High-viscosity index comb-shaped polymer viscosity modifier and method for adjusting lubricant viscosity using the same

Abstract

To provide polyacrylate viscosity modifiers useful in modifying the viscosity.SOLUTION: A comb copolymer viscosity modifier may be made by polymerization comprising at least, or consisting essentially of, the following monomers: (a) (optionally 7.0-18 mass%, by repeat units, of) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) (optionally 33-64 mass% or 38-58 mass%, by repeat units, of) a C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer; (c) (optionally up to 35.0 mass%, by repeat units, of) a C12-C24 alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomer; and (d) (optionally 3.0-27 mass%, by repeat units, of) a C6-C20 aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl (alk)acrylate ester monomer, such that the sum of repeat units due to (c) plus (d) accounts for at least 21.0 mass% of repeat units in the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. Lubricant compositions comprising the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, as well as uses thereof and methods for modifying the viscosity and dispersancy, are also contemplated.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymers useful for adjusting the viscosity of compositions such as functional fluids, e.g., lubricant compositions for passenger vehicle engines, large vehicle diesel engines, and marine diesel engines, in functional fluids such as manual / automatic transmission fluids. More specifically, certain polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymers have specific chemical properties and contents of repeating units, and lubricant compositions formulated with such copolymers may advantageously exhibit certain characteristics such as dynamic viscosity, high temperature high shear viscosity, and optionally soot dispersibility, which can meet increasingly stringent specifications.

Background Art

[0002] Polyalkyl(alk)acrylates (generally synthesized by simple (free radical) copolymerization of mixtures of various alkyl(alk)acrylates) can, as additives to lubricant base stocks, provide (again depending on molecular weight and composition) an increase in viscosity index (VI) with improved low temperature properties compared to other viscosity index improvers (VII) (RM Mortier, ST Orszulik (eds.), Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants, Blackie Academic & Professional, 1st ed., London 1993, 124-159 & 165-167). The primary hurdle to their usefulness as viscosity modifying additives is immediately their compatibility / solubility in the component being thickened, and in the case of polyacrylates these depend on the presence of a sufficiently large number of alkyl side chains, generally having 6 to 24 carbon atoms. The VI of polyalkyl(alk)acrylates may be increased by copolymerizing short-chain alkyl(meth)acrylates, such as methyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate (see, for example, EP-A-0637332, EP-A-0937769, and EP-A-0979834). However, the short-chain comonomer components reduce the solubility at low temperatures, and therefore the proportion of methyl methacrylate may generally be limited, for example, to about 25% by weight or less. The VI of these comb-like polymers that can be achieved in this way is thus in the range of 150 to 250, depending on the concentration, the permanent shear stability index (PSSI) and the type of base oil.

[0003] Further types of VII are generally C6-C 24 These include styrene-alkylmaleate copolymers obtained by polymer-analogous esterification of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers with alcohols. This esterification can be accelerated by the addition of butanol up to about 95% conversion. Complete conversion of the acid functions can be achieved by adding amines to form amide or imide groups (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,300 and EP-A-0969077).

[0004] The viscosity of a polymer solution in mineral oil or synthetic oil can vary to some extent with the molecular weight. This can also result in a decrease in the temperature dependence of the viscosity, or an increase in the VI, as the molecular weight increases (see J. Bartz, Additive fur Schmierstoffe [Additives for Lubricants], Expert-Verlag, Renningen-Malmsheim 1994, pp. 197-252). Regarding the increase in temperature, it has also been mentioned that it gives worm-like molecules that are extended by untying the condensed knots. However, in parallel with the molecular weight, the shear stability can generally decrease as a result of chain breakage under high shear. As a result of this opposing effect, shear-stable VIIs such as those required for manual transmission oils, automatic transmission oils, hydraulic oils, or motor oils based on conventional polymer types such as poly(meth)acrylates are often only achievable at undesirably high dosages. Therefore, VIIs with a relatively low contribution to the viscosity at relatively low temperatures, a relatively low thickening in the VI range from about 20 °C to about 100 °C, a relatively high contribution to the viscosity above about 100 °C, and good oil solubility / oil dispersibility in a wide temperature range can be of particular interest.

[0005] In addition to linear comb-like polymers such as poly(meth)acrylates, VII based on comb-shaped polymers has already been described in the patent literature. For example, European Patent Application Publication No. 0744457 discloses relatively high-order comb-shaped polymers consisting purely of polyalkyl (meth)acrylates, where the side arms themselves consist of oligomeric polyalkyl (meth)acrylates. In addition, this patent literature also includes further patents regarding comb-shaped polymers where the side chains are the backbone of saturated / hydrogenated polyolefins and short-chain monomers (e.g., alkyl (meth)acrylates or alkylstyrenes). For example, European Patent Application Publication No. 0621293 discloses comb-shaped polymer side chains formed from hydrogenated polybutadiene. Similarly, European Patent Application Publication No. 0699694 discloses comb-shaped polymer side chains based on saturated monoolefins such as polyisobutylene or atactic polypropylene. Although not strictly comb-shaped copolymers, for VII applications, triblock copolymers based on polyalkyl (meth)acrylates (see, for example, P. Callais, S. Schmidt, N. Macy, SAE Technical Paper Series, No. 2004-01-3047), and also triblock copolymers based on a polybutyl methacrylate core and hydrogenated polybutadiene / polyisoprene blocks (U.S. Patent No. 5,002,676) have been disclosed. A commercially available use as VII is also seen in anionically produced A-B-A block copolymers with a polystyrene core and, for example, hydrogenated polyisoprene arms (U.S. Patent No. 4,788,361).

[0006] In addition to the above applications as VII, comb polymers having hydrogenated side chains or saturated side chains are also known in different applications. For example, German Patent Application Publication No. 19631170 discloses comb polymers for impact-resistant molding materials, and these polymers are polyisobutylene-containing macromonomer systems that do not contain additional short-chain backbone monomers. Also, European Patent Application Publication No. 0955320 discloses a method of adding functionalized polypropylene to a styrene-maleic anhydride backbone in a polymer-analogous reaction to form a soft, highly insulating comb polymer gel, and the molecular weight of the polypropylene used is relatively high, for example, up to 300000 g / mol. As an example from the chemical properties of adhesives, comb polymers having hydrogenated polybutadiene or isoprene side chains are disclosed, and this polymer backbone is also produced from acrylic acid and alkyl (meth) acrylates (U.S. Patent No. 5,625,005).

[0007] In addition, particularly with respect to applications where the incorporation of deposits such as sludge and / or soot (drop-out of suspensions / solutions) is a problem, such as in engine / transmission components, it is considered desirable for such comb copolymers to function to improve dispersibility, even if only secondarily. Therefore, the dispersibility characteristics may be balanced with the viscosity adjustment characteristics of such comb copolymers depending on whether they contain or do not contain polymer structure design and / or repeating units. In fact, the conjugated and / or aromatic moieties present in the repeating unit structure can confer benefits to dispersibility, but also tend to be disadvantageous for at least certain viscosity characteristics. However, by still finding a way to reduce / eliminate the styrene-based components and further incorporate conjugated / aromatic moieties, it is possible to avoid the viscosity disadvantages associated with styrene-based components while still enabling additional soot dispersibility from aromatics, for example.

[0008] The above copolymers are used commercially in a variety of ways. Thus, most of these polymers exhibit satisfactory properties for their respective applications. However, generally, for example, in lubricant compositions where the use of additives is minimal, over a wide temperature range, with little or no early polymer decomposition, polymers with unique compromises or synergistic effects with respect to thickening action, viscosity index, shear stability, and dispersibility are of interest to achieve the desired combination of viscosity and dispersibility. Furthermore, such comb-shaped copolymers can be produced in a simple and inexpensive manner, particularly using commercially available components. For example, at the same time, it is desirable that they advantageously exhibit a viscosity index improving effect and / or a dispersing (e.g., soot dispersing) ability in lubricant components / compositions. Therefore, it is important to find suitable polyacrylate viscosity modifiers that can provide advantages and / or compromises different from those of conventional VIIs with respect to viscosity adjustment and / or dispersibility, and to conduct property evaluations. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Therefore, the present disclosure provides the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer (this repeating unit can optionally account for 7.0 wt% to 18 wt% of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier); (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer (this repeating unit can optionally account for 33 wt% to 64 wt% of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier); (c) a C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer (this repeating unit can optionally account for 5.0 wt% to 35.0 wt%, or at least 11.0 wt% of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier); and (d) a C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer (this repeating unit can optionally account for 3.0 wt% to 27 wt%, or at least 10.0 wt% of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier), and is produced by polymerization comprising or consisting essentially of, as a result, C12 -C 24 A repeating unit based on an alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer and C6-C 20 Provided is a comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier in which the total of the repeating units based on aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomers accounts for at least 21.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier as a whole. In some embodiments, the C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer is butyl acrylate and / or butyl methacrylate, C 12 -C 24 The alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer includes lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof, and / or C6-C 20 The aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer includes benzyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, naphthyl acrylate, naphthyl methacrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, toluyl acrylate, toluyl methacrylate, phenylethyl acrylate, phenylethyl methacrylate, anthracenyl acrylate, anthracenyl methacrylate, phenanthrenyl acrylate, phenanthrenyl methacrylate, fluorenyl acrylate, fluorenyl methacrylate, ethylfluorenyl acrylate, ethylfluorenyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof. In addition or alternatively, in some embodiments, the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier is produced by polymerization of monomers that (i) substantially do not contain styrene or styrenic monomers; and (ii) substantially do not contain styrene-based repeating units or styrenic-based repeating units. In further additional or alternative embodiments, the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier is monomer (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) Different from monomers (a), (b), (c), and (d), C1-C 18 An alkyl end cap or C6-C20 It is produced by polymerization including at least one additional olefinic monomer that is neither an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk)acrylate ester monomer nor a hydroxyalkyl or H-end capped oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk)acrylate monomer.

[0010] The present disclosure also provides a lubricant composition including a lubricating oil base stock (e.g., including Group I, Group II base stocks, Group III base stocks, or mixtures thereof, optionally 75 wt% to 95 wt% based on the total mass of the lubricant composition); at least one lubricant additive including an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal swell control agent, or a combination thereof; and a comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure (optionally 0.5 wt% to 8.0 wt% based on the total mass of the lubricant composition). In some embodiments, the lubricant composition may exhibit a non-linear model apparent yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.35 Pa and / or a linear model soot rating of at least 25, and at least three of the following characteristics: a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cPs at approximately 150°C; a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS100) of at most 5.60 cPs at approximately 100°C; a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS80) of at most 8.30 cPs at approximately 80°C; a kinematic viscosity (KV100) of 6.80 cSt to 9.00 cSt at approximately 100°C; a kinematic viscosity (KV40) of at most 35.0 cSt at approximately 40°C; a kinematic viscosity (KV20) of at most 79.5 cSt at approximately 20°C; and a viscosity index of at least 175. 12 -C 24 Repeating units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers and C6-C 20In additional or alternative embodiments, such as those in which the total of the repeating units based on aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate esters monomers collectively account for at least 23.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, the lubricant composition may exhibit at least four of the following characteristics: a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cPs at approximately 150°C; a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS100) of at most 5.58 cPs at approximately 100°C; a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS80) of at most 8.25 cPs at approximately 80°C; a kinematic viscosity (KV100) of 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt at approximately 100°C; a kinematic viscosity (KV40) of at most 34.5 cSt at approximately 40°C; a kinematic viscosity (KV20) of at most 79.0 cSt at approximately 20°C; and a viscosity index of at least 180.

[0011] The present disclosure also provides a method for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility of a lubricant composition, which includes combining a viscosity-adjusting amount (optionally, 1.0 wt% to 7.0 wt% based on the total mass of the mixture whose viscosity is adjusted) of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure with the following lubricant composition components: (1) a lubricating oil base including at least 75 wt% of one or more base materials (e.g., including Group I, Group II, and / or Group III base materials); (2) at least one lubricant additive including an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal swelling control agent, or a combination thereof; or (3) one of the lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure including both (1) and (2), to form a mixture with adjusted viscosity and dispersibility. The mixture with adjusted viscosity and dispersibility shows at least a 25% (optionally, at least 33%) improvement in sludge dispersibility compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and shows at least a 5% (optionally, at least 10%) difference from the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb copolymer viscosity modifier with respect to one or more (optionally, 3 or more, or 4 or more) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI.

[0012] The present disclosure also provides the use of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility of the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, for example, using the method according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The present disclosure relates to a viscosity-adjusting comb polymer, a method of use, and / or its use for adjusting the viscosity and / or dispersibility of, for example, lubricant components and / or lubricant compositions. The comb copolymer viscosity modifier disclosed herein is a polymer produced from alkyl (alk) acrylate monomers.

[0014] The polymeric alkyl(alk) acrylate(co)polymers described herein are derived from the polymerization (generally, but not limited to, free radical polymerization) of one or more alkyl(alk) acrylate monomers, dimers, trimers, oligomers, macromonomers (collectively abbreviated herein as "monomers" for brevity). The alkyl(alk) acrylate monomers generally have the following general chemical structure (I); [Chemical Formula] In the formula, C=C * The double bond is an olefinic bond, and R 1 represents the "alkyl" portion of its name on the oxygen side of the ester, and R 2 represents the inserted "alk" portion of its name. When R 2 is hydrogen, the monomer is an alkyl acrylate; when R 2 is an alkyl group, the monomer is an alkyl alk acrylate. When present, the nature of this "alk" designation is based on the number of carbon atoms in the R 2 alkyl group. For example, one carbon (methyl) means methacrylate, two carbons (ethyl) means ethacrylate, etc. Similarly, the nature of the "alkyl" designation is based on the number of carbon atoms in the R 1 alkyl group. For example, one carbon (methyl) means methyl(alk) acrylate, two carbons (ethyl) means ethyl(alk) acrylate, etc. Thus, for example, lauryl methacrylate means that R 1 is the C 12 alkyl portion and R 2 is the C1 alkyl portion.

[0015] In particular, the comb copolymer viscosity modifiers according to the present disclosure comprise at least the following monomers: (a) polyalkylene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomers; (b) C3-C 10 (in particular, C3-C8) alkyl(alk) acrylate ester monomers; (c) different C 10 -C 30 (in particular, C 12 -C24 )(alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; and (d) C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, and can be produced by polymerization consisting essentially of or consisting of. In some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is (e) different from monomers (a), (b), (c), and (d), and C1-C 18 alkyl end cap or C6-C 20 aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk) acrylate ester monomer, or more than one other olefinic comonomer that is neither a hydroxyalkyl nor an H end capped oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk) acrylate monomer may further be included. For example, C1-C 18 alkyl end cap or C6-C 20 aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl end capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk) acrylate ester monomer and / or hydroxyalkyl or H end capped oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk) acrylate monomer can have the following structure (II): [Chemical formula] wherein, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl (in particular, hydrogen or methyl); m is 2 to 6 (in particular, 2 to 4), thus, -(CH2) m - can represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygens; n is 1 to 10 (in particular, 1 to 6); and R 1 is hydrogen, C1-C 18 linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end cap, or C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end cap (in particular, H, C1-C7 linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl, or C6-C 11represents aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl).

[0016] In some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier may be produced by the polymerization of monomers that do not substantially contain styrene or styrenic monomers and / or may not substantially contain styrene-based repeating units or styrenic-based repeating units. It is important to note that the polyalkylene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer (a) contains repeating units such that, even if such monomers are not specifically named, they are considered herein to be the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. Thus, as used herein, when a comb copolymer does not substantially contain styrene-based repeating units or styrenic-based repeating units, it contains the repeating units of the macromonomer, as well as the repeating units of other comonomers. As used herein, a "styrenic" monomer is defined as having a styrene (vinylbenzene) core, i.e., containing 8 to 17 carbon atoms, an olefin double bond, and an aromatic moiety of all six carbons directly bonded to one end of the olefin double bond (including polycyclic systems containing a phenyl ring), where the ring hydrogens may optionally be substituted (e.g., phenyl, naphthylenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenylenyl, or acenaphthylenyl moieties).

[0017] As used herein, the term "comb copolymer" is known per se and indicates the presence of relatively long side chains (not merely pendant moieties) attached to the polymer backbone, often also referred to as the polymer "skeleton". In the present disclosure, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprises at least one repeating unit derived from a polyalkylene-based macromonomer, the repeating unit being based substantially on the polymerization or oligomerization of olefinic, non-aromatic pure hydrocarbon monomers (i.e., containing no heteroatoms such as O, N, S, P, Si, halides, metals, etc. at levels exceeding trace levels and not made from monomers containing such heteroatoms). Such monomers include, but are not necessarily limited to, alkyl pendant monoolefins (alkenes), such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, vinylcyclohexene, etc., and combinations thereof, and / or non-aromatic monomers in which the polymerized repeating unit still contains at least one unsaturation (generally, alkadienes, such as butadiene, isoprene, hexadiene, non-aromatic hexatriene, and norbornadiene, etc., and combinations thereof). As long as any such monomers polymerized / oligomerized to form the macromonomer leave an unsaturation, it is preferred to perform a treatment such as hydrogenation to remove the unsaturation. As used herein, the term "main chain" does not necessarily mean that its chain length is longer than that of the side chains, but rather relates to the polymerization process that links the listed comonomers, including the macromonomer, to each other.

