Glass plate for manufacturing magnetic recording media and method for manufacturing magnetic recording media

Abstract

A glass plate configured to be cut into glass substrates for magnetic recording disks is described. The glass plate includes a first surface. For surface features of the first surface having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), the root mean square of the surface topography of the surface features determined using surface analysis on the first surface with incident light and reflected light is given as microwaviness. The maximum value of the microwaviness of any region of the first surface may be greater than or equal to 1.2 nanometers (nm) and less than or equal to 2.8 nm. After the surface analysis, the glass plate may be cut into glass substrates in response to determining that the maximum value of the microwaviness is within the range. Further, a method of manufacturing glass substrates from the glass plate is described.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 17 / 955,403, filed September 28, 2022, entitled "GLASS SHEET FOR FABRICATING MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIA AND METHOD OF FABRICATING MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIA," the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to glass sheets that are cut into glass substrates for magnetic recording disks and methods for making such glass substrates. [Background technology]

[0003] Introduction Magnetic storage systems, such as hard disk drives (HDDs), are utilized in a wide variety of devices in both stationary and mobile computing environments. Examples of devices that incorporate magnetic storage systems include desktop computers, portable notebook computers, portable hard disk drives, digital versatile disc (DVD) players, high definition television (HDTV) receivers, vehicle control systems, cellular or mobile telephones, television set-top boxes, digital cameras, digital video cameras, video game consoles, and portable media players.

[0004] A typical disk drive includes a magnetic storage medium in the form of one or more flat disks or platters. The disk generally includes two main entities: a substrate material that provides it with structure and rigidity, and a magnetic media coating that holds a magnetic impulse or moment that represents data in a recording layer within the coating. A typical disk drive also generally includes a read head and a write head in the form of a magnetic transducer that can sense and / or modify the magnetic field stored in the disk's recording layer. When the magnetic storage medium uses a non-conductive substrate (such as a glass substrate and / or a glass-ceramic substrate), a conductive pre-seed layer can be deposited on the non-conductive substrate to allow for the application of a bias voltage during the deposition of some or all of the subsequent media films to form the magnetic storage medium. The pre-seed layer should be sufficiently conductive to facilitate the deposition process.

[0005] A high-capacity magnetic storage device may include multiple recording disks, e.g., 8 to 12 disks, to increase the total storage capacity of the magnetic storage device. To accommodate this number of disks within the limited space of a magnetic storage device, it may be preferable to reduce the disk thickness. Furthermore, as multiple disks are implemented per magnetic storage device, the demand for disk substrates may also increase. Multiple disks can be manufactured cost-effectively by utilizing products such as glass plates already in existence for other applications, such as cover glass and flat panels. Thus, the non-conductive substrate may be a glass substrate made from a glass plate. For example, the glass plate may be cut into multiple glass substrates, and each glass substrate may be further processed to form a magnetic recording disk. In some embodiments, the glass plate may be manufactured using one of a variety of glass manufacturing processes, such as a float process, a draw (or fusion) process, and a pack process. Depending on the condition of the glass plate, different types and levels of processing may be required to process the glass substrate to make it suitable for forming a magnetic recording disk. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In one embodiment, a glass plate configured to be cut into glass substrates for magnetic recording disks is provided. The glass plate may include a first surface. For surface features of the first surface having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), the root mean square of the surface topography of the surface features determined using surface analysis on the first surface using incident and reflected light may be given as the microwaviness. The maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface may be 1.2 nanometers (nm) or more and 2.8 nm or less.

[0007] In another aspect, a method for manufacturing a plurality of glass substrates from a glass plate used for a magnetic recording disk is provided. The method may include providing a glass plate having a first surface, performing surface analysis on the first surface with incident light filtered in a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm) to generate displacement data based on the incident light and reflection of the incident light, calculating a root mean square of a shape of the first surface represented by microwaviness based on the displacement data, determining that a maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface is between 1.2 nanometers (nm) and 2.8 nm, inclusive, and cutting the glass plate into a plurality of glass substrates in response to the determination.

