Treatment of respiratory infections with TLR agonists

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods, compositions, and kits for the treatment or prevention of respiratory conditions. In particular, the methods, compositions, and kits are particularly useful, but not limited to, for the prevention and / or treatment of rhinovirus infection and the prevention and / or treatment of respiratory exacerbations. The present invention provides a method for inhibiting rhinovirus infection in a subject, the method comprising administering a composition comprising a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [Selection diagram] None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] [Cross-reference to prior application] This application claims priority to Australian Provisional Patent Applications Australian Patent Application Publication Nos. 2017901180 Supplement, 2017905124, 2017905128 and 2018900409, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] [Field of the Invention] The present invention relates to methods, compounds, compositions, and kits for the prevention or treatment of respiratory conditions. In particular, the methods, compounds, compositions, and kits are particularly useful, but not limited to, for the prevention and / or treatment of rhinovirus infections and respiratory exacerbations. [Background technology]

[0003] [Background of the invention] Respiratory infections are one of the most common causes of human illness worldwide and are commonly caused by viruses. Rhinoviruses (RVs) are one of the most common types of viruses that infect humans and are known to cause the common cold. Unlike sporadic pandemics and seasonal influenza outbreaks, rhinovirus infections occur throughout the year with multiple different serotypes. On average, children experience 5-10 colds per year, and more than half of all colds are attributable to RV infections.

[0004] Viral respiratory infections can worsen the severity of disease and lead to exacerbations (attacks) of respiratory conditions. Exacerbations can occur in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Asthma and COPD exacerbations are the most clinically and economically important forms of the disease. Rhinoviruses are the most common viral infections associated with asthma exacerbations and therefore account for the highest proportion of the burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.

[0005]

[0003] In asthma in particular, most exacerbations continue to occur despite the use of the best available modern therapies. Once an exacerbation occurs, treatment options are limited and have made little progress in recent years. Treatment includes increasing doses of inhaled bronchodilators and systemic or oral corticosteroids, the same medications that failed to prevent the exacerbation from occurring in the first place.

[0006] Thus, there is a need for new or improved therapies for the treatment and / or prevention of rhinovirus-mediated respiratory conditions. Additionally, there is a need for new or improved therapies for the treatment and / or prevention of virus-mediated exacerbations.

[0007] The reference to any prior art herein is not an admission or suggestion that this prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in any jurisdiction, or that this prior art would be understood by, considered relevant, and / or could reasonably be expected to be incorporated into other pieces of prior art by a person skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0008] [Summary of the Invention] The present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a rhinovirus-associated respiratory condition in a subject, the method comprising administering a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist, thereby treating or preventing the rhinovirus-associated respiratory condition in the subject.

[0009] Preferably, the method comprises administering only a compound that comprises a TLR2 agonist, in other words, the method does not comprise administering an agonist of a TLR other than a TLR2 homodimer or heterodimer.

[0010] The compound can be administered in a composition. Typically, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. The composition can be formulated for administration to the respiratory tract, for example, by inhalation or nasal administration. The composition may not contain a compound that is an agonist of a TLR other than a TLR2 homodimer or heterodimer. Preferably, the composition consists essentially of or consists of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

[0011] The present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a rhinovirus infection in a subject, the method comprising administering a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist, thereby treating or preventing the rhinovirus infection in the subject. Preferably, the method further comprises identifying the subject as having a rhinovirus infection.

[0012] The present invention provides a method for reducing rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation in a subject, the method comprising administering a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist, thereby reducing rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation.

[0013] The present invention further provides the use of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing a rhinovirus-associated respiratory condition in a subject. In any embodiment, the present invention also provides the use of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist for treating or preventing a rhinovirus-associated respiratory condition in a subject.

[0014] The present invention further provides the use of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing a rhinovirus infection in a subject.

[0015] The present invention also provides the use of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist for the prevention of rhinovirus infection in a subject.

[0016] The present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a viral exacerbation of a respiratory condition in a subject, the method comprising administering a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist to the subject, thereby treating or preventing a viral exacerbation of the respiratory condition in the subject. Preferably, the method further comprises identifying a subject with a respiratory condition as described herein. For example, the respiratory condition may be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis, or a pulmonary condition associated with lung transplantation or long-term glucocorticosteroid use.

[0017] The present invention also provides a method for improving a subject's ability to control a respiratory disease during a respiratory viral infection, comprising administering to the subject a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist, thereby improving the subject's ability to control the respiratory disease or respiratory viral infection. Preferably, the infection is a rhinovirus infection.

[0018] The present invention further provides the use of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a viral-mediated exacerbation of a respiratory condition in a subject.

[0019] The present invention further provides the use of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist for the treatment or prevention of a viral-mediated exacerbation of a respiratory condition in a subject.

[0020] In any aspect of the invention, the respiratory condition is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis, or a pulmonary condition associated with lung transplantation or long-term glucocorticosteroid use. Preferably, the respiratory condition is asthma or COPD.

[0021] In any embodiment of the present invention, the pathology may be caused by a rhinovirus. Furthermore, in any embodiment of the present invention, the virus-mediated exacerbation is rhinovirus-mediated. For example, the virus-mediated exacerbation of asthma is caused by a rhinovirus. The rhinovirus may be of any serotype as described herein. Typically, the rhinovirus is rhinovirus serotype 1B (RV1B).

[0022] In any aspect of the present invention, the TLR2 agonist comprises a lipid, peptidoglycan, lipoprotein, or lipopolysaccharide. Preferably, the TLR2 agonist comprises palmitoyl, myristoyl, stearoyl, lauroyl, octanoyl, or decanoyl. The TLR2 agonist may be selected from the group consisting of Pam2Cys, Pam3Cys, Ste2Cys, Lau2Cys, and Oct2Cys. In a preferred embodiment, the TLR2 agonist comprises Pam2Cys.

[0023] In any embodiment of the invention, the compound comprises a soluble TLR2 agonist.

[0024] In any embodiment of the present invention, the TLR2 agonist may be conjugated to another compound or functional group, such as any of those described herein. Preferred compounds are selected based on their ability to aid in the dissolution of the TLR2 agonist in a carrier, diluent, excipient, or solvent.

[0025] Depending on the polarity of the solvent, the solubility of the TLR2 agonist can be increased by the addition of a solubilizing agent. Thus, the compound can include a TLR2 agonist and a solubilizing agent. Preferably, the TLR2 agonist and the solubilizing agent are combined. The TLR2 agonist can be PEGylated. Preferably, the solubilizing agent is any of the molecules described herein.

[0026] The solubilizer may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a positively or negatively charged group. Preferably, the charged group is a branched or linear peptide. Preferably, the positively charged group comprises at least one positively charged amino acid, such as an arginine or lysine residue. Preferably, the negatively charged group comprises at least one negatively charged amino acid, such as a glutamic acid or aspartic acid residue. The charged amino acid may be at the terminal, preferably the N-terminal.

[0027] Typically, the solubilizer comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG) or R4. In any embodiment of the invention, the solubilizer comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG) and R4.

[0028] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound is PEG 11 Preferably, the compound comprises Pam2Cys and PEG. 11 The molecules are separated by two serines (PEG 11 -SS-Pam2Cys).

[0029] In any embodiment of the invention, the TLR2 agonist is not Pam3Cys.

[0030] Compounds, including TLR2 agonists, contemplated for use in any aspect of the present invention are any of those described herein.

[0031] In any aspect of the invention, the TLR2 agonist is administered once daily, once weekly or twice weekly.

[0032] In any aspect of the invention where prevention or prophylaxis is intended or required, the compound is administered to the subject prior to clinically or biochemically detectable symptoms of viral infection, preferably rhinovirus infection.

[0033] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound is administered in a composition. Typically, the compound further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. The composition may not contain a compound that is an agonist of a TLR other than a TLR2 homodimer or heterodimer. Preferably, the composition consists essentially of or consists of a compound that comprises a TLR2 agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

[0034] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound or composition is administered to the respiratory tract. Typically, the compound or composition is administered to the upper and / or lower respiratory tract. For example, the compound or composition can be administered to a subject via inhalation or intranasally.

[0035] In any aspect of the invention, administration of a TLR2 agonist to a subject reduces the viral load in the subject. Preferably, the viral load is reduced in the respiratory tract, e.g., the upper and / or lower respiratory tract. Preferably, the viral load is reduced in the lungs.

[0036] In any aspect of the invention, administration of a TLR2 agonist to a subject reduces the levels of CXCL1 or TNFα.

[0037] In any aspect of the invention, the treatment or prevention of viral-mediated exacerbations of asthma does not significantly induce interferon expression.

[0038] In any aspect of the invention, the subject suffers from mild or moderate asthma. The asthma may be childhood or adult onset. The asthma may have any of the characteristics of the conditions outlined in Figure 12a.

[0039] In any aspect of the present invention, the compound or composition may be administered together with a corticosteroid. Specifically, any method or use of the present invention further comprises administering a corticosteroid. The compound or composition may be administered simultaneously with or sequentially to the corticosteroid. In one embodiment, the compound or composition may be administered once, twice, or more times over a 24-hour or 7-day period before the corticosteroid is administered.

[0040] In any aspect of the invention, the subject to whom the compound or composition is administered may be receiving or has received a corticosteroid.

[0041] In any aspect of the present invention, the corticosteroid can be a glucocorticoid. Preferably, the glucocorticoid is an agonist, partial agonist, or allosteric modulator of the glucocorticoid receptor. Preferably, the glucocorticoid is an inhalable glucocorticoid. More preferably, the glucocorticoid is budesonide, cyclosenide, mometasone, beclomethasone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, or any other glucocorticoid described herein, such as fluticasone propionate.

[0042] In another aspect, the present invention also provides compositions comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist and a corticosteroid.

[0043] Preferably, the compound is any of those described herein, more preferably any one of INNA-001 to INNA-015.

[0044] Preferably, the corticosteroid is a glucocorticoid. Preferably, the glucocorticoid is an agonist, partial agonist, or allosteric modulator of the glucocorticoid receptor. Preferably, the glucocorticoid is an inhalable glucocorticoid. More preferably, the glucocorticoid is budesonide, cyclosenide, mometasone, beclomethasone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, or any other glucocorticoid described herein, such as fluticasone propionate.

[0045] In this aspect, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient. Typically, the diluent, carrier or excipient is suitable for inhaled or nasal delivery.

[0046] In one embodiment, the only active agents in the composition are a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist and a corticosteroid.

[0047] The composition may be formulated or adapted for administration to the respiratory tract, for example, the upper or lower respiratory tract. Preferably, the composition is formulated or adapted for inhalation or nasal administration. In one embodiment, the composition is an inhalant composition and is formulated as a dry powder suitable for use in a dry powder inhaler. Alternatively, the composition may be formulated as a spray, mist, or aerosol.

[0048] In a preferred embodiment, the composition is formulated as a nasal spray or drops.

[0049] In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound having the structure: AYB (Wherein A is [ka] comprising or consisting of wherein each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; Y is [ka] and wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, —CH2OH, —CH2CH2OH, —CH(CH3)OH, and —CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; and B comprises or consists of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0050] The present invention also provides a compound comprising Pam2Cys and PEG, wherein Pam2Cys and PEG are linked by a serine, homoserine, threonine, or phosphoserine residue; Pam2Cys in the compound has the structure: [ka] It has.

[0051] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for the preparation of a medicament ... [ka] wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH), any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 cannot both be H. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0052] In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I): [ka] (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; When q=1, R3 is —NH2 or —OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0053] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (II): AY-NH-(CH2) P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n -[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(II) (In the formula, A has the structure: [ka] having; Y is [ka] and wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH), wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; When q=1, R3 is —NH2 or —OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0054] In one embodiment, the compound has formula (III): Pam2Cys-Y-NH-(CH2) P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n -[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(III) (In the formula, Pam2Cys has the structure: [ka] having; Y is [ka] and wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH), wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; When q=1, R3 is H, -NH2, or -OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0055] In one embodiment, the compound has formula (IV): Pam2Cys-Ser-NH-(CH2) P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n -[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(IV) (In the formula, Pam2Cys-Ser has the structure: [ka] having; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; When q=1, R3 is —NH2 or —OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0056] In one embodiment, the compound has the formula (V): [ka] (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; k is between 3 and 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; t is 2, 3 or 4; h is 1, 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; When q=1, R3 is —NH2 or —OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0057] In one preferred embodiment, the compound is compound (1): [ka] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0058] This compound is sometimes referred to herein as "Pam2Cys-Ser-PEG" or "INNA-006."

[0059] In another preferred embodiment, the compound is [ka] [ka] [ka] is selected from the group consisting of:

[0060] In one particularly preferred embodiment, the compound is [ka] is.

[0061] As used herein, unless the context otherwise requires, the term "comprise" and variations of this term, such as "comprising", "including" and "comprised", are not intended to exclude further additives, ingredients, integers or steps.

