Mechanical trigger and triggering method for self-destructing fragile structures and enclosures

Abstract

To provide a system and a structure which are useful in various applications such as waste reduction, supply chain completeness maintenance, recycle of a self-sinking buoy or waste and so on, can be physically self-destructed by a controlled triggerable method.SOLUTION: A device 100 includes a structure 102 comprising a prescribed breakable region, and a mechanical actuator 110 which is located in or in vicinity of the prescribed breakable region. The mechanical actuator 110 comprises an impact member coupled to a spring constituent, and a restraint member operatively coupled to the spring constituent. A trigger source 112 is operatively coupled to a power source 114. The trigger source 112 is so configured as to release or break the restraint member so that in response to reception of electric current from the power source 114, the spring constituent compulsorily moves the impact member so as to bring the same into contact with the prescribed breakable region, and can break the prescribed breakable region.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) This invention is based upon work supported by DARPA under Contract No. DARPA-OOT-DUST-Float-Rsrc. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates generally to mechanical triggers and triggering methods for self-destructing frangible structures and enclosures, and related systems. [Background technology]

[0003] Systems and structures that can physically self-destruct in a controlled, triggerable manner are useful in a variety of applications, such as waste reduction, maintaining supply chain integrity, scuttling buoys, and / or waste recycling. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Some embodiments relate to an apparatus comprising a structure comprising a predetermined breakable region and a mechanical actuator disposed at or proximate to the predetermined breakable region. The mechanical actuator comprises an impact member coupled to a spring arrangement and a restraining member operably coupled to the spring arrangement. The trigger source is operably coupled to a power source. The trigger source is configured, in response to receiving an electric current from the power source, to release or break the restraining member such that the spring arrangement can force the impact member to contact the predetermined breakable region and break the predetermined breakable region.

[0005] Some embodiments are directed to an apparatus including a container with a predetermined breakable area. A mechanical actuator is disposed within the container and is located at or proximate to the predetermined breakable area. The mechanical actuator includes an impact member coupled to a spring arrangement and a restraining member operably coupled to the spring arrangement. A heat source is operably coupled to a power source and in thermal contact with the restraining member. The heat source is configured, in response to receiving an electric current from the power source, to cause the spring arrangement to urge the impact member into contact with the predetermined breakable area, breaking the predetermined breakable area and thereby breaking the restraining member so as to facilitate the entry or release of liquids, gases, or solids into or from the container.

[0006] Some embodiments are directed to an apparatus including a container configured to float in a liquid. The container includes a first predetermined breakable area at a first location of the container and a second predetermined breakable area at a second location of the container spaced from the first location. A first mechanical actuator is disposed within the container and is located at or proximate to the first predetermined breakable area. A second mechanical actuator is disposed within the container and is located at or proximate to the second predetermined breakable area. Each of the first and second mechanical actuators includes an impact member coupled to a spring arrangement, a restraining member operably coupled to the spring arrangement, and a trigger source configured to contact or advance into contact with the restraining member. A power supply arrangement is operably coupled to the trigger source for each of the first and second mechanical actuators. The trigger source of each of the first and second mechanical actuators is configured, in response to receiving an electric current from the power supply arrangement, to cause the spring arrangement to force the impact member into contact with the respective first and second predetermined breakable areas, breaking the respective first and second predetermined breakable areas, thereby releasing or breaking the restraining member so as to facilitate the evacuation of air from the container through one of the broken first and second predetermined breakable areas and the entry of liquid into the container through the other of the broken first and second predetermined breakable areas. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0007] Throughout this specification, reference is made to the accompanying drawings. [Figure 1] 1 illustrates a device comprising a structure including a predetermined frangible region, according to various embodiments. [Figure 2] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly suitable for incorporation into any of the structures disclosed herein, according to various embodiments. [Figure 3] 1 illustrates an apparatus comprising a structure including multiple predetermined frangible regions and multiple corresponding mechanical actuator assemblies, according to various embodiments. [Figure 4A] 10A-10C illustrate different configurations of predetermined frangible regions of structures described herein, according to various embodiments. [Figure 4B] 10A-10C illustrate different configurations of predetermined frangible regions of structures described herein, according to various embodiments. [Figure 4C] 10A-10C illustrate different configurations of predetermined frangible regions of structures described herein, according to various embodiments. [Figure 4D] 10A-10C illustrate different configurations of predetermined frangible regions of structures described herein, according to various embodiments. [Figure 4E] 10A-10C illustrate different configurations of predetermined frangible regions of structures described herein, according to various embodiments. [Figure 5] 1 illustrates an apparatus comprising a structure including a predetermined frangible region and a mechanical actuator assembly disposed at or proximate to the predetermined frangible region, according to various embodiments. [Figure 6] 1 illustrates an apparatus comprising a structure including first and second predetermined frangible regions and associated first and second mechanical actuator assemblies disposed at or proximate to the respective predetermined frangible regions, according to various embodiments. [Figure 7A] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly according to various embodiments. [Figure 7B] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly according to various embodiments. [Figure 7C] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly according to various embodiments. [Figure 7D] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly according to various embodiments. [Figure 7E] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly according to various embodiments. [Figure 7F] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly according to various embodiments. [Figure 7G] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly according to various embodiments. [Figure 7H]1 illustrates an apparatus for forming a container or vessel incorporating one, two, or more mechanical actuator assemblies, according to various embodiments. [Figure 7I] 1 illustrates an apparatus for forming a container or vessel incorporating one, two, or more mechanical actuator assemblies, according to various embodiments. [Figure 8] 1 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly according to various embodiments. [Figure 9A] 10A-10C illustrate various embodiments for wrapping a pre-looped string around a resistor heater of a mechanical actuator assembly. [Figure 9B] 10A-10C illustrate various embodiments for wrapping a pre-looped string around a resistor heater of a mechanical actuator assembly. [Figure 9C] 10A-10C illustrate various embodiments for wrapping a pre-looped string around a resistor heater of a mechanical actuator assembly.

[0008] The drawings are not necessarily to scale. Like numbers used in the drawings refer to like components. However, it will be understood that the use of a number to refer to a component in a given drawing is not intended to limit the component in another drawing labeled with the same number. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Embodiments disclosed herein relate to techniques for breaking structures into smaller pieces in a controlled, triggerable manner. Fragile structures made of glass, especially when strengthened by, for example, chemical ion exchange or thermal quenching, can be structurally very strong and become increasingly difficult to break with increasing thickness. Many applications require the robustness or rigidity of, for example, thicker glass. As discussed below, devices capable of reliably and controllably fracturing fragile structures, particularly thick fragile structures, include mechanical devices actuable by a trigger source operably coupled to a power source. The mechanical actuator assemblies disclosed herein can be physically small and lightweight, yet provide mechanical and operational robustness that avoids unintentional triggering.