[0008] In another aspect, a glass plate configured to be cut into glass substrates for magnetic recording disks is provided. The glass plate can include a first surface, the first surface including a predetermined number of equally sized, separate first surface regions. For surface features in each of the first surface regions having a characteristic wavelength between 60 and 500 micrometers (μm), the root mean square of the surface topography of the surface features determined using surface analysis of each one of the first surface regions using incident light and reflected light is given as the microwaviness. The maximum value of the microwaviness in each of the first surface regions is between 1.2 nanometers (nm) and 2.8 nm. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1] 1 illustrates a top view of a magnetic storage device including a disk-shaped magnetic recording medium (magnetic recording disk) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] 1 illustrates a side view of a slider and a magnetic recording disk according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] 1A-1C are exemplary diagrams illustrating the fabrication of a glass substrate from a glass sheet, the glass substrate being configured to be further processed to form a magnetic recording disk, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 1A-1C are exemplary diagrams illustrating measurement of waviness of a glass sheet using a laser Doppler vibrometer, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 5A] 1 is an exemplary diagram illustrating the conversion of velocity data from a laser Doppler vibrometer into surface topography values ​​and the calculation of root mean square (RMS) values ​​of the surface topography values ​​according to some embodiments. FIG. [Figure 5B] 1A-1C are exemplary diagrams illustrating the conversion of velocity data from a laser Doppler vibrometer into surface topography values ​​and the calculation of root mean square (RMS) values ​​of the surface topography values, according to some embodiments. [Figure 5C] 1A-1C are exemplary diagrams illustrating the conversion of velocity data from a laser Doppler vibrometer into surface topography values ​​and the calculation of root mean square (RMS) values ​​of the surface topography values, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6A] FIG. 10 is an exemplary diagram illustrating the conversion of velocity data from a laser Doppler vibrometer into surface height values ​​and the calculation of root mean square (RMS) values ​​of the surface height values, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 6B] FIG. 10 is an exemplary diagram illustrating the conversion of velocity data from a laser Doppler vibrometer into surface height values ​​and the calculation of root mean square (RMS) values ​​of the surface height values, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] 10A-10C are exemplary diagrams illustrating the determination of thickness variation based on height difference, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 8]1A-1C are exemplary diagrams illustrating the determination of flatness based on a reference plane defined by three points on the surface of a glass sheet, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 illustrates, in simplified form, an exemplary magnetic recording disk having a conductive layer formed on a glass substrate. [Figure 10] 1 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating a glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 11] 1A-1C illustrate a method for manufacturing multiple glass substrates for use in magnetic recording disks from a glass sheet according to aspects of the present disclosure. [Figure 12] 1A-1C illustrate a method for performing surface analysis on the surface of a glass substrate used for magnetic recording disks from a glass plate, according to aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] In the following description, specific details are given to provide a thorough understanding of various aspects of the present disclosure. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that aspects may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams to avoid obscuring the aspects in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures, and techniques may not be shown in detail so as not to obscure aspects of the present disclosure.

[0011] Magnetic recording disks for magnetic storage devices can be manufactured by cutting glass substrates from a larger glass plate and fabricating the glass substrates into magnetic recording disks. The glass plate can have a rough or uneven surface with defects that is processed to provide a smooth surface for the magnetic recording disk. Therefore, the processing cost and associated labor can depend on the original condition of the glass plate. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, for surface features on a first surface having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), the root mean square of the surface topography of the surface features determined using surface analysis on the first surface with incident and reflected light is given as microwaviness, and the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface can be 1.2 nanometers (nm) or more and 2.8 nm or less. Glass plates having a specific desired surface condition can be provided. In some embodiments, the characteristic wavelength can indicate thickness variation across the first surface. Furthermore, according to some aspects of the present disclosure, a surface analysis can be performed on the surface of the glass substrate, and in response to determining that the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the surface is 1.2 nm or more and 2.8 nm or less, the glass plate can be cut into glass substrates. The resulting glass substrates can be processed to form magnetic recording media / disks, and such processing can involve less processing costs and associated labor than would be required for glass substrates not cut from a glass plate that meets the desired surface condition.

[0012] FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of a magnetic storage device 100 configured for magnetic recording and including a magnetic recording medium 102 having a disk, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, the magnetic recording medium 102 includes perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) media. However, in other examples, other recording media, such as heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) or microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) media, may be used. The magnetic storage device 100 may include one or more disks / media 102 for storing data. The disks / media 102 reside on a spindle assembly 104 that is attached to a drive housing 106. Data may be stored along tracks 107 in the magnetic recording layer of the disk 102. Reading and writing of data is accomplished by a head / slider 108, which may have both a read element and a write element. The write element is used to modify the properties of the magnetic recording layer of the disk 102, thereby writing information thereto. In one embodiment, recording head 108 may have a magneto-resistive (MR) element, such as a tunnel magneto-resistive (TMR) element or a giant magneto-resistive (GMR) element, for reading, and a write pole with a coil that can be energized for writing. In another embodiment, head 108 may be another type of head, such as an inductive read / write head or a Hall effect head. During operation, a spindle motor (not shown) rotates spindle assembly 104, thereby rotating disk 102 and positioning head 108 at a specific location along a desired disk track 107. The position of head 108 relative to disk 102 may be controlled by position control circuitry 110.

[0013] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic side view of selected components of the magnetic recording system of FIG. 1 , including a magnetic recording medium 102 having a disk, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A head / slider 108 is positioned above the medium 102. The head / slider 108 includes a write element (not shown) for writing information to the medium 102 and a read element (not shown) for reading information from the medium 102, disposed along an air bearing surface (ABS) (e.g., bottom surface) of the slider. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a specific example of a magnetic recording system. In other examples, embodiments of the improved medium can be used in other suitable magnetic recording systems (e.g., HAMR and MAMR recording systems, etc.). For ease of explanation, various embodiments will be described primarily in the context of an exemplary HDD magnetic recording system.