[0062] Further aspects of the invention and further embodiments of the aspects described in the preceding paragraphs will become apparent from the following description, given by way of example, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0063] [Figure 1]Treatment with high-dose TLR-2 agonists reduces viral RNA 2 days after infection. (a) Schematic showing treatment regimens with representative TLR-2 agonists PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 or Pam2Cys-R4. (b) Quantification of viral RNA showing that representative TLR-2 agonists PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 and Pam2Cys-R4 reduce viral RNA at the indicated doses in RV-infected mice. Lungs were harvested 2 days after infection, total RNA was extracted, and viral RNA was measured by qPCR. Mean + / - SEM ****p<0.0001, **p<0.01. Reduced viral RNA compared to saline-treated RV-infected mice as assessed by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 2] High-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment 7 days before infection of mice with RV resulted in potent antiviral effects. (a) Schematic showing the treatment regimen with representative TLR-2 agonists PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 or Pam2Cys-R4. (b) Agonist treatment at all doses resulted in highly significant reductions in viral load compared to saline-treated, RV-infected controls in the presence of representative TLR-2 agonists PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 or Pam2Cys-R4. Viral RNA in the lungs was measured by qPCR 2 days after infection. ****p<0.0001, reduced viral RNA compared to saline-treated, RV-infected mice as assessed by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 3] High-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment 7 days prior to infection of mice with RV increased airway cellular inflammation. (a-b) Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells on day 2 post-infection revealed that all treatments significantly increased the total number of immune cells, the majority of which were macrophages. Increased lymphocyte numbers were observed with lower agonist treatment doses. Inflammatory cells in the BAL were counted and differentiated by population on day 2 post-infection. Mean + / - SEM **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, increased BAL cells in treated groups compared to saline-treated, RV-infected mice. [Figure 4]Treatment with high-dose TLR-2 agonists 7 days before RV infection suppresses the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) were measured by ELISA. (a) Significantly reduced production of the neutrophil-recruiting chemokine CXCL1 was observed in all treatments compared to saline-treated RV-infected mice. (b) Reduced expression of TNFα was also observed for higher dose agonist treatment groups and in response to 1 nmol of Pam2Cys-R4 compared to saline-treated RV-infected mice. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01, reduced protein levels compared to saline-treated RV-infected mice as assessed by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 5] Low-dose PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 treatment reduces viral load. (a, b) All doses of PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 significantly inhibited RV replication. The indicated doses of Pam2Cys-R4 also caused a significant reduction in viral RNA compared with untreated saline RV-infected controls. Viral RNA in lung tissue 2 days post-infection was assessed by qPCR. Mean + / - SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 6A] Low-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment increased BAL macrophages and lymphocytes. (a, d) Pam2Cys-R4 caused a significant increase in immune cell numbers after treatment at the indicated doses compared to untreated saline RV-infected controls. (b, e) The increase in BAL cells was primarily due to an increase in macrophage numbers. (c, f) A significant increase in lymphocyte numbers was also observed at the indicated doses. Cells were stained and counted 2 days post-infection. Mean + / - SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 6B]Low-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment increased BAL macrophages and lymphocytes. (a, d) Pam2Cys-R4 caused a significant increase in immune cell numbers after treatment at the indicated doses compared to untreated saline RV-infected controls. (b, e) The increase in BAL cells was primarily due to an increase in macrophage numbers. (c, f) A significant increase in lymphocyte numbers was also observed at the indicated doses. Cells were stained and counted 2 days post-infection. Mean + / - SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 6C] Low-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment increased BAL macrophages and lymphocytes. (a, d) Pam2Cys-R4 caused a significant increase in immune cell numbers after treatment at the indicated doses compared to untreated saline RV-infected controls. (b, e) The increase in BAL cells was primarily due to an increase in macrophage numbers. (c, f) A significant increase in lymphocyte numbers was also observed at the indicated doses. Cells were stained and counted 2 days post-infection. Mean + / - SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 7A] Low-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment reduces viral neutrophilic inflammation. (a-b) A significant reduction in neutrophils, expressed as a percentage of total BAL cells or total neutrophil counts, was also observed at the indicated doses. Neutrophils were identified by differential staining and expressed as a percentage of total BAL cells 2 days post-infection. (c) When expressed as absolute numbers of total BAL cells, a significant reduction in neutrophil numbers was observed at the indicated doses compared to saline-treated RV-infected mice. Mean + / - SEM, *= p<0.05. [Figure 7B]Low-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment reduces viral neutrophilic inflammation. (a-b) A significant reduction in neutrophils, expressed as a percentage of total BAL cells or total neutrophil counts, was also observed at the indicated doses. Neutrophils were identified by differential staining and expressed as a percentage of total BAL cells 2 days post-infection. (c) When expressed as absolute numbers of total BAL cells, a significant reduction in neutrophil numbers was observed at the indicated doses compared to saline-treated RV-infected mice. Mean + / - SEM, *= p<0.05. [Figure 8A] Low-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment resulted in a highly significant reduction in the neutrophil chemokine CXCL1. (a, b) A highly significant reduction in CXCL1 expression was observed in response to all indicated doses of Pam2Cys-R4 and PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 compared to untreated, saline-treated, RV-infected controls. (c, d) Treatment had no effect on TNFα production. Two days after infection, protein mediators were measured in BAL by ELISA. Mean + / - SEM, ****p<0.0001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were assessed by the Holm-Sidak test. [Figure 8B] Low-dose TLR-2 agonist treatment resulted in a highly significant reduction in the neutrophil chemokine CXCL1. (a, b) A highly significant reduction in CXCL1 expression was observed in response to all indicated doses of Pam2Cys-R4 and PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 compared to untreated, saline-treated, RV-infected controls. (c, d) Treatment had no effect on TNFα production. Two days after infection, protein mediators were measured in BAL by ELISA. Mean + / - SEM, ****p<0.0001, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were assessed by the Holm-Sidak test. [Figure 9A]Comparison of treatment with (i) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, Peg-S-Pam2Cys, and Pam2CysSK4; and (ii) INNA-011 and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (INNA-006) (dose range: 1 pmol to 10 pmol) 7 days before infection. (a) TLR2 agonist treatment results in a highly significant reduction in RV1B copy number in the lung. Viral RNA in lung tissue at 2 days p.i. was assessed by qPCR. Mean + / - SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p=0.001, ****p=0.0001. Reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV-infected controls (vRNA copy number), 10 pmol of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (rhinovirus reduction panel), or 2 pmol of INNA-011, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (b) BAL leukocytes are not significantly increased by TLR-agonist treatment. Two days after infection, total BAL leukocytes were assessed by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer. Mean + / - SEM and one-way ANOVA. (c) Inflammatory cell analysis showed that Peg-S-Pam2Cys and INNA-011 reduced RV-induced BAL neutrophilic inflammation, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. Cells were differentially stained and counted by light microscopy. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p=0.001, significantly different cell counts compared to saline / RV1B. (d-e) Treatment with TLR-agonists reduces BAL CXCL1 but does not alter TNF-α levels. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, reduced CXCL1 compared to the saline RV group by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 9B]Comparison of treatment with (i) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, Peg-S-Pam2Cys, and Pam2CysSK4; and (ii) INNA-011 and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (INNA-006) (dose range: 1 pmol to 10 pmol) 7 days before infection. (a) TLR2 agonist treatment results in a highly significant reduction in RV1B copy number in the lung. Viral RNA in lung tissue at 2 days p.i. was assessed by qPCR. Mean + / - SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p=0.001, ****p=0.0001. Reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV-infected controls (vRNA copy number), 10 pmol of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (rhinovirus reduction panel), or 2 pmol of INNA-011, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (b) BAL leukocytes are not significantly increased by TLR-agonist treatment. Two days after infection, total BAL leukocytes were assessed by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer. Mean + / - SEM and one-way ANOVA. (c) Inflammatory cell analysis showed that Peg-S-Pam2Cys and INNA-011 reduced RV-induced BAL neutrophilic inflammation, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. Cells were differentially stained and counted by light microscopy. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p=0.001, significantly different cell counts compared to saline / RV1B. (d-e) Treatment with TLR-agonists reduces BAL CXCL1 but does not alter TNF-α levels. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, reduced CXCL1 compared to the saline RV group by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 9C]Comparison of treatment with (i) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, Peg-S-Pam2Cys, and Pam2CysSK4; and (ii) INNA-011 and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (INNA-006) (dose range: 1 pmol to 10 pmol) 7 days before infection. (a) TLR2 agonist treatment results in a highly significant reduction in RV1B copy number in the lung. Viral RNA in lung tissue at 2 days p.i. was assessed by qPCR. Mean + / - SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p=0.001, ****p=0.0001. Reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV-infected controls (vRNA copy number), 10 pmol of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (rhinovirus reduction panel), or 2 pmol of INNA-011, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (b) BAL leukocytes are not significantly increased by TLR-agonist treatment. Two days after infection, total BAL leukocytes were assessed by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer. Mean + / - SEM and one-way ANOVA. (c) Inflammatory cell analysis showed that Peg-S-Pam2Cys and INNA-011 reduced RV-induced BAL neutrophilic inflammation, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. Cells were differentially stained and counted by light microscopy. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p=0.001, significantly different cell counts compared to saline / RV1B. (d-e) Treatment with TLR-agonists reduces BAL CXCL1 but does not alter TNF-α levels. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, reduced CXCL1 compared to the saline RV group by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 9D]Comparison of treatment with (i) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, Peg-S-Pam2Cys, and Pam2CysSK4; and (ii) INNA-011 and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (INNA-006) (dose range: 1 pmol to 10 pmol) 7 days before infection. (a) TLR2 agonist treatment results in a highly significant reduction in RV1B copy number in the lung. Viral RNA in lung tissue at 2 days p.i. was assessed by qPCR. Mean + / - SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p=0.001, ****p=0.0001. Reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV-infected controls (vRNA copy number), 10 pmol of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (rhinovirus reduction panel), or 2 pmol of INNA-011, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. (b) BAL leukocytes are not significantly increased by TLR-agonist treatment. Two days after infection, total BAL leukocytes were assessed by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer. Mean + / - SEM and one-way ANOVA. (c) Inflammatory cell analysis showed that Peg-S-Pam2Cys and INNA-011 reduced RV-induced BAL neutrophilic inflammation, as assessed by one-way ANOVA. Cells were differentially stained and counted by light microscopy. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p=0.001, significantly different cell counts compared to saline / RV1B. (d-e) Treatment with TLR-agonists reduces BAL CXCL1 but does not alter TNF-α levels. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, reduced CXCL1 compared to the saline RV group by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 10A]Drug combination timing interaction and effect on infection. (a-b) At different time points and administration time combinations, TLR2 agonist treatment results in a highly significant reduction in RV1B copy number in the lung. Viral RNA in lung tissue was assessed by qPCR on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, ****p<0.0001; reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV1B-infected controls (unless otherwise stated) by one-way ANOVA. (c-d) BAL neutrophils and lymphocytes are significantly increased by TLR2-agonist treatment. Differential staining of BAL cells 2 days post-infection. Mean + / - SEM #p<0.05, ###p<0.001, ####p<0.0001 compared to saline d-7 + d-1 / mock. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, one-way ANOVA for significantly different cell counts (unless otherwise noted) compared to the saline d-7 + d-1 / RV1B group. (e-f) BAL leukocytes are significantly increased by TLR2-agonist treatment. Two days after infection, total BAL leukocytes were assessed by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer, and BAL macrophages were assessed by differential cell count. Mean + / - SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p<0.0001, one-way ANOVA for saline d-7 + d-1 / mock. (g-h) TLR2-agonist treatment on day -1, but not day -7 pretreatment, increases BAL CXCL1 in RV-infected mice. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM ****p<0.0001 compared to saline RV group unless otherwise stated, as determined by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 10B]Drug combination timing interaction and effect on infection. (a-b) At different time points and administration time combinations, TLR2 agonist treatment results in a highly significant reduction in RV1B copy number in the lung. Viral RNA in lung tissue was assessed by qPCR on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, ****p<0.0001; reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV1B-infected controls (unless otherwise stated) by one-way ANOVA. (c-d) BAL neutrophils and lymphocytes are significantly increased by TLR2-agonist treatment. Differential staining of BAL cells 2 days post-infection. Mean + / - SEM #p<0.05, ###p<0.001, ####p<0.0001 compared to saline d-7 + d-1 / mock. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, one-way ANOVA for significantly different cell counts (unless otherwise noted) compared to the saline d-7 + d-1 / RV1B group. (e-f) BAL leukocytes are significantly increased by TLR2-agonist treatment. Two days after infection, total BAL leukocytes were assessed by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer, and BAL macrophages were assessed by differential cell count. Mean + / - SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p<0.0001, one-way ANOVA for saline d-7 + d-1 / mock. (g-h) TLR2-agonist treatment on day -1, but not day -7 pretreatment, increases BAL CXCL1 in RV-infected mice. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM ****p<0.0001 compared to saline RV group unless otherwise stated, as determined by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 10C]Drug combination timing interaction and effect on infection. (a-b) At different time points and administration time combinations, TLR2 agonist treatment results in a highly significant reduction in RV1B copy number in the lung. Viral RNA in lung tissue was assessed by qPCR on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, ****p<0.0001; reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV1B-infected controls (unless otherwise stated) by one-way ANOVA. (c-d) BAL neutrophils and lymphocytes are significantly increased by TLR2-agonist treatment. Differential staining of BAL cells 2 days post-infection. Mean + / - SEM #p<0.05, ###p<0.001, ####p<0.0001 compared to saline d-7 + d-1 / mock. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, one-way ANOVA for significantly different cell counts (unless otherwise noted) compared to the saline d-7 + d-1 / RV1B group. (e-f) BAL leukocytes are significantly increased by TLR2-agonist treatment. Two days after infection, total BAL leukocytes were assessed by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer, and BAL macrophages were assessed by differential cell count. Mean + / - SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p<0.0001, one-way ANOVA for saline d-7 + d-1 / mock. (g-h) TLR2-agonist treatment on day -1, but not day -7 pretreatment, increases BAL CXCL1 in RV-infected mice. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 pi. Mean + / - SEM ****p<0.0001 compared to saline RV group unless otherwise stated, as determined by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 11A]Study 1G Treatment during RV infection. (a) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys treatment during established infection reduces RV1B copy number in the lung. Mice were infected intranasally with RV1B and administered Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys intranasally the following day. Viral RNA was assessed by qPCR in lung tissue on day pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01; reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV1B infection. (b-e) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys treatment during active infection (day pi) significantly increases neutrophil numbers in the BAL. Differential staining of BAL cells 2 days post-infection. Results are graphed as mean + / - SEM. ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, significantly different cell counts compared to the saline RV group by one-way ANOVA. (f-g) Treatment with Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys on day 1 post-infection induces dose-dependent inflammatory cytokine production. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 p.i. Results are graphed as mean + / - SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, compared to the saline RV group by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 11B]Study 1G Treatment during RV infection. (a) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys treatment during established infection reduces RV1B copy number in the lung. Mice were infected intranasally with RV1B and administered Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys intranasally the following day. Viral RNA was assessed by qPCR in lung tissue on day pi. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01; reduced viral RNA compared to untreated (saline) RV1B infection. (b-e) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys treatment during active infection (day pi) significantly increases neutrophil numbers in the BAL. Differential staining of BAL cells 2 days post-infection. Results are graphed as mean + / - SEM. ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, significantly different cell counts compared to the saline RV group by one-way ANOVA. (f-g) Treatment with Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys on day 1 post-infection induces dose-dependent inflammatory cytokine production. Protein mediators in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 p.i. Results are graphed as mean + / - SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, compared to the saline RV group by one-way ANOVA. [Figure 12A]TLR-2 agonist treatment reduces rhinovirus replication levels in asthmatic epithelial cells. (a) Patient profiles of subjects with either mild or moderate persistent asthma. Asthmatic epithelial air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures were prepared from bronchial epithelial cells from these asthmatic donors and infected with rhinovirus (RV). Treatment with Pam2Cys-R4 was performed either 24 hours before RV infection (pretreatment) (in this case, Pam2Cys-R4 significantly reduced viral load at 96 hours at 0.02 μM); or 2 hours after RV infection (posttreatment) (in this case, Pam2Cys-R4 significantly reduced viral load at 96 hours at 0.2 μM). Total cellular RNA was purified 48 and 96 hours after infection, and viral RNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR. Mean + / - SEM *=p<0.05 compared with the RV group as assessed by paired t-test. [Figure 12B] TLR-2 agonist treatment reduces rhinovirus replication levels in asthmatic epithelial cells. (a) Patient profiles of subjects with either mild or moderate persistent asthma. Asthmatic epithelial air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures were prepared from bronchial epithelial cells from these asthmatic donors and infected with rhinovirus (RV). Treatment with Pam2Cys-R4 was performed either 24 hours before RV infection (pretreatment) (in this case, Pam2Cys-R4 significantly reduced viral load at 96 hours at 0.02 μM); or 2 hours after RV infection (posttreatment) (in this case, Pam2Cys-R4 significantly reduced viral load at 96 hours at 0.2 μM). Total cellular RNA was purified 48 and 96 hours after infection, and viral RNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR. Mean + / - SEM *=p<0.05 compared with the RV group as assessed by paired t-test. [Figure 13A]Reduced viral replication is associated with reduced interferon production. IFNβ and IFNλ1 / 3 protein levels in the apical medium were measured by ELISA in (a, b) n = 5 (IFNβ) or (c, d) n = 6 (IFNλ) asthmatic epithelial air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures infected with rhinovirus (RV) and treated with the indicated concentrations of Pam2Cys-R4 either before (pre-treatment) or after (post-treatment) infection. Data are mean + / - SEM. All p values are compared to RV infection alone at the indicated time points. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, as assessed by Friedman's test. [Figure 13B] Reduced viral replication is associated with reduced interferon production. IFNβ and IFNλ1 / 3 protein levels in the apical medium were measured by ELISA in (a, b) n = 5 (IFNβ) or (c, d) n = 6 (IFNλ) asthmatic epithelial air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures infected with rhinovirus (RV) and treated with the indicated concentrations of Pam2Cys-R4 either before (pre-treatment) or after (post-treatment) infection. Data are mean + / - SEM. All p values are compared to RV infection alone at the indicated time points. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, as assessed by Friedman's test. [Figure 14A] TLR-2 agonists can increase the expression of proinflammatory mediators. (a, b) IP-10 (CXCL10), (c, d) IL-6, (e, f) IL-8, and (g, h) CCL22 protein levels, expressed as the mean + / - SEM of n=6 asthma epithelial cultures, were measured by ELISA. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, increased mediator expression by Pam2Cys-R4-treated RV-infected cells compared to untreated RV-infected cells as assessed using the Friedman test; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, increased mediator expression in Pam2Cys-R4-treated cells compared to untreated cells as assessed using the Friedman test. [Figure 14B]TLR-2 agonists can increase the expression of proinflammatory mediators. (a, b) IP-10 (CXCL10), (c, d) IL-6, (e, f) IL-8, and (g, h) CCL22 protein levels, expressed as the mean + / - SEM of n=6 asthma epithelial cultures, were measured by ELISA. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, increased mediator expression by Pam2Cys-R4-treated RV-infected cells compared to untreated RV-infected cells as assessed using the Friedman test; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, increased mediator expression in Pam2Cys-R4-treated cells compared to untreated cells as assessed using the Friedman test. [Figure 14C] TLR-2 agonists can increase the expression of proinflammatory mediators. (a, b) IP-10 (CXCL10), (c, d) IL-6, (e, f) IL-8, and (g, h) CCL22 protein levels, expressed as the mean + / - SEM of n=6 asthma epithelial cultures, were measured by ELISA. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, increased mediator expression by Pam2Cys-R4-treated RV-infected cells compared to untreated RV-infected cells as assessed using the Friedman test; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, increased mediator expression in Pam2Cys-R4-treated cells compared to untreated cells as assessed using the Friedman test. [Figure 14D] TLR-2 agonists can increase the expression of proinflammatory mediators. (a, b) IP-10 (CXCL10), (c, d) IL-6, (e, f) IL-8, and (g, h) CCL22 protein levels, expressed as the mean + / - SEM of n=6 asthma epithelial cultures, were measured by ELISA. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, increased mediator expression by Pam2Cys-R4-treated RV-infected cells compared to untreated RV-infected cells as assessed using the Friedman test; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, increased mediator expression in Pam2Cys-R4-treated cells compared to untreated cells as assessed using the Friedman test. [Figure 15]Antiviral activity of TLR2 agonists and Pam2CSK4 (a-b). BCi-NS1 cells were cultured at an ALI to achieve differentiation. Cells were then pretreated with Pam2Cys-R4 (INNA-001), Peg-SS-Pam2Cys (INNA-003), Peg-S-Pam2Cys (INNA-006), or Pam2CSK4 at concentrations ranging from 20 nM to 0.2 nM. Twenty-four hours after treatment, cells were infected with RV1B at an moi of 0.1 and harvested 96 hours postinfection. Total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed into cDNA using random hexamer primers. Viral load was assessed by qPCR and expressed as copy number and percentage of viral RNA in RV (untreated) wells. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, decreased viral RNA compared to the RV (untreated) group. n=2-5 replicate wells. [Figure 16] INNA-006 prevented RV-induced and steroid-resistant neutrophilic inflammation. Cells were differentially stained and counted by light microscopy. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. Increased BAL cells compared to saline Veh PBS (single star), saline Veh RV (below double star), or saline FP RV (above double star) RV. One-way ANOVA. [Figure 17] INNA-006 inhibits RV-induced, steroid-resistant neutrophil chemokine production. CXCL1 protein levels in BAL were measured by ELISA on day 2 pi. ****p<0.0001, increased mediator compared with saline Veh PBS (black star), saline Veh RV (red star), and saline FP RV (blue star). One-way ANOVA. [Figure 18]Viral lung burden was increased by FP treatment in vehicle control mice, but the antiviral effect of repeated INNA-006 treatment was enhanced by FP. Lungs were harvested on day 2 pi, and total RNA was extracted, followed by measurement of viral RNA by qPCR. Mean + / - SEM *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p<0.0001, increased BAL cells compared to saline Veh RV (single or double asterisk) or saline FP RV (straight asterisk). #p<0.05, increased viral load compared to saline Veh RV group. One-way ANOVA. [Figure 19] Comparison of the ability of various compounds to stimulate luciferase activity in an NF-κB cell-based reporter system. Columns, from left to right, are: INNA-006 (or compound (1)); INNA-013 (or compound (4)); INNA-014 (or compound (3)); INNA-015 (or compound (2)); INNA-010; INNA-011 (or compound (5)); INNA-012 (or compound (6)); and INNA-009. [Figure 20] Comparison of the ability of INNA-006 or Pam3Cys-Ser-PEG3000 to stimulate luciferase activity in an NF-κB cell-based reporter system. [Figure 21] Representative data showing specific TLR-2 activation by INNA-006. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0064] It will be understood that the invention disclosed and defined herein extends to any and all alternative combinations of two or more individual features described or apparent from the text or drawings, all of these various combinations constituting various alternative aspects of the invention.

[0065] Specific embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below. While the present invention will be described in conjunction with the embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these embodiments. On the contrary, the present invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims.

[0066] Those skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of the present invention. The present invention is in no way limited to the methods and materials described. It will be understood that the invention disclosed and defined herein extends to all alternative combinations of two or more individual features described or apparent from the text or drawings. All of these various combinations constitute various alternative aspects of the invention.

[0067] All patents and publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0068] For the purposes of understanding this specification, terms used in the singular also include the plural and vice versa.

