cookware 400, but can be flipped 180 degrees so that the first metal layer 102, 202, 302 forms the outer surface of the cookware 400 and the second metal layer 210 or the third metal layer 104, 304 forms the inner surface of the cookware 400. The cookware 400 has a substantially flat cooking surface 402 and an upstanding sidewall 404 that surrounds and projects perpendicularly above the cooking surface 402. The sidewall 404 has a curved portion 406 that connects to the cooking surface 402 and a rim 408 at its free end. One or more handles (not shown) may be attached to the cookware in a known manner. In a further embodiment or aspect, the cooking surface 402 of the cookware 400 may be non-stick coated. The cookware 400 formed using the blank assemblies 100, 200, 300 described herein has reduced weight, such as approximately 30% lighter than conventional cookware, due to the use of lightweight graphite and aluminum materials. Additionally, the cookware 400 has improved performance over conventional cookware because the perforated graphite layer promotes high heating rates and uniform heat distribution across the cooking surface.

[0079] In various examples, the present disclosure may further feature one or more of the following:

[0080] Item 1. A cooking utensil 400 made from a joined multi-layer blank assembly 100;200;300, the cooking utensil 400 comprising a first metal layer 102;202;302, a second metal layer 110;210;310 having a cavity 112;212;312 with a plurality of spaced apart posts 116;216;316 projecting from a bottom surface 118;218;318 of the cavity 112;212;312, and a second metal layer 110;210;310 having a thickness of at least 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) and having a plurality of spaced apart holes 114;214;314 extending therethrough. and a perforated graphite layer (108;208;308) formed as described above, wherein the perforated graphite layer (108;208;308) is positioned within the voids (112;212;312) of the second metal layer such that the plurality of spaced apart posts (116;216;316) extend through the plurality of spaced apart holes (114;214;314), and the second metal layer (110;210;310) is metallurgically joined to the first metal layer (102;202;302) at least via the plurality of spaced apart posts (116;216;316).

[0081] Item 2. The cookware 400 of item 1, wherein a surface of the second metal layer 110; 210; 310 surrounding the void 112; 212; 312 is metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer 102; 202; 302, said surface preferably being flat.

[0082] Item 3. The cookware 400 of items 1 or 2, wherein the depth of the cavity 112;212;312 is the same as or greater than the thickness of the perforated graphite layer 108;208;308.

[0083] Item 4. The cooking utensil 400 of any of items 1-3, wherein the plurality of spaced apart posts 116; 216; 316 have a circular cross-section or a polygonal cross-section.

[0084] Item 5. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-4, wherein the perforated graphite layer 108; 208; 308 is made from anisotropic graphite.

[0085] Item 6. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-5, wherein the perforated graphite layer 108; 208; 308 has a thickness between 0.010 inches (0.25 mm) and 0.100 inches (2.5 mm).

[0086] Item 7. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-6, wherein the first metal layer 102; 202; 302 is made of aluminum.

[0087] Item 8. The cookware 400 of item 7, wherein the aluminum is an 1100 alloy.

[0088] Item 9. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-6, wherein the first metal layer 102; 202; 302 is made of stainless steel.

[0089] Item 10. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-6, wherein the first metal layer 102; 202; 302 is made of titanium.

[0090] Item 11. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-10, wherein the second metal layer 110; 210; 310 is made of aluminum.

[0091] Item 12. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-11, further comprising a third metal layer 104;304 metallurgically bonded to a flat side of the second metal layer 110;310 opposite the void 112;312.

[0092] Item 13. The cookware 400 of item 12, wherein the third metal layer 104; 304 is made of aluminum.

[0093] Item 14. The cookware 400 of item 13, wherein the aluminum is an 1100 alloy.

[0094] Item 15. The cookware 400 of item 12, wherein the third metal layer 104; 304 is made of stainless steel.

[0095] Item 16. The cookware 400 of item 15, wherein the stainless steel is a ferromagnetic grade stainless steel.

[0096] Item 17. The cookware 400 of item 12, wherein the third metal layer 104; 304 is made of titanium.