[0014] FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram illustrating the production of glass substrates from a glass plate configured to be further processed to form magnetic recording disks, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. To produce magnetic recording disks, such as disk 102 of FIG. 1, the glass plate can be cut into multiple glass substrates, which can be further processed to form the magnetic recording disks. As shown in FIG. 3, for example, glass plate 310 having first surface 312 and second surface 314 is cut into glass substrates 330a, 330b, 330c, and 330d, which are processed to form magnetic recording disks 350a, 350b, 350c, and 350d (e.g., after undergoing further cutting and various deposition processes). At this time, the top and bottom surfaces of glass plate 310 become the top and bottom surfaces of glass substrates 330a, 330b, 330c, and 330d. In some examples, the glass plate can be divided into multiple regions from which multiple glass substrates for magnetic recording disks are cut. 3, a glass plate 310 is divided into four regions, and glass substrates 330a, 330b, 330c, and 330d are cut out from the four regions, respectively. In other examples, the glass may be divided into fewer or more than four regions.

[0015] The glass plate is generally an unfinished glass plate that may have foreign particles, defects, and / or roughness. Glass substrates for magnetic recording disks generally require a smooth surface with few or no defects. Therefore, after cutting the glass plate into glass substrates, multiple polishing and / or lapping processes may be applied to the glass substrates to achieve a desired surface smoothness and / or adjust the thickness of the glass substrate. Such processes and processes may account for a significant portion of the manufacturing cost of a magnetic recording disk. These polishing, lapping, and / or other processing steps may be minimized or eliminated if the glass plate meets, at least to some extent, the conditions (e.g., measurements of the properties of the glass plate) for the glass substrate to be fabricated into a magnetic recording disk. In some embodiments, the magnetic recording disk has a recording speed of 1 Tb / in 2 The recording density may be greater than 100 .mu.m.

[0016] For these reasons, the condition of a glass sheet, particularly the quality of its surface, can be very important. For example, characteristics such as thickness, waviness, and / or roughness of a glass sheet surface can be measured to provide a glass sheet with reduced processing steps required to form a magnetic recording disk. Waviness can be used to quantify the surface condition of an unprocessed glass sheet. In some embodiments, surface waviness can be defined based on surface analysis of the glass sheet surface using incident light. In one embodiment, for surface features of a glass sheet surface having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), the root mean square of the surface topography of the surface features determined using surface analysis of the glass sheet surface using incident and reflected light can be given as microwaviness. In one example, the surface analysis can generate velocity data based on incident light and reflection of the incident light, filter the velocity data for a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 μm, and then generate displacement data based on the filtered velocity data, the displacement data including data for a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 μm. In this example, a filter may be applied to velocity data acquired using a laser Doppler vibrometer to obtain displacement data within a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 μm based on the filtered velocity data. In another example, surface analysis may generate velocity data based on incident light and reflection of the incident light, generate displacement data based on the velocity data, and then filter the displacement data within a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 μm. In this example, a filter may be applied to the displacement data generated based on the velocity data to obtain displacement data within a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 μm.

[0017] In some embodiments, a wavelength of 60 to 500 μm may correspond to a resonant frequency corresponding to the speed at which the magnetic-recording disk rotates within the disk drive (e.g., in revolutions per minute (RPM)). In some embodiments, the range of characteristic wavelengths may be based on the size of the laser utilized by the laser Doppler vibrometer and the length of the slider (e.g., slider 108) used to read the magnetic-recording disk. If a feature on the surface of the glass plate is larger than the length of the slider, an error in reading the feature is less likely than a feature on the surface of the glass plate that is equal to or shorter than the length of the slider. Furthermore, if a feature on the surface of the glass plate is smaller than the diameter of the laser, an error in reading the feature is less likely than a feature on the surface of the glass plate that is equal to or larger than the diameter of the laser. Thus, for example, the lower limit of the range of characteristic wavelengths may correspond to the diameter of the laser used in the laser Doppler vibrometer, and the upper limit of the range of characteristic wavelengths may correspond to the length of the slider used to read the magnetic-recording disk. Thus, in one example, if the diameter of the laser is 60 μm and the length of the slider is 500 μm, the range of the characteristic wavelength may be 60 to 500 μm.

[0018] The frequency range corresponding to the range of characteristic wavelengths can be calculated based on the following formula: Linear velocity = 2×π×R×angular velocity / 60 Equation (1) Frequency = Linear velocity / Wavelength Equation (2)

[0019] In Equation (1), R represents the test radius for the portion of the disk substrate where the laser from the laser Doppler vibrometer is used during surface analysis, and angular velocity represents the speed at which the disk substrate rotates during surface analysis. In one example, if the angular velocity is 5050 millimeters per second (mm / s) and R is 47.5 mm, the linear velocity is approximately 25120 mm / s. The frequency corresponding to a wavelength of 60 μm is 25120 mm / s / 0.06 mm = 418.67 kHz. The frequency corresponding to a wavelength of 500 μm is 25120 mm / s / 0.5 mm = 50.24 kHz. Therefore, the frequency range corresponding to characteristic wavelengths from 60 to 500 μm is 50.24 kHz to 418.67 kHz.