[0069] Viral respiratory infections are the most important trigger for respiratory exacerbations, including asthma exacerbations. Asthma patients are usually more susceptible to the more severe effects of cold-causing viruses, such as rhinovirus (RV). Viral replication in the airway epithelium leads to the production of inflammatory mediators, which can trigger an immune cascade that supports asthma exacerbations. We hypothesized that activation of innate epithelial immunity and / or other intracellular signaling mechanisms by administering an effective dose of a TLR2 agonist would suppress RV replication and the production of associated inflammatory mediators. We first tested this hypothesis in an in vivo model of RV infection by administering several different doses of a TLR2 agonist before treatment with RV. This was assessed by measuring parameters including weight loss, viral load, and expression of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we found that administration of a TLR2 agonist did not induce weight loss but reduced pulmonary viral load and virus-induced inflammation.

[0070] We further tested this hypothesis in a therapeutic model of ex vivo air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of bronchial epithelium from asthmatic patients. In this model, TLR2 agonist administration was performed either before or after infection of the epithelium with RV. We found that stimulation with TLR2 agonist reduced the viral load in asthmatic bronchial epithelium.

[0071] One advantage of this embodiment of the present invention is the surprising finding that treatment with a TLR2 agonist at the time of established RV infection results in inhibition of RV infection. Thus, the present invention is particularly applicable to subjects diagnosed with a respiratory infection and who have been clinically diagnosed with a respiratory disease, such as asthma, and / or who are prone to respiratory exacerbations. Another advantage of this embodiment of the present invention is the unexpected finding that treatment with lower doses of a TLR2 agonist was at least as effective as the higher doses of TLR2 agonists tested. Thus, the present invention is particularly applicable when low-level activation of the innate immune system is required or desirable. A further advantage of this embodiment of the present invention is the unexpected finding that the TLR2 agonist PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 exhibited potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in a model of RV-mediated infection. Therefore, agonists with similar functional properties may exhibit similar properties in inhibiting RV-mediated infection and, therefore, preventing and / or treating asthma exacerbations. A further advantage of one aspect of the present invention is the unexpected finding that the antiviral responses described herein are independent of IFN-mediated responses, which is important because interferon expression is highly variable, especially in more severe asthma pathologies, making therapeutic mechanisms dependent on IFN modulation uncertain and therefore problematic, either ineffective or associated with the induction of excessive inflammation.

[0072] Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by diverse cell types that play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. Cells of the innate immune system respond to TLR activation by producing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that signal for the clearance of pathogens and damaged self. Upon binding to specific ligands, TLR activation leads to the activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF)-kB, which, through several adaptor molecules including myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), the Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein TIRAP, and the TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon beta (TRIF), activate protein-1 (AP-1) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) to regulate cytokine expression.

[0073] There are several TLRs that belong to this family of membrane receptor proteins, including TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9.

[0074] As used herein, the term "TLR2" refers to the Toll-like receptor 2 protein. In humans, TLR2 is encoded by the TLR2 gene. TLR2 is expressed on the surface of some cells and plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and innate immune activation.

[0075] A TLR2 agonist is an agent that binds to Toll-like receptor 2. A TLR2 agonist can bind to and activate TLR2 as a homodimer or heterodimer.

[0076] In any embodiment of the present invention, the TLR2 agonist comprises a lipid, peptidoglycan, lipoprotein, or lipopolysaccharide. Preferably, the TLR agonist comprises palmitoyl, myristoyl, stearoyl, lyoyl, octanoyl, or decanoyl. The TLR2 agonist may be selected from the group consisting of Pam2Cys, Pam3Cys, Ste2Cys, Lau2Cys, and Oct2Cys. In a preferred embodiment, the TLR2 agonist comprises Pam2Cys.

[0077] An exemplary lipopeptide according to any embodiment of the present invention is the lipopeptide "Pam2Cys." Those skilled in the art will understand that the term "lipopeptide" refers to any composition comprising one or more conjugated lipid moieties and one or more amino acid sequences. "Pam2Cys" (also known as dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine or S-[2,3 bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine) has been synthesized and corresponds to the lipid moiety of MALP-2, a macrophage-activating lipopeptide isolated from Mycoplasma fermentans. Pam2Cys is known to be a ligand for TLR2.

[0078] Pam2Cys has the structure: [ka] It has.

[0079] As used herein, the symbol "S" shown in the chemical structures above defines a sulfur atom.

[0080] Another exemplary lipopeptide is the lipoamino acid N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine, also known as Pam3Cys or Pam3Cys-OH, which is a synthetic version of the N-terminal portion of the Braun lipoprotein that spans the inner and outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. Pam3Cys has the following structure: [ka] It has.

[0081] U.S. Patent No. 5,700,910 describes several N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyalkyl)cysteines for use as intermediates in the preparation of lipoproteins used as synthetic adjuvants, B lymphocyte stimulators, macrophage stimulators, or synthetic vaccines. U.S. Patent No. 5,700,910 also teaches the use of these compounds as intermediates in the synthesis of Pam3Cys-OH and lipopeptides containing this lipoamino acid or its analog at the N-terminus.

[0082] Other lipid moieties that can be used to target cell surface TLRs include palmitoyl, myristoyl, stearoyl, lauroyl, octanoyl, or decanoyl.

[0083] In addition to Pam2Cys and Pam3Cys, the present invention also contemplates the use of Ste2Cys, Lau2Cys, and Oct2Cys in accordance with the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that Ste2Cys is also known as S-[2,3-bis(stearoyloxy)propyl]cysteine or distearoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine; Lau2Cys is also known as S-[2,3-bis(lauroyloxy)propyl]cysteine or dilauroyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine; and Oct2Cys is also known as S-[2,3-bis(octanoyloxy)propyl]cysteine or dioctanoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine.

[0084] Other suitable TLR2 agonists include, but are not limited to, synthetic triacylated and diacylated lipopeptides, FSL-1 (a synthetic lipoprotein obtained from Mycoplasma salivarium 1), Pam3Cys (tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine) and S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-cysteine, where "Pam3" is "tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl." Derivatives of Pam3Cys are also suitable TLR2 agonists, including, but not limited to, S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2-R,S)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-Cys-(S)-Ser-(Lys)4-hydroxy trihydrochloride; Pam3Cys-Ser-Ser-Asn-Ala; Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4; Pam3Cys-Ala-Gly; Pam3Cys-Ser-Gly; Pam3Cys-Ser; Pam3Cys-OMe; Pam3Cys-OH; PamCAG, palmitoyl-Cys((RS)-2,3-di(palmitoyloxy)-propyl)-Ala-Gly-OH, and the like.

[0085] Other non-limiting examples of suitable TLR2 agonists include Pam2CSK4, Pam2CysSK4 (dipalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine-serine-(lysine)4; or Pam2Cys-Ser-(Lys)4), which are synthetic diacylated lipopeptides. Other synthetic TLR agonists include those described, for example, in Kellner et al. (1992) Biol. Chem. 373:1:51-5; Seifer et al. (1990) Biochem. J, 26:795-802; and Lee et al. (2003) J. Lipid Res., 44:479-486.

[0086] The TLR2 agonist can be conjugated with one or more compounds or functional groups. Examples of specific compounds or functional groups are listed below. One type of compound or functional group can act to increase the solubility of the TLR2 agonist. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, TLR2 agonists are typically non-polar and therefore soluble in non-polar solvents, but only poorly soluble in polar and aqueous solvents. If it is desired to use the TLR2 agonist in a polar or aqueous solvent, the TLR2 agonist can be conjugated with a solubilizing agent.

[0087] The solubilizing agent may comprise one or more solubilizing agents, which may be conjugated to the TLR2 agonist to enhance the solubility of the TLR2 moiety. The solubilizing agent will generally be a polar moiety that enhances the solubility of the TLR2 moiety in polar or aqueous solvents.

[0088] In any embodiment of the present invention, the solubilizing agent can be a positively charged group, including, but not limited to, penetratin, HIV Tat 48-60, HIV Rev 34-50, transportan, oligoarginine peptides (linear and branched), oligolysine peptides, pyrrochoricin, α-helical amphipathic model peptides, polylysine, protamine, FL17, Magnafloc 1697, and polycationic compounds described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,689,478 and 4,035,558.

[0089] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the solubilizer comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a linear or branched peptide. Typically, the linear or branched peptide contains a positively or negatively charged amino acid. The positively charged amino acid may be lysine, arginine, histidine, ornithine, or a combination thereof. The linear or branched peptide may contain at least one lysine or arginine residue. Preferably, the charged amino acid is, for example, at the terminal, e.g., the N-terminus. The branched peptide has the following structure: [ka] The following may be one of the following:

[0090] In the above structure, X can independently be a charged residue, either a positively or negatively charged residue. Preferably, the positively charged amino acid is lysine, arginine, histidine, or ornithine. Preferably, the negatively charged amino acid is glutamic acid or ascorbic acid.

[0091] As used herein, "PEG" refers to the polymeric compound polyethylene glycol. Unless otherwise defined, the designation "PEG" includes any length polymer of ethylene oxide. The designation PEG also includes substituted PEGs.

[0092] The compound or functional group that can act as a solubilizing agent can be one or more of the group consisting of "PEG" (or polyethylene glycol) and polar polypeptides, such as "R4", i.e., a multi-branched tetra-arginine complex; "H4", i.e., a multi-branched tetra-histidine complex; "H8", i.e., a linear peptide containing a histidine residue; and "E8", i.e., a linear peptide containing a glutamic acid residue. Other linear and branched lipid solubilizing agents are also contemplated, such as multi-branched peptides containing glutamic acid residues (see, for example, "branched E8" below). In another embodiment of the present invention, the solubilizing agent comprises PEG and one or more of the group consisting of R4, H4, H8, and E8 (linear or branched). R4, H4, H8, and E8 are described in PCT / Australian Patent Application Publication No. 2009 / 000469 (WO 2010 / 115230) and have the following structures: [ka] [ka] [ka] It has.

[0093] Below are schematic diagrams of several examples of branched (structures 1-5) and linear (structures 6-8) immunogenic compositions containing positively charged (arginine, R; lysine, K) or negatively charged (aspartic acid, D; glutamic acid, E) amino acids at the terminal positions, so that the respective charges are presented to the environment. Each immunogenic composition also contains dipalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine (Pam2Cys), which is a ligand for Toll-like receptor 2. Two serine residues (Ser) are also incorporated. For construct 2, the peptide structure assembles in the N→C direction; all other structures shown in the diagram assemble in the C→N direction. Positive and negative charges are indicated as 2-, 2+, 1-, or 1+ depending on the size of the charge. Ac = acetyl group used to suppress the positive charge of the α-amino acid group in the case of N-terminally positioned glutamic acid. [ka]

[0094] Those skilled in the art will understand that the present invention is not limited to the particular exemplary compounds or functional groups that can act as solubilizing agents, and that other suitable compounds or functional groups, including those known in the art that can act as solubilizing agents, such as carbohydrates, can be used in accordance with the present invention.

[0095] Those skilled in the art will be familiar with methods by which one or more compounds or functional groups (such as solubilizing agents) can be conjugated to the lipids of the present invention. For example, conjugation via Fmoc chemistry, disulfide or thioether bridges, or oxime chemistry is contemplated. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, a soluble form of Pam2Cys was prepared by adding O-(N-Fmoc-2-aminoethyl)-O'-(2-carboxyethyl)-undecaethyleneglycol (Fmoc-PEOn-OH, Merck Ltd) to Pam2Cys. This resulted in the PEGylated form of the lipid, Pam2Cys-PEG. 11 is formed, which is suitable for administration to a subject.

[0096] In another aspect of the invention, the TLR2 moiety comprises a conjugate comprising a Pam2Cys conjugated to a pendant R4 structure. In a preferred aspect, the pendant Pam2Cys has the following structure: [ka] is conjugated to R4.

[0097] In a preferred form of any embodiment of the invention, the TLR2 moiety comprises a conjugate comprising Pam2Cys conjugated to PEG. 11 or PEG 12 Preferably, the conjugate comprises Pam2Cys conjugated to PEG. 11 or PEG 12 The molecules are separated by at least two serines (PEG 11 -SS-Pam2Cys or PEG 12 -SS-Pam2Cys).

[0098] As used herein, reference to a TLR2 agonist also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, polymorphs or prodrugs thereof.

[0099] Additional compounds, including TLR2 agonists, that are useful in any embodiment of the present invention are described below.

[0100] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the structure: AYB (Wherein A is [ka] comprising or consisting of wherein each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; Y is [ka] and wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, —CH2OH, —CH2CH2OH, —CH(CH3)OH, and —CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; and B comprises or consists of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0101] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist comprises Pam2Cys and PEG, wherein Pam2Cys and PEG are linked by a serine, homoserine, threonine, or phosphoserine residue; Pam2Cys in the compound has the structure: [ka] It has.

[0102] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for the preparation of a medicament ... [ka] wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH), any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 cannot both be H. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0103] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (I): [ka] (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; When q=1, R3 is —NH2 or —OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0104] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (II): AY-NH-(CH2) P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n -[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(II) (In the formula, A has the structure: [ka] having; Y is [ka] and wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH), wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; When q=1, R3 is —NH2 or —OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0105] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (III): Pam2Cys-Y-NH-(CH2) P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n -[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(III) (In the formula, Pam2Cys has the structure: [ka] having; Y is [ka] and wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH), wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; When q=1, R3 is H, -NH2, or -OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0106] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (IV): Pam2Cys-Ser-NH-(CH2) P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n -[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(IV) (In the formula, Pam2Cys-Ser has the structure: [ka] having; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; When q=1, R3 is —NH2 or —OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0107] In one embodiment, the compound has the formula (V): [ka] (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; k is between 3 and 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; t is 2, 3 or 4; h is 1, 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be replaced with a halogen, and R1 and R2 are not both H; When q=1, R3 is —NH2 or —OH; When q=0, R3 is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0108] In one preferred embodiment, the compound is compound (1): [ka] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0109] This compound is sometimes referred to herein as "Pam2Cys-Ser-PEG" or "INNA-006."

[0110] In another preferred embodiment, the compound is [ka] [ka] [ka] is selected from the group consisting of:

[0111] In one particularly preferred embodiment, the compound is [ka] is.

[0112] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (Ia): [ka] (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; R1, R1', R2, and R2' are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens can be replaced with a halogen, R1 and R1' cannot both be H, and R2 and R2' cannot both be H; When q is zero, R3 is H; When q is 1, R3 is -NH2 or -OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0113] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (IIa): AY-NH-(CH2) P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n -[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(IIa) (In the formula, A has the structure: [ka] having; Y is [ka] and wherein R1, R1', R2, and R2' are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen, R1 and R1' are not both H, and R2 and R2' are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; When q is zero, R3 is H; When q is 1, R3 is -NH2 or -OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and wherein R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0114] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (IIIa): Pam2Cys-Y-NH-(CH2) P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n-[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(IIIa) (In the formula, Pam2Cys has the structure: [ka] having; Y is [ka] and wherein R1, R1', R2, and R2' are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen, R1 and R1' are not both H, and R2 and R2' are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; When q is zero, R3 is H; When q is 1, R3 is -NH2 or -OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0115] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (IVa): Pam2Cys-Ser-Ser-NH-(CH2)P -O-(CH2-CH2-O) n -[(CH2) m -CO-L-] q R3(IVa) (In the formula, Pam2Cys has the structure: [ka] having; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; R1, R1', R2, and R2' are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens can be replaced with a halogen, R1 and R1' cannot both be H, and R2 and R2' cannot both be H; When q is zero, R3 is H; When q is 1, R3 is -NH2 or -OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0116] In any embodiment of the present invention, the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the formula (Va): [ka] (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; k is between 3 and 100; h is 1, 2, 3 or 4; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; t is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or one; R1, R1', R2, and R2' are independently selected from the group consisting of H, -CH2OH, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(CH3)OH, and -CH2OPO(OH)2, wherein any one of the alkyl hydrogens can be replaced with a halogen, R1 and R1' cannot both be H, and R2 and R2' cannot both be H; When q is zero, R3 is H; When q is 1, R3 is -NH2 or -OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being a naturally occurring alpha amino acid or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: [ka] and where R4 is H; and R5 is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of an amino acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0117] In one embodiment, the compound has the structure: [ka] It has.

[0118] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compound is compound (1a): [ka] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0119] In another preferred embodiment, the compound is [ka] [ka] [ka] [ka] is selected from the group consisting of:

[0120] Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention also include pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs of the above compounds (1) to (6) or (1a) to (6a).

[0121] For all of the above structures, if present, one or more of the following features are preferred: n is 10 to 14, and more preferably n is 11. n is 3 or 5. n is 24 to 30, and more preferably, n is 27. k is 24 to 30, and more preferably, k is 27. m is 1 to 3, and more preferably m is 2. h is 1 to 3, and more preferably, h is 2. g is 10 to 16, more preferably 12 to 14, and most preferably 14. One of R1 and R2 is hydrogen. p is 2. t is 2.

[0122] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" can be used to describe any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or prodrug or any other compound that, when administered to a subject, can provide (directly or indirectly) a compound of the invention described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or ester thereof, or an active metabolite or residue thereof.

[0123] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, salts of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid, boric acid, sulfamic acid, and hydrobromic acid, or salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, mucic acid, gluconic acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, sulfanilic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, edetic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, pantothenic acid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, and valeric acid.

[0124] Base salts include, but are not limited to, those formed with pharmaceutically acceptable cations such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, ammonium, alkylammonium salts such as those formed with triethylamine, alkoxyammonium salts such as those formed with ethanolamine, and salts formed with ethylenediamine, choline, or amino acids such as arginine, lysine, or histidine. General information about the types of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their formation is well known to those skilled in the art and can be found in general texts such as "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts" by P.H. Stahl and C.G. Wermuth, 1st edition, 2002, Wiley-VCH.

[0125] For compounds that are solids, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the compounds, agents and salts of the invention may exist in different crystalline forms or polymorphic forms, all of which are intended to be included within the scope of the invention and explicit formula.

[0126] The term "polymorph" includes all crystalline forms of the compounds of the present invention described herein, including anhydrous, hydrated, solvated and mixed solvated forms.