[0010] Many enclosed systems, such as sensor buoys and air vessels, require controlled scuttling so that they are sunk after their useful life and removed from their normal operating environment. Many of these systems utilize wall structures made of rigid shells, such as metal, glass, wood, cardboard, or plastic, that must be breached to allow water or air to flow into or out of their enclosed chambers in order to sink the buoy or vessel. A significant challenge is to provide a mechanism for scuttling such vessels in a simple, low-cost, safe, and reliable manner.

[0011] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a mechanical actuator assembly configured to damage or destroy a weakened area of ​​a fragile or rigid structure. The mechanical actuator assembly may be configured to damage or destroy a weakened portion of a fragile container or a container configured to float. The mechanical actuator assembly may also be configured to damage or destroy a standalone fragile structure that is not configured to float. When activated by a trigger source operably coupled to a power source, the mechanical actuator assembly forces an impact member into contact with the weakened portion of the structure, causing it to break, break, or shatter. For example, a buoy or other floatable container may include a tempered glass window with a mechanical actuator assembly mounted thereon. When activated, the mechanical actuator assembly breaks the tempered glass window into small pieces due to residual internal stresses induced by the tempering. The small glass residue creates an unobstructed opening in the wall of the buoy or container, allowing the buoy or container to rapidly sink.

[0012] In various embodiments, the mechanical actuator assembly can be configured to break a fragile structure (e.g., a sheet of fragile material) that is greater than about 0.5 mm in thickness. For example, the thickness of the fragile structure can range from about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm (e.g., about 0.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm), or even greater than 2 mm. In some embodiments, the fragile portion of the structure can be broken into multiple small pieces, e.g., pieces having length, width, and height dimensions greater than about 10 mm, greater than about 900 μm, less than about 500 μm, or even less than about 100 μm.

[0013] Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a mechanical actuator assembly configured to break a predetermined breakable region of a structure to which the mechanical actuator assembly is attached. The mechanical actuator assembly includes a spring arrangement and an impact member coupled to the spring arrangement. The mechanical actuator assembly also includes a restraining member operably coupled to the spring arrangement. A trigger source is operably coupled to a power source. In some embodiments, the trigger source includes a heat source operably coupled to the power source and in thermal contact with the restraining member. In other embodiments, the trigger source includes an electromagnetic solenoid configured to actuate a component (e.g., a sharp object or cutting member) that breaks the restraining member. In further embodiments, the trigger source includes an electrostatic device configured to apply a voltage to a sharp electrode to create a large electric field.

[0014] The trigger source is configured to, in response to receiving current from the power source, release or break the restraining member such that the spring arrangement can force the impact member into contact with the predetermined breakable region and break the predetermined breakable region. The mechanical actuator assembly can be actuated in response to an activation signal generated locally (e.g., via a timer or sensor signal) or remotely (e.g., via a remotely generated RF signal). Breaking the predetermined breakable region of the structure by the mechanical actuator assembly can facilitate the ingress or expulsion of liquids, gases, or solids into and / or out of the structure.

[0015] Some embodiments are directed to a mechanical actuator assembly comprising a spring steel member secured to a base. The spring steel member is cocked away from the base by a string having a portion wrapped around a heating element. When the heating element is electrically activated, the string breaks, releasing the mechanical energy of the spring steel member, which then presses an attached sharp point against a breakable component on the wall of a vessel, container, or other structure. The broken area allows water or air to enter or exit the vessel, container, or structure.

[0016] Another embodiment is directed to a mechanical actuator assembly including a torsion spring secured to a base. The torsion spring is cocked toward the base with a string having a portion wrapped around a heating element. When the heating element is electrically activated, the string breaks, releasing the mechanical energy of the torsion spring, which then presses an attached sharp point against a breakable component on the wall of a vessel, container, or other structure. The broken area allows water or air to enter or exit the vessel, container, or structure.

[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus 100 including a structure 102 including a predetermined breakable region 104, according to various embodiments. The predetermined breakable region 104 defines a weakened portion or portions of the structure 102. In some implementations, the predetermined breakable region 104 defines only a portion, but not the entire structure 102. For example, the predetermined breakable region 104 can be realized as a weakened region (e.g., a window region) integrated into a rigid (e.g., non-weakened) wall of the structure 102. In other implementations, the predetermined breakable region 104 defines substantially all (e.g., >90%) or the entire structure 102 (e.g., see the dashed line extending the predetermined breakable region 104 around the structure 102). For example, the structure 102 can be realized as a vessel or container defined or encompassed by a weakened wall or walls and a cover structure (e.g., a glass vessel or buoy) configured to float (e.g., a so-called drifter).

[0018] The mechanical actuator assembly 101 is disposed within the structure 102. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the mechanical actuator assembly 101 includes a mechanical actuator 110, a trigger source 112, and a power source 114. The mechanical actuator 110 is disposed at or proximate to the predetermined breakable region 104 of the structure 102 and is operably coupled to the trigger source 112. The trigger source 112 is operably coupled to the power source 114 (e.g., a conventional battery or other power source, as discussed below). In the case of a rechargeable battery, the structure 102 may include or support a solar cell or solar array configured to charge the rechargeable battery. In response to receiving current from the power source 114, the trigger source activates the mechanical actuator 110, which forces the predetermined breakable region 104 into contact and breaks.

[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly 201 suitable for incorporation into any of the structures disclosed herein, according to various embodiments. The mechanical actuator assembly 201 includes a mechanical actuator 210 that can be disposed at or proximate to the predetermined breakable region 104 of the structure 102 shown in FIG. 1 . The mechanical actuator 210 includes a spring arrangement 212 and an impact member 214 coupled to or mounted to the spring arrangement 212. A restraining member 216 is operably coupled to the spring arrangement 212. The restraining member 216 is configured to maintain the spring arrangement 212 and the impact member 214 in a pre-actuation position prior to actuation of the mechanical actuator 210. The spring arrangement 212 includes a spring element having sufficient spring force to maintain the impact member 214 in the pre-actuation position without releasing or breaking the restraining member 216.

[0020] The mechanical actuator assembly 201 also includes a trigger source 218 operably coupled to a power source 219. The trigger source 218 is configured to contact or move into contact with the restraining member 216. For example, the trigger source 218 may be a heat source (e.g., a resistor) in thermal contact (e.g., which may also include physical contact) with the restraining member 216. In another example, the trigger source 218 may be an electromagnetic solenoid or an electrostatic device configured to actuate a cutting component that releases the restraining member 216.