[0020] FIG. 4 is an exemplary diagram illustrating measurement of waviness of a glass sheet using a laser Doppler vibrometer, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Because glass sheets generally have imperfections, the surface of the glass sheet may not be perfectly flat or smooth. Therefore, the waviness can be measured to estimate how flat / smooth or "wavy" the surface of the glass sheet is. To measure the waviness of a first surface 412 of a glass sheet 410, a laser Doppler vibrometer 460 having an incident light 462 can be used to perform a surface analysis of the first surface 412. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, a small portion, such as a glass substrate 430, can be cut from the glass sheet 410 into a disk 450, which can then be easily placed on a rotating spindle for measurement by the laser Doppler vibrometer 460. In some embodiments, the laser Doppler vibrometer 460 utilizes a laser to provide the incident light 462. For example, the laser may be a helium-neon laser having a fixed wavelength (e.g., 632.8 nm) and modulated at a specific frequency (e.g., 20 MHz). The waviness can be measured as the average root mean square (RMS) at a particular radial location on the first surface 452 of the disk 450, or as the average RMS across the first surface 452. In one example, the waviness of the first surface 452 of the disk 450 can be assumed to represent the waviness of the first surface 412 of the glass sheet 410.

[0021] The laser Doppler vibrometer 460 measures the frequency shift (e.g., Doppler shift) between incident light 462 directed onto the first surface 452 and the light reflection reflected from the first surface 452 due to topographic height variations on the surface, and converts the frequency shift into a velocity value. For example, the laser Doppler vibrometer 460 can measure the frequency shift between the incident light 462 and the reflected light 464 reflected from a portion of the surface (e.g., a test radius R) of the first surface 452 of the disk 450. In some embodiments, based on the velocity values ​​obtained using the laser Doppler vibrometer 460, waviness can be measured as an average RMS (Rq) at a specific radial location or as an average across the entire surface using the laser Doppler vibrometer. In some embodiments, although not shown in FIG. 4 , a surface analysis can also be performed on the second surface 414 of the glass plate 410 using the laser Doppler vibrometer 460 with the incident light 462. In the orientation shown in FIG. 4, first surface 412 may be the top surface of glass plate 410, second surface 414 may be the bottom surface, first surface 452 may be the top surface of disk 450, and second surface 454 may be the bottom surface of disk 450, although these designations of top and bottom surfaces are arbitrary.

[0022] 5A, 5B, and 5C are exemplary diagrams illustrating the conversion of velocity data from a laser Doppler vibrometer to surface topography values ​​and the calculation of the RMS value of the surface topography values, according to some embodiments. FIG. 5A is an exemplary diagram illustrating a velocity signal obtained by a laser Doppler vibrometer over one revolution. For example, the radius at which the laser Doppler vibrometer measurements are taken may be 47.5 mm, the glass plate disk (e.g., disk 450 in FIG. 4) may be rotated at 5050 revolutions per minute, and the laser Doppler vibrometer performs measurements on the surface of the glass plate disk. In particular, FIG. 5A is a plot showing velocity values ​​versus distance on the surface of the glass plate disk over one revolution after a filter has been applied to provide velocity values ​​within a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 micrometers. As discussed above, in one example, the filter may have a frequency range of 50.24 kHz to 418.67 kHz.

[0023] 5B is an exemplary diagram showing displacement data based on the velocity data of FIG. 5A, according to some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 5B shows a plot of displacement data versus distance on the surface of a glass plate disk, which is generated by calculating a slope (derivative) value from the velocity data of FIG. 5B. The displacement data of FIG. 5B may have an RMS value of 0.345 nm. For example, the displacement value of FIG. 5B may be calculated based on the following formula (where the sensitivity of the laser Doppler vibrometer may be, for example, 50 millimeters / second / volt): Speed ​​x Sensitivity x Δt. Formula (3)

[0024] 5C is an exemplary diagram showing integrated surface topography data based on the velocity data of FIG. 5A according to some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 5C shows a plot showing integrated surface topography values ​​versus distance on the surface of a glass plate disk over one revolution, generated by calculating the integral of the velocity data of FIG. 5A. The integrated surface topography values ​​of FIG. 5C may represent the shape of the surface of the glass plate over one revolution. The integrated surface topography data of FIG. 5C may have an RMS value of 32.92 nm. For example, the integrated surface topography value of FIG. 5C may be calculated based on the following formula (where the sensitivity of the laser Doppler vibrometer may be, for example, 50 millimeters / second / volt): ΣSpeed ​​x Sensitivity x Δt. Formula (4)

[0025] 6A and 6B are example diagrams illustrating the conversion of velocity data from a laser Doppler vibrometer to surface height values ​​and the calculation of the RMS value of the surface height values, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 6A is an example diagram illustrating a graph of slope values ​​(of velocity values) versus distance on the surface of a glass plate disk, where the velocity values ​​were obtained by a laser Doppler vibrometer and filtered to provide velocity values ​​within a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 micrometers.

[0026] 6B is an exemplary diagram showing a graph of surface height values ​​versus distance on the surface of a glass plate disk. By calculating the integral of the slope of the velocity values ​​shown in FIG. 6A within 500 μm, the surface height values ​​are calculated over a distance (e.g., within 500 μm in the circumferential direction). An RMS value can then be calculated based on the surface height values.

[0027] When incident light is used to analyze a first surface of a glass plate (e.g., glass plate 310, 410) by surface analysis (using a laser Doppler vibrometer), the surface analysis generates an RMS of the shape of the first surface, which can be given as microwaviness. For example, a very small microwaviness value of the first surface can indicate that the first surface is nearly flat, while a large microwaviness value can indicate that the first surface is very wavy and / or rough. Therefore, a small microwaviness is a desirable characteristic for the surface of a glass plate to be cut into glass substrates for magnetic recording disks.