[0127] The compounds of the invention described herein are intended to encompass, where applicable, solvated and unsolvated forms of the compounds. Thus, the compounds of the invention described herein include compounds having the indicated structure, including hydrated or solvated forms as well as non-hydrated and non-solvated forms.

[0128] As used herein, the term "solvate" refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute (in this invention, a compound of the present invention described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or ester thereof) and a solvent. For the purposes of the present invention, such a solvent should not interfere with the biological activity of the solute. Examples of suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, and acetic acid. Preferably, the solvent used is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent. Examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, ethanol, and acetic acid. The most preferred solvent is water.

[0129] Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such materials as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl and diethyl sulfate; and the like.

[0130] The compounds described herein are also intended to include isotopic modifications, such as replacement of deuterium with hydrogen.

[0131] The compounds of the present invention may exist in and be isolated in optically active and racemic forms. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the present invention is intended to encompass any racemic, optically active, or stereoisomeric form or mixtures thereof of the compounds of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (Ia), (IIa), (IIIa), (IVa), and / or (Va) that possess the useful properties described herein. Methods for preparing such forms (e.g., resolution of racemic mixtures by recrystallization, synthesis from optically active starting materials, chiral synthesis, or chiral chromatographic separation) are known in the art. In one preferred embodiment, * In another preferred embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are provided as racemic mixtures with respect to the carbon designated as: [ka] In some embodiments, compounds of the present invention are provided in excess or solely with

[0132] A "prodrug" is a compound that may not fully meet the structural requirements of the compounds provided herein, but is modified in vivo after administration to a subject or patient to produce a compound of the invention described herein. For example, a prodrug can be an acylated derivative of a compound described herein. Prodrugs include compounds in which a hydroxy, carboxy, amine, or sulfhydryl group attached to any group is cleaved upon administration to a mammalian subject to form the free hydroxy, carboxy, amino, or sulfhydryl group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate, phosphate, and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds provided herein. Prodrugs of the compounds provided herein can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound such that the modifications are cleaved in vivo to produce the parent compound.

[0133] Prodrugs include compounds in which an amino acid residue or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., 2, 3, or 4) amino acid residues is covalently bonded to free amino and amido groups of compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (Ia), (IIa), (IIIa), (IVa), and / or (Va). The amino acid residues include the 20 naturally occurring amino acids (commonly referred to by their three-letter abbreviations), as well as 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosin, isodesin, 3-methylhistidine, norbuline, β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine, and methionine sulfone. Prodrugs also include compounds in which carbonates, carbamates, amides, and alkyl esters are covalently bonded to the aforementioned substituents of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (Ia), (IIa), (IIIa), (IVa), and / or (Va), or other structures depicted herein.

[0134] The term "respiratory" refers to the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body through bodily systems including the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

[0135] As used herein, the respiratory tract includes the upper and lower respiratory tract. Typically, the upper respiratory tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and the laryngeal portion above the vocal cords. Typically, the lower respiratory tract includes the laryngeal portion below the vocal cords, the trachea, the bronchi, and the bronchioles. The lungs may be included in the lower respiratory tract or may be a separate entity, and include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

[0136] The term "respiratory disease" or "respiratory condition" refers to any one of several diseases that involve inflammation and affect components of the respiratory system, including the upper respiratory tract (including the nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx) and the lower respiratory tract (including the trachea, bronchi, and lungs). Preferably, the respiratory disease is an obstructive airway disease, including asthma conditions including hay fever, allergen-induced asthma, exercise-induced asthma, pollution-induced asthma, cold-induced asthma, stress-induced asthma and viral-induced asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including chronic bronchitis with normal airflow, chronic bronchitis with airway obstruction (chronic obstructive bronchitis), emphysema, asthmatic bronchitis and bullous disease, and other lung diseases involving inflammation, including cystic fibrosis, pigeon fancier's disease, farmer's lung, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, aspiration or inhalation injury, pulmonary fat embolism, pulmonary acidosis-inflammation, acute pulmonary edema, acute mountain sickness, post-cardiac surgery, acute pulmonary hypertension, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, hyaline membrane disease, acute pulmonary thromboembolism, sepsis, persistent asthma and hypoxia. Inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract can be associated with or caused by viral infections or allergens, and the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds, when administered alone or in combination with glucocorticoids, is expected to make them particularly suitable for the treatment of the above-mentioned diseases or conditions.

[0137] Symptoms of respiratory disease may include coughing, excessive sputum production, a sense of shortness of breath with audible wheezing, or chest tightness. Exercise capacity may be significantly limited. In asthma, FEV1.0 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) as a percentage of that nomographically predicted based on weight, height, and age will be reduced, as will the peak expiratory flow rate of forced expiration. In COPD, FEV1.0 as a ratio of FVC typically falls to less than 0.7. The impact of each of these conditions can also be measured by days of work / school lost, sleep disturbances, need for bronchodilators, and need for glucocorticoids, including oral glucocorticoids.

[0138] The presence, amelioration, treatment, or prevention of respiratory disease can be determined by any relevant clinical or biochemical method of the subject or a biopsy thereof. For example, measured parameters can be pulmonary function, the presence or degree of signs and symptoms of obstruction, exercise tolerance, nighttime awakenings, days of school or work lost, bronchodilator use, ICS dose, oral GC use, need for other medications, need for medical care, or hospitalization.

[0139] As used herein, the term respiratory infection refers to an infection anywhere in the respiratory tract. Examples of respiratory infections include, but are not limited to, a cold, sinusitis, throat infection, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, or bronchiolitis. Preferably, in any embodiment of the present invention, the respiratory infection is a cold. Viral testing can identify an individual as having a respiratory tract infection, which may present with symptoms such as itchy, watery eyes, runny nose, stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, headache, fever, malaise, fatigue, and weakness. In one aspect, a subject with a respiratory infection may be free of any other respiratory pathology. Detection of the presence or amount of virus, preferably rhinovirus, can be performed by PCR / sequencing or serology of RNA isolated from clinical samples (nasal wash, sputum, BAL).

[0140] The respiratory condition associated with rhinovirus may be a condition caused by rhinovirus. Preferably, the condition is associated with or caused by rhinovirus infection. Rhinovirus infection can be determined by the presence of rhinovirus in a sample taken from a subject's respiratory tract. Serological virus testing or PCR / sequencing of RNA isolated from clinical samples (nasal wash, sputum, BAL) can identify individuals as having RV infection. Symptoms of RV infection include, but are not limited to, sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and coughing; sometimes accompanied by muscle pain, fatigue, discomfort, headache, muscle weakness, or loss of appetite.

[0141] In any embodiment of the present invention, the respiratory infection is caused by a rhinovirus (RV). As used herein, the term RV refers to any picornavirus comprising any single-stranded, positive-sense RNA with a 5' region of the genome encoding viral proteins and a 3' poly-A tail. It will be understood that the viral particle itself is not enveloped and has an icosahedral structure. It will also be understood that human rhinoviruses are composed of a capsid containing four viral proteins, VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. VP1, VP2, and VP3 form the majority of the protein capsid. Examples of human rhinoviruses include any of the following: HRV-A1, HRV-A2, HRV-A7, HRV-A8, HRV-A9, HRV-A10, HRV-A11, HRV-A12, HRV-A13, HRV-A15, HRV-A16, HRV-A18, HRV-A19, HRV-A20, HRV-A21, HRV-A22, HRV-A23, HRV-A 24, HRV-A25, HRV-A28, HRV-A29, HRV-A30, HRV-A31, HRV-A32, HRV-A33, HRV-A34, HRV-A36, HRV-A38, HR V-A39, HRV-A40, HRV-A41, HRV-A43, HRV-A44, HRV-A45, HRV-A46, HRV-A47, HRV-A49, HRV-A50, HRV-A51 , HRV-A53, HRV-A54, HRV-A55, HRV-A56, HRV-A57, HRV-A58, HRV-A59, HRV-A60, HRV-A61, HRV-A62, HRV- A63, HRV-A64, HRV-A65, HRV-A66, HRV-A67, HRV-A68, HRV-A71, HRV-A73, HRV-A74, HRV-A75, HRV-A76, H RV-A77, HRV-A78, HRV-A80, HRV-A81, HRV-A82, HRV-A85, HRV-A88, HRV-A89, HRV-A90, HRV-A94, HRV-A95, HRV-A96, HRV-A98, HRV-A100, HRV-A101, HRV-A102, and HRV-A103 (collectively known as rhinovirus A viruses);HRV-B3, HRV-B4, HRV-B5, HRV-B6, HRV-B14, HRV-B17, HRV-B26, HRV-B27, HRV-B35, HRV-B37, HRV-B4 2, HRV-B48, HRV-B52, HRV-B69, HRV-B70, HRV-B72, HRV-B79, HRV-B83, HRV-B84, HRV-B86, HRV-B91, H RV-B92, HRV-B93, HRV-B97, and HRV-B99 (collectively known as rhinovirus B viruses); and HRV-C1, HRV-C2, HRV-C3, HRV-C4, HRV-C5, HRV-C6, HRV-C7, HRV-C8, HRV-C9, HRV-C10, HRV-C11, HRV-C12, HRV-C13, HRV-C 14, HRV-C15, HRV-C16, HRV-C17, HRV-C18, HRV-C19, HRV-C20, HRV-C21, HRV-C22, HRV-C23, HRV-C24 , HRV-C25, HRV-C26, HRV-C27, HRV-C28, HRV-C29, HRV-C30, HRV-C31, HRV-C32, HRV-C33, HRV-C34, HR HRV-C35, HRV-C36, HRV-C37, HRV-C38, HRV-C39, HRV-C40, HRV-C41, HRV-C42, HRV-C43, HRV-C44, HRV-C45, HRV-C46, HRV-C47, HRV-C48, HRV-C49, HRV-C50 and HRV-C51 (collectively known as rhinovirus C viruses);

[0142] In any aspect of the invention, administration of a TLR2 agonist may enhance the innate immune response.

[0143] In the case of asthma, human rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations for which current therapies are inadequate. Thus, in any embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating or preventing a virus-mediated exacerbation of asthma, comprising administering a TLR2 agonist to a subject. Preferably, the virus-mediated exacerbation is caused by a rhinovirus infection.

[0144] As used herein, the term "asthma" refers to a respiratory disorder characterized by episodic breathing difficulties caused by any one or a combination of three major factors: 1) bronchospasm (i.e., variable and reversible airway obstruction due to airway muscle contraction), 2) inflammation of the airway lining, and 3) bronchial hyperresponsiveness, which can be triggered by exposure to an allergen or combination of allergens (i.e., dust mites and molds), viral or bacterial infections (i.e., cold viruses), environmental pollutants (i.e., chemical fumes or smoke), excessive physical exertion (i.e., during exercise), stress, or inhalation of cold air. Individuals may be characterized by, for example, allergen-induced asthma, exercise-induced asthma, pollution-induced asthma, virus-induced asthma, or cold-induced asthma. It will be understood that asthma causes periodic wheezing (a rumbling sound when breathing), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.

[0145] As used herein, the term asthma exacerbation refers to an acute or subacute episode of progressively worsening shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness, or a combination thereof, which may be accompanied by reduced expiratory flow. The intensity of an exacerbation is variable. Symptoms may be mild and unnoticeable by the patient, or may result in a very severe, life-threatening episode. In any embodiment of the present invention, preferably, the asthma exacerbation is due to a rhinovirus infection.

[0146] Individuals can be identified as having an asthma exacerbation depending on the degree of airway obstruction by determining FEV1 or PEF and its effect on gas exchange. It will be understood that FEV1 and PEF are measurements used to assess expiratory flow. Depending on the obtained values, an exacerbation is considered mild if the FEV1 or PEF value is equal to or greater than 70% of its theoretical value or previous personal best value, respectively; moderate if the FEV1 or PEF measurement is between 70% and 50%; and severe if these values are less than 50%. A satisfactory functional response to treatment is assessed if the FEV1 or PEF value exceeds 45% of the previous measurement and the PEF increases by at least 50 l / min 30 minutes after the start of treatment. The airway obstruction response to initial treatment is an important prognostic factor for assessing an attack. Table 1 (J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol Vol. 20, Suppl. 1:27-31 (2010) outlines the diagnostic indicators used to determine whether a person has a mild or moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation.

[0147] [Table 1]

[0148] In many cases, asthma exacerbations caused by rhinovirus infection can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, human rhinoviruses are associated with COPD, for which current therapies are inadequate. Therefore, any embodiment of the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing virus-mediated COPD, comprising administering a TLR2 agonist to a subject. Preferably, the virus-mediated COPD is caused by a rhinovirus. Preferably, the method is for treating or preventing virus-mediated exacerbations of COPD.

[0149] The terms "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" and "COPD," used interchangeably herein, refer to a chronic disorder or combination of disorders characterized by reduced peak expiratory flow and slow forced expiratory clearance, which do not change significantly over several months and are not reversible or only slightly reversible with conventional bronchodilators. Most commonly, COPD is a combination of chronic bronchitis, i.e., the presence of cough and sputum for more than three months in approximately two consecutive years, and emphysema, i.e., alveolar damage. However, COPD can also include chronic bronchitis with normal airflow, chronic bronchitis with airway obstruction (chronic obstructive bronchitis), emphysema, asthmatic bronchitis, and bullous disease, as well as combinations thereof. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is usually, but not exclusively, a condition caused by chronic lung damage induced by exposure to tobacco smoke. Other non-toxic airborne pollutants, such as indoor cooking exhaust and vehicle exhaust, can also cause or increase the risk of COPD in the long term. As such, it will be understood that COPD is interchangeable with terms such as "chronic bronchitis" and "emphysema."

[0150] The symptom of COPD is progressively worsening and persistent exertional dyspnea, eventually leading to dyspnea at rest. The most common symptoms of COPD are shortness of breath (or "need for air"), chronic cough, and sputum (mucus) production. Daily activities, such as walking up stairs, and even routine activities, can become very difficult as the condition gradually worsens. Patients often also experience exacerbations, i.e., severe episodes of increased shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production, which last for days to weeks. These episodes can be severely disabling, requiring emergency medical care (including hospitalization), and may even lead to death.

[0151] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is usually suspected in people who experience the symptoms described above and can be confirmed by a breathing test called a spirometry test, which measures how much and how quickly a person can forcefully exhale air.

[0152] Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate cystic fibrosis disease. For example, viral infection in a subject diagnosed with cystic fibrosis can increase susceptibility to bacterial infection. Therefore, any embodiment of the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing virus-mediated exacerbation of cystic fibrosis, comprising administering a TLR2 agonist to a subject. Preferably, the virus-mediated exacerbation is caused by rhinovirus infection.

[0153] It will be understood that cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, involving the production of an abnormally thick mucus lining in the lungs, and can lead to fatal lung infections. It will be understood that subjects with cystic fibrosis may exhibit a variety of symptoms, including very salty skin; a persistent cough, possibly accompanied by phlegm, wheezing, or shortness of breath; excessive appetite, but poor weight gain, and copious fatty stools. It will also be understood that the sweat test is a standard diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis. This method measures the amount of salt in sweat. High salt levels indicate cystic fibrosis.

[0154] Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate disease in transplant recipient patients. For example, viral infection in lung transplant recipients can increase susceptibility to pneumonia, acute rejection, and chronic allograft dysfunction. Therefore, in any embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating or preventing viral infection in lung transplant recipients, comprising administering a TLR2 agonist to the subject. Preferably, the viral infection is a rhinovirus infection.

[0155] The present invention also applies to the restoration of antiviral immunity associated with long-term glucocorticosteroid use. It will be understood that glucocorticoids are drugs that have cortisol-like agonistic effects on glucocorticoid receptors and produce a variety of endocrine and anti-inflammatory effects. Most patients with severe asthma and COPD take steroids or glucocorticoids. Steroid use increases during viral exacerbations, which can prolong viral infections and increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections.

[0156] Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating or preventing a viral infection in a subject receiving a glucocorticosteroid, comprising administering a TLR2 agonist to the subject. Preferably, the viral infection is a rhinovirus infection. Preferably, the glucocorticosteroid administration is chronic.

[0157] As used herein, "preventing" or "prevention" is intended to refer to at least a reduction in the likelihood of risk (or susceptibility to) acquiring a disease or disorder (i.e., preventing the occurrence of at least one clinical symptom of a disease in a patient who may be exposed to or susceptible to the disease but who does not experience or exhibit symptoms of the disease). Biological and physiological parameters for identifying such patients are provided herein and are well known to physicians. For example, prevention of a virus-induced respiratory infection or a virus-induced exacerbation of asthma may be characterized by a reduced or absent viral load or an inhibited increase in inflammatory cell mediators or cytokines. In some embodiments, administration of a compound can minimize the occurrence of infection and minimize viral load. Preferably, this reduces viral load.

[0158] In any of the prevention or prophylactic aspects of the invention, the subject may be free of any detectable symptoms of viral infection, particularly rhinovirus infection, at the time of administration of the compound.

[0159] The term "treatment" or "treating" a subject includes the application or administration of a compound of the invention to a subject (or the application or administration of a compound of the invention to cells or tissues from a subject) with the intent to delay, slow, stabilize, cure, ameliorate, alleviate, alter, cure, arrest, mitigate, ameliorate, or affect a disease or condition, symptoms of a disease or condition, or the risk of (or susceptibility to) a disease or condition. The term "treating" refers to any indicator of success in treating or ameliorating an injury, disease, or condition, and includes any objective or subjective parameter, such as relief; remission; slowing the rate of deterioration; reducing the severity of the disease; stabilizing, reducing symptoms, or making the injury, disease, or condition more tolerable to the subject; slowing the rate of degeneration or decline; reducing decline at the end point of degeneration; or improving the physical or mental well-being of the subject.

[0160] The presence, amelioration, treatment, or prevention of a respiratory infection or exacerbation (e.g., an asthma exacerbation) can be determined by relevant clinical or biochemical methods described herein or known to those skilled in the art. Relevant methods can include measuring viral load, interferon expression, or inflammatory cell counts using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose to the lungs, and fluid is spit into a small portion of the lung and then collected for testing. Amelioration, treatment, or prevention can also be determined directly from the subject or from a sample or biopsy from the subject. The sample or biopsy can be from the upper or lower respiratory tract. Furthermore, in the case of a respiratory infection or asthma exacerbation, a positive response to therapy can also be determined by measuring chemokine and cytokine levels in known assays, such as ELISA, as described herein.