[0021] In response to receiving electrical current from the power source 219, the trigger source 218 releases or breaks the restraining member 216 such that the spring element of the spring arrangement 212 forces the impact member 214 into contact with the predetermined breakable region 104 of the structure 102, breaking the predetermined breakable region 104. In some embodiments, the trigger source 218 is a heat source that breaks the restraining member. In other embodiments, the trigger source is an electromagnetic solenoid that mechanically releases the restraining member 216.

[0022] As discussed above, the predetermined frangible region 104 can define one or more weakened portions of a portion or all of the structure 102. For example, the predetermined frangible region 104 can include less than a majority (e.g., <50%, such as <40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5%), more than a majority (e.g., >50%), nearly the entire (e.g., >80%, such as >85%, 90%, 95%, or 98%), or the entire (100%) of the structure 102. The spring element of the spring arrangement 212 has sufficient spring force to cause the impact member 214 to frangible the predetermined frangible region in response to the release or breaking of the restraining member 216.

[0023] According to various embodiments, the spring arrangement 212 may include at least one of a torsion spring and a spring steel member. It is understood that other types of spring mechanisms and objects (e.g., leaf springs, cantilever springs, plastic plates) that may be configured to generate a spring force are contemplated. The impact member 214 includes a mechanical member configured to deliver a high force or impact applied to the predetermined breakable region 104 for a short period of time. According to various embodiments, the impact member 214 may include at least one of a metal or other rigid member with a sharp, tapered, reinforced, or hardened end (e.g., a screw, nail, pin, spike, punch, tack, peg, hammer-like member). According to various embodiments, the trigger source 218 may include at least one of an electrical resistance heater (e.g., a resistor such as a metal foil resistor or a carbon film resistor), an electric match, an arc lighter, a plasma lighter, and a semiconductor laser. According to various embodiments, the power source 219 can include at least one of a battery, a DC power source, an AC power source, a supercapacitor, and an electromagnetically coupled charge power source.

[0024] The mechanical actuator assembly 201 may include a trigger mechanism 220 comprising a trigger signal circuit 222 operably coupled to the power source 219. In some embodiments, the trigger mechanism 220 includes a receiver 226, such as an RF receiver (e.g., a satellite receiver) configured to receive a trigger signal generated from a remote signal source 230 (e.g., a communications satellite). The trigger signal circuit 222 may alternatively or additionally include a timer and / or one or more sensors configured to generate the trigger signal. For example, the trigger signal may be generated by the trigger signal circuit 222 in response to the expiration of a predetermined period of time (e.g., days, weeks, months, years) or in response to a sensor signal generated by one or more on-board sensors (e.g., a signal generated by an on-board GPS sensor in response to detecting the position of the floating structure 102 outside a predefined geofence area).

[0025] In some implementations, the trigger signal circuit 222 can include a remotely controllable switch that allows the destruction of the structure 102 to be triggered from a location remote from the structure 102 (e.g., remote signal source 230). In such embodiments, the wireless signal actuates the switch to connect the power source 219 to the trigger source 218. In some implementations, the switch includes a MOSFET transistor that can be turned on or off by applying a bias voltage to the gate of the transistor. In another implementation, the switch can be a silicon-controlled rectifier that can be turned on by applying a small current to one of its terminals. In a further implementation, the switch can be a mechanical relay switch.

[0026] FIG. 3 illustrates an apparatus 300 including a structure 302 including multiple predetermined breakable regions and multiple corresponding mechanical actuator assemblies, according to various embodiments. In the representative example illustrated in FIG. 3, the structure 302 includes a first predetermined breakable region 304a located on a first surface 302a of the structure 302 and a second predetermined breakable region 304b located on a second surface 302b of the structure 302. While shown as being disposed on opposite surfaces of the structure 302, the first and second predetermined breakable regions 304a, 304b can be disposed on the same or adjacent surfaces of the structure 302. While FIG. 3 illustrates two different predetermined breakable regions 304a, 304b and two different mechanical actuator assemblies 301a, 301b, it will be understood that the structure 302 can include any number of predetermined breakable regions and mechanical actuator assemblies. It is also understood that two or more different mechanical actuator assemblies may be positioned at or adjacent to the same predetermined breakable area of ​​structure 302 (e.g., to provide redundancy for increased performance robustness).

[0027] If the structure 302 is configured as a vessel or container for floating, for example, the first predetermined breakable region 304a can be located above a predefined waterline of the floatable structure 302, and the second predetermined breakable region 304b can be located below the predefined waterline of the floatable structure 302. In such implementations, breaking of the first predetermined breakable region 304a provides for the escape of air, while breaking of the second predetermined breakable region 304b provides for the ingress of water or other liquid into the structure 302, causing the structure 302 to sink.

[0028] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, first and second mechanical actuator assemblies 301a, 301b are disposed within a structure 302. The first mechanical actuator assembly 301a includes a mechanical actuator 310a, a trigger source 312a, and a power supply 318a. The second mechanical actuator assembly 301b includes a mechanical actuator 310b, a trigger source 312b, and a power supply 318b. In some embodiments, the power supplies 318a, 318b of the first and second mechanical actuator assemblies 301a, 301b are independent power supplies (e.g., different batteries). In other embodiments, the power supplies 318a, 318b of the first and second mechanical actuator assemblies 301a, 301b are implemented as a common (e.g., single) power supply component 318. In the case of a common or single power supply, the trigger sources 312a and 312b can be connected in parallel. The leads of trigger sources 312a and 312b can be crimped together onto a single header to facilitate simultaneous actuation, or electrical distribution can be implemented at the circuit board level using separate headers for each source (see PCBs 720, 720a in FIGS. 7A-7G). Alternatively, trigger sources 312a and 312b can be connected in series, with a common current (instead of voltage) actuating each trigger source 312a, 312b. The first and second mechanical actuator assemblies 301a, 301b are preferably constructed and function in the manner described with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0029] The structure 302 can also include an electronics / sensor package 330 that can operate independently of the first and second mechanical actuator assemblies 301 a, 301 b. The electronics / sensor package 330 can include a wide variety of electronic devices and / or sensors. For example, the electronics / sensor package 330 can include one or more of a sea surface temperature sensor (SST), a high resolution sea surface temperature sensor (HRSST), a barometric pressure sensor, a drogue presence sensor, a probe sensor, a conductivity / temperature data logger, a GPS sensor, a wireless RF transmitter or transceiver, a satellite communication transmitter or transceiver (e.g., an IRIDIUM satellite communication device for transmitting sensor data and other data), a salinity sensor, a fluorescence sensor, a dissolved oxygen sensor, a pCO2 sensor, and a low radar echo sensor to reduce the risk of collision or interference with surface vessels.