[0028] In some embodiments, surface analysis may be performed based on the example described with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B. For example, the RMS may be generated based on velocity values ​​within a frequency range corresponding to wavelengths of 60 to 500 micrometers obtained using measurements on the first surface with a laser Doppler vibrometer using incident light on the first surface. According to some embodiments, when analyzed by surface analysis on the first surface of a glass plate using incident light, the maximum value of the microwaviness of any region on the first surface may be 1.2 nm or more and 2.8 nm or less. The range of 1.2 nm to 2.8 nm can provide an optimal surface that reduces the processing costs of glass substrates. For example, with reference to FIG. 4, when analyzed by surface analysis on the first surface 452 using incident light, the maximum value of the microwaviness of any region on the first surface 452 may be 1.2 nm or more and 2.8 nm or less. In some embodiments, the glass plate may be made from unpolished glass configured to be cut into glass substrates for magnetic recording disks. In some embodiments, the first surface may be used as a recording surface on which data is magnetically recorded when the glass substrate for a magnetic recording disk is cut. Thus, for example, referring to FIG. 4 , when a magnetic recording disk is fabricated from glass plate 410, first surface 452 may be used for data recording. In some embodiments, the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface may be 1.2 nm or more and 2.5 nm or less. For example, if the thickness of an unpolished glass plate is similar to the thickness of a glass substrate fabricated from the unpolished glass plate, costly lapping may be omitted as long as the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface can be 1.2 nm or more and 2.5 nm or less.

[0029] In some embodiments, the glass plate may have a rectangular parallelepiped shape with six surfaces, including the first surface. For example, as shown in Figure 4, glass plate 410 has a rectangular parallelepiped shape with six surfaces. Glass plate 410 may have a large first surface 412 and a large bottom surface 414 that is substantially parallel to first surface 412, where large first surface 412 may be the first surface. Glass plate 410 also has four other surfaces on the sides between first surface 412 and second surface 414.

[0030] In some embodiments where the glass plate has a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape, when at least one of the six surfaces, different from the first surface, is analyzed by an additional surface analysis using incident light, the additional surface analysis generating a root mean square of the shape of the at least one surface can be given as the microwaviness. In this embodiment, the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the at least one surface can be 1.2 nm or more and 2.8 nm or less. For example, the RMS can be generated based on velocity values ​​measured on the at least one surface by a laser Doppler vibrometer using incident light, using a similar technique as described with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B. For example, referring to FIG. 4, the microwaviness in any region of the second surface 414 can be 1.2 nm or more and 2.8 nm or less. In this example, according to some embodiments, when the glass plate 410 is manufactured into a magnetic recording disk, both the first surface 412 and the second surface 414 can be used for data recording. In some embodiments, the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the at least one surface can be 1.2 nm or more and 2.5 nm or less.

[0031] In some embodiments, the maximum microwaviness of any region of the at least one surface may be 0.7 nm or more and 1.2 nm or less. For example, in this embodiment, the at least one surface may be at least somewhat polished.

[0032] In some embodiments, the microwaviness of the raw, unpolished glass plate should be less than 7 times the microwaviness of the polished glass substrate. Minimizing the microwaviness of the glass plate can reduce the polishing labor and cost required to cut and polish the glass substrate from the glass plate. Furthermore, the starting thickness of the glass plate can also be important to minimize manufacturing costs. In one embodiment, to avoid expensive lapping process(es), the target starting thickness of the glass plate can be up to 50 μm greater than the thickness of the glass substrate cut therefrom after cutting and polishing.

[0033] In some embodiments, the thickness of a glass plate is the distance between a first surface of the glass plate and a second surface that is substantially parallel to the first surface. For example, referring to FIG. 4, the thickness of glass plate 410 can be the distance between first surface 412 and second surface 414 that is substantially parallel to first surface 412. In some embodiments, the thickness of the glass plate is within at least one of the following ranges: 0.6 to 0.65 millimeters (mm), 0.5 to 0.55 mm, 0.4 to 0.45 mm, 0.41 to 0.46 mm, 0.38 to 0.43 mm, or 0.3 to 0.35 mm. For example, if a glass substrate is fabricated from a glass plate, the desired thickness of the glass plate can be between the thickness of the glass substrate minus 25 μm and the thickness of the glass substrate plus 25 μm.

[0034] According to some embodiments, the first surface of the glass plate can include a predetermined number of equally sized separate first surface regions. In this embodiment, for surface features of each first surface region having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 μm, the root mean square of the surface topography of the surface features determined using surface analysis of each first surface region using incident light and reflected light is given as the microwaviness, and the maximum value of the microwaviness of each first surface region is 1.2 nanometers (nm) or more and 2.8 nm or less. In some embodiments, the number of separate first surface regions can be determined based on the dimensions of the first surface of the glass plate and the dimensions of a magnetic recording disk to be fabricated from the glass plate. For example, if the dimensions of the first surface of the glass plate are A x B mm and the outer diameter of the desired magnetic recording disk is D mm, A, B, and D are integers, and the maximum number of the plurality of first surface regions may be defined as follows: upper limit(A / D) x upper limit(B / D), where upper limit(A / D) is A / D rounded up to the next integer, and upper limit(B / D) is B / D rounded up to the next integer. The predetermined number of the plurality of first surface regions may be less than or equal to this maximum number.