[0161] Furthermore, for example, in the case of a respiratory infection or asthma exacerbation, a positive response to therapy is prevention of further decline in lung function as measured by spirometry, trunk plethysmography, and lung diffusing capacity. With particular reference to asthma exacerbations, a positive response to therapy is an improvement from the initially diagnosed severity (as outlined in Table 1). For example, a subject diagnosed with a moderate exacerbation (FEV1 or PEF measurement between 70% and 50%) would demonstrate a positive response to therapy if the FEV1 or PEF value exceeds 45% of the prior measurement and the PEF increases by at least 50 l / min 30 minutes after initiation of treatment.

[0162] A positive response to a treatment can also be the prevention or attenuation of respiratory symptoms, such as exacerbations of asthma symptoms, following a respiratory viral infection. This can be assessed by comparing the mean change in illness score from baseline to the end of the study period based on the Juniper Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-6), and the Lower Respiratory Symptom Score (LRSS - symptoms of chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath, and cough) can also be assessed daily after the onset of infection / cold symptoms. Changes from baseline lung function (peak expiratory flow (PEF)) can also be assessed, and a positive response to a treatment can be a significant attenuation of the decline in PEF. For example, a placebo-treated group will show a significant 15% decline in morning PEF at the peak of exacerbation, while a treatment group will show a non-significant decline in PEF, with a change of less than 15% from baseline.

[0163] The present invention also provides a method for improving or maintaining a subject's ability to control respiratory disease during a respiratory viral infection, the method comprising administering to the subject a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist, thereby improving the subject's ability to control the respiratory disease, i.e., respiratory viral infection. Preferably, the infection is a rhinovirus infection. The improved or maintained ability to control respiratory disease can be such that the subject does not require any additional intervention beyond the treatment typically administered for the existing respiratory disease. In other words, the only treatment required for the subject is the treatment normally taken for the underlying respiratory disease (i.e., when the subject is not infected with a virus) and a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist as described herein.

[0164] Typically, a therapeutically effective dose is formulated to contain a concentration of at least about 0.1% up to about 50% or more (by weight), and all ranges and subcombinations therein. Compositions can be formulated to contain one or more compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs, or prodrugs thereof in a concentration of about 0.1 to less than about 50%, e.g., about 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, or 40%, and concentrations greater than about 0.1%, e.g., about 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, or 0.5%, to less than about 40%, e.g., about 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, or 30%. Exemplary compositions may contain from about 0.5% to less than about 30%, e.g., about 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, or 20%, with concentrations greater than about 0.5%, e.g., about 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1% to less than about 20%, e.g., about 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10%. Compositions may contain greater than about 1%, e.g., about 2% to less than about 10%, e.g., about 9 or 8%, including concentrations greater than about 2%, e.g., about 3-4%, to less than about 8%, e.g., about 7 or 6%. The active agent may be present, for example, at a concentration of about 5%. In either case, the amount can be adjusted to account for differences in the amount of active ingredient actually delivered to the cells or tissue being treated.

[0165] Although the present invention has application in humans, the invention is also useful for therapeutic veterinary purposes. The invention is useful for domestic or farm animals such as cattle, sheep, horses and poultry; pets such as cats and dogs; and zoo animals.

[0166] The compositions of the present invention should be administered in an effective amount. The phrase "therapeutically effective amount" or "effective amount" generally refers to the amount of a TLR2 agonist of the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, or prodrug thereof, that (i) treats a particular disease, condition, or disorder, (ii) reduces, ameliorates, or eliminates one or more symptoms of a particular disease, condition, or disorder, or (iii) delays the onset of one or more symptoms of a particular disease, condition, or disorder described herein. Undesirable effects, e.g., side effects, can sometimes occur along with the desired therapeutic effect; therefore, a physician balances the potential benefits against the potential risks when determining what is an appropriate "effective amount."

[0167] The exact amount required may vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and health of the subject, the mode of administration, etc. Thus, it may not be possible to specify an exact "effective amount." However, an appropriate "effective amount" in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation. In one embodiment, the dose administered to a subject is any dose that reduces viral load. Preferably, this dose does not significantly increase inflammation, e.g., does not significantly increase absolute neutrophil counts in the lungs or the percentage of neutrophils in total BAL cells.

[0168] In some embodiments, an effective amount for a human subject is in the range of about 250 nmoles / kg body weight / dose to 0.005 nmoles / kg body weight / dose. Preferably, this range is in the range of about 250 nmoles / kg body weight / dose to 0.05 nmoles / kg body weight / dose. In some embodiments, the body weight / dose range is about 250 nmoles / kg to 0.1 nmoles / kg, about 50 nmoles / kg to 0.1 nmoles / kg, about 5 nmoles / kg to 0.1 nmoles / kg, about 2.5 nmoles / kg to 0.25 nmoles / kg, or about 0.5 nmoles / kg to 0.1 nmoles / kg body weight / dose. In some embodiments, the dose is 250 nmoles, 50 nmoles, 5 nmoles, 2.5 nmoles, 0.5 nmoles, 0.25 nmoles, 0.1 nmoles, or 0.05 nmoles / kg body weight / dose, or about these amounts of compound. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to suit the needs of the situation and to provide the optimum therapeutic dosage.

[0169] The TLR2 agonists described herein may be compositions formulated as inhalation formulations, including dry powders, sprays, mist, or aerosols. This may be particularly preferred for the treatment of respiratory infections. In the case of inhalation formulations, the compositions or combination drugs provided herein can be delivered by any inhalation method known to those skilled in the art. Such inhalation methods and devices include, but are not limited to, metered-dose inhalers containing propellants such as CFCs or HFAs, or physiologically and environmentally acceptable propellants. Other suitable devices include breath-actuated inhalers, multi-dose dry powder inhalers, and aerosol nebulizers. The aerosol formulations used in the present methods typically contain a propellant, surfactant, and cosolvent and may be filled into conventional aerosol containers sealed with a suitable metering valve.

[0170] Inhalant compositions may include liquid or powder compositions containing the active ingredient suitable for nebulization and intrabronchial use, or aerosol compositions administered via an aerosol unit that dispenses a metered amount. Suitable liquid compositions contain the active ingredient in an aqueous, pharmaceutically acceptable inhalant solvent, such as isotonic saline or bacteriostatic water. The solution is administered using a pump or squeeze-action spray dispenser, or by any other conventional means that allows the required amount of the liquid composition to be inhaled into the patient's lungs or allows inhalation into the lungs. Suitable formulations in which the carrier is a liquid for administration, such as a nasal spray or nasal drops, include aqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient. Alternatively, the composition may be a dry powder and administered to the respiratory tract as defined herein.

[0171] It will be understood that the specific dose level for any particular patient may vary depending on a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound used, age, body weight, health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration and rate of excretion, drug concomitants (i.e., other drugs being used to treat the patient), and the severity of the specific disorder being treated.

[0172] In another embodiment, a manufacturing kit or article is provided that includes one or more TLR2 agonists described herein, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, diluent or excipient, and / or pharmaceutical composition as described herein. The kit may further include a corticosteroid as described herein. Additionally, the kit may also include instructions for use in any of the methods or applications of the invention described herein.

[0173] In another embodiment, a kit for use in the above-described therapeutic and / or prophylactic applications is provided, comprising: - a container holding one or more TLR2 agonists or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, diluents or excipients or a pharmaceutical composition in the form of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein; - A label or package insert containing instructions for use Includes:

[0174] In one embodiment, the kit may contain one or more additional active ingredients or materials for the treatment of a respiratory condition.

[0175] The kit or "article of manufacture" may include a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, blister packs, and the like. The container may be formed from a variety of materials, such as glass or plastic. The container holds a therapeutic composition effective in treating a condition and may have a sterile access port (e.g., the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). The label or package insert indicates that the therapeutic composition is used for treating the condition of the subject. In one embodiment, the label or package insert includes instructions for use and indicates that the therapeutic or prophylactic composition can be used to treat a respiratory condition described herein.

[0176] The kit may include (a) a therapeutic or prophylactic composition; and (b) a second container having a second active ingredient or component therein. The kit of this embodiment of the invention may further include a package insert indicating that the composition and other active ingredients can be used to treat disorders resulting from, or prevent complications arising from, the respiratory conditions described herein.

[0177] It will be understood that the invention disclosed and defined herein extends to any and all alternative combinations of two or more of the individual features described or apparent from the text or drawings, all of these different combinations constituting various alternative aspects of the invention.

[0178] It will be understood that these examples are intended to demonstrate these and other aspects of the present invention. Also, it will be understood that while the examples illustrate particular embodiments of the present invention, the examples do not limit such embodiments to these particulars. Various changes may be made, equivalents may be substituted, or modifications may be made without departing from the aspects and / or principles of the present invention as described above. All such changes, equivalents, and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the claims set forth herein.

[0179] [Example] As used herein, including in the examples below, the following compounds are set forth in the tables below, and specific structures are set forth elsewhere herein.

[0180] [Table 2]

[0181] [Table 3]

[0182] [Example 1] [Inhibition of rhinovirus infection in a mouse model] This study was conducted to determine whether activation of the innate immune system by a TLR2 agonist reduces viral load and virus-induced inflammation during rhinovirus infection in mice.

[0183] [animal] Female 6- to 8-week-old BALB / c mice were used in all studies. Each group contained five mice. After treatment or challenge procedures, mice were monitored daily for weight changes and behavioral or physical changes, as stipulated in the animal experiment ethics approval for Project A-2016-605. At the time of sample collection, all mice were sacrificed by intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital. All mice were housed in individually ventilated cages within the HMRI Bioresources facility, with no more than four mice per cage. Mice were observed daily from the start of each study, and a health checklist was maintained.

[0184] [Mouse surgery and treatment] Rhinovirus serotype 1B was initially purified from a clinical isolate and propagated in RD-ICAM cells, as previously described (Bartlett et al., Nat Med (2008) 14, 199-204; Bartlett et al., Methods Mol Biol (2015) 1221, 181-188). Mice were intranasally administered 50 μl of agonist molecules under mild isoflurane anesthesia in an induction chamber in a class II biosafety cabinet. At the indicated time points after TLR2 agonist administration, PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 and Pam2Cys-R4 were intranasally administered together with 50 μl of RV1B containing 5 × 10 TCID50 using the same procedure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on day 2 postinfection to count inflammatory cell infiltrates and measure immune mediator protein expression. Lungs were harvested to assess viral load for total RNA. Murine RV infection models and related techniques have been previously developed (Bartlett et al., Nat Med (2008) 14, 199-204; Bartlett et al., Methods Mol Biol (2015) 1221, 181-188). Experimental groups are listed in Table 2.

[0185] [Table 4]

[0186] [Table 5]

[0187] [Table 6]

[0188] [Table 7]

[0189] [Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell analysis] After sacrifice, mice were cannulated in the trachea and their airways were flushed 3–5 times with 1 ml of Hank's Buffered Saline Solution (Hyclone™, GE Life Sciences). BAL cells were pelleted by centrifugation, and the supernatant was collected and stored at −80°C for ELISA. Pelleted cells were lysed red blood cells, and the remaining cells were counted by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer. The cell suspension was then centrifuged, loaded onto slides, fixed, and stained with Diff Quick (POCD) solution according to the manufacturer's recommendations. A minimum of 200 cells were counted per slide to determine the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

[0190] [RNA extraction and qRT-PCR] Apical lung lobes from each mouse were collected in RNA-later (Ambion). For processing, lobes were transferred to RLT (Qiagen) / 2ME buffer and subjected to tissue dissociation twice (with sample rotation) at 25 Hz for 2 min using a TissueLyser II (Qiagen). Cellular debris was pelleted by centrifugation, and RNA, including miRNAs, from animal and human cells and tissues was manually extracted using the miRNeasy kit (Qiagen) according to the supplier's recommended protocol for total RNA extraction. After extraction, RNA concentration was determined using spectrophotometric methods (Nanodrop), and 200 ng of RNA was used for reverse transcription with random primers and RNase inhibitor (AB, Applied Biosystems). Subsequently, cDNA was used for qPCR analysis on an ABI700 using TaqMan, FAM-TAMRA chemistry (Life Technologies) with ROX (Qiagen), a master mix containing the primers and probes outlined in Table 3. Ct values of the genes of interest (starting at 10 copies and running a 1:10 dilution series with seven standards of known concentration as reference). Copy numbers of all genes of interest were normalized to the reference gene 18s.

[0191] [Quantification of cytokines by ELISA] The remaining lung lobes, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, were homogenized in 600 μl of PBS containing protease inhibitors (Roche) using a TissueLyser II for two cycles at 30 Hz for 4 minutes. Cellular debris was pelleted by centrifugation, and samples were diluted 1:2 with PBS and stored at -80°C. BAL fluid was then analyzed for KC / IL-8 (CXCL1) and TNF-α production by Duoset ELISA (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0192] [Table 8]

[0193] qPCR analysis was performed using TaqMan chemistry in a total volume of 12.5ul per reaction with an optimized custom forward / reverse primer ratio on cDNA generated from RNA extracted from the apical lobe of each mouse.

[0194] [Statistical analysis] A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for comparisons between cohorts of mice treated with either saline RV control, Pam2Cys-R4, or PEG-Pam2Cys-R4. A P value <0.05 was considered significant.

[0195] [result] Various doses of PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 and Pam2Cys-R4 (see Table 2) were administered intranasally (50 μl) to the entire airway, as indicated. After treatment, mice were intranasally infected with RV1B. Viral load in the airways was determined by qPCR analysis of viral RNA, and pulmonary inflammation was determined by differential staining of BAL inflammatory cells and measurement of protein immune mediators in BAL fluid.

[0196] [Trial 1A Treatment 1 day before infection] Mice were treated with the indicated doses of PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 and Pam2Cys-R4 one day before intranasal infection with RV. Controls without TLR agonists were treated with saline (Fig. 1a). Viral load in the lungs was assessed by qPCR. We observed a significant reduction in viral load at all doses tested (Fig. 1b).

[0197] [Trial 1C Treatment 7 days before infection] Study 1C was completed simultaneously with 1A. Mice were treated with the indicated doses of PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 and Pam2Cys-R4 7 days prior to intranasal infection with RV (Fig. 2a). Controls without TLR-2 agonist were treated with saline. Agonist treatment at all doses resulted in highly significant reductions in viral load compared to saline-treated, RV-infected controls (Fig. 2b).

[0198] Analysis of BAL cells on day 2 p.i. revealed that all treatments significantly increased the total number of inflammatory cells (the majority of which were macrophages), but increased numbers of lymphocytes were observed at lower agonist treatment doses (Figure 3a-b). Inflammatory cytokines in the BAL were measured by ELISA. Significantly lower production of the neutrophil-recruiting chemokine CXCL1 was observed in all treatment groups compared to saline-treated infected mice (Figure 4a). Reduced TNFα expression was also observed in the higher-dose agonist-treated groups compared to saline-treated infected controls (Figure 4b).

[0199] [Studies 1B and 1D: Low-dose treatment 7 days before infection] After demonstrating potent and long-lasting antiviral effects accompanied by reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, the design of Study 1C was modified to determine whether antiviral effects could be maintained at lower doses. Starting with the lowest dose from the previous study (0.1 mmol / mouse), additional groups were treated with 0.05 nmoles / mouse and 0.01 nmoles / mouse of Pam2Cys-R4 or PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 7 days prior to viral treatment (Study 1B) or with 10 pmoles / mouse, 5 pmoles / mouse, 2 pmoles / mouse, or 1 pmole / mouse of Pam2Cys-R4 or PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 7 days prior to viral treatment (Study 1D). No weight loss was observed by the end of Studies 1B or 1D. Lung tissue RV RNA was measured to determine whether reduced inflammation was associated with lower viral loads (Figure 5a-b). All doses of PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 inhibited RV replication. Pam2Cys-R4 also resulted in a significant reduction in viral RNA at the indicated doses.

[0200] Regarding immune cells, Pam2Cys-R4 and PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 caused a significant increase in cell recruitment after treatment at the indicated doses (Figure 6a, d). The increased BAL cells were primarily due to increased macrophage numbers (Figure 6b, e). Significantly increased lymphocyte numbers were also observed at the indicated doses (Figure 6c, f). As shown in Figure 6c, lymphocytes accounted for approximately 10% of total BAL cells in response to the indicated doses. Neutrophilic inflammation is a typical feature of viral asthma exacerbations and is associated with disease severity. Clinically significant reductions in viral load are expected to be associated with reduced viral airway neutrophilic inflammation. A significant reduction in neutrophils was observed when expressed as a percentage of total BAL cells or absolute number of total BAL cells at the indicated doses compared to saline-treated RV-infected mice (Figure 7a-c). To provide further evidence of TLR-2 agonist-mediated suppression of virus-induced inflammation, we measured levels of the neutrophil-recruiting chemokine (CXCL1) and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα in both studies 1B and 1D. Because viral replication drives CXCL1 expression, this data supports the suppression of viral replication by TLR-2 agonist treatment. A highly significant reduction in CXCL1 expression was observed for all doses of TLR-2 agonist compared to untreated RV-infected controls (Fig. 8a, b). Treatment had no effect on TNFα production, confirming that treatment did not cause activation of inflammatory pathways (Fig. 8c, d).

[0201] [Study 1E: (i) Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, Peg-S-Pam2Cys, and Pam2CysSK4 7 days before infection; and (ii) INNA-011 and Peg-S-Pam2Cys treatment (dose range 1 pmol to 10 pmol)] Next, we evaluated other TLR2 agonists (Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys). After demonstrating potent and long-lasting antiviral effects accompanied by reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines using the lowest doses of Pam2Cys-R4 and Peg-Pam2Cys-R4, we sought to evaluate equivalent doses of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, Peg-S-Pam2Cys, and INNA-011. Therefore, we treated groups of mice with 10 pmol / mouse, 5 pmol / mouse, 2 pmol / mouse, and / or 1 pmol / mouse (or 2 pmol / mouse in the case of INNA-011) 7 days before infection. Comparisons were also performed with the commercially available Pam2CysSk4 molecule using the same doses.