[0030] 4A-4E illustrate different configurations of the predetermined frangible region of the structures described herein, according to various embodiments. FIG. 4A illustrates a portion of a structure 402a including a predetermined frangible region 404a that includes a void 403a within the structure 402a (e.g., a window or cutout in a rigid wall of the structure). A sheet of frangible material 405a is disposed above and extends across the void 403a. The sheet of frangible material 405a includes a first surface 412a and an opposing second surface 410a. The sheet of frangible material 405a is held in place above the void 403a by a closure tape 406a disposed between the perimeter of the first surface 412a of the sheet of frangible material 405a and the perimeter of the structure 402a that defines the area of ​​the void 403a.

[0031] 4B shows a portion of structure 402b including a predetermined frangible region 404b that includes a void 403b within structure 402b. A sheet of frangible material 405b is disposed above and extends across void 403b. Sheet of frangible material 405b includes a first surface 412b and an opposing second surface 410b. Sheet of frangible material 405b is held in place above void 403b by a sealing adhesive 408b disposed between the perimeter of first surface 412b of sheet of frangible material 405b and the perimeter of structure 402b that defines the area of ​​void 403b.

[0032] FIG. 4C illustrates a portion of a structure 402c including a predetermined frangible region 404c that includes a void 403c within the structure 402c. A sheet of frangible material 405c is disposed above and extends across the void 403c. The sheet of frangible material 405c includes a first surface 412c and an opposing second surface 410c. The sheet of frangible material 405c is held in place above the void 403c by a sealing adhesive 408c disposed between the periphery of the first surface 412c of the sheet of frangible material 405c and the periphery of the structure 402c that defines the area of ​​the void 403c. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4C, the sealing adhesive 408c is also disposed along the periphery of the sheet of frangible material 405c and along the periphery of the second surface 410c of the sheet of frangible material 405c adjacent the area of ​​the void 403c.

[0033] 4D shows a portion of a structure 402d including a predetermined frangible area 404d that includes a void 403d within the structure 402d. A sheet of frangible material 405d is disposed above and extends across the void 403d. The sheet of frangible material 405d includes a first surface 412d and an opposing second surface 410d. The sheet of frangible material 405d is held in place above the void 403d by closure tape 406d along the perimeter of the second surface 410d of the sheet of frangible material 405d adjacent the area of ​​the void 403d, along the peripheral edge of the sheet of frangible material 405d, and along the perimeter of the structure 402d adjacent the area of ​​the void 403d.

[0034] 4E shows a portion of a structure 402e including a predetermined frangible region 404e that includes a void 403e within the structure 402e. A sheet of frangible material 405e is disposed above and extends across the void 403e. The sheet of frangible material 405e includes a first surface 412e and an opposing second surface 410e. The sheet of frangible material 405e is held in place above the void 403e by sealant adhesive 408e along the periphery of the second surface 410e of the sheet of frangible material 405e adjacent the area of ​​the void 403e, along the peripheral edge of the sheet of frangible material 405e, and along the periphery of the structure 402e adjacent the area of ​​the void 403e. A bead of sealant adhesive 408f may be disposed along the joint formed between the first surface 412e of the sheet of frangible material 405e and the inner periphery of the structure 402e adjacent the void 403e.

[0035] Various types of conventional and / or waterproof sealing tapes and / or sealant adhesives can be used in accordance with any embodiment disclosed herein. Suitable sealing tapes and / or sealant adhesives include those containing polyurethane, silicone, MSP (modified silane polymer), and / or butyl rubber chemistries. Suitable sealing tapes include, for example, those containing highly concentrated rubber-based adhesives. Suitable sealing tapes include those commercially available from the following manufacturers: Gorilla®, T-Rex®, SolutionNerd®, Tape Ninja®, X-Treme Tape®, and Scotch®. Suitable sealing adhesives (e.g., flowable or sprayable sealants) include those containing liquid rubber (synthetic or natural) and / or any of the chemistries listed above. Suitable sealing adhesives include those commercially available from the following manufacturers: 3M™ Construction or Marine Adhesive Sealant (e.g., Marine Adhesive Sealant 5200), Liquid Nails®, Flex Seal®, DAP®, LR® (Liquid Rubber), and LOCTITE®.

[0036] In various implementations, at least the sheets of fragile material 405a-405e (and in some implementations, both the sheets of fragile material 405a-405e and the structures 402a-402e) may be made of a fragile or weak material such as glass (e.g., standard or tempered), ceramic, plastic, laminate filler (of wood, metal, or gypsum), clay, porcelain, and / or metal. The glass sheets of fragile material 405a-405e and / or the structures 402a-402e may include one or more of cast glass, slump glass, untempered glass, tempered glass, heat-strengthened glass, ion-exchanged glass, soda-lime glass, lead glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, alkali-aluminosilicate glass, silica glass, and sodium-rich glass. While the structures 402a-402e may be complex and may include many different materials and shapes, the frangible material may be disposed in one or more predetermined frangible regions 404a-404e, each of which includes a void 403a-403e within the structures 402a-402e.

[0037] FIG. 5 illustrates an apparatus 500 including a structure 502 including a predetermined breakable region 504 and a mechanical actuator assembly 501 disposed at or adjacent to the predetermined breakable region 504, according to various embodiments. The exemplary structure 502 illustrated in FIG. 5 is configured as a container or vessel. The structure 502 includes vessel walls 503 and a cover plate 505. A void 507 is defined within the space between the vessel walls 503 and the cover plate 505. According to various embodiments, a liquid, gas, or solid can be disposed in the void 507 of the structure 502. The mechanical connection or bond between the cover plate 505 and the vessel walls 503 includes a sealing member or material, such as one or a combination of the sealing tape and sealing adhesive described above. The mechanical connection or bond between the cover plate 505 and the vessel walls 503 is preferably a waterproof connection or bond. The structure 502 can also include an electronics / sensor package, such as the electronics / sensor package 330 illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0038] The mechanical actuator assembly 501 is disposed within the cavity 507 of the structure 502 and is mounted to or supported by the vessel wall 503 at or proximate a predetermined breakable region 504. As previously mentioned, the predetermined breakable region 504 can define a portion, but not the entire vessel wall 503, at or proximate the location of the mechanical actuator assembly 501, according to some embodiments. For example, the vessel wall 503 can be formed from a rigid material such as metal (e.g., stainless steel), plastic, glass, wood, or a laminate or composite material. The predetermined breakable region 504 can include a sheet of frangible material according to any of the previously described embodiments. In other embodiments, the predetermined breakable region 504 can define a majority (e.g., >50%) or the entire vessel wall 503. In further embodiments, the predetermined breakable region 504 can define a majority or the entire vessel wall 503 and, in addition, all or a portion of the cover plate 505. Although shown positioned along a side region of the vessel wall 503, the mechanical actuator assembly 501 may be positioned anywhere on the vessel wall 503 (e.g., near or at the bottom of the vessel wall 503). As previously mentioned, the mechanical actuator assembly 501 is configured, when actuated, to force the impact member, via a spring arrangement, into contact with the predetermined breakable region 504, causing the predetermined breakable region 504 to break, thereby facilitating the entry and / or ejection of liquids, gases, or solids into and / or from the structure 502.