[0097] Item 18. The second metal layer 310 is the outer metal layer 310 b and the outer metal layer 310 b Within the central opening 322 Setting The central metal layer 310 a and the void 312 is a central metal layer 310. a A cooking utensil 400 according to any one of items 9 to 17 provided above.

[0098] Item 19. outer metal layer 310 b is the central metal layer 310 a Item 19. The cookware 400 according to item 18, which is thinner than the cookware 400 according to item 18.

[0099] Item 20. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-19, wherein the first metal layer 102 comprises a first sub-layer 102a made of aluminum and a second sub-layer 102b made of stainless steel, the first sub-layer 102a being metallurgically joined to the spaced apart posts 116.

[0100] Item 21. The cookware of claim 20, wherein the second metal layer (110) is metallurgically bonded to the first sublayer (102a) of the first metal layer (102).

[0101] Item 22. The cookware 400 of item 20, wherein a surface of the second metal layer 110 surrounding the void 112 is metallurgically bonded to the first sublayer 102a of the first metal layer 102, said surface being preferably flat.

[0102] Item 23. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-22, wherein the second metal layer 112; 212; 312 is metallurgically bonded to the flat underside surface of the first metal layer 102; 202; 302.

[0103] Item 24. The cookware 400 of any of items 1-23, wherein the bottom surface of the second metal layer 110; 210; 310 is flat.

[0104] Item 25. A method of making a cookware 400, comprising: (a) providing a first metal layer 102;202;302; (b) providing a perforated graphite layer 108;208;308 having a thickness of at least 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) and having a plurality of spaced apart holes 114;214;314 formed therethrough; and (c) providing a void 112;212;312 having a bottom surface 118;218;318 of the void 112;212;312. (d) providing a second metal layer 110;210;310 having a plurality of spaced apart posts protruding therefrom; and (e) receiving the perforated graphite layer 108;208;308 within the voids 112;212;312 of the second metal layer 110;210;310 such that the plurality of spaced apart posts 116;216;316 of the second metal layer 110;210;310 are received within the voids 112;212;312 of the perforated graphite layer 108;208;308. stacking the layers prepared in (a)-(c) into a blank assembly 100;200;300 such that the lower surface of the first metal layer 102;202;302 is aligned with and extends through the holes 114;214;314 such that the lower surface of the first metal layer 102;202;302 contacts at least the upper surfaces of the upper end portions of the plurality of spaced apart posts 116;216;316; and (e) applying a force in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the layers of the blank assembly 100;200;300. and simultaneously heating the blank assembly 100;200;300 to achieve a metallurgical bond between the first metal layer 102;202;302 and the second metal layer 110;210;310 at least through the plurality of spaced apart posts 116;216;316 to provide a bonded multi-layer blank assembly 100;200;300.

[0105] Item 26. The method of item 25, further comprising: (f) cooling the joined multi-layer blank assembly 100;200;300; and (g) forming the cookware 400 from the joined multi-layer blank 100;200;300 assembly.

[0106] Item 27. The method according to item 25 or 26, wherein the first metal layer 102;202;302 is made of aluminum or stainless steel or titanium, and the second metal layer 110;210;310 is made of aluminum.

[0107] Item 28. The method of any of items 25-27, further comprising (h) providing a third metal layer 104;304 and laminating the third metal layer 104;304 with other layers of the blank assembly 100;300 before crimping the blank assembly 100;300 such that the third metal layer 104;304 faces a flat side of the second metal layer 110;310 opposite the void 114;314.

[0108] Item 29. The method of item 28, further comprising: (i) providing a fourth metal layer and laminating the fourth metal layer onto the first metal layer of the blank assembly before crimping the blank assembly.

[0109] Item 30. The method of item 29, wherein the third metal layer and the fourth metal layer are made of stainless steel.

[0110] Item 31. A cookware made from a bonded multi-layer blank assembly, the cookware comprising a first metal layer, a lower metal layer, and a core disposed between the first metal layer and the lower metal layer, the core comprising an aluminum core metal layer having a cavity with a bottom surface of the cavity from which a plurality of spaced apart posts protrude, and a perforated graphite layer having a plurality of spaced apart holes formed therethrough, the graphite layer positioned in the cavity of the core metal layer such that the plurality of posts extend through the plurality of holes, the core metal layer being metallurgically bonded to at least the first metal layer through the plurality of posts and to the second metal layer through the bottom surface of the core metal layer.