[0202] Next, mouse weight was assessed over time. Mouse weight data over time were visibly clustered among the various groups. At baseline (day -7), there was a significant difference between the saline RV control and 1 pmol Peg-SS-Pam2Cys groups (p = 0.046, one-way ANOVA), and there was a trend toward weight loss within the 1 pmol Peg-S-Pam2Cys group at the time of treatment (p = 0.091, one-way ANOVA). With the exception of the 1 pmol dose of Pam2CysSK4, all mouse groups showed a trend toward weight gain or no change in weight (data not shown). There was a significant difference between the 1 pmol Peg-S-Pam2Cys and saline RV control mice on day -4 and day 1 postinfection, likely due to the tight clustering of mouse weights and not due to weight loss induced by drug treatment (data not shown).

[0203] To evaluate the antiviral effects of defined TLR agonists, we quantified RV copy numbers in lung lysates from the apical pulmonary tract of three lobes by TaqMan qPCR. All doses of TLR agonists resulted in a significant reduction in RV infection. Peg-S-Pam2Cys inhibition was found to be dose-dependent. Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys had superior antiviral effects to Pam2CysSK4 at the 10 pmol dose. Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys reduced RV infection by approximately 85% (84.82% for 10 pmol Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and 86.76% for Peg-S-Pam2Cys), compared with only a 58% reduction with the same dose of Pam2CysSK4 (p = 0.0246 by one-way ANOVA) (Figure 9a). Notably, treatment with INNA-011 reduces RV lung RNA to the same extent as Peg-S-Pam2Cys (INNA-006) (9(a)(ii)).

[0204] Pulmonary inflammation, as assessed by total leukocyte counts in BAL, showed no significant differences among all drug treatments compared with saline RV controls (Figure 9b). In this experiment, differential leukocyte counts were not possible due to cell loss either during cytospin preparation (cells did not adhere to the slide) or staining (cells detached from the slide upon immersion in the fixation or staining solution). Therefore, the fixation and staining solutions were discarded and replaced. To ensure successful differential BAL leukocyte counts in future experiments, the cytocentrifuge equipment was also replaced, increasing the relative centrifugal force (from 300 rpm to 500 rpm). Assessment of neutrophils in BAL cells 2 days postinfection demonstrated that INNA-011 and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (INNA-006) attenuated RV-induced neutrophilic inflammation (Figure 9c).

[0205] Treatment with Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, Peg-S-Pam2Cys, or Pam2CysSK4 reduced levels of CXCL1, a major neutrophil chemokine produced in response to RV infection (Figure 9d-e). All doses of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and the 10 pmol and 5 pmol doses of the Peg-S-Pam2Cys and Pam2CysSK4 compounds effectively reduced CXCL1 levels. Furthermore, INNA-011 and Peg-S-Pam2Cys (INNA-006) reduced RV-induced expression of CXCL1. TNF-α was not increased by any of the compounds, providing evidence that defined TLR-agonists do not promote inflammation.

[0206] [Study 1F: Interactions and effects of concomitant medications during infection] To determine whether there was a synergistic effect on antiviral responses and inflammation, mice were prophylactically administered 2 pmol of either Peg-SS-Pam2Cys or Peg-S-Pam2Cys either 7 days and / or 1 day before infection. One group was specifically dosed 7 days and 1 day before infection. After treatment, mice were intranasally infected with RV1B (or mock-treated), and mouse weights were recorded (measured in grams or as a percentage change from baseline), infection was assessed in BAL, and airway viral load was quantified. Mouse weight measurements and weight change from baseline (day -7) confirmed previous observations, with neither compound at the 2 pmol dose inducing weight loss at any time point (data not shown). More importantly, no weight loss was observed when mice were treated with a second dose of TLR-agonist (6 days after the first dose on the day before infection).

[0207] To test the effect of the timing of administration of these TLR agonists, separate groups of mice were intranasally treated with 2 pmol of either Peg-SS-Pam2Cys or Peg-S-Pam2Cys at either 7 days postinfection, 1 day postinfection, or a combination of 7 and 1 days postinfection. Mice were then intranasally inoculated with mock or RV1B. Two days postinfection, lung inflammation was assessed by BAL.

[0208] To verify whether the increased lung inflammation was due to increased viral load or drug-induced pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary RV copy number was assessed by qPCR. Each drug treatment group showed a highly significant reduction in viral copy number, and the combination of Peg-S-Pam2Cys treatment on days -7 and -1 enhanced viral clearance compared with mice treated only on day 7 (Fig. 10a-b).

[0209] BAL neutrophils were significantly increased only in mice treated with Peg-SS-Pam2Cys 1 day before RV or mock infection. However, lymphocyte counts were induced by Peg-SS-Pam2Cys at all treatment time points (except for day -7 treatment of RV1B infection). Treatment with Peg-SS-Pam2Cys 7 days before infection and the combination with Peg-SS-Pam2Cys 1 day before also promoted lymphocyte recruitment in the BAL (Fig. 10c-d).

[0210] Total lymphocytes were increased in mock-control mice receiving the day -1 dose of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, in mock mice receiving Peg-SS-Pam2Cys at both day -7 and day -1, and in mice receiving Peg-S-Pam2Cys on day -7 compared with saline mock controls (Figure 10e-f). Interestingly, the same dose regimen in RV1B-infected mice did not induce significantly higher leukocyte recruitment compared with saline RV controls. In contrast to previous experiments, the increase in total BAL leukocytes was not due to macrophage recruitment. Only the Peg-S-Pam2Cys mock group on day -7 had higher macrophage numbers compared with its saline mock control group.

[0211] Interestingly, despite significant neutrophil inflammation in the Peg-SS-Pam2Cys d-7 / mock group, CXCL1 production increased only in the Peg-SS-Pam2Cys d-1 / RV1B and Peg-S-Pam2Cys d-1 / RV1B groups. It is also important to note that mice already treated on day -7 were protected from lung inflammation induced by administration of either Peg-SS-Pam2Cys or Peg-S-Pam2Cys on day -1 (Fig. 10g-h). Consistent with previous experiments, neither Peg-SS-Pam2Cys nor Peg-S-Pam2Cys induced TNF-α in either group.

[0212] [Trial 1G Treatment during RV infection] Mice were infected intranasally with RV1B and treated with 10, 5, 2, or 1 pmol doses of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys or Peg-S-Pam2Cys on day 1 postinfection to assess the interaction between the therapeutic antiviral effect and established RV infection during pulmonary inflammation. After RV infection, mouse body weights were recorded, and viral load and inflammation in the airways were determined.

[0213] Administration of TLR agonists during infection significantly reduced RV copy numbers in the lungs (Fig. 11a). Thus, studies 1G and 1F (TLR-agonist administration on day -1 and day 1 post-infection) accurately represent inflammation from viral load.

[0214] There was no significant difference in total leukocyte counts in mice treated with Peg-SS-Pam2Cys or Peg-S-Pam2Cys during active infection compared with infected mice treated with saline (saline RV) or RV and mock controls. However, both Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys altered the BAL leukocyte profile, significantly reducing macrophage numbers and increasing neutrophil recruitment (Fig. 11b–e). Unlike previous studies, lymphocyte counts were unchanged.

[0215] Neutrophilic inflammation in BAL was also associated with production of the neutrophil chemokine CXCL1 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, both of which were dose-dependent upon drug treatment (Fig. 11f-g). Importantly, CXCL1 and TNF-α were not increased by the lowest dose of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys or Peg-S-Pam2Cys.

[0216] [Essay] The in vivo program of this study was conducted in parallel with in vitro experiments in RV-infected primary bronchial epithelial cells. The in vitro data provide evidence of the antiviral effects of the defined TLR2 agonists. The goal of the mouse studies was to determine whether candidate TLR2 agonists (Pam2Cys-R4, Peg-Pam2Cys-R4, Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, and Peg-S-Pam2Cys) are antiviral against RV in vivo when administered to the lower respiratory tract, and whether inhibition of viral infection provides evidence of clinical benefit by reducing virus-induced airway inflammation.

[0217] In studies 1A and 1B, mice were administered 0.1 nmoles, 1.0 nmoles, and 5 nmoles per mouse. When administered 7 days before infection (study 1B), the lowest dose (0.1 nmoles) of PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 did not induce significant weight loss, demonstrating the potential positive effect of PEGylation on the systemic effects of Pam2Cys. For both dosing regimens (days -1 and -7), there was evidence of agonist-induced cellular inflammation, which was accompanied by reduced viral load in both studies. Treatment 7 days before infection achieved a significant reduction in viral load (>90% viral RNA reduction).

[0218] In Study 1B, all doses resulted in immune activation, likely consisting of macrophages involved in the differentiation of neutrophilic infection. At lower doses (1 and 0.1 nmol), these groups showed evidence of decreased neutrophil counts and increased lymphocyte recruitment, indicative of the differentiation of neutrophilic inflammation. Cytokine data supported this. Treatment with a TLR2 agonist 7 days before infection reduced levels of the virus-induced neutrophil chemokine CXCL1. Higher doses also reduced TNFα expression. This study is the first to demonstrate that prophylactic treatment with a TLR2 agonist (7 days before infection) can inhibit infection and that this is associated with a reduction in virus-induced inflammatory mediators.

[0219] Studies 1A (administration 1 day prior to infection) and 1B (administration 7 days prior to infection) were conducted on the same group of mice. Based on the weight loss and inflammation profile, it was decided to reduce the dosing range in Study 1C (0.1 to 0.01 nmoles / mouse) 7 days prior to rhinovirus infection. Neither agent caused weight loss when administered at 0.01 nmoles / mouse. Data indicated that the pegylated forms were better tolerated with respect to their effect on weight loss.

[0220] Evaluation of inflammatory cells in Study 1C revealed a modest increase in total BAL cells (up to twofold), primarily macrophages. Macrophages are important in the differentiation of neutrophilic inflammation, which may be mechanistically involved in the agonist-mediated suppression of virus-induced inflammation in this model. Again, Peg-Pam2Cys-R4 resulted in low inflammation and no increase in total BAL cells after treatment at 0.05 nmol / mouse and 0.01 nmol / mouse. A significant, albeit low, lymphocyte signal was evident in all but the lowest-dose Peg-Pam2Cys-R4-treated group. Neutrophils are an important readout of viral inflammation. We observed a near-significant decrease in BAL neutrophils with agonist treatment. Given the consistent trend in neutropenia, we are confident that this effect (>50% reduction) will prove statistically significant if we increase the dataset size through repeated testing. Because BAL neutrophils in the mouse RV infection model peak 1 day after infection, future studies targeting the suppression of viral neutrophilic inflammation by TLR2 agonists may obtain a clearer signal if assessed 1 day earlier.

[0221] Consistent with neutropenia, agonist treatment was highly effective in suppressing CXCL1 expression. No effect on TNFα was observed, confirming that treatment did not significantly activate inflammatory pathways. Because viral replication drives innate immune activation and CXCL1 expression, this data supports the suppression of viral replication and infection-induced inflammation by TLR2 agonist treatment. Analysis of viral RNA confirmed this, with PEG-Pam2Cys-R4 treatment inducing a significant reduction in viral load at all doses. Only the highest dose of Pam2Cys-R4 (0.1 nmole / mouse) resulted in a significant reduction in viral load.

[0222] Having completed proof-of-concept studies with Pam2Cys-R4 and Peg-Pam2Cys-R4, we next focused on Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, Peg-S-Pam2Cys, and INNA-011. Other than a transient reduction in body weight gain at the highest treatment dose (10 pmoles per mouse), Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys did not affect mouse body weight. The lack of clinically adverse inflammation was consistent with the lack of induction of TNFα and significantly reduced neutrophilic inflammation, which was accompanied by a highly significant reduction (>80%) in viral load. The antiviral efficacy of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys was comparable and superior to that of Pam2CSK4, which reduced lung viral load by 50%. These data confirmed that Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys potently suppressed viral inflammation when administered 7 days before RV infection. Furthermore, INNA-011 also had a significant inhibitory effect on viral inflammation.

[0223] We next examined the interaction between multiple doses of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys and the proximity of administration to RV infection. Regarding lung inflammation in uninfected mice (d-1 group) 3 days after administration (examining only the response to drug treatment), there was a neutrophilic response to Peg-SS-Pam2Cys (but not Peg-S-Pam2Cys). This response was reduced when treatment was administered 6 days earlier. Thus, this experiment revealed an unexpected effect of multiple doses, where the primary dose induced a lower inflammatory response than the secondary dose. One possible explanation for this is that administration of a second agonist functions by inducing inflammatory pathways, such as anti-inflammatory macrophages that phagocytose apoptotic neutrophils. The same experiment also revealed differences between Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys in terms of the intensity of inflammation (Peg-SS-Pam2Cys was more inflammatory). CXCL1 levels were significantly increased in mice treated 1 day before infection, but this effect was completely eliminated when mice received pretreatment on day -7. Despite the suppression of inflammation after multiple treatments, there was no loss of antiviral immunity. In fact, both treatments on day -7 and day -1 were more effective (reducing viral RNA by approximately 90%) than a single treatment on day -7 (reducing viral RNA by 70%).

[0224] In the final study, we examined the therapeutic effects of Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys administered 1 day after RV1B infection (treatment protocol). Clinical evidence of increased inflammation was observed in relation to weight loss at higher doses, as reflected by dose-dependent expression of inflammatory mediators and neutrophil recruitment. At lower doses (2 and 1 pmol), there was no significant increase in KC or TNFα above that induced by RV infection without treatment. Doses of 5 pmol or less per mouse resulted in a significant reduction in lung viral load. The highest dose (10 pmol per mouse) was less effective and, in the case of Peg-S-Pam2Cys, was not significant. This data is consistent with the viral load data from Study 1A (Figure 4), which also showed a loss of antiviral efficacy at the highest dose. This is typical of a bell-shaped response curve, often seen with mixed agonist-antagonists.

[0225] In summary, this study demonstrates for the first time that prophylactic treatment with a representative TLR-2 agonist can inhibit virus-mediated infection, which is associated with a reduction in viral load and virus-induced inflammatory mediators, such as the chemokine CXCL1. These studies demonstrate the potent antiviral activity of structurally diverse compounds, including TLR2 agonists, against RV infection. Furthermore, antiviral activity against rhinovirus infection can be achieved at agonist doses that do not elicit clinical or immunopathological signals. These data also demonstrate that multiple doses of TLR agonists protect against the acute inflammatory effects of the primary response to agonist treatment without compromising antiviral activity. Furthermore, postinfection treatment also suppresses viral replication and induces neutrophil recruitment at doses as low as 1 pmol per mouse, without increasing inflammatory cytokines at lower doses.

[0226] Without being bound by any theory or mechanism of action, mechanisms of defense against infection are thought to involve both non-immune (airway epithelium) and low level macrophage and lymphocyte activation.

[0227] [Example 2] [Protective and therapeutic effects of TLR2 agonists against rhinovirus infection in primary asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells] This study was conducted to determine whether TLR2 agonist treatment or prophylaxis reduces viral load and virus-induced immune mediators during rhinovirus infection in air-liquid interface (ALI)-differentiated human asthma bronchial epithelial cells.

[0228] [Air-liquid interface differentiation of primary bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients] Primary bronchial epithelial cells (Fig. 12a) obtained from six patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma were grown to confluence (passage 3) in T75 flasks and differentiated at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Briefly, primary cells were grown in complete BEGM (Lonza) with growth factor supplements in submerged monolayer cultures, and then cultured at 2 x 10 cells in 10 ng / ml recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) in 0.1% hydrocortisone, 0.1% bovine insulin, 0.1% epinephrine, 0.1% transferrin, 0.4% bovine pituitary extract (all Lonza). Cells were seeded until confluence (at least 3 days in the apical and basal membrane compartments) in transwells (Corning Cat#3460) in 12-well plates containing ALI initial medium consisting of 50% BEBM / 50% DMEM containing ethanolamine (final concentration 80 μM), MgCl2 (final concentration 0.3 mM), MgSO4 (final concentration 0.4 mM), bovine serum albumin (final concentration 0.5 mg / ml), aphotericin B (final concentration 250 μg / ml), all-trans retinoic acid (30 ng / ml), and 2% penicillin-streptomycin. Once confluence was reached, the rhEGF concentration during the ALI phase was changed to 0.5 ng / ml for differentiation in the basal membrane compartment (below the transwell insert) without apical medium until 21 days after initial seeding.

[0229] [Transepithelial electrical resistance reading] Transepithelial electrical resistance was measured using a WPI EVOM (epithelial volt-ohm meter with AC current via an STX2 chopstick electrode set) placed simultaneously in the apical and basal membrane media. Starting on day 0 (when the inoculated cells reached confluence), the average of three readings was recorded for each time point, and continued weekly throughout proliferation and differentiation (days 7, 14, and 21), and after differentiation relative to the time of infection (at -2, 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-infection). Resistance was expressed in ohms (Ω) / cm.

[0230] [Sample collection from ALI cultures] ALI culture samples were harvested at 48 and 96 hours post-infection. At each time point, the apical medium was removed from the cultures and stored at -80°C for protein expression analysis, half of the transwell membrane was carefully excised from the insert and collected in 350 μl of RLT buffer (Qiagen) containing 1% 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) for downstream molecular analysis by RT-qPCR, and the remaining transwell membrane was reserved for protein analysis.

[0231] [RNA extraction and qRT-PCR] Transwell membranes in RLT / 2ME buffer were pulse-vortexed to remove and lyse cells from the membrane. After membrane removal, RNA was extracted using the miRNeasy kit (Qiagen) on a semi-automated Qiacube platform, following the supplier's recommended protocol for extracting total RNA, including miRNA, from animal and human cells and tissues. After extraction, RNA concentration was determined using spectrophotometric analysis (Nanodrop), and 200 ng of RNA was used for reverse transcription with random primers and RNase inhibitor (AB, Applied Biosystems). Subsequently, cDNA was used for qPCR analysis on an ABI700 using TaqMan, FAM-TAMRA chemistry (Life Technologies), along with a master mix containing ROX (Qiagen), the primers, and probes outlined in Table 3. Ct values of genes of interest (starting at 10 copies and running a 1:10 dilution series, referenced to seven standards of known concentration) were used. Copy numbers of all genes of interest were normalized to the reference gene 18s.

[0232] qPCR analysis was performed using TaqMan chemistry in a total volume of 12.5ul per reaction using an optimized custom forward / reverse primer ratio on cDNA generated from RNA extracted from cell lysates from one half of the air-liquid interface transwell membrane.