[0018] As used herein, the term "repeating unit" is well known in the art and is generally associated with, but not identical to, the monomers from which the (co)polymer is made. For example, in free radical polymerization, the (olefin) double bond within a single monomer or macromonomer is opened to allow the formation of a covalent bond with an adjacent monomer, thereby forming a polymer chain. Macromonomers are used as "single" (macro) monomers in the polymerization of the comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein, but they are themselves produced by the polymerization / oligomerization of monomers. However, when the term "repeating unit" is used, any of the polymerized monomers is referred to. However, just because a component can be produced by polymerization does not mean that it constitutes a "repeating unit". For example, in the case of a linear C 18 In the case of methacrylate esters, the 18-carbon straight chain is theoretically produced by the oligomerization of 9 ethylene units, but such a component is likely to be produced by a non-polymerization route (including the isolation of stearyl alcohol or some similar natural product), and thus is not considered a "macromonomer" in the present disclosure.

[0019] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polyalkylene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer (a) can include, or be, a hydrogenated alkadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer such as a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer. Additionally, referring back to the above general formula (I) for acrylate monomers, any optional "alk" in the macromonomer preferably represents R of hydrogen (not "alk") or C1-C2 alkyl (in particular, hydrogen or methyl). 2 and can represent.

[0020] Regarding the amount of the (a) polyalkylene-based (alc) acrylate ester macromonomer used to produce the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, the repeating unit of the polyalkylene-based (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alc) acrylate ester macromonomer may account for at least 5.0% by mass (e.g., at least 6.0% by mass, at least 7.0% by mass, at least 8.0% by mass, at least 9.0% by mass, at least 10% by mass, at least 11% by mass, at least 12% by mass, or at least 13% by mass) and / or up to 30% by mass (e.g., up to 28% by mass, up to 25% by mass, up to 22% by mass, up to 20% by mass, up to 18% by mass, or up to 15% by mass) of the repeating unit of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.For example, the repeating units of a polyalkylene-based (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer base may account for 5.0% to 30% by mass, 5.0% to 28% by mass, 5.0% to 25% by mass, 5.0% to 22% by mass, 5.0% to 20% by mass, 5.0% to 18% by mass, 5.0% to 15% by mass, 6.0% to 30% by mass, 6.0% to 28% by mass, 6.0% to 25% by mass, 6.0% to 22% by mass, 6.0% to 20% by mass, 6.0% to 18% by mass, 6.0% to 15% by mass, 7.0% to 30% by mass, 7.0% to 28% by mass, 7.0% to 25% by mass, 7.0% to 22% by mass, 7.0% to 20% by mass, 7.0% to 18% by mass, 7.0% to 15% by mass, 8.0% to 30% by mass, 8.0% to 28% by mass, 8.0% to 25% by mass, 8.0% to 22% by mass, 8.0% to 20% by mass, 8.0% to 18% by mass, 8.0% to 15% by mass, 9.0% to 30% by mass, 9.0% to 28% by mass, 9.0% to 25% by mass, 9.0% to 22% by mass, 9.0% to 20% by mass, 9.0% to 18% by mass, 9.0% to 15% by mass, 10% to 30% by mass, 10% to 28% by mass, 10% to 25% by mass, 10% to 22% by mass, 10% to 20% by mass, 10% to 18% by mass, 10% to 15% by mass, 11% to 30% by mass, 11% to 28% by mass, 11% to 25% by mass, 11% to 22% by mass, 11% to 20% by mass, 11% to 18% by mass, 11% to 15% by mass, 12% to 30% by mass, 12% to 28% by mass, 10% to 25% by mass, 12% to 22% by mass, 12% to 20% by mass, 12% to 18% by mass, 12% to 15% by mass, 13% to 30% by mass, 13% to 28% by mass, 13% to 25% by mass, 13% to 22% by mass, 13% to 20% by mass, 13% to 18% by mass, or 13% to 15% based on the total mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier.In particular, the repeating units based on polyalkylene (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alkyl) acrylate ester macromonomers can account for 5.0 wt% to 22 wt%, 6.0 wt% to 20 wt%, 7.0 wt% to 18 wt%, or 9.0 wt% to 15 wt% of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0021] Macromonomers useful in the present disclosure can advantageously have one polymerizable double bond, which is generally at the end (or near the end portion). The polymerizable double bond can be present as a result of the production of the macromonomer (e.g., cationic polymerization of isobutylene can form polyisobutylene (PIB) having a terminal double bond).

[0022] In one embodiment, the polyalkylene-based (alkyl) acrylate macromonomer can be produced by reacting (alkyl) acrylic acid (or its salt) with a polyalkylene-based macroalcohol such as Krasol® HLBH5000m (commercially available from Cray Valley, Exton, Pennsylvania), which is hydrogenated polybutadiene with a monohydroxy functional group added. Other macroalcohols based on hydrogenated polybutadiene can be obtained, for example, according to UK Patent Application Publication No. 2270317. Some commercially available macromonomers include, for example, Kraton Liquid L-1253™ and Kraton Liquid L-1203™ (from Kraton Polymers, Houston, Texas), both of which are produced from hydrogenated polybutadiene with a methacrylate functional group added. Other polyolefin-based macromonomers and their production methods are also described, for example, in European Patent Application Publication Nos. 0621293 and 0699694.

[0023] (b) C3-C 10 Regarding the C3-C / C3-C8 alkyl (alkyl) acrylate ester monomer, referring again to the above general formula (I) for the acrylate monomer, the optional "alkyl" is preferably hydrogen (not "alkyl") or R of C1-C2 alkyl2 can represent. Therefore, R 1Given the C3-C8 alkyl range of the acrylate ester moiety, this monomer is n-propyl acrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-propyl ethacrylate, isopropyl acrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, isopropyl ethacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, n-butyl ethacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl ethacrylate, 2-butyl acrylate, 2-butyl methacrylate, 2-butyl ethacrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, n-pentyl methacrylate, n-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-pentyl acrylate, 2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-pentyl acrylate, 3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-pentyl ethacrylate, cyclopentyl acrylate, cyclopentyl methacrylate, cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl ethacrylate, iso-amyl acrylate, iso-amyl methacrylate, iso-amyl ethacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-hexyl acrylate, 2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-hexyl acrylate, 3-hexyl methacrylate, 3-hexyl ethacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl ethacrylate, cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate,2-Methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl acrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-heptyl methacrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, 2-heptyl acrylate, 2-heptyl methacrylate, 2-heptyl acrylate, 3-heptyl acrylate, 3-heptyl methacrylate, 3-heptyl acrylate, 4-heptyl acrylate, 4-heptyl methacrylate, 4-heptyl acrylate, cycloheptyl acrylate, cycloheptyl methacrylate, cycloheptyl acrylate, cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, cyclohexylmethyl methacrylate, cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, cyclopentylethyl acrylate, cyclopentylethyl methacrylate, cyclopentylethyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate 2-Methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,5 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,5 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,5 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,4 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,4 - dimethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl acrylate, 1 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl acrylate, 2 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl acrylate, 3 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3 - ethyl - 1 - cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 1 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 1 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 2 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 2 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 2 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 7 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 7 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 7 - bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 1 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 1 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 1 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 2 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 2 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 2 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 3 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 3 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 3 - bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 6 - bicyclo[3.1.1] Heptanyl acrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 5-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate,. 5-Methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl ethacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octyl ethacrylate, 2-octyl acrylate, 2-octyl methacrylate, 2-octyl ethacrylate, 3-octyl acrylate, 3-octyl methacrylate, 3-octyl ethacrylate, 4-octyl acrylate, 4-octyl methacrylate 4-Octylethacrylate, cycloheptylmethyl acrylate, cycloheptylmethyl methacrylate, cycloheptylmethyl ethacrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl ethacrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl acrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl methacrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl ethacrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl ethacrylate, 2-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 2-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate, 2-octahydropentalenyl ethacrylate, 3a-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 3a-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate, 3a-octahydropentalenyl ethacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 1-Methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, cyclohexylethyl acrylate, cyclohexylethyl methacrylate, cyclohexylethyl acrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,4-Dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl ethacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl acrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl methacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl ethacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl acrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl methacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl ethacrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl acrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl methacrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl ethacrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate,2-Propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 3,5-Dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethyl acrylate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,3,5-Trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate,2-Methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-4-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 6-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 6-Methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,4-Dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-hexyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-Trimethyl-3-pentylethacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 4,4,5-Trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 4,5,5-Trimethyl-3-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentylethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3-pentylethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentylethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate,3-Methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentylethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentylacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentylmethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentylethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentylacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentylmethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentylacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentylmethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentylethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentylacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentylmethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentylacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentylmethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentylethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentylacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentylmethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentylacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentylmethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentylethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentylacrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentylmethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentylacrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentylmethacrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 2-propyl-2-pentylacrylate, 2-propyl-2-pentylmethacrylate, 2-propyl-2-pentylethacrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentylacrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentylmethacrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentylethacrylate, 3-propyl-1-pentylacrylate, 3-propyl-1-pentylmethacrylate, 3-propyl-1-pentylethacrylate, 3-propyl-2-pentylacrylate, 3-propyl-2-pentylmethacrylate, 3-propyl-2-pentylethacrylate, 3-propyl-3-pentylacrylate, 3-propyl-3-pentylmethacrylateIt may contain, or may be one or more of, 3-propyl-3-pentyl acrylate, or a combination or polymerization / oligomerization reaction product thereof. In particular, the C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer (b) may contain, may consist essentially of, or may be butyl acrylate or butyl methacrylate.,

[0024] (b) C3-C used for producing a comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier 10 With respect to the amount of the C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, C3-C 10The repeating unit based on a C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer is 30% to 71% by mass, for example 30% to 68% by mass, 30% to 66% by mass, 30% to 64% by mass, 30% to 62% by mass, 30% to 60% by mass, 30% to 58% by mass, 30% to 56% by mass, 30% to 54% by mass, 30% to 52% by mass, 30% to 50% by mass, 30% to 48% by mass, 33% to 71% by mass, 33% to 68% by mass, 33% to 66% by mass, 33% to 64% by mass, 33% to 62% by mass, 33% to 60% by mass, 33% to 58% by mass, 33% to 56% by mass, 33% to 54% by mass, 33% to 52% by mass, 33% to 50% by mass, 33% to 48% by mass, 35% to 71% by mass, 35% to 68% by mass, 35% to 66% by mass, 35% to 64% by mass, 35% to 62% by mass, 35% to 60% by mass, 35% to 58% by mass, 35% to 56% by mass, 35% to 54% by mass, 35% to 52% by mass, 35% to 50% by mass, 35% to 48% by mass, 38% to 71% by mass, 38% to 68% by mass, 38% to 66% by mass, 38% to 64% by mass, 38% to 62% by mass, 38% to 60% by mass, 38% to 58% by mass, 38% to 56% by mass, 38% to 54% by mass, 38% to 52% by mass, 38% to 50% by mass, 38% to 48% by mass, 40% to 71% by mass, 40% to 68% by mass, 40% to 66% by mass, 40% to 64% by mass, 40% to 62% by mass, 40% to 60% by mass, 40% to 58% by mass, 40% to 56% by mass, 40% to 54% by mass, 40% to 52% by mass, 40% to 50% by mass, 40% to 48% by mass, 45% to 71% by mass, 45% to 68% by mass, 45% to 66% by mass, 45% to 64% by mass, 45% to 62% by mass, 45% to 60% by mass, 45% to 58% by mass, 45% to 56% by mass, 45% to 54% by mass, 45% to 52% by mass, 45% to 50% by mass, 45% to 48% by mass, 50% to 71% by mass, 50% to 68% by mass, 50% to 66% by mass, 50% to 64% by mass, 50% to 62% by mass, 50% to 60% by mass,It may account for 50% to 58% by mass, 50% to 56% by mass, 50% to 54% by mass, or 50% to 52% by mass. In particular, C3-C, 10 / The repeating unit of the C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer may account for 33% to 64% by mass, 35% to 60% by mass, or 38% to 58% by mass of the repeating unit of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0025] (c)C 10 -C 30 / C 12 -C 24 Regarding the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, referring again to the above general formula (I) for the acrylate monomer, the optional "alk" is preferably hydrogen (not "alk") or R of C1-C2 alkyl (in particular, hydrogen or methyl) 2 which may represent. Thus, R 1 For a specific C 12 -C 24 in the acrylate ester moiety, if the alkyl range is given, this monomer is a linear, cyclic, or branched C 12 acrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 12 methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 14 acrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 14 methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 16 acrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 16 methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 17 acrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 17 methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 18 acrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 18 methacrylate, or may include or be a combination or polymerization / oligomerization reaction product thereof. In particular, C 12 -C 24The alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer can include, can consist essentially of, or can be lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination or polymerization / oligomerization reaction product thereof.

[0026] (c)C used to produce the comb copolymer viscosity modifier 10 -C 30 / C 12 -C 24 With respect to the amount of the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, C 10 -C 30 / C 12 -C 24 The repeating unit based on the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer can account for at least 5.0% by mass (e.g., at least 10.0% by mass, at least 15.0% by mass, at least 20.0% by mass, at least 21.0% by mass, at least 21.5% by mass, at least 22.0% by mass, at least 22.5% by mass, at least 23.0% by mass, at least 23.5% by mass, at least 24.0% by mass, at least 24.5% by mass, or at least 25.0% by mass) of the repeating unit of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, optionally but preferably also at most 35.0% by mass (e.g., at most 34.0% by mass, at most 33.0% by mass, at most 32.0% by mass, at most 31.0% by mass, at most 30.0% by mass, at most 29.0% by mass, at most 28.0% by mass, or at most 27.0% by mass). In particular, C 10 -C 30 / C 12 -C 24 The repeating unit based on the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer can account for at least 5.0% by mass, at least 10.0% by mass, at least 21.0% by mass, 5.0% to 35.0% by mass, 21.0% to 35.0% by mass, or 23.0% to 30.0% by mass of the repeating unit of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0027] (d)C6-C20 Regarding aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomers, referring again to the above general formula (I) for acrylate monomers, the optional "alk" is preferably hydrogen (not "alk") or R of C1-C2 alkyl (in particular, hydrogen or methyl). 2 can represent. Thus, R 1 Given the range of the acrylate ester moiety of, this monomer is C6 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C6 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C7 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C7 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C8 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C8 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C9 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C9 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C 20 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C 10 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C 10 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C 11 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C 11 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C 12 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C 12 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C 13 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C 13 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C 14 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C 14 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C 15 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl acrylate, C 15 arylene, aralkyl, or alkaryl methacrylate, C 16Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal acrylate, C 16 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal methacrylate, C 17 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal acrylate, C 17 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal methacrylate, C 18 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal acrylate, C 18 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal methacrylate, C 19 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal acrylate, C 19 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal methacrylate, C 20 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal acrylate, C 20 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkarylal methacrylate, or combinations or polymerization / oligomerization reaction products thereof may be included or may be. In particular, C6-C 20 Aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl(alk)acrylate ester monomers include benzyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, naphthyl acrylate, naphthyl methacrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, toluyl acrylate, toluyl methacrylate, phenylethyl acrylate, phenylethyl methacrylate, nonylnaphthyl acrylate, nonylnaphthyl methacrylate, anthracenyl acrylate, anthracenyl methacrylate, phenanthrenyl acrylate, phenanthrenyl methacrylate, fluorenyl acrylate, fluorenyl methacrylate, ethylfluorenyl acrylate, ethylfluorenyl methacrylate, or combinations or polymerization / oligomerization reaction products thereof may be included, may consist essentially of, or may be.