[0035] In some embodiments, at least one of the first surface regions of the first surface may include a disk region cut into a disk for a magnetic recording disk. In this embodiment, for disk region surface features of the disk region having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 μm, the root mean square of the surface topography of the disk region surface features determined using surface analysis of the disk region using incident light and reflected light may be given as the microwaviness of the disk region, and the maximum value of the microwaviness of the disk region may be 1.2 nanometers (nm) or more and 2.8 nm or less.

[0036] 3, in one example, first surface 312 may include four separate, equally sized first surface regions, glass substrates 330a, 330b, 330c, and 330d for magnetic recording disks 350a, 350b, 350c, and 350d may be cut from the four first surface regions, surface analysis may be performed on each of the four first surface regions, and the maximum microwaviness value of each of the four first surface regions may be greater than or equal to 1.2 nm and less than or equal to 2.8 nm. In other examples, more or less than four surface regions may be used.

[0037] Because the surface of the glass plate may not be perfectly smooth or flat, the thickness of the glass plate may vary across different portions of the glass plate. To provide a substantially flat surface for the glass substrate, the glass plate may be designed to have a small difference in thickness between any two points. Thus, in some embodiments, the measured thickness variation of the glass plate, defined by the difference in thickness between any two points on the first surface, may be 2 μm or less. In some embodiments, any two points on the first surface may be selected such that the distance between those two points is equal to or greater than the distance between the inner and outer diameters of a magnetic recording disk made from the glass plate. In some embodiments, any two points may be at least 45 mm apart.

[0038] FIG. 7 is an exemplary diagram illustrating the determination of thickness variation based on height difference, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As described above, a glass plate 710 may be cut into one or more glass substrates for magnetic recording disks. For example, a portion 720 of the glass plate 710 may be cut into glass substrates 730 having a radius R. Because the glass plate 710 is not perfectly smooth or flat, the thickness (which may be the distance between a first surface 712 and a second surface 714 of the glass plate 710) may vary across different portions of the glass plate 710. In the orientation shown in FIG. 7 , the first surface 712 may be the top surface of the glass plate 710, and the second surface 714 may be the bottom surface. Two arbitrary points on the first surface 712 (a first arbitrary point 762 and a second arbitrary point 764) may be randomly selected on the first surface 712. Next, the difference in thickness between the thickness T1 of the first arbitrary point 762 and the thickness T2 of the second arbitrary point 764 can be determined, which difference can be determined to be less than 2 μm, as an example.

[0039] In some embodiments, the flatness on the first surface of the glass plate may be defined as the distance between a first reference plane defined by three first points on the first surface that are farthest from the central plane and the deepest point on the first surface that is closest to the central plane, the central plane being located between the first surface and the second surface and substantially parallel to the first surface. For example, the flatness within a certain radius from any point on the first surface may be small so that the first surface can be substantially flat. In some embodiments, the flatness within a 50 millimeter (mm) radius from any point on the first or second surface of the glass plate may be less than 8 μm.

[0040] FIG. 8 is an exemplary diagram illustrating flatness determination based on a reference plane defined by three points on the surface of a glass plate, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 8 , a glass plate 810 has a first surface 812 on which the above-described surface analysis can be performed. The glass plate 810 may also have a second surface 814 that is substantially parallel to the first surface 812. In the orientation shown in FIG. 8 , the first surface 812 may be the bottom surface of the glass plate 810, and the second surface 814 may be the top surface. For illustrative purposes, a circular portion 820 having a specific radius can be examined from the glass plate 810. The circular portion 820 has three first points 832, 834, and 836 on the first surface 812 that are furthest from a central plane 890 within the portion 820, which is located between the first surface 812 and the second surface 814 and is substantially parallel to the first surface 812. A first reference plane 880 may be defined by three first points 832, 834, and 836 of the first surface 812 that are furthest from the central plane 890. The flatness H on the first surface 812 of the glass sheet 810 (e.g., within portion 820) may be defined as the distance between the first reference plane 880 and the deepest point 838 of the first surface 812 within portion 820, which is the point on the first surface 812 closest to the central plane 890. The flatness within a radius (e.g., a 50 mm radius) from any point on the first surface 812 may be less than 8 μm.

[0041] FIG. 9 illustrates, in simplified form, an exemplary magnetic recording disk 900 having a conductive layer 906 formed on a glass substrate 902. A magnetic recording layer structure 904 is deposited on one side (e.g., the top side) of the glass substrate 902 above the conductive coating / layer (e.g., plating) layer 906. As described above, the conductive layer (which may also function as an adhesion layer) is provided on the substrate using a bias voltage and sputter deposition to enable subsequent deposition of another layer. In some examples, the magnetic recording layer structure is deposited on only one side of the substrate, thus providing only one conductive layer / coating. The magnetic recording layer (e.g., 904) may include a cobalt-platinum (CoPt) alloy, an iron-platinum (FePt) alloy, and / or a combination thereof. For clarity and simplicity, FIG. 9 illustrates only some of the layers typically included in a magnetic recording medium. Further details of exemplary media structures can be found in U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 361,272, filed June 28, 2021, and assigned to the assignee of the present application, entitled "HEAT ASSISTED MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIA WITH AMORPHOUS MAGNETIC GRAIN BOUNDARY MATERIAL," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0042] Although not shown in FIG. 9 , the magnetic recording layer structure 904 can include a magnetic recording sublayer and an exchange control sublayer (ECL). Collectively, the sublayers form the magnetic recording layer structure 904, which can be, for example, 100-200 angstroms (Å) thick. Because both the conductive layer and the magnetic recording layer structure are very thin (e.g., on the order of microns (μm) or angstroms, respectively), the thickness of the disk 900 is primarily determined by the thickness of the substrate, e.g., 0.5 mm or less (e.g., in the range of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm). Note that other coatings may be provided as well, provided they are also very thin and do not significantly increase the thickness. For example, a protective layer including carbon, diamond-like crystals, hydrogen- and / or nitrogen-doped carbon, and / or combinations thereof may be deposited.