[0233] [Virus stock] Virus infection at MOI 0.1 for 2 hours RV1-B (May 2010 stock 1.55 x 108 TCID / ml) MOI 1=6.45ul RV1B+243.55ul min MOI 0.1 = 1 / 10 of MOI 1 7W (250ul each) = 175ul MOI 1 RV1B + 1575ul minimum

[0234] [Time of infection sampling] As of: Re-read TEER (to ensure virus-treated samples are not contaminated with each other) Remove the apical supernatant Take 500ul and store at -80℃ Remove the transwell and place it in a collection plate containing 1 ml of PBS. Protein: Extract protein from half of the membrane in 200ul of protein lysis buffer according to GLP855 and AR methods (store at -80°C) RNA: Extract RNA from half the membrane in 350ul of RLT lysis buffer according to GLP855 (store at -80°C)

[0235] [Quantification of cytokines and interferon production] Apical supernatants from ALI cultures were analyzed for IL-6 and IP-10 (CXCL10) production by multiplex cytometric bead array (CBA) using a BD CBA Flex set (BD) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, samples were allowed to reach room temperature, and 50 μl of sample was mixed with multiplex beads coated with either anti-human IL-6 or IP-10, followed by incubation with phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated detection antibodies. Samples were run on a 96-well plate format FACS Canto-II. IL-6 and IP-10-coated beads were identified based on APC and APC-Cy7 clustering and PE intensity of unknowns referenced to standard curves of known concentrations using FCAP-Array (version 3) software. ELISA was used to quantify IFN-γ, IL-8, and CCL22 (R&D Systems Duoset) and IFN-β (PBL Assays) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0236] [Statistical analysis] Non-parametric (Mann Whitney) unpaired t-tests were used for all stats comparing treatments with saline RV controls. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Friedman tests were used to assess interferon expression and inflammatory mediator expression between saline RV control groups and treatment with the indicated doses of Pam2Cys-R4.

[0237] [result] To determine whether Pam2Cys-R4 can induce an antiviral response in asthmatic airway epithelial cells, we generated fully differentiated epithelial cell cultures from five asthma patients. These cultures were treated with two doses of Pam2Cys-R4 (0.2 μM or 0.02 μM) in starvation medium either 24 h before infection (pretreatment, preventative model) or 2 h after RV infection (posttreatment, therapeutic model). Medium was added to untreated cells. A consistent trend for reduction of viral RNA in treated cultures was observed, which reached statistical significance for the 0.02 μM pretreatment and 0.2 μM posttreatment groups 96 h after infection (Figure 12b-e). These data suggest that the kinetics of the antiviral response can be dose-manipulated.

[0238] RV replication generates viral RNA that activates pathogen pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), innate immunity, and type I / III interferon (IFNβ / IFNλ) production. This process has been shown to be impaired in asthma, particularly in more severe forms of the disease. To determine whether Pam2Cys-R4 treatment inhibits viral replication, we measured virus-induced IFN production. We measured type I (IFNβ) and type III (IFNλ) protein levels in the apical medium (Figures 13a-d). For all treatment conditions, TLR-2 agonist treatment tended to reduce IFN expression, consistent with the significant reduction in viral replication in the 0.2 μM 96 h posttreatment group shown in Figure 12.

[0239] The agonists indeed induced the production of inflammatory mediators IP-10, IL-6, IP-8, and CCL22 by uninfected and infected cells (Fig. 14a–h). IL-6 exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, and its role in asthma is somewhat controversial. It is generally accepted that high levels correlate with asthma severity. IL-8 is a neutrophil chemokine and another biomarker for severe acute asthma. CCL22 is a chemokine that binds to the CCR4 receptor on the surface of Th2 cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells and is associated with type 2 inflammation in asthma. These data demonstrate that TLR-2 agonist treatment can reduce the peak and duration of infection without causing a significant increase in inflammation, as evidenced by measurements of defined inflammatory markers. Clinical trials have revealed that the peak and duration of viral load correlate with asthma disease severity, supporting the idea that reducing viral replication reduces disease severity.

[0240] We next conducted experiments to evaluate the antiviral activity of the TLR2 agonist variants Pam2Cys-R4, Peg-SS-Pam2Cys, and Peg-S-Pam2Cys in comparison with the commercially available Pam2CSK4. Initial experiments were performed using the human bronchial epithelial BCi-NS1 cell line, a minimally immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line that constitutively expresses human telomerase reverse transcriptase. This cell line was obtained from airway epithelial scrapings of healthy volunteers and retains the characteristics of the original primary cells for over 40 passages. An important feature retained by these cells is their ability to differentiate at ALI. Cells were either untreated or pretreated with the indicated doses of Pam2Cys-R4, Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys, or Pam2CysSK4 (CSK4). Cells were then infected with RV1B, and viral RNA levels were measured at 96 hours p.i. (Figure 15a-b). Compared to the control, treatment with Peg-S-Pam2Cys (20 nM and 2 nM) significantly reduced viral RNA levels by approximately 50% at 96 hours p.i.

[0241] In summary, this study demonstrates that TLR-2 agonist treatment of fully differentiated asthmatic epithelia from human patients with asthma of varying severity inhibits viral replication and the concomitant production of innate antiviral mediators induced by viral replication. These results are significant because they demonstrate for the first time that a TLR-2 agonist can suppress rhinovirus replication without first triggering INF production and an IFN-mediated antiviral response.

[0242] The epithelial cells used in this study were obtained from patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma. Compared with cells from patients with severe disease, these cells are more likely to have a fully functional antiviral response with "normal" interferon expression. Nevertheless, we were able to observe enhanced control of infection with agonist treatment.

[0243] Importantly, the antiviral response is independent of IFN-mediated responses. This is important because interferon expression is highly variable, especially in more severe forms of asthma. Therefore, controlling the therapeutic response to IFN-inducing TLR agonists (e.g., TLR3 or TLR7 agonists) can be problematic and may result in either no therapeutic benefit in clinical trials or excessive inflammation and associated side effects. Previous clinical trials have observed variable responses to recombinant IFN in asthma. Reduction of exacerbations has only been observed in clinical trials in severe subgroups, limiting the application of this treatment to asthma. The reduction in viral load observed in cells from mild and moderate persistent asthma patients in this experiment suggests that targeting interferon-independent antiviral pathways may be broadly applicable to multiple asthma phenotypes.

[0244] Pam2Cys-R4 induced the production of inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-8, and CCL22, but not IP-10, in both infected and non-infected cells. Consistent with our results, TLR2 activation has been reported to induce epithelial expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in other systems. IL-6 exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, and its role in asthma is somewhat controversial. It is generally accepted that high levels of IL-6 are associated with the severity of asthma. IL-8 is a neutrophil chemokine and another biomarker for severe acute asthma. CCL22 is a chemokine that binds to the CCR4 receptor on the surface of Th2 cells and type 2 innate lymphocytes and is associated with type 2 inflammation in asthma. After treatment with Pam2Cys-R4, the increase in expression of these mediators was modest (generally less than two-fold).

[0245] Alveolar macrophages are the major resident immune cells in the airways, and BAL cells from healthy lungs are typically 85% macrophages. We evaluated the response of BAL macrophages to costimulation with RV and Pam2Cys-R4 or Peg-Pam2Cys-R4 to determine the type and magnitude of inflammatory cytokines induced. We measured IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα. CXCL10 (IP10) was undetectable. For the majority of experiments, RV challenge alone did not induce IL-6, IL-8, or TNFα. This was not surprising, given that macrophages are not permissive for RV infection.

[0246] Both BECs and macrophages expressed IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα in response to TLR2 activation. CXCL10 was expressed by the epithelium in response to RV infection and / or TLR2 stimulation, but not by BAL macrophages. This observation facilitates understanding of the responses that might be expected during human clinical trials (IP10 expression likely indicates that the epithelium is activated, whereas expression of inflammatory cytokines in the absence of CXCL10 may indicate that the epithelium is not involved and that immune cells (macrophages) are responding).

[0247] After demonstrating proof-of-concept experiments using Pam2Cys-R4 and Peg-Pam2Cys-R4, we proceeded to candidate selection and evaluated the antiviral effects of structural analogs of Pam2Cys-R4 and Peg-Pam2Cys-R4, namely, Peg-SS-Pam2Cys and Peg-S-Pam2Cys. Pam2Cys-R4 and the commercially available TLR2 agonist Pam2CSK4 were used as controls.

[0248] The first round of experiments was conducted using the healthy human bronchial epithelial cell line BCi-NS1. These cells behave similarly to primary cells in their ability to form pseudostratified epithelia during ALI. We confirmed that structurally related TLR2 agonist compounds exhibit potent antiviral activity. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate the ability of representative TLR2 agonists to act as antivirals against RV infection in asthmatic epithelial cells.

[0249] [Example 3] [Synthesis of INNA-003 and INNA-006] [Synthesis of INNA-003 and INNA-006] Reagents: Solid phase support: TentaGel S RAM resin (substitution coefficient 0.24 mmol / G; Rapp Polymere, Tuebingen, Germany). Amino acid derivatives: Fmoc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-homo-Ser(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Ser(PO(OBzl)OH)-OH, Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-NH-(PEG)3-COOH, Fmoc-NH-(PEG)5-COOH, Fmoc-NH-(PEG) 11 -COOH, Fmoc-NH-(PEG) 27 -COOH. [ka]

[0250] Note: Use of Merck catalog number 851024 provides the structures shown below for "INNA-003" (sometimes referred to herein as Pam2Cys-SS-PEG) and "INNA-006" (sometimes referred to herein as Pam2Cys-S-PEG).

[0251] [INNA-003:] [ka]

[0252] [INNA-006 or compound (1):] [ka]

[0253] Acylation: A 4-fold molar excess of Fmoc amino acid, O-benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-uronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), and a 6-fold molar excess of diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) are used in all acylation steps. All acylation reactions are carried out for 60 minutes, and completion is confirmed by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBSA) test. Removal of the Fmoc protecting group from the α-amino group is achieved by exposing the solid support to 2.5% diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU; Sigma, Steinheim, Germany) for 2 × 5 minutes. Dimethylformamide (DMF; Auspep, Melbourne, Australia) is used to wash the solid support between each acylation and deprotection step. Fmoc-NH-(PEG) 11 Coupling of -COOH (Merck, Bayswater, Australia) is carried out similarly to coupling of amino acids.

[0254] Note: Glycine was first transferred to TentaGel S RAM solid support, followed by Fmoc-NH-(PEG). 11 Coupling to -COOH.

[0255] [Peptide quantification] Quantification of peptide-based materials was determined by amino acid analysis performed under vacuum by hydrolysis of samples in sealed glass vials at 110°C in the presence of 6 N HCl containing 0.1% phenol. Amino acid derivatization was then performed using Waters AccQTag reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions, followed by analysis on a Waters Acquity UPLC System (Waters Millipore) using an AccQTag Ultra column (2.1 mm × 100 mm; Waters Millipore).

[0256] [Preparation of INNA-003 and INNA-006] In the case of INNA-003, two serine residues are sequentially coupled after addition of the PEG moiety, and in the case of INNA-006, a single serine is incorporated after addition of the PEG moiety.

[0257] [Lipidation (addition of Pam2Cys)] Synthesis of S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine: Triethylamine (6 g, 8.2 ml, 58 mmol) was added to an aqueous solution of L-cysteine hydrochloride (3 g, 19 mmol) and 3-bromopropane-1,2-diol (4.2 g, 2.36 ml, 27 mmol), and the homogeneous solution was maintained at room temperature for 3 days. The solution was reduced to a white residue under vacuum at 40°C, which was then precipitated with acetone (300 ml) and the precipitate was isolated by centrifugation. The precipitate was washed two more times with acetone and dried to obtain S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine as a white amorphous powder.

[0258] Synthesis of N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteine (Fmoc-Dhc-OH): S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine (2.45 g, 12.6 mmol) was dissolved in 9% sodium carbonate (20 ml). Next, a solution of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide (3.45 g, 10.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 ml) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The mixture was then diluted with water (240 ml) and extracted with diethyl ether (25 ml x 3). The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and then extracted with ethyl acetate (70 ml x 3). The extract was washed with water (50 ml x 2) and saturated sodium chloride solution (50 ml x 2). The extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness. The final product was obtained by applying a high vacuum to remove residual solvent.

[0259] Coupling of Fmoc-Dhc-OH with resin-bound peptide: Fmoc-Dhc-OH (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) is activated in DCM and DMF (1:1, v / v, 3 mL) containing HOBt (36 mg, 0.24 mmol) and DICl (37 μL, 0.24 mmol) for 5 min at 0 °C. The mixture is then added to a vessel containing the resin-bound peptide (0.04 mmol, 0.25 g amino-peptide resin). After shaking for 2 h, the solution is removed by filtration through a glass sinter funnel (porosity 3), and the resin is washed with DCM and DMF (3 × 30 mL each). The reaction is monitored for completion using the TNBSA test. Double couplings are performed if necessary.

[0260] Palmitoylation of the two hydroxyl groups of the Fmoc-Dhc-peptide resin: Palmitic acid (204 mg, 0.8 mmol), DIPCDI (154 μL, 1 mmol), and DMAP (9.76 mg, 0.08 mmol) are dissolved in 2 mL of DCM and 1 mL of DMF. Resin-bound Fmoc-Dhc-peptide resin (0.04 mmol, 0.25 g) is suspended in this solution and shaken at room temperature for 16 h. After removing the solution by filtration, the resin is thoroughly washed with DCM and DMF to remove any residual urea. Removal of the Fmoc group is achieved using 2.5% DBU (2 × 5 min).

[0261] Cleavage of the peptide from the solid support: Reagent B (93% TFA, 5% water and 2% triisopropylsilane) for 2 hours. Note: The peptide will not precipitate in cold ether. Most of the TFA must be removed, after which the residue is dissolved in 50% acetonitrile and either immediately purified or lyophilized.

[0262] [Purification and characterization of INNA-003 and INNA-006] After cleavage from the solid support, INNA-003 and INNA-006 were purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a C4 VYDAC column (10 mm × 250 mm; Alltech, NSW, Australia) attached to a Waters HPLC system (Waters Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). The identity of the target material was determined by mass spectrometry, and the purified material was characterized by analytical HPLC using a VYDAC C8 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm) and found to be >95% pure. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed using an Agilent 1100 Series LC / MSD ion trap mass spectrometer (Agilent, Palo Alto, CA, USA).

[0263] Preparation of Compound (2) or Pam2Cys-Thr-PEG: Addition of the PEG11 moiety followed by incorporation of a single threonine. Addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was carried out as described above.

[0264] Preparation of compound (3) or Pam2Cys-HomoSer-PEG: Addition of a PEG11 moiety followed by incorporation of a single homo-serine. Addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was carried out as previously described.

[0265] Preparation of Compound (4) or Pam2Cys-phosphoSer-PEG: Addition of a PEG11 moiety followed by incorporation of a single phosphoserine. Addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was carried out as previously described.

[0266] Preparation of Pam2Cys-Ser-PEG3: After coupling of the first amino acid glycine, a PEG3 moiety was coupled instead of PEG11. After coupling of a single serine residue, addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was performed as described above.

[0267] Preparation of Pam2Cys-Ser-PEG5: After coupling of the first amino acid glycine, PEG5 was coupled in place of the PEG11 moiety. After coupling of a single serine residue, addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was performed as described above.

[0268] Preparation of compound (5): After coupling of the first amino acid glycine, PEG27 was coupled instead of the PEG11 moiety. After coupling of the single serine residue, addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was performed as described above.

[0269] Preparation of compound (6): After coupling of the first amino acid glycine, the PEG27 moiety was coupled twice consecutively. After coupling of a single serine residue, addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was performed as described above.

[0270] Preparation of compound (2a): Addition of the PEG11 moiety followed by incorporation of two threonines. Addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) is carried out as described above.

[0271] Preparation of compound (3a): Addition of PEG11 moiety followed by incorporation of two homo-serines. Addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) is carried out as described above.

[0272] Preparation of compound (4a): Addition of the PEG11 moiety followed by the incorporation of two phosphoserines. Addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) is carried out as previously described.

[0273] Preparation of compound (5a): After coupling of the first amino acid glycine, PEG27 was coupled instead of the PEG11 moiety. After coupling of the two serine residues, addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was carried out as described above.

[0274] Preparation of compound (6a): After coupling of the first amino acid glycine, the PEG27 moiety was coupled twice in succession. After coupling of two serine residues, addition of Pam2Cys (lipidation) was carried out as described above.

[0275] [Example 4] The primary objective of the following studies was to determine whether the antiviral efficacy of compounds, including TLR2 agonists, and subsequent suppression of virus-induced inflammation is maintained by compound treatment in the presence of FP, and whether prophylactic treatment with the compounds reverses FP suppression of innate antiviral defenses during rhinovirus infection in mice.

[0276] [Experimental animals] Female 6- to 8-week-old BALB / c mice were used in all studies. Each group contained eight mice. After treatment or challenge procedures, mice were monitored daily for weight changes and behavioral or physical changes, as specified in the animal experiment ethics approval documents. At the time of sample collection, all mice were sacrificed by intraperitoneal administration of sodium pentobarbital.

[0277] [INNA-006 administration and rhinovirus serotype 1B (RV1B) infection] Rhinovirus serotype 1B was initially purified from a clinical isolate and propagated in RD-ICAM cells, as previously described in Nat Med 14, 199-204 (2008) and Methods Mol Biol 1221, 181-188 (2015). Mice were administered 50 μl of agonist molecules intranasally (intranasally) under mild isoflurane anesthesia in a class II biosafety cabinet induction chamber. At the indicated time points after TLR-2 agonist administration, 5 × 10 6 TCID 50 Mice were infected in situ with 50 μl of RV1B. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on day 2 postinfection to count inflammatory infiltrates and measure immune mediator protein expression. Lungs were harvested to assess viral load for total RNA. The mouse RV infection model and related techniques have been published in Nat Med 14, 199-204 (2008) and Methods Mol Biol 1221, 181-188 (2015).