[0028] (d)C6-C used to produce a comb copolymer viscosity modifier 20 Regarding the amount of aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl(alk)acrylate ester monomer, C6-C 20The repeating unit based on an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer can be at most 28% by mass (e.g., at most 27% by mass, at most 26% by mass, at most 25% by mass, at most 24% by mass, at most 23% by mass, at most 22% by mass, at most 21% by mass, at most 20% by mass, at most 19% by mass, at most 18% by mass, at most 17% by mass, or at most 16% by mass) of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, optionally but preferably, and can also account for at least 3.0% by mass (e.g., at least 4.0% by mass, at least 5.0% by mass, at least 6.0% by mass, at least 7.0% by mass, at least 8.0% by mass, at least 9.0% by mass, at least 10.0% by mass, at least 11.0% by mass, or at least 12.0% by mass). In particular, C6-C 20 The repeating unit based on an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer can account for at most 28% by mass, at most 24% by mass, at least 11.0% by mass, 3.0% to 27% by mass, 4.0% to 25% by mass, or 7.0% to 24% by mass of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0029] (c) C used to produce the comb copolymer viscosity modifier 10 -C 30 / C 12 -C 24 Regarding the combined amount of the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer and (d) a C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, C 10 -C 30 / C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer repeating unit and C6-C 20Based on the total of the repeating units of aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomers, the repeating units as a whole account for at least 21.0% by mass (e.g., at least 21.5% by mass, at least 22.0% by mass, at least 22.5% by mass, at least 23.0% by mass, at least 23.5% by mass, at least 24.0% by mass, at least 24.5% by mass, or at least 25.0% by mass) of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally but preferably, can also account for up to 50.0% by mass (e.g., up to 34.0% by mass, up to 33.0% by mass, up to 32.0% by mass, up to 31.0% by mass, up to 30.0% by mass, up to 29.0% by mass, up to 28.0% by mass, or up to 27.0% by mass). In particular, C 10 -C 30 / C 12 -C 24 The repeating units of the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer and C6-C 20 Based on the total of the repeating units of aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomers, the repeating units as a whole can account for at least 21.0% by mass, at least 23.0% by mass, 21.0% to 35.0% by mass, or 23.0% to 30.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier. In another embodiment, (c)C 12 -C 24 The amount of only the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer is at least 21.0% by mass (e.g., at least 21.5% by mass, at least 22.0% by mass, at least 22.5% by mass, at least 23.0% by mass, at least 23.5% by mass, at least 24.0% by mass, at least 24.5% by mass, or at least 25.0% by mass) of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally but preferably, can also account for up to 35.0% by mass (e.g., up to 34.0% by mass, up to 33.0% by mass, up to 32.0% by mass, up to 31.0% by mass, up to 30.0% by mass, up to 29.0% by mass, up to 28.0% by mass, or up to 27.0% by mass) (in particular, at least 21.0% by mass, at least 23.0% by mass, 21.0% to 35.0% by mass, or 23.0% to 30.0% by mass).

[0030] When there is another olefinic comonomer (e) of 1 or more, such monomer (e) may include, for example, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof, or may be. Although not particularly limited to optional olefinic comonomer (e), these olefin-based repeating units, if present, are up to 7.0% by mass (e.g., up to 6.5% by mass, up to 6.0% by mass, up to 5.5% by mass, up to 5.0% by mass, up to 4.5% by mass, up to 4.0% by mass, up to 3.5% by mass, or up to 3.0% by mass) of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and further optionally at least 0.1% by mass (e.g., at least 0.2% by mass, at least 0.3% by mass, at least 0.5% by mass, at least 0.7% by mass, at least 0.9% by mass, at least 1.2% by mass, at least 1.5% by mass, or at least 1.8% by mass). In particular, if present, other olefinic repeating units may account for up to 7.0% by mass, up to 5.0% by mass, 0.5% by mass to 7.0% by mass, or 1.0% by mass to 5.0% of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0031] C 12 -C 24 alkyl(alk)acrylate ester monomer and C6-C 20 Due to the relatively large ratio of the combination of aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl(alk)acrylate ester monomers, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure, in some embodiments, advantageously has 8 to 17 carbon atoms in styrene / styrene-based monomers; alkyl(meth)acrylate having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group; vinyl ester having 1 to 11 carbon atoms in the acyl group; vinyl ether having 1 to 10 carbon atoms linked to the vinyl ether; (di)alkyl fumarate having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ether group, (di)alkyl maleate having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ester group, and mixtures thereof (see U.S. Patent No. 8,067,349) and may contain less than 80% by mass of repeating units derived from monomers selected from the group consisting of.

[0032] The comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure can advantageously exhibit an intermediate number average molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography (GPC; also known as size exclusion chromatography or SEC). The GPC specifications and analysis conditions for determining the molecular weight distribution are as follows: Waters Acquity APC equipped with Waters RID and UV215 nm; Software: Empower 3; Columns (3×4.6×150 mm system): APC-XT 450 (about 2.5 μm), APC-XT200 (about 2.5 μm), and APC-XT45 (about 1.7 μm); Mobile phase and flow rate: >99.9% Fisher optima gold label HPLC grade THF without stabilizer; Flow rate: about 0.25 mL / min, retention time about 35 minutes; Oven temperature: about 35 °C; Sample concentration: about 1 mg (solid polymer) / mL; Sample preparation: After dissolving substantially completely overnight (about 8 - 20 hours), filter through a about 0.45 μm PTFE filter; Injection volume: about 10 μL; Polystyrene calibration curve. Therefore, the number average molecular weight of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure by GPC is 625,000 g / mol or less based on polystyrene standards (for example, 610,000 g / mol or less, 600,000 g / mol or less, 590,000 g / mol or less, 580,000 g / mol or less, 100,000 g / mol - 625,000 g / mol, 100,000 g / mol - 610,000 g / mol, 100,000 g / mol - 600,000 g / mol, 100,000 g / mol - 590,000 g / mol, 100,000 g / mol - 580,000 g / mol, 150,000 g / mol - 625,000 g / mol, 150,000 g / mol - 610,000 g / mol, 150,000 g / mol - 600,000 g / mol, 150,000 g / mol - 590,000 g / mol, 150,000 g / mol - 580,000 g / mol, 200,000 g / mol - 625,000 g / mol, 200,000 g / mol - 610,000 g / mol, 200,000 g / mol - 600,000 g / mol, 200,000 g / mol - 590,000 g / mol, 200,000 g / mol - 580,000 g / mol, 225,000 g / mol - 625,000 g / mol, 225,000 g / mol - 610,000 g / mol, 225,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol, 225,000 g / mol to 590,000 g / mol, 225,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol, 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, 250,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol, 250,000 g / mol to 590,000 g / mol, 250,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol, 275,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, 275,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, 275,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol, 275,000 g / mol to 590,000 g / mol, 275,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol, 300,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, 300,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, 300,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol, 300,000 g / mol to 590,000 g / mol, or 300,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol; in particular, it can be 625,000 g / mol or less, 600,000 g / mol or less, 100,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, or 200,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol.,

[0033] The comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure can advantageously exhibit relatively high oil solubility or oil dispersibility. As used herein, the term "oil soluble" means that the composition contains at least 0.1% by weight, preferably at least 0.5% by weight, of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and at least 85% by weight (preferably the balance) of the lubricating oil base material can be relatively easily combined without forming a stable macroscopic phase. The oil solubility and / or oil dispersibility can depend, inter alia, on the nature of the base material and the chemical nature of the polymer (e.g., the ratio of lipophilic side chains).

[0034] For example, these comb copolymers can be synthesized using free radical polymerization techniques or related methods for controlled free radical polymerization such as ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) and / or RAFT (Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer). Conventional free radical polymerization is described in particular in Ullmanns’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th Edition. Generally, a polymerization initiator and a chain transfer agent can be used for this purpose.

[0035] Examples of useful free radical polymerization initiators include, but are not necessarily limited to, azo initiators (e.g., AIBN and 1,1-azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile, which are well-known), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, acetylacetone peroxide, dilauryl peroxide, tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, ketone peroxide, tert-butyl peroctanoate, methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, tert-butyl peroxyisopropyl carbonate, 2,5-bis(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, tert-butyl per-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate, dicumyl peroxide, 1,1-bis-(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(tert-butyl-peroxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, cumyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and at least one of peroxy compounds such as bis(4-tert-butyl-cyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate, and mixtures thereof, and mixtures of other compounds that can individually or together form free radicals effective for initiation similar to the above compounds. Suitable chain transfer agents can include oil-soluble / oil-dispersible mercaptans (e.g., n-dodecyl mercaptan or 2-mercaptoethanol) and / or terpenes (e.g., terpinolene).

[0036] The ATRP method is known in the art. The ATRP method is assumed to include "living" free radical polymerization without intending to limit the description of the polymerization mechanism. In such a method, a transition metal compound may be reacted with a compound having a movable atomic group. This enables the movable atomic group to move to the transition metal compound, which can oxidize the metal. This reaction can form radicals that can be used to induce ethylene groups (olefins). However, the movement of this atomic group to the transition metal compound can be reversible, and thus this atomic group can return to the growing polymer chain, thereby enabling the formation of a controlled polymerization system. The structure, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of the polymer can be correspondingly controlled.

[0037] The ATRP reaction is described, for example, by J-S. Wang, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 117, p. 5614-5615 (1995), Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules, vol. 28, p. 7901-7910 (1995). In addition, PCT Publications Nos. 96 / 30421, 97 / 47661, 97 / 18247, 98 / 40415, and 99 / 10387 disclose modified methods of ATRP. The RAFT method is described in detail, for example, in PCT Publications Nos. 98 / 01478 and 2004 / 083169. Such polymerization can be carried out at standard pressure, reduced pressure, or high pressure. The polymerization temperature can also be varied over a wide range. However, this polymerization can generally be carried out at a temperature of about -20°C to about 200°C, for example, about 50°C to about 150°C or about 80°C to about 130°C. Such polymerization can be carried out with or without a solvent. The term "solvent" should be understood in a broad sense here. The solvent, if present, may be selected according to the polarity of the monomers used (e.g., SN100 oil, SN150 oil, relatively light light oils, and / or aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and / or xylene).

[0038] To be effective in viscosity adjustment, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier can be combined with the composition (or one or more of its components) in an amount effective to adjust viscosity to form, for example, a mixture having an adjusted viscosity. In particular, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier can be combined with a lubricating oil base stock (e.g., including Group I, Group II, and / or Group III base stocks) and / or a lubricant additive (e.g., via a concentrated lubricant additive package including a minor amount of a lubricating oil base stock and one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal swell control agent; or simply a mixture or combination of one or more of the additives listed).

[0039] For example, the amount of viscosity adjustment of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier (which may contain an additional diluent but does not contain an additional active ingredient, unlike the viscosity modifier concentrate) is 0.2% to 8.0% by mass, for example 0.2% to 7.0% by mass, 0.2% to 6.0% by mass, 0.2% to 5.0% by mass, 0.2% to 4.0% by mass, 0.2% to 3.5% by mass, 0.2% to 3.0% by mass, 0.2% to 2.5% by mass, 0.2% to 2.0% by mass, 0.4% to 8.0% by mass, 0.4% to 7.0% by mass, 0.4% to 6.0% by mass, 0.4% to 5.0% by mass, 0.4% to 4.0% by mass, 0.4% to 3.5% by mass, 0.4% to 3.0% by mass, 0.4% to 2.5% by mass, 0.4% to 2.0% by mass, 0.5% to 8.0% by mass, 0.5% to 7.0% by mass, 0.5% to 6.0% by mass, 0.5% to 5.0% by mass, 0.5% to 4.0% by mass, 0.5% to 3.5% by mass, 0.5% to 3.0% by mass, 0.5% to 2.5% by mass, 0.5% to 2.0% by mass, 0.6% to 8.0% by mass, 0.6% to 7.0% by mass, 0.6% to 6.0% by mass, 0.6% to 5.0% by mass, 0.6% to 4.0% by mass, 0.6% to 3.5% by mass, 0.6% to 3.0% by mass, 0.6% to 2.5% by mass, 0.6% to 2.0% by mass, 0.8% to 8.0% by mass, 0.8% to 7.0% by mass, 0.8% to 6.0% by mass, 0.8% to 5.0% by mass, 0.8% to 4.0% by mass, 0.8% to 3.5% by mass, 0.8% to 3.0% by mass, 0.8% to 2.5% by mass, 0.8% to 2.0% by mass, 1.0% to 8.0% by mass, 1.0% to 7.0% by mass, 1.0% to 6.0% by mass, 1.0% to 5.0% by mass, 1.0% to 4.0% by mass, 1.0% to 3.5% by mass, 1.0% to 3.0% by mass, 1.0% to 2.5% by mass, 1.0% to 2.0% by mass, 1.2% to 8.0% by mass, 1.2% to 7.0% by mass, 1.2% to 6.0% by mass, 1.2% to 5.0% by mass, 1.2% to 4.0% by mass, 1.2% to 3.5% by mass, 1.2% to 3.0% by mass, 1.2% to 2.5% by mass, 1.2% to 2.0% by mass, 1.4% to 8.0% by mass, 1.4% to 7.It can be 0% by mass, 1.4% to 6.0% by mass, 1.4% to 5.0% by mass, 1.4% to 4.0% by mass, 1.4% to 3.5% by mass, 1.4% to 3.0% by mass, 1.4% to 2.5% by mass, 1.4% to 2.0% by mass, 1.5% to 8.0% by mass, 1.5% to 7.0% by mass, 1.5% to 6.0% by mass, 1.5% to 5.0% by mass, 1.5% to 4.0% by mass, 1.5% to 3.5% by mass, 1.5% to 3.0% by mass, 1.5% to 2.5% by mass, or 1.5% to 2.0% by mass. In particular, the viscosity-adjusting amount of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier can be 0.5% to 8.0% by mass or 1.0% to 7.0% by mass.

[0040] The lubricating oil base material may be any suitable lubricating oil base material known in the art. Both natural and synthetic lubricating oil base materials can be suitable. Natural lubricating oils can include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), petroleum, mineral oils, oils derived from coal or shale, and combinations thereof. One particular natural lubricating oil includes or is a mineral oil.

[0041] Suitable mineral oils can include all common mineral oil base materials whose chemical structure is naphthenic or paraffinic. Suitable oils can be refined by conventional methods using acids, alkalis, and clays, or other agents such as aluminum chloride, or they can be extraction oils produced by solvent extraction using solvents such as phenol, sulfur dioxide, furfural, dichloroethyl ether, or combinations thereof. These oils may be subjected to hydrotreating or hydrogenation, dewaxing processes by cooling or catalytic dewaxing, hydrocracking, or some combination thereof. Suitable mineral oils can be produced from natural crude oil sources or can be composed of isomerized wax substances or residues from other refining processes.

[0042] Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils, such as oligomerized olefins, polymerized olefins, and copolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylene, polypropylene, propylene, isobutylene copolymer, chlorinated polylactene, poly(1-hexene), poly(1-octene), poly-(1-decene), etc., and mixtures thereof); alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecyl-benzene, tetradecylbenzene, dinonyl-benzene, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzene, etc.); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyl, terphenyl, alkylated polyphenyls, etc.); alkylated diphenyl ethers, alkylated sulfurized diphenyls, and their derivatives, analogs, and homologs, etc.; and may include combinations and / or reaction products thereof.

[0043] In some embodiments, oils derived from this type of synthetic oil may include or be polyalphaolefins (PAOs) containing hydrogenated oligomers of α-olefins, particularly oligomers of 1-decene, such as those produced by free radical methods, Ziegler catalysts, or cationic methods. They may be, for example, oligomers of branched or straight-chain α-olefins having 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and as specific non-limiting examples, include polypropylene, polyisobutene, poly-1-butene, poly-1-hexene, poly-1-octene, poly-1-decene, poly-1-dodecene, and mixtures and / or copolymers thereof.

[0044] Synthetic lubricants can include, in addition to or instead of, alkylene oxide polymers, internal polymers, copolymers, and derivatives thereof in which (most) terminal hydroxyl groups are modified by esterification, etherification, etc. This type of synthetic oil includes polyoxyalkylene polymers produced by the polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, alkyl ethers and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl - polyisopropylene glycol ether with an average Mn of about 1000 daltons, diphenyl ether of polypropylene glycol with an average Mn of about 1000 to about 1500 daltons); and their mono - and poly - carboxylic acid esters (e.g., acetic acid ester of tetraethylene glycol, mixed C3 - C8 fatty acid esters, C 12 oxo acid diesters, etc., or combinations thereof).

[0045] Another suitable type of synthetic lubricant can include esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid and alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc.) with various alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2 - ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.). Specific examples of these esters can include dibutyl adipate, di(2 - ethylhexyl) sebacate, di - n - hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, 2 - ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, complex esters formed by reacting 1 mole of sebacic acid with 2 moles of tetraethylene glycol and 2 moles of 2 - ethyl - hexanoic acid, etc., and combinations thereof. Preferred types of oils derived from this type of synthetic oil can include adipates of C4 - C 12 alcohols.