[0039] FIG. 6 illustrates an apparatus 600 including a structure 602 including first and second predetermined breakable regions 604 a, 604 b and associated first and second mechanical actuator assemblies 601 a, 601 b disposed at or proximate the respective predetermined breakable regions 604 a, 604 b, according to various embodiments. The exemplary structure 602 illustrated in FIG. 6 is configured as a floating device, container, or vessel. The structure 602 includes a vessel wall 603 and a cover plate 605. A void 607 is defined within the space between the vessel wall 603 and the cover plate 605. The structure 602 may be configured, for example, as a buoy or drifter of the type previously described. In some embodiments, the vessel wall 603 of the buoy 602 is made of a stainless steel body capped by a flat cover plate 605. The cover plate 605 may be formed, for example, from a metal such as stainless steel or plastic. The structure 602 can also include an electronics / sensor package, such as the electronics / sensor package 330 shown in FIG.

[0040] The structure 602 includes one or more holes or openings at or near the bottom of the structure 602 covered by a frangible material to define a first predetermined breakable area 604a in the vessel wall 603, as described above. It is understood that the first predetermined breakable area 604a can be located anywhere in the vessel wall 603 below the predetermined waterline of the structure 602. The first mechanical actuator assembly 601a is disposed at or near the first predetermined breakable area 604a. The cover plate 605 includes one or more holes or openings covered by a frangible material to define a second predetermined breakable area 604b in the cover plate 605, as described above. The second predetermined breakable area 604b can be located anywhere in the cover plate 605, and is shown in FIG. 6 as being positioned at a peripheral location of the cover plate 605 as a representative location. It will be appreciated that the second predetermined breakable area 604a can be located anywhere on the cover plate 605 or vessel wall 603 above the predetermined waterline of the structure 602. The second mechanical actuator assembly 601b is disposed at or near the second predetermined breakable area 604b. The ballasts 610, 612 can be mounted to the vessel wall 603 at or near the bottom of the vessel wall 603. The ballasts 610, 612 are preferably positioned on the vessel wall 603 below the predetermined waterline of the structure 602 and are arranged to distribute weight within the structure 602.

[0041] As described above, the mechanical actuator assemblies 601 a, 601 b are each configured, when actuated, to force an impact member into contact with a respective predetermined breakable region 604 a, 604 b via a spring arrangement, thereby breaking the respective predetermined breakable region 604 a, 604 b. Breaking of the first predetermined breakable region 604 a by the first mechanical actuator assembly 601 a facilitates evacuation of air from the cover plate 605 of the structure 602, while breaking of the second predetermined breakable region 604 b by the second mechanical actuator assembly 601 b facilitates ingress of liquid (e.g., seawater or lake water) into the void 607 of the structure 602, causing the structure 602 to sink.

[0042] In various embodiments, particularly those in which the structure 602 is exposed to marine or lake water, all or a portion of the exterior surface of the structure 602 can be coated with an anti-biofouling chemical. For example, the anti-biofouling chemical coating can have a thickness of about 1.5 to about 150 μm. A suitable anti-biofouling coating material is Silicone Slip Anti-Fouling Coating (Product No. SS-567), available from Silicone Solutions (Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio).

[0043] Example To confirm the effectiveness of the scuttling buoy regardless of the presence of entrained air bubbles, an experiment was conducted using a structure 602 of the type described with reference to FIG. 6. In the experiment, the first predetermined frangible region 604a included an opening having a diameter of 0.5 inches, and the second predetermined frangible region 604b included an opening having a diameter of 0.25 inches. After actuation of the first and second mechanical actuator assemblies 601a, 601b, the chamber 607 of the structure 602 quickly filled with water, causing the structure 602 to tip over in approximately 28 seconds and ultimately sink within approximately 30 seconds of initial water entry.

[0044] 7A-7D illustrate a mechanical actuator assembly 701 according to various embodiments. The mechanical actuator assembly 701 can be incorporated into any of the structures disclosed herein. The mechanical actuator assembly 701 includes a mechanical actuator 710 comprising a frame 716 and a spring arrangement 712 mechanically connected or coupled to the frame 716. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A-7D, the frame 716 is an L-shaped metal bracket, and the spring arrangement 712 includes a spring element in the form of an elongated spring steel member 713. A first end 713a of the spring steel member 713 is connected to a base 716a of the frame 716 by, for example, one or more nuts and bolts, or one or more rivets or welds.

[0045] The impact member 714 is connected or coupled to the spring steel member 713 at the second end 713b of the spring steel member 713. The impact member 714 is shown as a screw with a pointed tip that passes through a hole in the spring steel member 713 and is secured to the second end 713b of the spring steel member 713 via a nut. It is understood that the impact member 714 may be implemented using any of the mechanical members described above configured to provide a large force or impact applied for a short period of time to a predetermined breakable area of ​​a structure. In some embodiments, the spring steel member 713 may include a mass load 715 (e.g., a large bolt and / or a metal weight such as multiple washers) connected to or located proximate to the impact member 714. The mass load 715 serves to increase the impact force provided by the impact member 714.

[0046] The mechanical actuator 710 also includes a restraining member 730 operably coupled to the spring arrangement 712 and a backplate 716b extending at an angle (e.g., approximately 90 degrees) from a base 716a of the frame 716. As shown, the restraining member 730 maintains the spring steel member 713 in a cocked state via a tension force maintained between the backplate 716b and the second end 713b of the spring steel member 713. The restraining member 730 is shown as a continuous loop member (e.g., string) extending around opposing side edges of the backplate 716b of the frame 716 and a portion of the impact member 714 (e.g., also contacting an edge surface of the second end 713b of the spring steel member 713). A printed circuit board (PCB) 720 is shown mounted to the underside of the backplate 716b and includes side notches 722 configured to receive the restraining members 730 as they extend around the sides of the backplate 716b of the frame 716. As shown in FIG. 7B , the PCB 720 can be mounted to the underside 710b of the backplate 716b via an adhesive 725 (e.g., dielectric adhesive tape) between the PCB 720 and the underside 710b of the backplate 716b. It is understood that the PCB 720 can be mounted to the underside 710b of the backplate 716b using any type of adhesive material or fastening structure.