[0043] In some examples, the glass substrate 902 has a diameter (i.e., outer diameter, OD) of about 95 mm or more (e.g., 97 mm) and a thickness of 0.5 mm or less. In other examples, the OD may be 98 mm or 98.1 mm. (Generally speaking, all such disks are referred to as "3.5 inch" disks.) The glass substrate 902 may be made of a non-conductive material, such as glass, glass ceramic, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and / or combinations thereof.

[0044] FIG. 10 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating a glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000 may include a surface analysis component 1020 configured to provide a glass sheet having a first surface, perform surface analysis on the first surface using incident light, generate displacement data based on the incident light and reflections of the incident light using a filter applied to a frequency range corresponding to a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), and generate a root mean square of a shape of the first surface, given as microwaviness, based on the displacement data. In some embodiments, the surface analysis may be performed using a laser Doppler vibrometer 1060, which may be external to or within the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000. The surface analysis component 1020 may be further configured to determine that a maximum value of the microwaviness of any region of the first surface is between 1.2 nanometers (nm) and 2.8 nm. The glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000 may further include a manufacturing control component 1030 configured to cut the glass sheet into a plurality of glass substrates in response to the above determination.

[0045] In some embodiments where the glass plate has a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape and six surfaces, including the first surface, the surface analysis component 1020 may be further configured to: perform an additional surface analysis on at least one of the six surfaces different from the first surface using the incident light, generate additional displacement data based on the incident light and reflections of the incident light using a filter applied to a frequency range corresponding to a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), generate a root mean square of the shape of the at least one surface as a microwaviness based on the additional displacement data, and determine that a maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the at least one surface is between 1.2 nm and 2.8 nm. In this embodiment, the manufacturing control component 1030 may be configured to cut the glass plate into a plurality of glass substrates in response to determining that the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface and the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the at least one surface are between 1.2 nm and 2.8 nm.

[0046] FIG. 11 illustrates a method 1100 for manufacturing a plurality of glass substrates from a glass plate used for magnetic recording disks, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In block 1105, a glass substrate manufacturing apparatus (e.g., the surface analysis component 1020 of the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000) can provide a glass plate having a first surface. In one embodiment, the glass plate can be made from unpolished glass configured to be cut into a plurality of glass substrates for magnetic recording disks. In block 1110, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus (e.g., the surface analysis component 1020 of the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000) can perform surface analysis on the first surface using incident light to generate displacement data based on the incident light and reflections of the incident light using a filter applied to a frequency range corresponding to a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm). Based on the displacement data, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus (e.g., the surface analysis component 1020 of the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000) can generate a root mean square (rms) of the shape of the first surface, expressed as microwaviness. In one embodiment, the surface analysis can be performed using a laser Doppler vibrometer. In one embodiment, the characteristic wavelength range of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm) is based on the size of the laser utilized by the laser Doppler vibrometer and the length of the slider for reading the magnetic recording disk. In block 1115, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus (e.g., the surface analysis component 1020 of the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000) can determine that the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface is 1.2 nanometers (nm) or more and 2.8 nm or less. In one embodiment, the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface may be 1.2 nm or more and 2.5 nm or less.

[0047] In one embodiment, where the glass plate has a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape with six surfaces, including the first surface, in block 1120, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus (e.g., the surface analysis component 1020 of the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000) may perform an additional surface analysis on at least one of the six surfaces other than the first surface using incident light, using a filter applied to a frequency range corresponding to a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), to generate additional displacement data based on the incident light and reflections of the incident light, and generate a root mean square of the shape of the at least one surface, represented as microwaviness, based on the additional displacement data. In one embodiment, in block 1125, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus (e.g., the surface analysis component 1020 of the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000) may determine that the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the at least one surface is 1.2 nm or more and 2.8 nm or less.

[0048] At block 1130, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus (eg, the manufacturing control component 1030 of the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000) may cut the glass sheet into a plurality of glass substrates in response to the above determination.

[0049] In some embodiments, cutting the glass plate into a plurality of glass substrates at block 1130 may be performed further in response to determining that the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of at least one surface is 1.2 nm or more and 2.8 nm or less. In an exemplary manufacturing process, the glass plate may first be cut into glass substrates (e.g., according to block 1130). The glass substrates may be further cut into donut-shaped substrates (e.g., by adding a center hole). Each glass substrate may then be polished on the top surface, the bottom surface, the edge of the inner diameter of the glass substrate, and the edge of the outer diameter of the glass substrate. After polishing, a magnetic recording layer structure may be deposited on each glass substrate to form a magnetic recording medium.