[0046] Esters useful as synthetic lubricants may, in addition to or instead of, C5-C 12 include monocarboxylic acids, polyols, and / or polyol ethers, such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, etc., and combinations thereof.

[0047] The lubricating oil may be derived from unrefined oil, refined oil, re-refined oil, or mixtures thereof. Unrefined oil is obtained directly from natural or synthetic sources (e.g., coal, shale, or tar sand bitumen) without further refining or treatment. Examples of unrefined oil may include shale oil obtained directly from the recovery operation, petroleum obtained directly from distillation, or ester oil obtained directly from the esterification process, and each or combinations thereof can be used without further treatment. Refined oil is similar to unrefined oil except that it has generally been treated in one or more refining processes to change the chemical structure and / or improve one or more properties. Suitable refining techniques may include distillation, hydrotreating, dewaxing, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration, and percolation, all of which are known to those skilled in the art. Re-refined oil can be obtained by treating used and / or refined oil in a manner similar to that used to obtain refined oil in the first place. Such re-refined oil is also known as recycled or reprocessed oil and is often additionally treated by techniques for removing used additives and oil decomposition products.

[0048] Another additional or alternative type of suitable lubricating oil may include base materials produced from the oligomerization of natural gas feedstock or the isomerization of wax. These base materials have several names but are generally known as Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) or Fischer-Tropsch base materials. The lubricant base stock according to the present disclosure may be a blend of one or more of the oils / base stocks described herein, whether of the same type or different types. For the purposes of the present disclosure, blends of natural and synthetic lubricants (i.e., semi-synthetic) are specifically contemplated.

[0049] Lubricating oils can be classified as presented in the American Petroleum Institute (API) publication “Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System”, Industry Services Department, 14th Edition, December 1996, Addendum 1, December 1998, where oils are categorized as follows: a) Group I base stocks contain less than 90% saturates and / or more than 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index of 80 or more and less than 120; b) Group II base stocks contain 90% or more saturates and 0.03% or less sulfur and have a viscosity index of 80 or more and less than 120; c) Group III base stocks contain 90% or more saturates and 0.03% or less sulfur and have a viscosity index of 120 or more; d) Group IV base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAO); and e) Group V base stocks include all other base stocks not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV.

[0050] In particular, the lubricating oil may or can include mineral oil or a mixture of mineral oils, especially mineral oils of Group I, Group II, and / or Group III (API classification). For example, the lubricating oil base stock (e.g., Group I, Group II, and / or Group III) may account for 55% to 98% by mass, such as 55% to 95% by mass, 55% to 90% by mass, 55% to 85% by mass, 60% to 98% by mass, 60% to 95% by mass, 60% to 90% by mass, 60% to 85% by mass, 65% to 98% by mass, 65% to 95% by mass, 65% to 90% by mass, 65% to 85% by mass, 70% to 98% by mass, 70% to 95% by mass, 70% to 90% by mass, 70% to 85% by mass, 75% to 98% by mass, 75% to 95% by mass, 75% to 90% by mass, 75% to 85% by mass, 80% to 98% by mass, 80% to 95% by mass, 80% to 90% by mass, or 80% to 85% by mass of the total mass of the lubricant composition (including the lubricating oil base stock component and any lubricant additives, and in this case a viscosity modifier).

[0051] The lubricant additive may include one or more additive components and may be present in a (concentrated) lubricant additive package. A (concentrated) additive package generally contains some minor amounts of lubricating oil base stock, etc. to compatibilize the additive with the rest of the lubricant composition. Here, the term "additive" refers only to the lubricant additives in the lubricant composition, while the term "lubricating oil base stock" refers to all of the base stock from the additive package and the base stock as the major phase lubricant component. In addition or alternatively, two or more additives may be added together as an additive package, but one or more other components may be added separately to the lubricating oil base stock and / or to the mixture for forming the lubricant composition.

[0052] In particular, the lubricant additive may, can consist essentially of, or can be one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, optionally a dye and / or a dye stabilizer, and a seal swell control agent. As the name indicates, the anti-wear additive can be used to reduce the wear of lubricated parts, such as motor-driven system parts like the crankcase and / or transmission. Alternatively, some anti-wear components provide antioxidant and anti-wear functions. In the art, it is known that phosphorus-containing compounds can provide wear protection to high-load contact metal surfaces. Without being bound by theory, it has been suggested that this is the result of the formation of a "glass" as phosphite on the lubricated metal surface.

[0053] The phosphorus-containing anti-wear component may include one or more, particularly two or more or three or more structures (I):

Chemical formula

[0054] In some embodiments, the groups R1, R2, and R3 may each independently include an alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms and / or an alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms with a thioether bond inserted into the alkyl chain, or may be, provided that at least some of the groups R1, R2, and R3 may include an alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms with a thioether bond inserted into the alkyl chain, or may be. When the groups R1, R2, and R3 include an alkyl group and no thioether bond is inserted into this alkyl chain, by way of example and not limitation, it may include methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl, particularly include butyl, or be butyl. When the groups R1, R2, and R3 contain an alkyl group and a thioether bond is inserted into this alkyl chain, for example, it contains a group of the structure -R'-S-R'', where R' is -(CH2) n - can be, n can be an integer from 2 to 4, and R'' is -(CH2) m -CH3 can be, and m can be an integer from 1 to 17, for example, from 3 to 9.

[0055] In particular, regarding the compounds of structure (I), at least 10% by mass (for example, at least 20% by mass, at least 30% by mass, or at least 40% by mass) of all the compounds of structure (I) are such that at least one of R1, R2, and R3 contains an alkyl group, or, and a thioether bond having the structure -R'-S-R'' is inserted into the alkyl chain, where R' is -(CH2) n - can be, n can be an integer from 2 to 4, and R” is -(CH2) m -CH3 can be, and m can be an integer from 1 to 17, for example, from 3 to 9. Another type of phosphorus-containing antiwear additive can contain one or more zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate compounds. Such compounds are known in the art and are often referred to as ZDDP. They can be prepared according to known techniques such as, usually, first forming a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid (DDPA) by reacting one or more alcohols or phenols with P2S5, and then neutralizing the formed DDPA with a zinc compound. For example, the dithiophosphoric acid can be prepared by reacting a mixture of a primary alcohol and a secondary alcohol. Alternatively, dithiophosphoric acids in which the hydrocarbyl group is completely secondary or the hydrocarbyl group is completely primary can also be prepared. Any basic or neutral zinc compound can be used to make the zinc salt, but oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates are generally used. Commercially available additives often contain excess zinc because an excess of basic zinc compound is used in the neutralization reaction.

[0056] Advantageous zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates have the following formula:

Chemical formula

[0057] The phosphorus-free antiwear components generally present in a mixture with the phosphorus-containing antiwear compound of Structure (I) are one or more, in particular two or more, Structures (II):

Chemical formula

[0058] Examples of ashless dispersants may include polyisobutenyl succinimide, polyisobutenyl succinamide, mixed esters / amides of polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, hydroxy esters of polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid, and Mannich condensation products of hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde, and polyamines, as well as reaction products and mixtures thereof.

[0059] Basic nitrogen-containing ashless dispersants are well-known lubricant additives, and their manufacturing methods are described in detail in the patent literature. Exemplary dispersants can include polyisobutenyl succinimides and succinamides having polyisobutenyl substituents that exceed 36 carbons, for example, long chains that exceed 40 carbon atoms. These materials can be readily manufactured by reacting polyisobutenyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid materials with molecules containing amine functional groups. Examples of suitable amines can include polyamines such as polyalkylene polyamines, hydroxy-substituted polyamines, polyoxyalkylene polyamines, and combinations thereof. The amine functional group can be provided by polyalkylene polyamines such as tetraethylene pentamine and pentaethylene hexamine. Mixtures with an average number of nitrogen atoms per polyamine molecule greater than 7 are also available. These are generally referred to as heavy polyamines or H-PAMs and are commercially available under trademarks such as Dow Chemical's HPA (trademark) and HPA-X (trademark), Huntsman Chemical's E-100 (trademark), and others. Examples of hydroxy-substituted polyamines can include N-hydroxyalkyl-alkylene polyamines, for example, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, and / or N-hydroxyalkylated alkylene diamines of the type described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,873,009. Examples of polyoxyalkylene polyamines can include polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene diamines and triamines having an average Mn of about 200 to about 2500 daltons. Products of this type are commercially available under the trademark Jeffamine (trademark).

[0060] As is known in the art, the reaction of an amine with a polyisobutenyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid substance (preferably an alkenyl succinic anhydride or maleic anhydride) can conveniently be achieved, for example, by heating the reactants together in an oil solution. Reaction temperatures of about 100 °C to about 250 °C and reaction times of about 1 to about 10 hours can be typical. The reaction ratio has considerable variability, but generally, about 0.1 to about 1.0 equivalents of dicarboxylic acid unit content per reaction equivalent of the amine-containing reactant can be used.

[0061] In particular, the ashless dispersant can include polyisobutenyl succinimide formed from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and a polyalkylene polyamine, such as tetraethylene pentamine or H-PAM. The polyisobutenyl group can be derived from polyisobutene and can exhibit a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 750 to about 5000 daltons, for example, about 900 to about 2500 daltons. As is known in the art, the dispersant may be post-treated (e.g., with a boration / boronating agent and / or an inorganic acid of phosphorus). Suitable examples can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,254,025, 3,502,677, and 4,857,214.

[0062] Surfactants, such as calcium-containing surfactants, have sufficient oil solubility or oil dispersibility to remain dissolved or dispersed in oil so as to be transported by the oil to their intended site of action. Calcium-containing surfactants are known in the art and include neutral and overbased calcium salts with acidic substances such as salicylic acid, sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, alkylphenol, sulfurized alkylphenol, and mixtures of these substances. A neutral calcium-containing surfactant is a surfactant that contains calcium in stoichiometric equivalence to the amount of (Lewis) acidic moiety present in the surfactant. Thus, generally, neutral surfactants generally have relatively low basicity compared to their overbased counterparts.

[0063] The term "overbased" is used, for example, with respect to calcium surfactants, to denote that the calcium component is present in a stoichiometrically greater amount than the corresponding (Lewis) acid component. A generally used method for making overbased salts involves heating a mineral oil solution of an acid with a stoichiometric excess of a neutralizing agent at a suitable temperature (in this case, a calcium neutralizing agent such as an oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfide, or a combination thereof, at a temperature of about 50 °C), and filtering the resulting product. It is also known to use an "accelerator" in the neutralization step to assist in the introduction of a large excess of salt / base (in this case, calcium). Examples of compounds useful as accelerators include, but are not necessarily limited to, phenolic substances such as phenol, naphthol, alkylphenol, thiophenol, sulfurized alkylphenol, and condensation products of formaldehyde with phenolic substances; alcohols such as methanol, 2-propanol, octanol, cellosolve™ alcohol, carbitol™ alcohol, ethylene glycol, stearyl alcohol, and cyclohexyl alcohol; amines such as aniline, phenylenediamine, phenothiazine, phenyl-β-naphthylamine, and dodecylamine; and combinations thereof. A particularly effective method for making basic salts involves mixing an acidic substance with an excess amount of a calcium neutralizing agent and at least one alcohol accelerator, and carbonating the mixture at a high temperature such as 60 to 200 °C.

[0064] Examples of calcium-containing surfactants useful in the lubricant compositions of the present disclosure include, but are not necessarily limited to, neutral and / or overbased salts of such substances as calcium phenates; calcium sulfide phenates (e.g., each aromatic group having one or more aliphatic groups to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium sulfonates (e.g., each sulfonic acid moiety being bonded to an aromatic nucleus, which in turn usually contains one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium salicylates (e.g., the aromatic moiety being usually substituted with one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium salts of phosphosulfurized olefin hydrolyzates (e.g., having from 10 to 2000 carbon atoms) and / or phosphosulfurized alcohol hydrolyzates and / or aliphatic-substituted phenolic compounds (e.g., having from 10 to 2000 carbon atoms); calcium salts of aliphatic carboxylic acids and / or aliphatic-substituted alicyclic carboxylic acids; and combinations and / or reaction products thereof; and many other similar calcium salts of oil-soluble organic acids. Optionally, mixtures of neutral and / or overbased salts of two or more different acids (e.g., one or more overbased calcium phenates and one or more overbased calcium sulfonates) can be used.

[0065] Methods for producing oil-soluble neutral and overbased calcium surfactants are well known to those skilled in the art and are reported in detail in the patent literature. The calcium-containing surfactant may optionally be post-treated, for example, borated. Methods for producing borated surfactants are well known to those skilled in the art and are reported in detail in the patent literature. Antioxidants, sometimes referred to as oxidation inhibitors, can enhance the resistance (or reduce the susceptibility) of the lubricant composition to oxidation. Antioxidants can act by, for example, modifying them in combination with oxidizing agents such as peroxides and other free-radical-forming compounds to render them harmless, either by decomposing them or by rendering catalysts or oxidation accelerators inactive. Oxidative degradation can be evidenced by sludge in the fluid, varnish-like deposits on metal surfaces, and in some cases an increase in viscosity with increasing use.

[0066] Examples of suitable antioxidants include, but are not limited to, copper-containing antioxidants, sulfur-containing antioxidants, aromatic amine-containing and / or amide-containing antioxidants, hindered phenolic antioxidants, dithiophosphates and derivatives, etc., as well as combinations thereof and certain reaction products. Some antioxidants can be ashless (i.e., contain little or no metal atoms other than traces or contaminants). Corrosion inhibitors can be used to reduce the corrosion of metals and are sometimes referred to as metal deactivators or metal passivators. Alternatively, some corrosion inhibitors are characterized as antioxidants.

[0067] Suitable corrosion inhibitors can include nitrogen and / or sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds such as triazoles (e.g., benzotriazole), substituted thiadiazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, tetrazoles, hydroxyquinolines, oxazolines, imidazolines, thiophenes, indoles, indazoles, quinolines, benzoxazines, dithiols, oxazoles, oxatriazoles, pyridines, piperazines, triazines and derivatives of any one or more thereof. A particular corrosion inhibitor has the structure:

Chemical formula

[0068] In addition to or instead of this, the corrosion inhibitor has the structure:

Chemical formula

[0069] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of this, as the corrosion inhibitor, R 9 and R 10It may contain one or more other derivatives of DMTD such as carboxylic acid esters which may be linked to sulfur atoms via a carbonyl group. The production of these thioester-containing DMTD derivatives is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 2,760,933. DMTD derivatives produced by condensation of DMTD with α-halogenated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having at least 10 carbon atoms are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 2,836,564. In this method, R 11 and R 12 are HOOC-CH(R 13 )-(R 13 is a hydrocarbyl group), and DMTD derivatives are produced. Further, DMTD derivatives produced by amidation or esterification of these terminal carboxylic acid groups may also be useful.

[0070] The production of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,663,561. As specific species of DMTD derivatives, it may include a mixture of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2,5-bis-hydrocarbyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Such a mixture is sold under the trademark HiTEC® 4313 and is commercially available from Afton Chemical. As friction modifiers, it may include derivatives of polyethylene polyamines and / or ethoxylated long-chain amines. Derivatives of polyethylene polyamines may advantageously include succinimides of defined structure or may be simple amides.

[0071] Suitable succinimides derived from polyethylene polyamines have the following structure:

Chemical formula

[0072] The above succinimide has the following structure (z = 1):

Chemical formula

[0073] Another example of a simple amide has the following structure:

Chemical formula

[0074] Suitable ethoxylated amine friction modifiers may include or be the reaction product of a primary amine and / or a diamine with ethylene oxide. The reaction with ethylene oxide can be appropriately carried out using a stoichiometry such that substantially all primary and secondary amines can be converted to tertiary amines. Such amines have an exemplary structure:

Chemical formula

[0075] Yet another type of friction modifier includes oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum-containing compounds, such as oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organomolybdenum compounds. Non-limiting examples of such oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organomolybdenum compounds include, but are not necessarily limited to, molybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenum dithiophosphate, molybdenum dithiophosphinate, molybdenum xanthate, molybdenum thioxanthate, molybdenum sulfide, etc., and mixtures thereof, particularly including one or more of molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate, alkylxanthic acid molybdenum, and alkylthioxanthic acid molybdenum. Representative alkylxanthic acid molybdenum and alkylthioxanthic acid molybdenum compounds can be represented by the formulas Mo(R 18 OCS2)4 and Mo(R 18 SCS2)4, respectively, where each R 18 is independently an organic group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkoxyalkyl having generally 1 to 30 carbon atoms or 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and in particular, an alkyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms each.