[0047] Restraint member 730 is configured to maintain second end 713b of spring steel member 713 and impact member 714 in a pre-actuation position without releasing or breaking restraint member 730. More specifically, spring steel member 713 has a spring force sufficient to maintain impact member 714 in a pre-actuation position without releasing or breaking restraint member 730. Furthermore, the spring force of spring steel member 713 is sufficient to cause impact member 714 to break a predetermined breakable region of the structure in response to releasing or breaking restraint member 730.

[0048] The mechanical actuator assembly 701 includes a trigger source 724 operably coupled to a power source (not shown) via an electrical connector 726. The power source may include one or more of a battery, a DC power source, an AC power source, a supercapacitor, and an electromagnetically coupled charge power source. As best seen in FIG. 7C , the trigger source 724 and the electrical connector 726 are disposed on a PCB 720. According to some embodiments, the trigger source 724 includes an electrical resistance heater, such as a resistor. In other embodiments, the trigger source 724 may include an electric match, an arc lighter, a plasma lighter, or a semiconductor laser. The restraining member 730 is in thermal contact with the trigger source 724. When actuated, heat generated by the trigger source 724 damages the restraining member 730, causing the restraining member 730 to release the spring 713 from the pre-actuated position.

[0049] According to embodiments using a resistor as the trigger source, the resistor preferably has a relatively low resistance (e.g., about 5 ohms to about 20 ohms) and is operated beyond its specified power rating to intentionally overheat (e.g., melt) the resistor. When intentionally driven beyond its power rating, the resistor generates enough heat to burn through or melt the restraining member 730.

[0050] According to an embodiment of the trigger source 724 using a resistor, a carbon film or metal foil resistor having a resistance of about 5 ohms to about 25 ohms and a power rating of about 1 / 8 watt to about 1 / 4 watt can be used. The power source coupled to the resistor via the electrical connector 726 can be a conventional (e.g., 9V alkaline or lithium ion) battery, although custom batteries can be used. For example, the power source can include a 9V alkaline battery, an 18650 battery, or a CR123A battery. As a further example, the power source can include an alkaline battery configured to provide a peak current of about 0.6 A to about 3.5 A. The resistor preferably has a resistance of about 1 / 8 to about V of the internal impedance of the power source. 2 / P, where V is the voltage of the power source and P is the minimum power required to break the restraining member 730. In various embodiments using a common 9V alkaline battery as the power source, the resistor can have a resistance ranging from about 5 ohms to about 20 ohms (e.g., about 10 ohms) for good impedance matching. Other choices or resistor values ​​may be more suitable for different types of power sources or different power delivery configurations.

[0051] As mentioned above, the mechanical actuator assembly 701 can be configured as a compact device. According to some embodiments, the base 716a of the L-bracket frame 716 can have a length and width of approximately 1.5 inches, and the backplate 716b of the L-bracket frame 716 can have a length of approximately 1.6 inches and a width of approximately 1.5 inches. The spring steel member 713 can have a length of approximately 3.75 inches and a width of approximately 1.5 inches in a relaxed (uncocked) state. A hole having a diameter of approximately 0.177 inches (to accommodate the impact member 714, e.g., a #10 x ½ inch piercing sheet metal screw) can be provided approximately 0.25 inches from the second end 713b of the spring steel member 713 and centered between the two sides of the spring steel member 713. The spring steel member 713 can be rectangular in shape and formed using 1095 spring steel (e.g., 0.032 inch, hardness RC50). PCB 720 may have a width of approximately 1.7 inches and a height of approximately 0.9 inches. Notch 722 may have a cut depth and height of approximately 0.10 inches, respectively. Resistor 724 may be a 10 ohm metal film 1 / 4 watt resistor or a 10 ohm carbon film 1 / 8 watt resistor. Restraining member 730 may be braided nylon string (e.g., 131 lb, available from TWEvans Cordage as item 12-500 No-1). Power connector 726 may be an XH2 header.

[0052] 7E-7G illustrate a mechanical actuator assembly 701a according to various embodiments. The mechanical actuator assembly 701a is structurally and functionally similar to the mechanical actuator assembly 701 shown in FIGS. 7A-7D. Therefore, many of the features common to the two mechanical actuator assemblies 701, 701a are not shown in FIGS. 7E-7G for clarity. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7E-7G, an elongated spring steel member 713a has a tapered second end 713c to which an impact member 714 is attached. The tapered shape of the second end 713c provides a more compact design for a wide variety of structures (e.g., containers and vessels), particularly those with curved walls. Additionally, a mass load 715a attached to the second end 713c comprises a stack of metal washers with a central cavity. An impact member 714 (e.g., a sheet metal drill screw) passes through a central cavity in the mass load 715a and through a hole near the distal tip of the second end 713c. The impact member 714 and mass load 715a are secured to the second end 713c by a nut 714a.

[0053] In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7E-7G, PCB 720a is mounted to the underside of backplate 716b. In this embodiment, PCB 720a does not include notch 722 (see FIGS. 7A-7C) and is coextensive with or has a width less than the width of backplate 716b. As shown, restraining member 730 (e.g., string) extends around backplate 716b and PCB 720a. Restraining member 730 also extends under or around mass load 715a (shown as a stack of washers) and the head side of impact member 714. In this configuration, restraining member 730 does not extend above the distal edge of second and third contacts 713c, as in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A-7C. The lashing arrangement of restraining member 730 shown in FIGS. 7A-7C eliminates the risk of premature failure of restraining member 730 during operation.

[0054] Also shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 7E-7G and best seen in FIG. 7G, the base 716a of the frame 716 is mounted to the plate 751 using fasteners 718a (e.g., <0.030 inch screw heads) having flat engagement surfaces that facilitate substantially recessing the mechanical actuator assembly 701a relative to the plate 751. The fasteners 718a may be flush-head studs or pins (e.g., PEM® Fasteners available from PennEngineering®). Recessing the mechanical actuator assembly 701a in the plate 751 advantageously prevents or significantly reduces tilting of the mechanical actuator assembly 701a when mounted to the plate 751 (e.g., a 1 mm thick base plate) and allows for the use of a single layer of adhesive (e.g., 3M® VHP double-cited adhesive tape) to mount the plate 751 to the vessel structure (e.g., a vessel base surface as shown in FIG. 7H). The embodiment shown in Figures 7E-7G provides ease of manufacturing by simplifying the process of placing the spring steel member 713a in the cocked (pre-actuated) state.

[0055] 7H and 71 show an apparatus 750 comprising a two-part structure 750a that together form a container or vessel of the type described above. Structure 750a includes a vessel 752 and a cover plate 754. For illustrative purposes, structure 750a is shown as being transparent or translucent. It is understood that structure 750a can be constructed from any structural material, including, for example, metal, plastic, tempered glass, ceramic, or any combination of these and other materials.