[0111] Item 32. The cookware of item 31, wherein an upper surface of the core metal layer surrounding the void is metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer.

[0112] Item 33. The cookware according to item 31 or 32, wherein the depth of the cavity is less than, equal to, or greater than the thickness of the graphite layer.

[0113] Item 34. The cookware of any of items 31-33, wherein the core metal layer is metallurgically bonded to the flat underside surface of the first metal layer.

[0114] Item 35. The cookware of any one of items 31 to 34, wherein the plurality of posts have a circular cross-section.

[0115] Item 36. The cookware of any one of items 31 to 35, wherein the plurality of posts have a polygonal cross-section.

[0116] Item 37. The cookware according to any one of Items 31 to 36, wherein the bottom surface of the core metal layer is flat.

[0117] Item 38. The cookware of any of items 31-37, wherein the core metal layer comprises an outer core metal layer and a central core metal layer received within the central opening of the outer core metal layer.

[0118] Item 39. The cookware of item 38, wherein the outer core metal layer has the same thickness as the central core metal layer.

[0119] Item 40. The cookware of item 39, wherein the outer core metal layer has a thickness less than the central core metal layer.

[0120] Item 41. The cookware according to any one of Items 31 to 40, wherein the first metal layer is made of stainless steel or titanium.

[0121] Item 42. The cookware of item 41, wherein the stainless steel is a ferromagnetic grade stainless steel.

[0122] Item 43. The cookware according to any one of items 31 to 42, wherein the lower metal layer is made of stainless steel or titanium.

[0123] Item 44. The cookware of item 43, wherein the stainless steel is a ferromagnetic grade stainless steel.

[0124] Item 45. The cookware according to any one of Items 31 to 44, wherein the core metal layer is made of aluminum.

[0125] Item 46. The cookware of item 45, wherein the aluminum is 1100 alloy.

[0126] Item 47. The cookware of any one of items 31 to 46, wherein the graphite layer is made from anisotropic graphite.

[0127] Item 48. The cookware of any of items 31-47, wherein the first metal layer comprises a first sublayer made of aluminum and a second sublayer made of stainless steel.

[0128] Item 49. The cookware of item 48, wherein the core metal layer is metallurgically bonded to the first sublayer of the first metal layer.

[0129] Item 50. The cookware of any of items 31-51, wherein the graphite layer has a thickness between 0.010 inches (0.25 mm) and 0.100 inches (2.5 mm).

[0130] Item 51. A method of making a cookware, comprising: (a) providing an upper metal disk of stainless steel; (b) providing a perforated graphite disk having a plurality of spaced holes formed therethrough; (c) providing an aluminum core metal disk having a cavity and a plurality of spaced posts projecting from a bottom surface of the cavity; (d) providing a lower metal disk of stainless steel; and (e) attaching a plurality of spaced posts to a bottom surface of the core metal disk such that the graphite disk is received within the cavity of the core metal disk, whereby upper end portions of the plurality of posts extend above an upper surface of the graphite disk. stacking the disks provided in (a)-(d) into a blank assembly such that the posts align with and extend through the multiple holes in the graphite disk such that a lower surface of the upper metal disk contacts an upper surface of an upper portion of the core metal disk and upper end portions of the multiple posts; and (f) crimping the blank assembly by applying a force in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the disks of the blank assembly and simultaneously heating the blank assembly to achieve a metallurgical bond between the metallic materials of the disks of the blank assembly to provide a bonded blank assembly.

[0131] Item 52. The method of item 51, further comprising: (g) cooling the joined blank assembly; and (h) forming the cookware from the joined blank assembly.

[0132] Item 53. A cookware made from a bonded multi-layer blank assembly, the cookware comprising a first metal layer, a lower metal layer having a cavity with a plurality of spaced apart posts projecting from a bottom surface of the cavity, and a perforated graphite layer having a plurality of spaced apart holes formed therethrough, the graphite layer positioned within the cavity of the core metal layer such that the plurality of posts extend through the plurality of holes, the lower metal layer being metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer at least through the plurality of posts.