[0076] In certain embodiments, the oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organic molybdenum compound may include molybdenum dithiocarbamate such as molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, and / or may be substantially free of molybdenum dithiophosphate, particularly molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate. In certain other embodiments, any oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum compound may consist of molybdenum dithiocarbamate such as molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate and / or molybdenum dithiophosphate such as molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate as the sole source of molybdenum atoms in the lubricant composition. In any series of embodiments, the oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum compound may consist essentially of molybdenum dithiocarbamate such as molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate as the sole source of molybdenum atoms in the lubricant composition. The molybdenum compound may be mononuclear, dinuclear, trinuclear, or tetranuclear, and particularly may include or be dinuclear and / or trinuclear molybdenum compounds.

[0077] Suitable dinuclear or dimeric molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate is, for example, of the formula:

Chemical formula

[0078] Suitable trinuclear organic molybdenum compounds include the formula: Mo3S k L n Q zThose having and mixtures thereof may be included. In such trinuclear forms, the three molybdenum atoms may be bonded to a plurality of sulfur atoms (S), and k varies from 4 to 7. In addition, each L may be an independently selected organic ligand having a sufficient number of carbon atoms to make the compound oil-soluble or oil-dispersible, and n is from 1 to 4. Further, when z is not 0, Q can be selected from the group of neutral electron-donating compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and / or ethers, z ranges from 0 to 5, and includes non-stoichiometric (non-integer) values.

[0079] In such trinuclear forms, for all ligands (L n ) there may generally be at least 21 total carbon atoms (e.g., at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35) in the combination. However, importantly, the organic groups of these ligands advantageously generally exhibit a sufficient number of carbon atoms as a whole to make the compound soluble or dispersible in oil. For example, the number of carbon atoms in each ligand L can generally range from 1 to 100, such as from 1 to 30 or from 4 to 20.

[0080] Formula Mo3S k L n Q z The trinuclear molybdenum compound having preferably has the following structure:

Chemical formula

[0081] Examples of ligands for the above trinuclear cores include, but are not necessarily limited to, dithiophosphates such as dialkyldithiophosphates, xanthates such as alkylxanthates and / or alkylthioxanthates, dithiocarbamates such as dialkyldithiocarbamates, and combinations thereof, particularly, each may include or be a dialkyldithiocarbamate. In addition or alternatively, the ligands for the trinuclear molybdenum-containing core can independently be one or more of the following:

Chemical formula

[0082] The oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compound is (NH4)2Mo3S where n varies from 0 to 2, including non-stoichiometric (non-integer) values, in a suitable liquid / solvent. 13 ● It can be produced by reacting a molybdenum source such as (NH4)2Mo3S●n(H2O) with a suitable ligand source such as tetraalkylthiuram disulfide. Other oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compounds are formed during the reaction of a molybdenum source such as (NH4)2Mo3S●n(H2O), a ligand source such as tetraalkylthiuram disulfide, dialkyldithiocarbamate, or dialkyldithiophosphate, and a sulfur abstracting agent such as cyanide ion, sulfite ion, or substituted phosphine in a suitable solvent. 13 ● Alternatively, a trinuclear molybdenum-sulfur halide salt such as [M’]2[Mo3S7A6] where M’ is a counter ion and A is a halogen such as Cl, Br, or I can be reacted with a ligand source such as dialkyldithiocarbamate or dialkyldithiophosphate in a suitable liquid / solvent (system) to form an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compound. The suitable liquid / solvent (system) can be, for example, aqueous or organic.

[0083] Other molybdenum precursors may include acidic molybdenum compounds. Such compounds may be reacted with basic nitrogen compounds, as measured by ASTM D-664 or D-2896 titration methods, and may generally be hexavalent. Examples include, but are not necessarily limited to, molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, and other alkali metal molybdates and other molybdenum salts, such as sodium hydrogen molybdate, MoOCl4, MoO2Br2, Mo2O3Cl6, molybdenum trioxide, or similar acidic molybdenum compounds, or combinations thereof. Thus, in addition to or instead of, the compositions of the present disclosure may be provided with molybdenum by, for example, molybdenum / sulfur complexes of basic nitrogen compounds, as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,263,152, 4,285,822, 4,283,295, 4,272,387, 4,265,773, 4,261,843, 4,259,195, and 4,259,194, and / or PCT Publication No. 94 / 06897.

[0084] Antifoaming agents, seal swelling control agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, other viscosity modifiers, and optionally other additives known in the art, such as dyes and dye stabilizers, may also be optionally added to the lubricant composition. They are generally disclosed, for example, in "Lubricant Additives" by C.V. Smallheer and R. Kennedy Smith, 1967, pp 1-11. For the comb copolymer viscosity modifier to be combined with the lubricant composition (or its components), the resulting viscosity-adjusted mixture may have at least a 5% difference (e.g., at least a 10% difference, at least a 15% difference, or at least a 20% difference) in dispersibility (e.g., soot dispersibility) and with respect to one or more (e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI compared to the lubricant composition components without the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0085] Comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifiers, and lubricant compositions containing both additives and lubricant bases, may exhibit advantageous viscosity and / or dispersibility characteristics, and the viscosity characteristics are not necessarily limited, but may include those described herein. The lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, in particular those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a high-temperature high-shear viscosity (HTHS150) of at least 2.50, such as at least 2.54, at least 2.55, at least 2.56, at least 2.57, at least 2.58, at least 2.59, at least 2.60, at least 2.61, at least 2.62, at least 2.63, at least 2.64, or at least 2.65 (in particular, at least 2.55 cPs) at approximately 150°C. The upper limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 2.75, at most 2.80, or at most 2.90.

[0086] In addition or alternatively, the lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, in particular those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a high-temperature high-shear viscosity (HTHS100) of at most 5.74 cPs, such as at most 5.69 cPs, at most 5.66 cPs, at most 5.64 cPs, at most 5.62 cPs, at most 5.60 cPs, at most 5.58 cPs, at most 5.54 cPs, or at most 5.44 cPs (in particular, at most 5.60 cPs or at most 5.58 cPs) at approximately 100°C. The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS100 of at least 5.15 cPs or at least 5.25 cPs. Additionally or alternatively, the lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS80) at approximately 80°C of at most 8.54 cPs, such as at most 8.45 cPs, at most 8.40 cPs, at most 8.35 cPs, at most 8.34 cPs, at most 8.33 cPs, at most 8.30 cPs, at most 8.25 cPs, or at most 8.20 cPs (particularly, at most 8.30 cPs, at most 8.25 cPs, or at most 8.20 cPs). While there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS80 of at least 7.65 cPs or at least 7.80 cPs.

[0087] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, has a kinematic viscosity (KV100) at approximately 100 °C of 6.80 cSt to 9.50 cSt, for example 6.80 cSt to 9.44 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 9.42 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 9.40 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 9.38 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 9.30 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 9.20 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 9.10 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.84 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.74 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.50 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.44 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.42 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.40 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.38 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.30 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.20 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.10 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 7.84 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 7.74 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.50 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.44 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.42 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.40 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.38 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.30 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.20 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.10 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 7.84 cSt, 7.00 cSt to 7.74 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.50 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.44 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.42 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.40 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.38 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.30 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.20 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.10 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 7.84 cSt, 7.10 cSt to 7.74 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.50 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.44 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.42 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.40 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.38 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.30 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.20 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.10 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 7.84 cSt, 7.20 cSt to 7.74 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.50 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.44 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.42 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.40 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.38 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.30 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.20 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.10 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 7.84 cSt, 7.30 cSt to 7.74 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.50 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.44 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.42 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.40 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.38 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.30 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.20 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.10 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 7.84 cSt, 7.40 cSt to 7.74 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.50 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.44 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.42 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.40 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.38 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.30 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.20 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.It may exhibit 10 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 8.75 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 8.50 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 7.94 cSt, 7.50 cSt to 7.84 cSt, or 7.50 cSt to 7.74 cSt (in particular, 6.80 cSt to 9.00 cSt, 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt, or 7.00 cSt to 8.30 cSt).

[0088] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV40) at approximately 40 °C of at most 36.0 cSt, for example at most 35.5 cSt, at most 35.0 cSt, at most 34.5 cSt, at most 34.3 cSt, at most 34.1 cSt, at most 33.9 cSt, or at most 33.7 cSt (in particular, at most 35.0 cSt, at most 34.5, or at most 33.9 cSt). The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a KV40 of at least 32.0 cSt or at least 33.0 cSt. Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV20) at approximately 20 °C of at most 81.0 cSt, for example at most 80.5 cSt, at most 80.0 cSt, at most 79.5 cSt, at most 79.0 cSt, at most 78.7 cSt, or at most 78.5 cSt (in particular, at most 79.5 cSt or at most 79.0 cSt). The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a KV20 of at least 14.0 cSt or at least 15.0 cSt. In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at least 175, such as at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, at least 200, or at least 205. There is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, but the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a VI of up to 300, up to 275, or up to 250.

[0089] In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specification, may exhibit soot dispersibility such that when measured in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, they achieve an apparent yield stress (APY; non-linear rheology model) value of at most 0.38 Pa, such as at most 0.35 Pa, at most 0.32 Pa, at most 0.29 Pa, at most 0.26 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.35 or at most 0.32). Since a minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a very high soot dispersant composition, there is not necessarily a lower limit to soot dispersibility with respect to APY. Although not essential, soot dispersibility may, in addition to or instead of the above, be summarized by a soot evaluation (unitless) of at least 22, such as at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, or at least 75 when using a linear model in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition. There is not necessarily an upper limit to soot dispersibility with respect to the linear soot evaluation, but the linear model soot evaluation may optionally be up to 110, up to 105, or up to 100.

[0090] Dispersibility, particularly soot dispersibility, can be tested by rheologically evaluating the effect of carbon black on samples containing the comb copolymer viscosity modifier described herein. For example, certain soot dispersibility experiments herein represent measurements made using a RheoStress™ 600 rheometer (commercially available from, e.g., Thermo Fisher Scientific), and a silicone oil bath can be used to maintain the sample temperature at about 100 °C (±0.1 °C). Samples can be prepared by mixing a particular sample with an amount of carbon black. In the case of a sample where the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure is simply diluted with a lubricating oil base, the amount of carbon black added can be about 3 wt% (i.e., about 3 parts by weight of carbon black component per about 97 parts by weight of diluted comb copolymer); in the case of a sample where the comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure is combined with one or more other lubricant additives apart from or in addition to a mere (lubricating oil base) diluent, the amount of carbon black added can be about 6 wt% (i.e., about 6 parts by weight of carbon black component per about 94 parts by weight of comb copolymer-containing component). The rheology experiment cycle can include, or consist of, a symmetric increase and decrease in shear rate from 0.1 s -1 to 1000 s -1 to 0.1 s -1 and is for erasing the sample history on the first pass and obtaining shear data on the second pass (shear data is generally taken during the second strengthening portion of the cycle), and rheology analysis can be based on those measurements. Shear stress τ is measured in response to a change in the applied shear rate γ, and either or both of two semi-empirical models can be used to qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the dispersibility of the sample. As used herein, in a double logarithmic plot, a first model, referred to as the "linear model", can be used to obtain a "soot handling" index and an intercept viscosity η from the following relationship.

Equation

[0091] The least-squares linear fitting method (for example, when the rheology is exported to a database such as Microsoft Excel 2016) can be performed based only on a part of the experimental shear rate range of 1 s -1 ≦γ≦10 s -1 In this linear model, the soot processability index value increases (towards about 100 in one direction) as the ability to disperse an appropriate level of carbon black loading increases. To evaluate the dispersibility over a wide range of shear rates, a second non-linear model, herein referred to as the "yield stress model", can be used to enable the observation of curvature in some data sets. This model also provides a "soot processability" index, but according to the following relationship, the crossover shear rate γ c and the apparent yield stress τ y are further included. [Number]

[0092] This model enables non-linear double logarithmic fitting to rheology data over the entire experimental shear rate range of 1 s -1 ≦γ≦1000 s -1 The non-linear fitting of rheology data can be performed using the general gradient descent method (for example, when the rheology is exported to a database such as Microsoft Excel 2016, in which case the gradients of the objective function can be iteratively adjusted by changing the input variables until those gradients reach approximately 0 or the default threshold and an optimal solution is obtained). In the yield stress model, it is considered that the applied yield stress value decreases (towards about 0 in one direction) as the ability to disperse an appropriate level of carbon black loading increases. Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure advantageously has the following characteristics: HTHS150 is at least 2.55 cPs; HTHS100 is at most 5.60 cPs; HTHS80 is at most 8.30 cPs; KV100 is from 6.80 cSt to 9.00 cSt; KV40 is at most 35.0 cSt; KV20 is at most 79.5 cSt; and the viscosity index is at least 175, and can exhibit at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven (in particular, at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least six) of them. Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier is C 12 -C 24 When the total of the repeating units based on alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomers and the repeating units based on C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomers is at least 23.0% by mass, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure advantageously, in particular, has the following characteristics: HTHS150 is at least 2.55 cPs; HTHS100 is at most 5.58 cPs; HTHS80 is at most 8.25 cPs; KV100 is from 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt; KV40 is at most 34.5 cSt; KV20 is at most 79.0 cSt; and the viscosity index (VI) is at least 180, and can exhibit at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven of them.

[0093] The lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, can exhibit an HTHS150 of at least 2.20 cPs, for example at least 2.24 cPs, at least 2.25 cPs, at least 2.26 cPs, at least 2.27 cPs, at least 2.28 cPs, at least 2.29 cPs, at least 2.30 cPs, at least 2.31 cPs, at least 2.32 cPs, at least 2.33 cPs, at least 2.34 cPs, or at least 2.35 cPs (particularly at least 2.25 cPs). While there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant composition can also optionally exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 2.45 cPs, at most 2.50 cPs, or at most 2.60 cPs. In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, can exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 5.24 cPs, for example at most 5.19 cPs, at most 5.16 cPs, at most 5.14 cPs, at most 5.12 cPs, at most 5.10 cPs, at most 5.08 cPs, at most 5.06 cPs, at most 5.04 cPs, at most 5.02 cPs, at most 4.96 cPs, or at most 4.94 cPs (particularly at most 5.16 cPs or at most 5.06 cPs). While there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition can also optionally exhibit an HTHS100 of at least 4.50 cPs or at least 4.60 cPs.

[0094] Additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 7.84 cPs, such as at most 7.75 cPs, at most 7.70 cPs, at most 7.65 cPs, at most 7.64 cPs, at most 7.63 cPs, at most 7.60 cPs, at most 7.55 cPs, or at most 7.50 cPs (particularly at most 7.65 cPs, at most 7.60 cPs, or at most 7.50 cPs). While there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS80 of at least 6.70 cPs or at least 6.85 cPs.

[0095] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, has a kinematic viscosity of 6.10 cSt to 8.30 cSt, for example 6.10 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 8.00 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.90 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.80 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.70 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.60 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.50 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.40 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.30 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.20 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 6.10 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 8.00 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.90 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.80 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.70 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.60 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.50 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.40 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.30 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.20 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 8.00 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.90 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.80 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.70 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.60 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.50 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.40 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.30 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.20 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 8.00 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.90 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.80 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.70 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.60 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.50 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.40 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.30 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.20 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 6.40 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 8.00 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.90 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.80 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.70 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.60 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.50 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.40 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.30 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.20 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.50 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 8.00 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.90 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.80 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.70 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.60 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.50 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.40 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.30 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.20 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.60 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 8.00 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.90 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.80 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.70 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.60 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.50 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.40 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.30 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.20 cSt, 6.70 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 8.30 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 8.10 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 8.00 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.90 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.80 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.70 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.60 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.50 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.40 cSt, 6.80 cSt to 7.30 cSt, or 6.80 cSt to 7.20 cSt (in particular, 6.10 cSt to 8.20 cSt, 6.30 cSt to 8.It may exhibit a KV100 of 10 cSt, or 6.50 cSt to 8.00 cSt).

[0096] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, in particular, one formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit a KV40 of at most 33.5 cSt, for example at most 33.0 cSt, at most 32.5 cSt, at most 32.0 cSt, at most 31.7 cSt, at most 31.4 cSt, at most 31.1 cSt, or at most 30.8 cSt (in particular, at most 32.5 cSt or at most 31.4 cSt). The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also, optionally, exhibit a KV40 of at least 27.0 cSt or at least 28.0 cSt. Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, in particular, one formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit a KV20 of at most 76.5 cSt, for example at most 76.0 cSt, at most 75.5 cSt, at most 75.0 cSt, at most 74.5 cSt, at most 74.0 cSt, at most 73.5 cSt, at most 73.0 cSt, at most 72.5 cSt, or at most 72.0 cSt (in particular, at most 75.0 cSt or at most 73.5 cSt). The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also, optionally, exhibit a KV20 of at least 35.0 cSt or at least 40.0 cSt.