[0056] The container 752 shown in FIG. 7H includes a plate 753a attached to a base surface 752a of the container 752. The plate 753a supports at least one mechanical actuator assembly 701a-1 of the type described above (e.g., shown in the illustrated embodiment in FIGS. 7E-7G for illustrative purposes). The plate 753a can be attached to the base surface 752a of the container 752 using an adhesive (e.g., 3M® VHP Double-Quarter Adhesive Tape) or other attachment structure. The mechanical actuator assembly 701a-1 and plate 753a are positioned on the base surface 752a such that the impact member 714 of the mechanical actuator assembly 701a-1 is positioned against a predetermined breakable region 755 of the base surface 752a. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7H, the predetermined breakable region 75 is positioned over a void in the base surface 752a and includes an ion-exchange glass window mounted to the base surface 752a via a sealing structure such as any of those discussed herein (e.g., 3M® RP25 VHB Seal).

[0057] FIG. 7I illustrates a cover plate 754 of the two-part structure 750a shown in FIG. 7H, according to various embodiments. In this embodiment, the cover plate 754 includes a mechanical actuator assembly 701a-2 of the type described above secured to a plate 753b. For illustrative purposes, the cover plate 754 is shown upside down relative to its installed configuration to facilitate explanation of the mechanical actuator assembly 701a-2. The plate 753b can be attached to the cover plate 754 in the same manner as described above with reference to FIG. 7H and other figures. The mechanical actuator assembly 701a-2 and the plate 753b are positioned on the cover plate 754 such that the impact member 714 of the mechanical actuator assembly 701a-2 is positioned relative to a predetermined breakable region 759 of the cover plate 754. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7I, the predetermined breakable region 759 is positioned over a void in the cover plate 754 and includes an ion-exchange glass window mounted to the cover plate 754 via a sealing arrangement such as any of those discussed herein (e.g., 3M® RP25 VHB Seal).

[0058] FIG. 8 illustrates a mechanical actuator assembly 801 according to various embodiments. The mechanical actuator assembly 801 can be incorporated into any of the structures disclosed herein. The mechanical actuator assembly 801 includes a mechanical actuator 810 comprising a base 816 and a spring arrangement 812 mechanically connected or coupled to the base 816. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the spring arrangement 812 includes a torsion spring 813. The base 816 incorporates a machined groove 817 for securing a first leg (hidden from view) of the torsion spring 813. The first leg of the torsion spring 813 is press-fit into the groove 817. An optional adhesive can be included to strengthen the attachment. The groove 817 also functions to precisely position the torsion spring 813 relative to a tie-down location on the base 816. The tie-down location includes a notch 822 on the base 816 that accommodates a restraining member 830 (e.g., a string).

[0059] The mechanical actuator 810 includes an impact member 814 coupled to a torsion spring 813. A load mass 815 (e.g., a nut and bolt) can be attached to the tip of the second end of the torsion spring 813 to store mechanical energy. The nut and bolt arrangement securely holds the impact member 814 in place, which is shown as a lock washer with protruding serrated teeth 814a. The torsion spring 813 and load mass 815 are cocked backward by a restraining member 830 (e.g., a string) looped around a trigger source 824 in the form of a resistor. The resistor 824 is designed to function as a heater such that, when activated by current from a power source (e.g., a battery, not shown) electrically coupled to electrical leads 826a, 826b, it heats to a high temperature and breaks the restraining member 830. When mechanical actuator 810 is electrically actuated, one or more serrated teeth 814a of lock washer 814 strike a predetermined breakable area of ​​the structure with an impact pressure that breaks the sheet of frangible material at the predetermined breakable area (e.g., causes breaching of the vessel wall of the structure, causing the structure to sink). Mechanical actuator assembly 801 can have a compact configuration having approximately the same footprint as that of exemplary mechanical actuator assembly 701 described above (e.g., approximately the same footprint, a somewhat smaller footprint (e.g., 5-15% smaller), or a slightly larger footprint (e.g., 5-15% larger)).

[0060] The components of the disclosed mechanical actuator assembly are carefully designed to ensure the device operates reliably and as intended. The torque-to-volume ratio of the spring in the designed retracted (cocked) position of the impact member must be high enough to break the intended target (e.g., a fragile sheet material) upon impact, yet low enough to hold the restraining member in place without breaking. Generally, the restraining member is relatively inelastic and strong under tension, but easily baked with heat, breaking instantly with heat rather than slowly stretching with a gradual decrease in Young's modulus. In some implementations, the restraining member can be relatively elastic. According to embodiments that include a resistor as a trigger source component, the resistor is preferably designed with a resistance and power rating that generates high heat from a low-cost battery that lasts long enough to break the restraining member.

[0061] According to embodiments that include tying a restraining member around a resistor, such as the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, it is important that the resistor heater not be tied with more than one knot in the restraining member (e.g., string), because multiple knots may keep the string intact even if the wrapped portion of the string breaks due to heater activation. FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate various embodiments for wrapping a pre-looped string around a resistor heater of a mechanical actuator assembly. These methods allow for a simple and low-cost method for incorporating a resistor heater into a restraining loop. FIG. 9A illustrates a pre-looped string 930a with a single knot 932a. FIG. 9B illustrates a method for wrapping a resistor heater 924b by inserting the looped string 930b into itself so that the knot 932b is positioned away from the resistor heater 924b. FIG. 9C shows a resistor heater 924c incorporated into a string restraint having a remaining loop 930c for tying down a spring member such that a knot 932c is positioned away from the resistor heater 924c.

[0062] Reference will now be made to the accompanying set of drawings that form a part of this disclosure, and at least those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations and modifications of the embodiments described herein are within the scope of the present disclosure and do not depart from it. For example, aspects of the embodiments described herein may be combined with each other in various ways. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the claimed invention may be practiced other than as expressly described herein.

[0063] All references and publications cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety into this disclosure, except to the extent that they may directly contradict this disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing characteristic sizes, quantities, and physical properties used in the specification and claims can be understood as modified by the terms "exactly" or "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and appended claims are approximations that can vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained by one of ordinary skill in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein, or approximations within, for example, typical ranges of experimental error.

[0064] The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) and any range within that range. As used herein, the terms "up to" or "less than or equal to" modifying a number (e.g., "up to 50") include that number (e.g., 50), and the term "greater than or equal to" modifying a number (e.g., "5 or greater") includes that number (e.g., 5).

[0065] The terms "coupled" or "connected" refer to elements that are attached to each other either directly (in direct contact with each other) or indirectly (having one or more elements between them to attach the two elements). Either term may be modified by "operatively" and "operably," which may be used interchangeably to describe that the coupling or connection is configured to allow the components to interact to perform at least some functions (e.g., a wireless chip may be operably coupled to an antenna element to provide a radio frequency electrical signal for wireless communication).