[0278] [Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell analysis] After sacrifice, mice were cannulated in the trachea and their airways were flushed 3–5 times with 1 ml of Hank's Buffered Saline Solution (Hyclone™, GE Life Sciences). BAL cells were pelleted by centrifugation, and the supernatant was collected and stored at −80°C for ELISA. Pelleted cells were lysed red blood cells, and the remaining cells were counted by trypan blue exclusion on a hemocytometer. The cell suspension was then centrifuged, placed on slides, fixed, and stained with Diff Quick (POCD) solution according to the manufacturer's recommendations. A minimum of 200 cells were counted per slide to determine the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

[0279] [RNA extraction and qRT-PCR] The apical lobes from each mouse were collected in RNA-later (Ambion). For processing, lobes were transferred to RLT (Qiagen) / 2ME buffer and subjected to tissue dissociation twice (with sample rotation) at 25 Hz for 2 min using a TissueLyser II (Qiagen). Cellular debris was pelleted by centrifugation, and RNA, including miRNAs, from animal and human cells and tissues was manually extracted using the miRNeasy kit (Qiagen) following the supplier's recommended protocol for total RNA extraction. After extraction, RNA concentration was determined using spectrophotometric methods (Nanodrop), and 200 ng of RNA was used for reverse transcription with random primers and RNase inhibitor (AB, Applied Biosystems). cDNA was then used for qPCR analysis on a Quantstudio 6 using TaqMan, FAM-TAMRA chemistry (Life Technologies) with a master mix containing ROX (Qiagen), primers, and probes outlined in Table 1. Ct value of the gene of interest (referenced to 7 standards of known concentration, 10 7 (Start with 1 copy and perform a 1:10 dilution series.) Copy numbers of all genes of interest were normalized to the reference gene 18s.

[0280] [Quantification of cytokines by ELISA] BAL fluid was then analyzed for KC / IL-8 (CXCL1) and TNF-α production by Duoset ELISA (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0281] [Table 9]

[0282] qPCR analysis was performed using TaqMan chemistry in a total volume of 12.5ul per reaction with an optimized custom forward / reverse primer ratio on cDNA generated from RNA extracted from the apical lobe of each mouse.

[0283] [Test Protocol] Recovery of antiviral immunity after treatment with the corticosteroid (CS) fluticasone propionate (FP). Mice were administered prophylactically with the lead candidate using a pre-determined optimal dosing protocol. Mice were treated with FP (or PBS in the control case) 1 hour before RV1B infection (or mock-infection with PBS). Innate antiviral immunity (type I / III IFN protein in BAL) and lung tissue viral load (viral RNA, qPCR) were assessed 24 hours post-infection.

[0284] [result] Recovery of antiviral immunity after CS (fluticasone propionate FP) treatment. Mice were administered 2 pmol of INNA-006 prophylactically to the whole airway 7 days before infection or (individually) administered prophylactically. Weight loss was monitored daily from the first treatment. Mice were then treated with FP (PBS for control) 1 hour before RV1B infection (or mock-infected with PBS). At 48 hours post-infection, lung tissue viral load (viral RNA, qPCR) was assessed, and lung inflammation was determined by differential staining of BAL inflammatory cells and measurement of protein immune mediators in BAL fluid.

[0285] Mice were treated in vivo with 2 pmol of INNA-006 (all to the whole airway) on day -7 or a combination of days -7 and -1 before inFP administration and in vivo infection with RV. Controls not receiving TLR agonists were treated with saline. Weight loss from the first treatment day (day -7) was assessed as a percentage change. No significant weight loss was observed upon INNA-006 or FP treatment compared with relevant controls (data not shown).

[0286] Inflammatory cell analysis revealed that D-7 INNA-006 treatment, when administered together with FP, resulted in an increase in macrophages and lymphocytes. Combination of D-7 and D-1 INNA-006 treatment increased macrophages and lymphocytes in the BAL. The macrophage increase by combined D-7 and D-1 INNA-006 was also observed in FP-treated mice. Surprisingly, INNA-006 treatment completely ameliorated the RV-induced and steroid-resistant neutrophilic inflammatory response in RV-infected mice (Figure 16).

[0287] The inflammatory mediator CXCL1 was measured in BAL by ELISA (Figure 17). Steroid-resistant RV-induced neutrophilic inflammation coincided with increased CXCL1 (KC, murine IL-8) protein production. INNA-006 suppressed CXCL1 production and prevented the steroid-resistant inflammatory response.

[0288] Lung viral load was assessed by qPCR. FP treatment increased viral lung burden only in saline control mice. INNA-006 reduced viral lung burden in all groups, but repeated INNA-006 treatment before FP actually enhanced the antiviral effect (Figure 18).

[0289] The most striking feature of the BAL data from this study was the complete suppression of RV-induced steroid-resistant neutrophilic inflammation by INNA-006 across all treatment protocols. The suppressed neutrophilic inflammation coincided with significantly reduced levels of the murine neutrophil chemokine CXCL1 (KC).

[0290] Repeated treatment with 2 pmol of INNA-006 (days -7 and -1) increased total leukocyte counts, consistent with macrophage and lymphocyte recruitment. Enhanced macrophage recruitment was observed in FP-treated mice with either INNA-006 administration protocol, as well as in FP-treated mice. Lymphocyte counts increased in the D-7 INNA-006 FP RV and D-1 & D-1 INNA-006 Veh RV groups by an unknown mechanism. A single dose of 2 pmol of INNA-006 7 days before infection induced significant TNFα production in the BAL, which was not observed when repeated doses of INNA-006 (D-7 & D-1) were administered. FP treatment also reduced INNA-006-stimulated TNFα production.

[0291] Consistent with the reduction in neutrophils, agonist treatment was highly effective in suppressing CXCL1 expression. Because viral replication drives innate immune activation and CXCL1 expression, this data supports the suppression of viral replication and infection-induced inflammation by TLR2 agonist treatment. Analysis of viral RNA confirmed this, with INNA-006 treatment inducing a significant reduction in viral load with both treatment protocols. Indeed, the greatest suppression of viral lung RNA was observed in mice receiving repeated INNA-006 treatment together with FP.

[0292] In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that the antiviral activity of TLR agonists against RV infection is maintained and further enhanced by FP treatment.

[0293] Example 5 - TLR2 activation by various compounds The comparative ability of various compounds to stimulate luciferase activity in an NF-κB cell-based reporter system was determined. The compounds tested included INNA-006 (or compound (1)); INNA-013 (or compound (4)); INNA-014 (or compound (3)); INNA-015 (or compound (2)); INNA-010; INNA-011 (or compound (5)); INNA-012 (or compound (6)); and INNA-009. HEK293T cells transiently co-transfected with a human TLR2 plasmid and a luciferase-NF-κB plasmid reporter system were exposed to various dilutions of each compound. Successful reporter binding and subsequent signal transduction events were determined by measuring luminescence due to luciferase activity (results are shown in Figure 19 - for each concentration, the left to right columns are in the following order: INNA-006 (or compound (1)); INNA-013 (or compound (4)); INNA-014 (or compound (3)); INNA-015 (or compound (2)); INNA-010; INNA-011 (or compound (5)); INNA-012 (or compound (6)); and INNA-009).

[0294] The results reveal that the most potent compounds had a single serine, threonine, or homoserine separating Pam2Cys and PEG, or a length of 12, 28, or two ethylene oxide monomers, but all compounds resulted in good receptor binding and subsequent signal transduction.

[0295] Example 6 - Comparison of INNA-006 and Pam3Cys-Ser-PEG3000 using an in vitro luciferase assay [Comparison of in vitro TLR2 agonist activity of Pam3Cys-Ser-PEG3000 and INNA-006:] HEK293T cells transiently co-transfected with human TLR2 plasmid and luciferase-NF-κB plasmid reporter system were exposed to various dilutions of INNA-006 or Pam3Cys-Ser-PEG3000.

[0296] Successful reporter binding and subsequent signal transduction events were determined by measuring luminescence due to luciferase activity (Figure 20). The results demonstrate that Pam3Cys-Ser-PEG3000 is inferior to INNA-006 in its ability to signal NF-κB over the dose range tested (12.2 pM to 3.125 pM).

[0297] Example 7 - TLR Binding and Specificity INNA-006 was evaluated for its ability to activate a variety of other TLR pattern recognition receptors. These evaluations were performed using both a human and mouse TLR panel. These assays detect the secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter under the control of a promoter inducible by NF-κB activation in HEK293 cells.

[0298] The secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter is under the control of a promoter inducible by the transcription factor NF-κB. This reporter gene allows for monitoring of signaling through TLRs based on NF-κB activation. In a 96-well plate (200 μL total volume) containing appropriate cells (50,000–75,000 cells / well), 20 μL of test article or positive control ligand is added to wells. The media added to the wells is designed for detection of NF-κB-induced SEAP expression. After 16–24 hours of incubation, optical density (OD) readings were taken at 650 nm using a Molecular Devices SpectraMax 340PC absorbance detector.

[0299] [Control Ligand] hTLR2: 1 x 108 cells / mL HKLM (heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes) hTLR3: 1 μg / mL poly(I:C) HMW hTLR4: 100 ng / mL E. coli K12 LPS hTLR5: 100 ng / mL S. typhimurium flagellin hTLR7: 1 μg / mL CL307 hTLR8: 1 μg / mL CL075 hTLR9: 1 μg / mL CpG ODN2006

[0300] We confirmed that under the conditions tested, INNA-006 was able to activate its designated target (TLR-2) and did not exhibit activation of any of the other TLRs tested in these assays (Figure 21).

Claims

1. 1. Use of a compound comprising a TLR2 agonist and a solubilizing agent comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing rhinovirus-mediated exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), wherein the compound comprising the TLR2 agonist is a lipopeptide comprising a lipid moiety, the lipid moiety being selected from the group consisting of palmitoyl, myristoyl, stearoyl, lauroyl, octanoyl, and decanoyl, and the TLR2 agonist and the solubilizing agent are linked together.

2. The use of claim 1 , wherein the medicament does not comprise an agonist of a TLR other than a TLR2 homodimer or heterodimer.

3. The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the medicament further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

4. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the lipid moiety comprises palmitoyl.

5. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the TLR2 agonist is selected from the group consisting of Pam2Cys, Pam3Cys, Ste2Cys, Lau2Cys and Oct2Cys.

6. The use of claim 5 , wherein the TLR2 agonist comprises Pam2Cys.

7. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the solubilizer comprises a positively or negatively charged group.

8. The use according to claim 7, wherein the charged group is a branched or linear peptide.

9. 9. The use according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the positively charged group comprises at least one positively charged amino acid, preferably an arginine or lysine residue.

10. 9. The use according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the negatively charged group comprises at least one negatively charged amino acid.

11. The use according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the branched or linear peptide is R4, H4, H8 or E8.

12. The branched peptide is 【Chemical 1】 The use according to any one of claims 8 to 11, comprising:

13. The use of claim 12, wherein the solubilizing agent comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG) and R4.

14. The PEG is PEG １１ or PEG １２ The use according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein

15. The compound comprising a TLR2 agonist has the structure: A-Y-B (Wherein A is 【Chemistry 2】 comprising or consisting of wherein each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; Y is, 【Chemistry 3】 and Here, R １ and R ２ are independently H, —CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R ２ are not both H; and B comprises or consists of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising:

16. the compound comprising a TLR2 agonist comprises Pam2Cys and PEG, wherein the Pam2Cys and PEG are linked by a serine, homoserine, threonine, or phosphoserine residue; Pam2Cys in the compound has the structure: 【Chemistry 4】 The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein

17. The compound is covalently attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG). 【Chemistry 5】 (In the formula, R １ and R ２ are independently H, —CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R ２ cannot both be H) The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising:

18. The compound has the formula (I): 【Chemistry 6】 (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; R １ and R ２ are independently H, —CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R ２ are not both H; When q=1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; When q = 0, R ３ is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemistry 7】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

19. The compound has the formula (II): AA-Y-NH-(CH ２ ) Ｐ -O-(CH ２ -CH ２ -O) ｎ -[(CH ２ ) ｍ -CO-L-] ｑ R ３ (II) (In the formula, A has the structure: 【Chemistry 8】 having Y is, 【Chemistry 9】 and Here, R １ and R ２ are independently H, —CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R ２ are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; When q=1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; When q = 0, R ３ is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemistry 10】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

20. The compound has the formula (III): Pam2Cys-Y-NH-(CH ２ ) Ｐ -O-(CH ２ -CH ２ -O) ｎ -[(CH ２ ) ｍ -CO-L-] ｑ R ３ (III) (In the formula, Pam2Cys has the structure: 【Chemistry 11】 having Y is, 【Chemistry 12】 and Here, R １ and R ２ are independently H, —CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R ２ are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; When q=1, R ３ is H, -NH ２ or —OH; When q = 0, R ３ is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemistry 13】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

21. The compound has formula (IV): Friday, October 23, 2018 ２ ) Ｐ -O-(CH ２ -CH ２ -O) ｎ -[(CH ２ ) ｍ -CO-L-] ｑ R ３ (IV) (In the formula, Pam2Cys-Ser has the structure: 【Chemistry 14】 having n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; When q=1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; When q = 0, R ３ is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemistry 15】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

22. The compound has the formula (V): 【Chemistry 16】 (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; k is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; t is 2, 3, or 4; h is 1, 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; R １ and R ２ are independently H, —CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R ２ are not both H; When q=1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; When q = 0, R ３ is H; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemistry 17】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

23. The compound is compound (1): 【Chemistry 18】 The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

24. The compound is 【Chemistry 19】 【Chemistry 20】 【Chemical 21】 The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, selected from the group consisting of:

25. The compound has the formula (Ia): 【Chemical 22】 (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; R １ , R １ ', R ２ and R ２ ' are independently H, -CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R １ ' are not both H and R ２ and R ２ ' are not both H; When q is zero, R ３ is H; When q is 1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemical 23】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

26. The compound has the formula (IIa): A-Y-NH-(CH ２ ) Ｐ -O-(CH ２ -CH ２ -O) ｎ -[(CH ２ ) ｍ -CO-L-] ｑ R ３ (IIa) (In the formula, A has the structure: 【Chemistry 24】 having Y is, 【Chemistry 25】 and Here, R １ , R １ ', R ２ and R ２ ' are independently H, -CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R １ ' are not both H and R ２ and R ２ ' are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; When q is zero, R ３ is H; When q is 1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemical 26】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

27. The compound has the formula (IIIa): Pam2Cys-Y-NH-(CH ２ ) Ｐ -O-(CH ２ -CH ２ -O) ｎ -[(CH ２ ) ｍ -CO-L-] ｑ R ３ (IIIa) (In the formula, Pam2Cys has the structure: 【Chemical 27】 having Y is, 【Chemical 28】 and Here, R １ , R １ ', R ２ and R ２ ' are independently H, -CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R １ ' are not both H and R ２ and R ２ ' are not both H; n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; When q is zero, R ３ is H; When q is 1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemical 29】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

28. The compound has the formula (IVa): June 20, 2018 ２ ) Ｐ -O-(CH ２ -CH ２ -O) ｎ -[(CH ２ ) ｍ -CO-L-] ｑ R ３ (IVa) (In the formula, Pam2Cys has the structure: 【Chemistry 30】 having n is 3 to 100; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 2, 3 or 4; q is zero or 1; R １ , R １ ', R ２ and R ２ ' are independently H, -CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R １ ' are not both H and R ２ and R ２ ' are not both H; When q is zero, R ３ is H; When q is 1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemical 31】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

29. The compound has the formula (Va): 【Chemical 32】 (In the formula, n is 3 to 100; k is 3 to 100; h is 1, 2, 3 or 4; m is 1, 2, 3 or 4; each g is independently 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18; p is 2, 3 or 4; t is 2, 3, or 4; q is zero or 1; R １ , R １ ', R ２ and R ２ ' are independently H, -CH ２ OH, -CH ２ CH ２ OH, —CH(CH ３ ) OH and —CH ２ OPO (OH) ２ wherein any one of said alkyl hydrogens may be substituted with a halogen; R １ and R １ ' are not both H and R ２ and R ２ ' are not both H; When q is zero, R ３ is H; When q is 1, R ３ is -NH ２ or —OH; L is zero or consists of 1 to 10 units, each unit being or derived from a naturally occurring alpha amino acid, and having the formula: 【Chemical 33】 and Here, R ４ is H; and R ５ is the side chain or secondary hydrogen of said amino acid) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

30. The compound has the structure: 【Chemical 34】 The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein

31. The compound is compound (1a): 【Chemistry 35】 The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

32. The compound is 【Chemical 36】 【Chemical 37】 【Chemical 38】 【Chemical 39】 The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, selected from the group consisting of:

33. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the TLR2 agonist is not Pam3Cys.

34. The use of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the TLR2 agonist is formulated for once-daily administration.

35. The use of any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the TLR2 agonist is formulated for once-weekly administration.

36. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the compound is formulated for administration to the airways.

37. The use of any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the compound is formulated for administration to a subject via inhalation or intranasally.

38. 38. The use of any one of claims 1 to 37, further comprising administering a corticosteroid.

39. 39. The use of claim 38, wherein the compound is formulated for simultaneous or sequential administration with the corticosteroid.

40. 40. The use of claim 39, wherein the compound is formulated for administration once, twice or more over a 24 hour or 7 day period before the corticosteroid is administered.

41. 41. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 40, wherein the subject is receiving or has received a corticosteroid.

42. 42. The use according to any one of claims 38 to 41, wherein the corticosteroid is a glucocorticoid.

43. 43. The use of claim 42, wherein the glucocorticoid is an agonist, partial agonist or allosteric modulator of the glucocorticoid receptor.

44. 44. The use of claim 43, wherein the glucocorticoid is an inhalable glucocorticoid.

45. 45. The use of claim 44, wherein the glucocorticoid is budesonide, cyclosenide, mometasone or any other glucocorticoid described herein, such as fluticasone propionate.

46. 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a TLR2 agonist and a solubilizing agent comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG) for use in the treatment or prevention of rhinovirus-mediated exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), wherein the TLR2 agonist is a lipopeptide comprising a lipid moiety, the lipid moiety being selected from the group consisting of palmitoyl, myristoyl, stearoyl, lauroyl, octanoyl, and decanoyl, and the TLR2 agonist and the solubilizing agent are conjugated to the pharmaceutical composition.

47. 47. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 46, adapted for administration to the respiratory tract.

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