[0097] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, in particular, one formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at least 160, for example at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, or at least 200 (in particular, at least 160 or at least 165). The upper limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also, optionally, exhibit a VI of at most 280, at most 250, or at most 210. In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specification, when measured in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, may exhibit soot dispersibility such that the non-linear APY value is at most 0.60 Pa, for example at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.31 Pa, at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, or at most 0.34 Pa). Since the minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a composition of extremely high soot dispersant, there is not necessarily a lower limit for soot dispersibility with respect to APY. Although not essential, the soot dispersibility can be summarized, in addition to or instead of the above, by a soot evaluation (unitless) such that in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, at least 13, for example at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, or at least 75 (particularly at least 13, at least 20, or at least 25) is achieved using a linear model. There is not necessarily an upper limit for soot dispersibility with respect to the linear soot evaluation, but the linear model soot evaluation can optionally be at most 110, at most 105, or at most 100.

[0098] The lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, in particular those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, can exhibit a HTHS150 of at least 1.90 cPs, for example at least 1.94 cPs, at least 1.95 cPs, at least 1.96 cPs, at least 1.97 cPs, at least 1.98 cPs, at least 1.99 cPs, at least 2.00 cPs, at least 2.01 cPs, at least 2.02 cPs, at least 2.03 cPs, at least 2.04 cPs, or at least 2.05 cPs (in particular, at least 1.95 cPs). There is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, but the lubricant composition can also optionally exhibit a HTHS150 of at most 2.25 cPs, at most 2.30 cPs, or at most 2.40 cPs. In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, in particular those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, can exhibit a HTHS100 of at most 4.74 cPs, for example at most 4.69 cPs, at most 4.66 cPs, at most 4.64 cPs, at most 4.62 cPs, at most 4.60 cPs, at most 4.58 cPs, at most 4.56 cPs, at most 4.54 cPs, at most 4.52 cPs, at most 4.46 cPs, or at most 4.44 cPs (in particular, at most 4.56 cPs or at most 4.52 cPs). There is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, but the lubricant composition can also optionally exhibit a HTHS100 of at least 3.90 cPs or at least 3.95 cPs.

[0099] Additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 7.04 cPs, for example at most 6.95 cPs, at most 6.90 cPs, at most 6.85 cPs, at most 6.84 cPs, at most 6.83 cPs, at most 6.80 cPs, at most 6.75 cPs, or at most 6.70 cPs (particularly at most 6.83 cPs, at most 6.80 cPs, or at most 6.70 cPs). While there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS80 of at least 5.50 cPs or at least 5.60 cPs.

[0100] In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, has a kinematic viscosity (KV100) at approximately 100 °C of 5.00 cSt to 7.10 cSt, for example 5.00 cSt to 7.05 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.65 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.60 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.50 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.40 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.30 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.20 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 7.05 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.65 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.60 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.50 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.40 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.30 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.20 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 7.05 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.65 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.60 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.50 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.40 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.30 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.20 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 5.40 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 7.05 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 5.It may represent 60 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.65 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.60 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.50 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.40 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.30 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.20 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 5.60 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 7.05 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.65 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.60 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.50 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.40 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.30 cSt, 5.80 cSt to 6.20 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 7.05 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.65 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.60 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.50 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.40 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.05 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 7.00 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.95 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.90 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.85 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.80 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.75 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.70 cSt, 6.20 cSt to 6.65 cSt, or 6.20 cSt to 6.60 cSt (in particular, 5.00 cSt to 7.10 cSt, 6.00 cSt to 6.85 cSt, or 6.20 cSt to 6.75 cSt).

[0101] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV40) at approximately 40°C of at most 30.0 cSt, for example at most 29.5 cSt, at most 29.0 cSt, at most 28.5 cSt, at most 28.3 cSt, at most 28.1 cSt, at most 27.9 cSt, at most 27.7 cSt, or at most 27.5 (particularly at most 29.0 cSt, at most 28.5, or at most 27.9 cSt). The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV40 of at least 22.5 cSt or at least 23.0 cSt.

[0102] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity (KV20) at approximately 20°C of at most 68.0 cSt, for example at most 66.0 cSt, at most 65.5 cSt, at most 65.0 cSt, at most 64.5 cSt, at most 64.0 cSt, at most 63.7 cSt, or at most 63.5 cSt (particularly at most 64.5 cSt or at most 64.0 cSt). The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also, in some cases, exhibit a KV20 of at least 30.0 cSt or at least 40.0 cSt.

[0103] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at least 150, for example at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, or at least 180 (particularly at least 160 or at least 165). The upper limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also, in some cases, exhibit a VI of at most 280, at most 240, or at most 210.

[0104] Still further in addition to or in place of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, when measured in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, may exhibit soot dispersibility such that the non-linear APY value is at most 0.60 Pa, for example at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.31 Pa, at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, or at most 0.34 Pa). Since the minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a very high soot dispersant composition, there is not necessarily a lower limit for soot dispersibility with respect to APY. Although not essential, the soot dispersibility can be summarized, in addition to or in place of the above, by a soot evaluation such that in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, using a linear model, it achieves at least 13, for example at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, or at least 75 (particularly, at least 13, at least 20, or at least 25) (unitless) of soot evaluation. There is not necessarily an upper limit for soot dispersibility with respect to the linear soot evaluation, but the linear model soot evaluation can optionally be at most 110, at most 105, or at most 100.

[0105] Lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may exhibit a HTHS150 of at least 1.60 cPs, for example at least 1.64 cPs, at least 1.65 cPs, at least 1.66 cPs, at least 1.67 cPs, at least 1.68 cPs, at least 1.69 cPs, at least 1.70 cPs, at least 1.71 cPs, at least 1.72 cPs, at least 1.73 cPs, at least 1.74 cPs, or at least 1.75 cPs (particularly at least 1.65 cPs). While there is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a HTHS150 of at most 1.95 cPs, at most 2.00 cPs, or at most 2.10 cPs.

[0106] In addition or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may exhibit a HTHS100 of at most 4.34 cPs, for example at most 4.29 cPs, at most 4.26 cPs, at most 4.24 cPs, at most 4.22 cPs, at most 4.20 cPs, at most 4.18 cPs, at most 4.16 cPs, at most 4.14 cPs, at most 4.12 cPs, at most 4.06 cPs, or at most 4.04 cPs (particularly at most 4.26 cPs or at most 4.12 cPs). While there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a HTHS100 of at least 3.45 cPs or at least 3.60 cPs.

[0107] Additionally or alternatively, a lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specification, may exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 6.24 cPs, such as at most 6.15 cPs, at most 6.10 cPs, at most 6.05 cPs, at most 6.04 cPs, at most 6.03 cPs, at most 6.00 cPs, at most 5.95 cPs, or at most 5.90 cPs (particularly, at most 6.10 cPs, at most 6.00 cPs, or at most 5.90 cPs). While there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS80 of at least 4.90 cPs or at least 5.00 cPs.

[0108] In addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, has a kinematic viscosity (KV100) at approximately 100 °C of 4.00 cSt to 6.10 cSt, for example 4.00 cSt to 6.05 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.65 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.60 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.50 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.40 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.30 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.20 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.10 cSt, 4.00 cSt to 5.00 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 6.05 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.65 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.60 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.50 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.40 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.30 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.20 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.10 cSt, 4.20 cSt to 5.00 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 6.05 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.65 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.60 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.50 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.40 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.30 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.20 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.10 cSt, 4.40 cSt to 5.00 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 6.05 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.65 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.60 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.50 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.40 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.30 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.20 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.10 cSt, 4.60 cSt to 5.00 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 6.05 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.65 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.60 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.50 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.40 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.30 cSt, 4.80 cSt to 5.20 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.05 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.65 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.60 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.50 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.40 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.05 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 6.00 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.95 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.90 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.85 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.80 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.75 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.70 cSt, 5.20 cSt to 5.65 cSt, or 5.20 cSt to 5.60 cSt (in particular, 4.00 cSt to 6.10 cSt, 5.00 cSt to 5.85 cSt, or 5.20 cSt to 5.75 cSt) may be indicated.

[0109] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may have a kinematic viscosity (KV40) at approximately 40 °C of at most 26.5 cSt, for example at most 26.0 cSt, at most 25.5 cSt, at most 25.3 cSt, at most 25.1 cSt, at most 24.9 cSt, at most 24.7 cSt, or at most 24.5 cSt (particularly at most 26.0 cSt, at most 25.5 cSt, or at most 24.9 cSt). There is not necessarily a lower limit for this specification, but the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a KV40 of at least 20.0 cSt or at least 20.5 cSt.

[0110] Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may have a kinematic viscosity (KV20) at approximately 20 °C of at most 60.0 cSt, for example at most 59.0 cSt, at most 58.5 cSt, at most 58.0 cSt, at most 57.5 cSt, at most 57.0 cSt, at most 56.5 cSt, at most 56.0 cSt, at most 55.5 cSt, at most 55.0 cSt, or at most 54.5 cSt (particularly at most 58.5 cSt or at most 56.0 cSt). There is not necessarily a lower limit for this specification, but the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a KV20 of at least 28.0 cSt or at least 32.0 cSt. Furthermore, in addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, may have a viscosity index (VI) of at least 140, for example at least 145, at least 150, at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, or at least 180 (particularly at least 140 or at least 150). There is not necessarily an upper limit for this specification, but the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit a VI of at most 270, at most 230, or at most 200.

[0111] In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specification, when measured in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, have a non-linear APY value of at most 0.60 Pa, for example at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.31 Pa, at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, or at most 0.34 Pa), and can exhibit soot dispersibility such that it achieves this value. Since the minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a composition with a very high soot dispersant, there is not necessarily a lower limit for soot dispersibility with respect to APY. Although not essential, the soot dispersibility can be summarized, in addition to or instead of the above, by a soot evaluation (unitless) of at least 13, for example at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, or at least 75 (particularly at least 13, at least 20, or at least 25) when using a linear model in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition. There is not necessarily an upper limit for soot dispersibility with respect to the linear soot evaluation, but the linear model soot evaluation can optionally be at most 110, at most 105, or at most 100.

[0112] Lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, can exhibit an HTHS150 of at least 2.80 cPs, for example at least 2.84 cPs, at least 2.85 cPs, at least 2.86 cPs, at least 2.87 cPs, at least 2.88 cPs, at least 2.89 cPs, at least 2.90 cPs, at least 2.91 cPs, at least 2.92 cPs, at least 2.93 cPs, at least 2.94 cPs, or at least 2.95 cPs (particularly at least 2.85 cPs). There is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, but the lubricant composition can also optionally exhibit an HTHS150 of at most 3.55 cPs, at most 3.75 cPs, or at most 3.90 cPs.

[0113] In addition or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, can exhibit an HTHS100 of at most 7.74 cPs, for example at most 7.69 cPs, at most 7.66 cPs, at most 7.64 cPs, at most 7.62 cPs, at most 7.60 cPs, at most 7.58 cPs, at most 7.56 cPs, at most 7.54 cPs, at most 7.52 cPs, at most 7.46 cPs, or at most 7.44 cPs (particularly at most 7.64 cPs or at most 7.52 cPs). There is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, but the lubricant composition can also optionally exhibit an HTHS100 of at least 6.90 cPs or at least 7.05 cPs.

[0114] Additionally or alternatively, lubricant compositions according to the present disclosure, particularly those formulated to meet 5W30 lubricant specifications, may exhibit an HTHS80 of at most 12.5 cPs, such as at most 12.3 cPs, at most 12.1 cPs, at most 11.9 cPs, at most 11.7 cPs, at most 11.6 cPs, at most 11.5 cPs, at most 11.4 cPs, at most 11.3 cPs, at most 11.2 cPs, at most 11.1 cPs, or at most 11.0 cPs (particularly at most 12.1 cPs or at most 11.6 cPs). While there is not necessarily a lower limit to this specification, the lubricant composition may also optionally exhibit an HTHS80 of at least 8.50 cPs or at least 9.00 cPs.

[0115] In addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, has a viscosity of 9.30 cSt to 13.0 cSt, such as 9.30 cSt to 12.5 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 12.2 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 11.9 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 11.6 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 11.3 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 11.0 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 10.7 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 10.5 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 10.3 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 10.1 cSt, 9.30 cSt to 9.90 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 13.0 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 12.5 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 12.2 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 11.9 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 11.6 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 11.3 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 11.0 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 10.7 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 10.5 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 10.3 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 10.1 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 9.90 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 13.0 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 12.5 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 12.2 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 11.9 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 11.6 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 11.3 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 11.0 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 10.7 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 10.5 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 10.3 cSt, 9.60 cSt to 10.1 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 13.0 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 12.5 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 12.2 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 11.9 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 11.6 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 11.3 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 11.0 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 10.7 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 10.5 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 10.3 cSt, 9.75 cSt to 10.1 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 13.0 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 12.5 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 12.2 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 11.9 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 11.6 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 11.3 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 11.0 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 10.7 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 10.5 cSt, 9.90 cSt to 10.3 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 13.0 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 12.5 cSt, 10.KV100 can be shown as 0 cSt to 12.2 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 11.9 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 11.6 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 11.3 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 11.0 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 10.7 cSt, 10.0 cSt to 10.5 cSt (in particular, 9.30 cSt to 12.5 cSt, 9.45 cSt to 12.2 cSt, or 9.60 cSt to 11.6 cSt).

[0116] In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may show a KV40 of at most 60.0 cSt, for example at most 59.0 cSt, at most 58.0 cSt, at most 57.0 cSt, at most 56.0 cSt, at most 55.0 cSt, at most 54.0 cSt, at most 53.0 cSt, at most 52.0 cSt, at most 51.0 cSt, or at most 50.0 cSt (in particular, at most 58.0 cSt or at most 56.0 cSt). The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also, in some cases, show a KV40 of at least 40.0 cSt or at least 45.0 cSt.

[0117] In addition to or instead of this, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may show a KV20 of at most 150 cSt, for example at most 146 cSt, at most 142 cSt, at most 138 cSt, at most 134 cSt, at most 130 cSt, at most 126 cSt, at most 122 cSt, at most 118 cSt, or at most 115 cSt (in particular, at most 142 cSt or at most 130 cSt). The lower limit of this specification does not necessarily exist, but the lubricant composition may also, in some cases, show a KV20 of at least 80.0 cSt or at least 84.0 cSt.

[0118] In addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, may exhibit a viscosity index (VI) of at least 175, for example at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, at least 200, or at least 205 (particularly at least 175 or at least 185). There is not necessarily an upper limit to this specification, but the lubricant composition may also, optionally, exhibit a VI of up to 270, up to 240, or up to 220.

[0119] In addition to or instead of that, the lubricant composition according to the present disclosure, particularly one formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specification, exhibits soot dispersibility such that when measured in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition, it achieves a non-linear APY value of at most 0.60 Pa, for example at most 0.55 Pa, at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.49 Pa, at most 0.46 Pa, at most 0.43 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, at most 0.37 Pa, at most 0.34 Pa, at most 0.31 Pa, at most 0.28 Pa, at most 0.25 Pa, at most 0.23 Pa, at most 0.22, at most 0.21 Pa, at most 0.20 Pa, at most 0.19 Pa, at most 0.18 Pa, at most 0.17 Pa, at most 0.16 Pa, or at most 0.15 Pa (particularly at most 0.52 Pa, at most 0.40 Pa, or at most 0.34 Pa). Since the minimum measured APY value of 0.00 Pa represents a composition with a very high soot dispersant, there is not necessarily a lower limit for soot dispersibility with respect to APY. Although not essential, the soot dispersibility can be summarized, in addition to or instead of the above, by a soot evaluation (unitless) that achieves at least 13, for example at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, or at least 75 (particularly at least 13, at least 20, or at least 25) using a linear model in the presence of about 6% by mass of additional carbon black in the lubricant composition. There is not necessarily an upper limit for soot dispersibility with respect to the linear soot evaluation, but the linear model soot evaluation can optionally be at most 110, at most 105, or at most 100.

[0120] Further Embodiments In addition to or instead of that, the present disclosure may include one or more of the following embodiments. Embodiment 1: A lubricant base material; at least one lubricant additive including an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal swelling control agent, or a combination thereof; and at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; (c) a C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; and (d) a C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, wherein the total of the repeating units based on the C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer and the C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupies at least 21.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier as a whole, a lubricant composition.

[0121] Embodiment 2: The comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier of the lubricant composition according to Embodiment 1 substantially does not contain repeating units based on a styrene-based monomer, and the repeating units based on the C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupy 5.0% to 35.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier. Embodiment 3: The repeating units based on the C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupy at least 10.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier, and the repeating units based on the C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupy at least 11.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier, the lubricant composition according to Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2.