[0066] Orientational terms such as "top," "bottom," "side," and "end" are used to describe the relative positions of components and are not meant to limit the orientation of contemplated embodiments. For example, an embodiment described as having a "top" and a "bottom" also encompasses that embodiment rotated in various directions unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0067] References to "one embodiment," "embodiment," "particular embodiment," or "some embodiments" mean that the particular feature, configuration, composition, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of such phrases in various places throughout do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the particular features, configurations, compositions, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0068] The words "preferred" and "preferably" refer to embodiments of the present disclosure that may offer certain benefits, under particular circumstances. However, other embodiments may also be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful or is intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0069] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include embodiments having plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term "or" is generally employed in its sense including "and / or" unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0070] As used herein, the terms "have," "having," "include," "including," "comprise," "comprising," and the like are used in an open-ended sense and generally mean "including, but not limited to." Terms such as "consisting essentially of," "consisting of," and the like will be understood to be encompassed by terms such as "comprising." The term "and / or" means one or all of the listed elements or a combination of at least two of the listed elements.

[0071] The phrases "at least one," "comprising at least one of," and "one or more of," when used in conjunction with a list, refer to any one of the items in the list and any combination of two or more items in the list.

Claims

1. 1. An apparatus comprising: a structure including a predetermined frangible region; a mechanical actuator disposed at or proximate to the predetermined breakable area, a spring structure and an impact member coupled to the spring structure; a restraining member operably coupled to the spring arrangement; and a trigger source operably coupled to the power supply; the trigger source is configured to, in response to receiving current from the power source, release or break the restraining member such that the spring arrangement can force the impact member into contact with the predetermined breakable area and break the predetermined breakable area; the predetermined breakable area comprises a void within the structure, a sheet of glass or tempered glass disposed above the void, and one or both of a sealant adhesive and a sealing tape disposed below and / or above the periphery of the predetermined breakable area and the sheet of glass or tempered glass.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the trigger source comprises a heat source operably coupled to a power source and in thermal contact with the restraining member.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the structure is frangible and configured to break in response to breaking of the predetermined breakable region.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the trigger source comprises at least one of an electrical resistance heater, an electric match, an arc writer, a plasma writer, a semiconductor laser, an electromagnetic device, and an electrostatic device.

5. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the power source comprises at least one of a battery, a DC power source, an AC power source, a supercapacitor, and an inductively coupled charge power source.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the spring arrangement is a torsion spring.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the spring arrangement comprises a spring steel member.

8. The spring structure includes: maintaining the impact member in a pre-actuation position without releasing or breaking the restraining member; and 10. The apparatus of claim 1, including a spring element having sufficient spring force to cause the impact member to break the predetermined breakable region in response to the release or breaking of the restraining member.

9. the trigger source is mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB); The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the printed circuit board (PCB) is affixed to a frame or base of the mechanical actuator.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the trigger source comprises a resistor.

11. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the resistor has a resistance in the range of one-eighth the internal impedance of the power source to V / P, where V is the voltage of the power source and P is the minimum power required to break the restraining member.

12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the restraining member comprises a string.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mechanical actuator includes a mass load connected to or located proximate to the impact member.

14. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sheet of glass or tempered glass has a thickness of up to about 2 mm.

15. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the power source comprises an alkaline battery configured to provide a peak current of between 0.6A and 3.5A.

16. 1. An apparatus comprising: a container including a predetermined frangible region; a mechanical actuator disposed within the container and located at or proximate to the predetermined breakable area, a spring structure and an impact member coupled to the spring structure; a restraining member operably coupled to the spring arrangement; and a heat source operably coupled to a power source and in thermal contact with the restraining member; the heat source is configured, in response to receiving an electric current from the power source, to cause the spring arrangement to urge the impact member into contact with the predetermined breakable area, breaking the predetermined breakable area and thereby breaking the restraining member to facilitate the entry or release of liquids, gases, or solids into or from the container; the predetermined breakable area includes a void within the container, a sheet of glass or tempered glass disposed above the void, and one or both of a sealant adhesive and a sealing tape disposed below and / or above the periphery of the predetermined breakable area and the sheet of glass or tempered glass.

17. the heat source includes at least one of an electric resistance heater, an electric match, an arc lighter, a plasma lighter, and a semiconductor laser; 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the power source comprises at least one of a battery, a DC power source, an AC power source, a supercapacitor, and an inductively coupled charge power source.

18. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the spring arrangement comprises a torsion spring or spring steel member.

19. The spring structure includes: maintaining the impact member in a pre-actuation position without breaking the restraining member; and 17. The apparatus of claim 16, including a spring element having a spring force sufficient to cause the impact member to break the predetermined breakable region in response to breaking of the restraining member.

20. 1. An apparatus comprising:

1. A container configured to float in a liquid, comprising: a first predetermined frangible area at a first position of the container; a second predetermined breakable area at a second location on the container spaced from the first location; a first mechanical actuator disposed within the container and located at or proximate to the first predetermined breakable area; a second mechanical actuator disposed within the container and located at or adjacent to the second predetermined breakable area; Each of the first mechanical actuator and the second mechanical actuator comprises: a spring structure and an impact member coupled to the spring structure; a restraining member operably coupled to the spring arrangement; a trigger source configured to contact or move into contact with the restraining member; the apparatus includes a power supply arrangement operably coupled to the trigger source of each of the first mechanical actuator and the second mechanical actuator; the trigger source of each of the first mechanical actuator and the second mechanical actuator is configured, in response to receiving an electric current from the power supply configuration, to cause the spring configuration to force the impact member to move into contact with the first predetermined breakable area and the second predetermined breakable area, respectively, to break the first predetermined breakable area and the second predetermined breakable area, respectively, thereby releasing or breaking the restraining member to facilitate evacuation of air from the container through one of the broken first predetermined breakable area and the broken second predetermined breakable area and to facilitate entry of the liquid into the container through the other of the broken first predetermined breakable area and the broken second predetermined breakable area; one of the first and second positions of the container is above a predetermined water line of the container to facilitate evacuation of air from the container; The apparatus wherein the other of the first and second positions of the container is below the predetermined water line of the container to facilitate entry of the liquid into the container.

21. The power supply structure includes: a first power source operably coupled to the first mechanical actuator; a second power source operably coupled to the second mechanical actuator.

22. the container is configured to float in water; 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein activation of the trigger source of each of the first mechanical actuator and the second mechanical actuator causes the container to scuttle.

23. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein one of the first and second positions of the container is oriented above the predetermined water line of the container and comprises one or more ballasts configured to distribute weight within the apparatus to facilitate evacuation of air from the container during liquid entry.

24. the container is configured to float in water; 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein all or a portion of the exterior surface of the container comprises an anti-biofouling chemical coating.

Images