[0133] Item 54. The cookware of item 53, wherein an upper surface of the lower metal layer surrounding the cavity is metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer.

[0134] Item 55. The cookware according to items 53 or 54, wherein the depth of the cavity is less than, equal to, or greater than the thickness of the graphite layer.

[0135] Item 56. The cookware of any of items 53-55, wherein the second metal layer is metallurgically bonded to the flat underside surface of the first metal layer.

[0136] Item 57. The cookware of any of items 53 to 56, wherein the plurality of posts have a circular cross-section.

[0137] Item 58. The cookware of any of items 53 to 57, wherein the plurality of posts have a polygonal cross-section.

[0138] Item 59. The cookware of any of items 53 to 58, wherein the bottom surface of the core metal layer is flat.

[0139] Item 60. The cookware of any one of items 53 to 59, wherein the first metal layer is made of stainless steel or titanium.

[0140] Item 61. The cookware of item 60, wherein the stainless steel is a ferromagnetic grade stainless steel.

[0141] Item 62. The cookware of any one of items 51 to 61, wherein the lower metal layer is made of aluminum.

[0142] Item 63. The cookware of item 62, wherein the aluminum is 1100 alloy.

[0143] Item 64. The cookware of any one of Items 53 to 63, wherein the graphite layer is made from anisotropic graphite.

[0144] Item 65. A method of making a cookware, comprising: (a) providing an upper metal disk of stainless steel; (b) providing a perforated graphite disk having a plurality of spaced apart holes formed therethrough; (c) providing a lower metal disk of aluminum having a cavity with a plurality of spaced apart posts projecting from a bottom surface of the cavity; and (d) receiving the graphite disk within the cavity of the lower metal disk such that the plurality of posts of the lower metal disk are supported by the graphite disk such that upper end portions of the plurality of posts extend above an upper surface of the graphite disk. and (e) crimping the blank assembly by applying a force in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the disks of the blank assembly and simultaneously heating the blank assembly to achieve a metallurgical bond between the metallic materials of the disks of the blank assembly to provide a bonded blank assembly.

[0145] Item 66. The method of item 65, further comprising: (f) cooling the joined blank assembly; and (g) forming the cookware from the joined blank assembly.

[0146] Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to specific details of certain examples, such details are not to be considered limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, except as included in the appended claims.

Claims

1. made from a bonded multi-layer blank assembly (100, 200, 300), a first metal layer (102, 202, 302); a second metal layer (110, 210, 310) having a cavity (112, 212, 312) with a plurality of spaced apart posts (116, 216, 316) projecting from a bottom surface (118, 218, 318) of the cavity (112, 212, 312); a perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308) having a plurality of spaced apart holes (114, 214, 314) formed therethrough; Equipped with the perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308) is positioned within the voids (112, 212, 312) of the second metal layer (110, 210, 310) such that the plurality of spaced apart posts (116, 216, 316) extend through the plurality of spaced apart holes (114, 214, 314); The second metal layer (110, 210, 310) is metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer (102, 202, 302) at least through the plurality of spaced apart posts (116, 216, 316), said perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308) having a thickness of at least 0.010 inches (0.254 mm); the first metal layer (102, 202, 302) is made of aluminum alloy 1100; The cookware (400) is characterized in that the second metal layer (110, 210, 310) is made of aluminum, which is an alloy aluminum material coated on either side with a thin layer of pure aluminum to accommodate metallurgical bonding.

2. 2. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein a surface of the second metal layer (110, 210, 310) surrounding the void (112, 212, 312) is metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer (102, 202, 302), said surface being preferably flat.

3. 2. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein the depth of the cavity (112, 212, 312) is the same as or greater than the thickness of the perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308).

4. 2. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein the plurality of spaced apart posts (116, 216, 316) have a circular or polygonal cross-section.

5. 10. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein the perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308) is made from anisotropic graphite.

6. 10. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein the perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308) has a thickness between 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) and 0.100 inches (2.54 mm).