[0122] Embodiment 4: (i) Whether the repeating unit based on hydrogenated polybutadiene (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer accounts for 7.0% to 18% by mass of the repeating unit of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; (ii) Whether the repeating unit based on C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer accounts for 33% to 64% by mass of the repeating unit of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; or (iii) Both (i) and (ii), a lubricant composition according to any one of the above embodiments. Embodiment 5 C6-C 20 A lubricant composition according to any one of the above embodiments, wherein the repeating unit based on aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer accounts for 3.0% to 27% by mass of the repeating unit of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0123] Embodiment 6: (i) Whether the C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer is butyl acrylate and / or butyl methacrylate; (ii) Whether the C 12 -C 24 A lubricant composition according to any one of the above embodiments, wherein the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer contains lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof; or (iii) Both (i) and (ii). Embodiment 7 The C6-C 20The lubricant composition of any one of the above embodiments, wherein the aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer comprises benzyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, naphthyl acrylate, naphthyl methacrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, toluyl acrylate, toluyl methacrylate, phenylethyl acrylate, phenylethyl methacrylate, nonylnaphthyl acrylate, nonylnaphthyl methacrylate, anthracenyl acrylate, anthracenyl methacrylate, phenanthrenyl acrylate, phenanthrenyl methacrylate, fluorenyl acrylate, fluorenyl methacrylate, ethylfluorenyl acrylate, ethylfluorenyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0124] Embodiment 8: The lubricant composition of any one of the above embodiments, comprising 0.8% to 8.0% by mass of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier based on the total mass of the lubricant composition. Embodiment 9: The lubricant composition of any one of the above embodiments, comprising 75% to 95% by mass of a lubricating oil base stock, wherein the lubricating oil base stock comprises a Group I base stock, a Group II base stock, a Group III base stock, or a mixture thereof.

[0125] Embodiment 10: Exhibiting a non-linear model applicable yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.35 Pa and / or a linear model soot evaluation of at least 25; and having at least three of the following characteristics: a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cPs at approximately 150°C; a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS100) of at most 5.60 cPs at approximately 100°C; a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS80) of at most 8.30 cPs at approximately 80°C; a KV100 of 6.80 cSt to 9.00 cSt; a kinematic viscosity (KV40) of at most 35.0 cSt at approximately 40°C; a kinematic viscosity (KV20) of at most 79.5 cSt at approximately 20°C; and a viscosity index of at least 175. The lubricant composition of any one of the above embodiments.

[0126] Embodiment 11 The comb copolymer viscosity modifier is C 12 -C 24 a repeating unit based on an alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer and C6-C 20 at least 23.0% by mass in total of a repeating unit based on an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, and the comb copolymer viscosity modifier has a number average molecular weight of 625,000 g / mol or less (or 600,000 g / mol or less, or 100,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or 200,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, or 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol) when measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35 °C using a polystyrene standard, and the lubricant composition shows a non-linear model application yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.35 Pa and / or a linear model soot evaluation of at least 25, and the following characteristics: a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS150) at about 150 °C of at least 2.55 cPs; a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS100) at about 100 °C of at most 5.58 cPs; a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS80) at about 80 °C of at most 8.25 cPs; KV100 of 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt; a kinematic viscosity (KV40) at about 40 °C of at most 34.5 cSt; a kinematic viscosity (KV20) at about 20 °C of at most 79.0 cSt; and a viscosity index (VI) of at least 180, and shows at least 4 of them, a lubricant composition according to any one of the above embodiments.

[0127] Embodiment 12 The comb copolymer viscosity modifier is (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24 an alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; and (d) C6-C 20A lubricant composition according to any one of the above embodiments, produced by polymerization of monomers consisting essentially of aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate esters monomers.

[0128] Embodiment 13: A lubricant composition according to any one of the above embodiments, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is produced by polymerization of monomers that (i) substantially do not contain styrene or styrene-based monomers; and (ii) substantially do not contain styrene-based repeating units or styrene-based repeating units. Embodiment 14: The comb copolymer viscosity modifier is monomer (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). Monomer (a), (b), (c), and (d) are different, C1-C 18 Alkyl end cap or C6-C 20 A lubricant composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 13, produced by polymerization of at least one additional olefin-based monomer that is not an alkyl end cap or a C6-C aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl end cap C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk) acrylate ester monomer, nor a hydroxyalkyl or H end cap oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk) acrylate monomer.

[0129] Embodiment 15: A method for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility of a lubricant composition, comprising forming a mixture in which the viscosity and dispersibility are adjusted by combining a comb copolymer viscosity modifier for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility amount with the following lubricant composition components: (1) a lubricating oil base material containing at least 75% by mass of one or more base materials; (2) at least one lubricant additive including an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal swelling control agent, or a combination thereof; or (3) a mixture containing both (1) and (2), wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C24 Alkyl (Alk) acrylate ester monomer: and (d) C6-C 20 Prepared by polymerization including aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (Alk) acrylate ester monomer, this C 12 -C 24 The total of the repeating units based on alkyl (Alk) acrylate ester monomer and C6-C 20 The repeating units based on aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (Alk) acrylate ester monomer accounts for at least 21.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier as a whole, and the mixture with the viscosity and dispersibility adjusted is (i) with respect to soot dispersibility, at least 25% improvement compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) with respect to one or more (or two or more or three or more or four or more or five or more or six or more or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI, shows at least 5% difference compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and optionally, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier shows a number average molecular weight of 625,000 g / mol or less (or 600,000 g / mol or less, or 100,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or 200,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, or 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol) when measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35 °C using a polystyrene standard.

[0130] Embodiment 16 The method of Embodiment 15, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier for adjusting viscosity and dispersibility is 1.0% by mass to 7.0% by mass based on the total mass of the mixture whose viscosity is adjusted, and the one or more base materials include Group I, Group II, and Group III base materials. Embodiment 17 The method according to Embodiment 15 or Embodiment 16, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is combined with (1) a lubricating oil base material or (3) a lubricant composition containing at least one of (1) and (2) lubricant additives, and thus the 25% improvement and 5% difference are compared with the lubricant composition component (1) or (3).

[0131] Embodiment 18 The method according to any one of Embodiments 15 to 17, wherein the mixture with adjusted viscosity and dispersibility shows at least a 33% improvement with respect to the measurement of the yield stress of the non-linear model application of soot dispersibility and at least a 5% difference with respect to 4 or more (or 5 or more or 6 or more or all 7) of the listed viscosity characteristics. Embodiment 19 The method according to any one of Embodiments 15 to 18, wherein the mixture with adjusted viscosity shows at least a 33% improvement with respect to the measurement of the yield stress of the non-linear model application of soot dispersibility and at least a 10% difference with respect to 3 or more (or 4 or more or 5 or more or 6 or more or all 7) of the listed viscosity characteristics.

[0132] Embodiment 20 Use of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility of a lubricant composition, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; (c) a C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer: and (d) a C6-C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, and is produced by polymerization containing this C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer-based repeating unit and C6-C 20The total of the repeating units based on aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomers accounts for at least 21.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier as a whole, and the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is used in the following lubricant composition components: (1) a lubricating oil base material containing at least 75% by mass of one or more base oils; (2) at least one lubricant additive including an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal swelling control agent, or a combination thereof; or (3) combined with one of the lubricant compositions including both (1) and (2) to form a mixture with adjusted viscosity and dispersibility, which shows (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersibility compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) at least a 5% difference compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb copolymer viscosity modifier for one or more (or two or more or three or more or four or more or five or more or six or more or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI, and optionally, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier shows a number average molecular weight of 625,000 g / mol or less (or 600,000 g / mol or less, or 100,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, or 200,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, or 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol) when measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at about 35 °C using a polystyrene standard.

[0133] Embodiment 21 When applicable, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier and the lubricant composition are as in any one of Embodiments 1 to 14, and the method or use of any one of Embodiments 15 to 20.

Examples

[0134] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described only by non-limiting examples. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples, which is not intended to impose any limitation. Synthesis of Monomers n-butyl methacrylate, mixed C 12 / C 14 Specific monomers such as methacrylate (under the trade name LMA 1214F from BASF), benzyl methacrylate, and naphthyl methacrylate were commercially obtained. Other acrylate monomers and macromonomers can be obtained commercially or can be fully or partially synthesized. For example, (meth)acrylic acid (or its soluble salt) and a terminal monoalcohol (e.g., Krasol™ HLBH5000m from Total Cray Valley, Exton, Pennsylvania) reactants are commercially available, exposed to (condensation) reaction conditions to produce a (macro)monomer, and if necessary / desired, can be sufficiently isolated / purified for subsequent polymerization.

[0135] Copolymer Synthesis - Comparative Examples 1 - 2 and Examples 3 - 22 For Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 12, 14, 18-20, a monomer mixture (at about 30 grams scale) and a diluent / substrate (at about 45 grams scale, about 1.5 times the total monomer content) were added to a four-neck round-bottom flask (about 250 mL) equipped with an overhead stirrer, a nitrogen sparge tube, a thermocouple, a thermowell, and a Friedrich water condenser. The diluent / substrate was either all Nexbase™ 3030 (about 45 grams), or an about 4:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Amexom 100 (about 36 grams and about 9 grams respectively). The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate macromonomer (h-PBDMA), butyl methacrylate, and LMA 1214F from BASF (a commercial mixture of dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl methacrylate), and optionally also benzyl methacrylate (BzMA), in specific composition ratios, e.g., 15 / 75 / 10 / 0 mass% or 15 / 59 / 21 / 5 mass%. This reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen for about 20 - 30 minutes and then heated to about 115 °C under positive nitrogen pressure. In a separate flask, an initiator solution (about 6 grams) was prepared by diluting 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane (about 50% in petroleum spirit) (about 0.12 grams) with a diluent / substrate (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030) (about 6 grams). The final molar ratio of monomer to initiator was about 666 / 1. At about 115 °C, the first about 1 / 3 of the initiator solution was added to initiate the polymerization. Next, the reaction was held at about 115 °C for about 3 hours, after which a second dose of initiator (the second about 1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. After another about 3 hours, the final initiator dose (the third about 1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. The polymerization was held at about 115 °C for a total of about 8 - 9 hours (e.g., 1 to obtain at least 95% conversion of the monomer mixture as indicated by the residual olefinic hydrogens relative to ester hydrogens in 1H NMR). After the "completion" of the copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 substrate) was added at about 115 °C under nitrogen, if necessary, to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (about 25 - 40 mass%).

[0136] For Examples 3 - 4, 7 - 9, 13, and 16 - 17, polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymers were formed using the following copolymerization procedure. A monomer mixture (on a scale of about 60 grams) and a diluent / substrate (on a scale of about 90 grams, about 1.5 times the total monomer content) were added to a four - necked round - bottom flask (about 500 mL) equipped with an overhead stirrer, a nitrogen sparge tube, a thermocouple, a thermowell, and a Friedrich water condenser. The diluent / substrate was either all Nexbase™ 3030 (about 90 grams) or a ca. 2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Isopar M (about 60 grams and about 30 grams respectively). The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate macromonomer (h - PBDMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), LMA 1214F from BASF (a commercial mixture of dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl methacrylates), and optionally also benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in specific composition ratios, e.g., 15 / 48 / 25 / 12 mass% or 15 / 60 / 25 / 0 mass%. This reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen for about 20 - 30 minutes and then heated to about 115 °C under positive nitrogen pressure. In a separate flask, an initiator solution (about 6 grams) was prepared by diluting 2,2 - bis(t - butylperoxy)butane (ca. 50% in petroleum spirit) (about 0.22 grams) with a diluent / substrate (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030) (about 6 grams). The final molar ratio of monomer to initiator was about 666 / 1. At about 115 °C, the first ca. 1 / 3 of the initiator solution was added to initiate polymerization. Next, the reaction was held at about 115 °C for about 3 hours, after which a second dose of initiator (the second ca. 1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. After another ca. 3 hours, the final initiator dose (the third ca. 1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. The polymerization was held at about 115 °C for a total of about 8 - 9 hours (e.g., 1 to obtain a conversion of at least 95% of the monomer mixture as indicated by the residual olefinic hydrogens relative to the ester hydrogens in 1H NMR). After the "completion" of the copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 substrate) was added under nitrogen at about 115 °C as needed to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (about 25 - 40 mass%).

[0137] For Examples 5 - 6 and 10, all aspects of the comb copolymer synthesis were the same as those described above for Examples 3 - 4, 7 - 9, 13, and 16 - 17, except that the copolymer synthesis batch was further scaled up to a ~2 L flask containing a total monomer mixture of ~360 grams, a diluent / base material of ~540 grams (which is about 1.5 times the total monomer content; also a ~2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Isopar M), and Nexbase™ 3030 (about 10.7 grams), with an initiator (about 1.3 grams) corresponding amount (about 12 grams) (similarly to obtain a molar ratio of monomer to initiator of about 666 / 1). The same monomers (either with or without BzMA), initiator, and diluent / base material were used, with the same copolymerization scheme (all monomers added in advance; the initiator solution added in three portions) and reaction time. Similarly, after the "completion" of the scaled-up copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base material) was added under nitrogen at about 115 °C as needed to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (about 25 - 40 mass%).

[0138] For Examples 11 and 15, all aspects of the comb copolymer synthesis were the same as those described above for Example 10, except that the copolymer synthesis batch was further scaled up to a ~5 L flask containing a total monomer mixture of ~720 grams, a diluent / base material of ~1080 grams (which is about 1.5 times the total monomer content; a ~2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Isopar M), and Nexbase™ 3030 (about 9.5 grams), with an initiator (about 2.5 grams) corresponding amount (about 12 grams) (similarly to obtain a molar ratio of monomer to initiator of about 666 / 1). The same monomers, initiator, and diluent / base material were used, with the same copolymerization scheme (all monomers added in advance; the initiator solution added in three portions) and reaction time. Similarly, after the "completion" of the further scaled-up copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base material) was added under nitrogen at about 115 °C as needed to achieve the target comb copolymer concentrate content (about 25 - 40 mass%).

[0139] Regarding Example 21, a monomer mixture (at about 700 grams scale) and Yubase™ 3 diluent / base material (at about 1050 grams scale, about 1.5 times the total monomer content) were added to a four-neck round-bottom flask (about 500 mL) equipped with an overhead stirrer, a nitrogen sparge tube, a thermocouple, a thermowell, and a Friedrich water condenser. The monomer mixture contained h-PBDMA macromonomer, butyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate from Miwon Specialty Chemicals of Korea, and benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in a composition ratio of approximately 13 / 52 / 25 / 10 mass %. After sparging this reaction mixture with nitrogen for about 20 - 30 minutes, it was heated to about 90 °C under positive nitrogen pressure. In a separate flask, an initiator solution (about 6 grams) was prepared by diluting t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (about 3.3 grams) with Yubase™ 3 diluent / base material (about 6 grams). The final molar ratio of monomer to initiator was about 240 / 1. At about 90 °C, the first approximately 1 / 3 of the initiator solution was added to initiate polymerization. Next, the reaction was held at about 90 °C for about 1.5 hours, after which a second dose of initiator (the second approximately 1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. After about 2 more hours, the final initiator dose (the third approximately 1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. Then, over about 2 hours, additional Yubase™ 3 diluent / base material (about 578 grams) was gradually added to this polymerization. The polymerization was held at about 90 °C for a total of about 8 - 9 hours (for example, 1 to obtain a conversion of at least 95% of the monomer mixture as indicated by residual olefinic hydrogen relative to ester hydrogen in 1H NMR). A target of about 25 - 40 mass % comb copolymer concentrate content was aimed for.

[0140] Regarding Example 22, all aspects of the synthesis of the comb copolymer were the same as those described above regarding Example 21, except that the copolymer synthesis batch was further scaled up to a container of about 10 L, and Nexbase (trademark) 3030 was used instead of Yubase (trademark) 3 diluent / base material. Also, the monomer mixture contained h-PBDMA macromonomer, butyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate from Miwon Specialty Chemicals of Korea, and benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in a composition ratio of approximately 15 / 48 / 25 / 12 mass %.

Table 1

[0141] Table 1 shows the relative mass percentages of various monomers added to the reaction mixture, the Mn and Mw values measured by GPC, the conversion rate % ( 1 calculated from 1H NMR), and the actual comb copolymer content (mass %) of the concentrate for Comparative Examples 1 - 2 and Examples 3 - 22. The instrument specifications and analysis conditions were as follows: Waters RID and UV215 nm; software: Empower 3; Waters Acquity APC equipped with columns (3×4.6×150 mm system): APC-XT 450 (about 2.5 μm), APC-XT200 (about 2.5 μm), and APC-XT45 (about 1.7 μm); mobile phase and flow: >99.9% Fisher optima gold label HPLC grade THF without stabilizer; flow rate: about 0.25 mL / min, retention time about 35 min; oven temperature: about 35 °C; sample concentration: about 1 mg (solid polymer) / mL; sample preparation: completely dissolved overnight and then filtered through a about 0.45 μm PTFE filter; injection volume: about 10 μL; polystyrene calibration curve.

[0142] For the copolymers of Comparative Example 1 and Examples 3 - 4, 7 - 9, 12, 14, and 16 - 20, first, a portion of each synthetic concentrate was taken and diluted (with Yubase 4) to a target KV100 of approximately 8 cSt. For these further diluted samples, the compositional KV100 was adjusted to approximately 8 cSt in order to measure the viscosity index (VI) as a comparative performance indicator. These data and KV40 are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

[0143] Copolymer Synthesis - Examples 23 - 27 For Examples 23 - 25, all aspects of the comb copolymer synthesis were the same as those described above for Examples 18 - 20, except that benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) was replaced with naphthyl methacrylate (NMA) and the monomer mixture was split into two parts. The first monomer fraction contained a homogenized combination of all h - PBDMA, all LMA 1214F, and approximately one - third (about 1 / 3) of BMA. The second monomer fraction contained a homogenized combination of all NMA and the remaining approximately two - thirds (about 2 / 3) of BMA. In some cases, the second fraction needed to be homogenized at about 115 °C. These separately homogenized first and second monomer fractions were then added together to the reaction mixture and sparged with nitrogen for about 20 - 30 minutes. Otherwise, the same initiator and diluent / substrate were used, and the same copolymerization scheme (all monomers were added in advance; the initiator solution was added in three portions; the ratio of monomer to initiator was the same) and reaction time / temperature were used.

[0144] For Examples 26 - 27, all aspects of the comb copolymer synthesis were the same as those described above for Examples 7 - 9, except that benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) was used. Otherwise, the same initiator and diluent / substrate were used, and the same copolymerization scheme (all monomers were added in advance; the initiator solution was added in three portions; the ratio of monomer to initiator was the same) and reaction time / temperature were used.

[0145] Table 3 shows the relative mass percentages of the various monomers added to the reaction mixtures, the Mn and Mw values measured by GPC, the conversion % ( 1 calculated from 1H NMR), and the actual comb copolymer content (mass %) of the concentrates, for Examples 8 and 23 - 27. The instrument specifications and analysis conditions were the same as those specified for Comparative Examples 1 - 2 and Examples 3 - 22. **Table 3**

[0146] For the copolymers of Examples 8 and 23 - 27, first, a portion of each synthetic concentrate was taken and diluted (with Yubase 4) to a target KV100 of approximately 8 cSt. For these further diluted samples, the composition KV100 was adjusted to approximately 8 cSt in order to measure the viscosity index (VI) as a comparative performance indicator. These data and KV40 are shown in Table 4. **Table 4**

[0147] Copolymer Synthesis - Examples 28 - 32 For Examples 28 - 32, all aspects of the synthesis of the comb copolymer differed from Examples 18 - 20 in that in this case benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) was replaced by naphthyl methacrylate (NMA) and the monomer mixture was split in two, but were the same as those described above for Examples 23 - 25. The first monomer fraction contained a combination of all h - PBDMA, all LMA 1214F, and approximately one - third (about 1 / 3) of BMA that was modified. The second monomer fraction contained a combination of all NMA and the remaining approximately two - thirds (about 2 / 3) of BMA that was modified. In some cases the second fraction needed to be homogenized at about 115 °C. These separately homogenized first and second monomer fractions were then added together to the reaction mixture and then sparged with nitrogen for about 20 - 30 minutes. Otherwise, the same initiator and diluent / substrate were used, and the same copolymerization scheme (all monomers were added in advance; the initiator solution was added in three portions; the ratio of monomer to initiator was the same) and reaction time / temperature were used.

[0148] Table 5 shows the relative mass percentages of the various monomers added to the reaction mixture, the Mn and Mw values measured by GPC, the conversion % ( 1 calculated from 1H NMR), and the actual comb copolymer content of the concentrate, for Comparative Example 1 and Examples 3 and 28 - 32. The instrument specifications and analysis conditions were the same as those specified for Comparative Examples 1 - 2 and Examples 3 - 22. For the copolymers of Comparative Example 1 and Examples 3, 28 - 30, and 32, first, a portion of each synthesis concentrate was taken and diluted (with Yubase 4) to a target KV100 of approximately 8 cSt. For these further diluted samples, the composition KV100 was adjusted to about 8 cSt in order to measure the viscosity index (VI) as a comparative performance indicator. These data and KV40 are shown in Table 6. [Table 5] [Table 6]

[0149] Lubricant Formulations - Comparative Examples 33 - 34 and Examples 35 - 52 Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 3-9, 10 (twice), 12-15, 21-22, 26-27 and 32 polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer concentrates were added to the final lubricant compositions of Comparative Examples 33-34 and Examples 35-52 in various proportions. These lubricant compositions also contained at least an additive package concentrate (including one or more dispersants, one or more surfactants, one or more antiwear components, one or more friction modifiers, one or more antioxidants, a diluent / base stock, and optionally one or more other components), a pour point depressant / flow improver, and a diluent / base stock. In Comparative Examples 33-34 and Examples 35-42 and 44-52, the components and proportions of the additive package concentrate and the pour point depressant / flow improver were kept constant (about 13.5% by mass and about 0.2% by mass respectively), but the chemical nature and proportion of the polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier were changed (while keeping the total of the viscosity modifier concentration and the diluent / base stock concentration constant at about 86.3% by mass). In Example 43, the additive package content of this formulation was reduced to about 12.8% by mass, but the pour point depressant / flow improver content was maintained at about 0.2% by mass, and the remainder (other than the copolymer content listed in the table) was the diluent / base stock. Table 7 shows these chemical properties and characteristics, and various relevant viscosity characteristics of each final lubricant composition such as HTHS150 (in cPs), HTHS100 (in cPs), HTHS80 (in cPs), KV100 (in cSt), KV40 (in cSt), KV20 (in cSt), and VI (dimensionless), and various relevant dispersion characteristics of each final lubricant composition such as the non-linear model apparent yield stress (APY) and the linear model soot evaluation.

Table 7

[0150] Lubricant Formulations - Examples 53 - 56 The polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer concentrates of Examples 6, 10, and 11 (twice) were added to the final lubricant compositions of Examples 53 - 56 at various ratios. These lubricant compositions also contained at least an additive package concentrate (including one or more dispersants, one or more surfactants, one or more antiwear components, one or more friction modifiers, one or more antioxidants, a diluent / base stock, and optionally one or more other components), a pour point depressant / flow improver, and a diluent / base stock. Although not critical to the analysis, these formulations were targeted with the 0W - 12 PCMO specification in mind. In Examples 53 - 54, the components and ratios of the additive package concentrate and the pour point depressant / flow improver were kept constant (about 12.3 mass% and about 0.1 mass% respectively), but the chemical nature and ratio of the polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier were changed (while keeping the total of the viscosity modifier concentration and the diluent / base stock concentration constant at about 87.6 mass%). In Example 55, the pour point depressant / flow improver content was kept at about 0.1 mass%, the total of the viscosity modifier concentration and the diluent / base stock concentration was about 87.1 mass%, and the additive package content of the formulation was increased to about 12.8 mass%. In Example 56, the additive package content of the formulation was further increased to about 14.0 mass% and no pour point depressant / flow improver was included, so the total of the viscosity modifier concentration and the diluent / base stock concentration was about 86.0 mass%. Table 8 shows these chemical natures and ratios, as well as various relevant viscosity characteristics of each final lubricant composition such as HTHS150 (in cPs), HTHS100 (in cPs), HTHS80 (in cPs), KV100 (in cSt), KV40 (in cSt), KV20 (in cSt), and VI (dimensionless).

Table 8

[0151] Lubricant Formulations - Example 57 The polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer concentrate of Example 15 was added in proportion to the final lubricant composition of Example 57, which also contained at least an additive package concentrate (comprising one or more dispersants, one or more surfactants, one or more antiwear components, one or more friction modifiers, one or more antioxidants, a diluent / base stock, and optionally one or more other components), a pour point depressant / flow improver, and a diluent / base stock. Although not critical to the analysis, these formulations were targeted with the 5W-30 PCMO specification in mind. In Example 57, the additive package concentrate, pour point depressant / flow improver, polyalkyl(alk)acrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier, and diluent / base stock were in relative ratios of approximately 14.7 wt%, approximately 0.2 wt%, approximately 11.3 wt%, and approximately 73.8 wt%, respectively. Table 9 shows these chemical properties and ratios, as well as various relevant viscosity characteristics of the final lubricant composition such as HTHS150 (in cPs), HTHS100 (in cPs), HTHS80 (in cPs), KV100 (in cSt), KV40 (in cSt), KV20 (in cSt), and VI (dimensionless). [Table 9]

[0152] The disclosures of all patents, documents, and other materials described herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties as part of this specification. As indicated in this specification and the appended claims, a description of a composition containing, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a plurality of recited components should be construed to include compositions made by mixing the recited plurality of components. The principles, preferred embodiments, and modes of operation of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. Although what the applicants present is their invention, the disclosed embodiments are to be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and thus should not be construed as being limited to the specific embodiments disclosed. Those skilled in the art can make changes without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

Claims

1. A lubricating oil base material; At least one lubricant additive comprising an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal swelling control agent, or a combination thereof; and At least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 (c) alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; 12 -C 24 (d) alkyl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; and 6 -C 20 Comb copolymer viscosity modifiers prepared by polymerization containing aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk)acrylate ester monomers; A lubricant composition comprising The comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier does not contain a repeating unit based on a styrene-based monomer, and the repeating unit based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupies 5.0% by mass to 35.0% by mass of the repeating unit of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier, and the C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer and the C 6 -C 20 A lubricant composition in which the total of the repeating units based on the aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupies at least 21.0% by mass of the repeating unit of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier as a whole.

2. C 12 -C 24 The repeating unit based on an alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupies at least 10.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier, C 6 -C 20 The lubricant composition according to claim 1, wherein the repeating unit based on an aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupies at least 11.0% by mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier.

3. (i) The repeating units based on a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer account for 7.0% to 18% by mass of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; or (ii) C 3 -C 8 the repeating unit based on an alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer accounts for 33% to 64% by mass of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier; or (iii) Both (i) and (ii), The lubricant composition according to claim 1 or claim 2.

4. C 6 -C 20 The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the repeating unit based on an aryl, aralkyl, or alkary (alk) acrylate ester monomer occupies 3.0% by mass to 27% by mass of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

5. (i) said C 3 -C 8 whether the alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer is butyl acrylate and / or butyl methacrylate; (ii) the C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer includes lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof; or (iii) Both (i) and (ii), The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

6. Said C 6 -C 20 The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate monomer is benzyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, naphthyl acrylate, naphthyl methacrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, toluyl acrylate, toluyl methacrylate, phenylethyl acrylate, phenylethyl methacrylate, nonylnaphthyl acrylate, nonylnaphthyl methacrylate, anthracenyl acrylate, anthracenyl methacrylate, phenanthrenyl acrylate, phenanthrenyl methacrylate, fluorenyl acrylate, fluorenyl methacrylate, ethylfluorenyl acrylate, ethylfluorenyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof.

7. The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising 0.8% to 8.0% by mass of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier based on the total mass of the lubricant composition.

8. The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising 75% to 95% by mass of a lubricating oil base material, wherein the lubricating oil base material comprises a Group I base material, a Group II base material, a Group III base material, or a mixture thereof.

9. Showing a non-linear model applicable yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.35 Pa and / or a linear model soot evaluation of at least 25; and having the following characteristics: The high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS150) at 150 °C is at least 2.55 cPs; The high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS100) at 100 °C is at most 5.60 cPs; The high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS80) at 80 °C is at most 8.30 cPs; KV100 is 6.80 cSt to 9.00 cSt; The kinematic viscosity (KV40) at 40 °C is at most 35.0 cSt; The kinematic viscosity (KV20) at 20 °C is at most 79.5 cSt; and The viscosity index is at least 175, The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, showing at least three of the above.

10. wherein the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier contains at least 23.0% by mass in total of repeating units based on C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomers and C 6 -C 20 repeating units based on aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomers, and the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a number-average molecular weight of 625,000 g / mol or less when measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 35 °C using a polystyrene standard, and The lubricant composition shows a non-linear model applicable yield stress (APY) value of at most 0.35 Pa and / or a linear model soot evaluation of at least 25, and has the following characteristics: The high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS150) at 150 °C is at least 2.55 cPs; The high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS100) at 100 °C is at most 5.58 cPs; The high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS80) at 80 °C is at most 8.25 cPs; KV100 is 6.90 cSt to 8.50 cSt; The kinematic viscosity (KV40) at 40 °C is at most 34.5 cSt; The kinematic viscosity (KV20) at 20 °C is at most 79.0 cSt; and The viscosity index (VI) is at least 180, The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, showing at least four of the above.

11. The comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier is (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) C 3 -C 8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; (c) C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; and (d) C 6 -C 20 The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10, which is produced by polymerization of monomers consisting of aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomers.

12. The comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier is (i) produced by polymerization of monomers containing neither styrene nor styrene-based monomers; and (ii) containing neither styrene-based repeating units nor styrene-based repeating units, The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. The comb copolymer viscosity modifier is different from monomers (a), (b), (c), (d), and monomer (e). Monomers (a), (b), (c), and (d) are C 1 -C 18 alkyl end cap or C 6 -C 20 aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl end cap C 2 -C 6 oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 The lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10 and 12, which is produced by polymerization containing at least one additional olefinic monomer that is neither an oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk) acrylate ester monomer nor a hydroxyalkyl or H end cap oligo(alkylene glycol) based (alk) acrylate monomer.

14. A method for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility of a lubricant composition, comprising forming a mixture in which the viscosity and dispersibility are adjusted by combining a comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility with the following lubricant composition components: (1) A lubricating oil base material containing at least 75% by mass of one or more base materials; (2) At least one lubricant additive containing an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal swelling control agent, or a combination thereof; or (3) A lubricant composition containing both (1) and (2), The adjusted mixture shows (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersibility compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) at least a 5% difference in one or more of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier. The comb copolymer viscosity modifier is at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C 3 -C 8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; (c) a C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer: and (d) a C 6 -C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, and is produced by polymerization containing The comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier does not contain a repeating unit based on a styrene-based monomer, and the repeating unit based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer accounts for 5.0% to 35.0% of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier. The C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer and the C 6 -C 20 total of the repeating units based on the aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer accounts for at least 21.0% of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier as a whole, and

15.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility is 1.0% by mass to 7.0% by mass based on the total mass of the mixture whose viscosity is adjusted, and the one or more base materials include Group I, Group II, and / or Group III base materials.

16. The method according to claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier is combined with (1) a lubricating oil base material or (3) a lubricant composition containing at least one of (1) and (2) lubricant additives, and thus the 25% improvement and 5% difference are compared with the lubricant composition components (1) or (3).

17. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the mixture with adjusted viscosity and dispersibility shows at least a 33% improvement with respect to the measurement of the yield stress of the non-linear model applicable to soot dispersibility and at least a 5% difference with respect to 4 or more of the listed viscosity characteristics.

18. The method according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the mixture with adjusted viscosity shows at least a 33% improvement with respect to the measurement of the yield stress of the non-linear model applicable to soot dispersibility and at least a 10% difference with respect to 3 or more of the listed viscosity characteristics.

19. Use of a comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier for adjusting the viscosity and dispersibility of a lubricant composition, wherein the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier comprises at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C 3 -C 8 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; (c) a C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer; and (d) a C 6 -C 20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer, and is produced by polymerization. The comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier does not contain repeating units based on styrene-based monomers, and the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer account for 5.0% to 35.0% of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier, and the C 12 -C 24 alkyl (alk) acrylate ester monomer and the C 6 -C 20 The total of the repeating units based on the aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl (alk) acrylate ester monomer accounts for at least 21.0% of the repeating units of the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier as a whole, and The comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier is combined with one of the following lubricant composition components: (1) A lubricating oil base material containing at least 75% by mass of one or more base oils; (2) At least one lubricant additive containing an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an antiwear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal swelling control agent, or a combination thereof; or (3) A lubricant composition containing both (1) and (2), to form a mixture with adjusted viscosity and dispersibility, which shows (i) at least a 25% improvement in soot dispersibility compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier; and (ii) at least a 5% difference with respect to one or more of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and VI compared to the lubricant composition components (1), (2), or (3) without the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier. Use.

20. The method or use according to any one of claims 14 to 19, wherein the comb-shaped copolymer viscosity modifier and the lubricant composition are as described in any one of claims 1 to 13 when applicable.

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