7. 10. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, further comprising a third metal layer (104, 304) metallurgically bonded to a flat side of the second metal layer (110, 310) opposite the cavity (112, 312).

8. 8. The cookware (400) of claim 7, wherein the third metal layer (104, 304) is made of stainless steel.

9. 9. The cookware (400) of claim 8, wherein the stainless steel is a ferromagnetic grade stainless steel.

10. 8. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 7, wherein the third metal layer (104, 304) is made of titanium.

11. 2. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein the second metal layer (310) comprises an outer metal layer (310b) and a central metal layer (310a) disposed within a central opening (322) of the outer metal layer (310b), and the void (312) is disposed on the central metal layer (310a).

12. 12. The cookware (400) of claim 11, wherein the outer metal layer (310b) is thinner than the central metal layer (310a).

13. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein the first metal layer (102) is metallurgically bonded to the spaced apart posts (116).

14. 14. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 13, wherein a surface of the second metal layer (110) surrounding the void (112) is metallurgically bonded to the first metal layer (102), said surface being preferably flat.

15. 10. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein a fourth metal layer (140) is laminated on the first metal layer (102) opposite the perforated graphite layer (108).

16. The cookware (400) of claim 15, wherein the fourth metal layer (140) is made of stainless steel.

17. The cookware (400) of claim 15, wherein the fourth metal layer (140) is made of titanium.

18. 10. The cooking utensil (400) of claim 1, wherein the second metal layer (110, 210, 310) is metallurgically bonded to a planar lower surface of the first metal layer (102, 202, 302).

19. The cookware (400) of claim 1, wherein a bottom surface (126, 226, 326) of the second metal layer (110, 210, 310) is flat.

20. A method of making a cookware (400), comprising the steps of: (a) providing a first metal layer (102, 202, 302); (b) providing a perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308) having a thickness of at least 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) and having a plurality of spaced apart holes (114, 214, 314) formed therethrough; (c) providing a second metal layer (110, 210, 310) having a cavity (112, 212, 312) with a plurality of spaced apart posts extending from a bottom surface (118, 218, 318) of the cavity (112, 212, 312); (d) the perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308) is received within the voids (112, 212, 312) of the second metal layer (110, 210, 310), such that the plurality of spaced apart posts (116, 216, 316) of the second metal layer (110, 210, 310) are aligned with the plurality of spaced apart posts (116, 216, 316) of the perforated graphite layer (108, 208, 308). laminating the layers provided in (a)-(c) into a blank assembly (100, 200, 300) such that a lower surface of the first metal layer (102, 202, 302) contacts at least upper surfaces of upper end portions of the plurality of spaced apart posts (116, 216, 316); (e) compressing the blank assembly (100, 200, 300) by applying a force in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the layers of the blank assembly (100, 200, 300) and simultaneously heating the blank assembly (100, 200, 300) to achieve a metallurgical bond between the first metal layer (102, 202, 302) and the second metal layer (110, 210, 310) at least through the plurality of spaced apart posts (116, 216, 316) to provide a bonded multi-layer blank assembly (100, 200, 300). A method comprising:

21. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: (f) cooling the joined multi-layer blank assembly (100, 200, 300); and (g) forming the cooking utensil (400) from the joined multi-layer blank (100, 200, 300) assembly.

22. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first metal layer (102, 202, 302) is made of aluminum, stainless steel, or titanium, and the second metal layer (110, 210, 310) is made of aluminum.

23. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: (h) providing a third metal layer (104, 304) and laminating the third metal layer (104, 304) with other layers of the blank assembly (100, 300) prior to crimping the blank assembly (100, 300) such that the third metal layer (104, 304) faces a flat side of the second metal layer (110, 310) opposite the void (114, 314).

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the third metal layer (104) is made of stainless steel.

25. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the stainless steel is a ferromagnetic grade stainless steel.

26. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the third metal layer (104) is made of titanium.

27. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: (i) providing a fourth metal layer (140) and laminating said fourth metal layer (140) onto said first metal layer (102) of said blank assembly (100) prior to crimping said blank assembly (100).

28. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the fourth metallic layer (140) is made of stainless steel.

29. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the fourth metal layer (140) is made of titanium.

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