[0050] In one embodiment, the thickness variation measurement of the glass plate, defined by the difference in thickness between any two points on the first surface, can be 2 micrometers (μm) or less. In one embodiment, the distance between any two points can be equal to or greater than the distance between the inner and outer diameters of at least one of the magnetic recording disks. In one embodiment, any two points can be at least 45 millimeters (mm) apart.

[0051] In one embodiment, the thickness of the glass sheet may be the distance between a first surface of the glass sheet and a second surface that is substantially parallel to the first surface, and the thickness of the glass sheet may be within at least one range of 0.6 to 0.65 millimeters (mm), 0.5 to 0.55 mm, 0.4 to 0.45 mm, 0.41 to 0.46 mm, 0.38 to 0.43 mm, or 0.3 to 0.35 mm.

[0052] In one aspect, the thickness of the glass sheet may be the distance between a first surface of the glass sheet and a second surface that is substantially parallel to the first surface, and the thickness may vary by less than 2 micrometers (μm) for a thickness within a 50 millimeter (mm) radius from any point on the first surface or the second surface.

[0053] In one embodiment, the flatness on the first surface may be defined as the distance between a first reference plane defined by three first points on the first surface that are furthest from a central plane and the deepest point on the first surface that is closest to the central plane, the central plane being located between the first surface and the second surface and substantially parallel to the first surface. In this embodiment, the flatness within a 50 millimeter (mm) radius of any point on the first or second surface may be less than 8 micrometers (μm).

[0054] FIG. 12 illustrates a method 1200 for performing surface analysis on a surface of a glass substrate used for a magnetic recording disk from a glass plate, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In block 1205, a glass substrate manufacturing apparatus (e.g., surface analysis component 1020 of glass substrate manufacturing apparatus 1000) can generate velocity data based on incident light and reflections of the incident light. The incident light can be from a laser Doppler vibrometer (e.g., laser Doppler vibrometer 1060). In block 1210, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus can determine whether to apply a filter to the velocity data to filter the velocity data within a frequency range corresponding to a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 μm.

[0055] If a filter is applied to the velocity data, in block 1215, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus can generate displacement data based on the filtered velocity data. For example, the displacement data can be generated by calculating a point movement, which can be determined by multiplying the filtered velocity data by the sensitivity of the laser Doppler vibrometer and time, as shown in equation (3) above. Next, in block 1220, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus can generate surface topography data based on the displacement data. For example, the topography data can be generated by calculating the integral of the displacement data. In one example, the topography data can be calculated by taking the integral of the displacement data based on equation (4) above.

[0056] If a filter is not applied to the velocity data, in block 1255, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus may generate displacement data based on the velocity data that has not been filtered using a filter. For example, the displacement data may be generated by calculating the movement of a point, which may be determined by multiplying the velocity data by the sensitivity of the laser Doppler vibrometer and time, as shown in equation (3) above. Next, in block 1260, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus may apply a filter to the displacement data to filter the displacement data within a frequency range corresponding to a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 μm. Thereafter, in block 1265, the glass substrate manufacturing apparatus may generate surface topography data based on the filtered displacement data. For example, the topography data may be generated by calculating the integral of the filtered displacement data. In one example, the topography data may be calculated by taking the integral of the filtered displacement data based on equation (4) above.

[0057] After generating the surface topography data in either block 1220 or block 1265, in block 1280, the glass substrate manufacturing equipment can generate an RMS of the surface topography data, which can be used to determine microwaviness.

[0058] Those skilled in the art in view of this disclosure will understand that although various exemplary fabrication methods have been discussed herein with respect to magnetic recording disks, the methods, with or without some modifications, may be used to fabricate other types of recording disks, for example, optical recording disks such as compact disks (CDs) and digital versatile disks (DVDs), or magneto-optical recording disks, or ferroelectric data storage devices.

[0059] Various components described herein may be described as "comprising" or being made from a particular material or composition of materials. In one aspect, this may mean that the component consists of the particular material. In another aspect, this may mean that the component includes the particular material.

[0060] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any implementation or aspect described herein as "exemplary" should not be construed as necessarily preferred or advantageous over other aspects of the present disclosure. Likewise, the term "aspect" does not require that all aspects of the present disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage, or mode of operation. The term "coupled" is used herein to refer to a direct or indirect coupling between two objects. For example, if object A physically contacts object B, and object B contacts object C, objects A and C may still be considered coupled to each other even though they are not in direct physical contact with each other. Furthermore, it should be noted that, in the context of one component being located on another component, the term "on" as used herein may be used to refer to a component that is on and / or within (e.g., on the surface of or embedded within) another component. Thus, for example, a first component on a second component can mean (1) that the first component is on the second component but not in direct contact with the second component, (2) that the first component is on (e.g., on the surface of) the second component, and / or (3) that the first component is within (e.g., embedded within) the second component. As used in this disclosure, the term "about 'value X'" or "approximately value X" is intended to mean within 10 percent of "value X." For example, a value of about 1 or approximately 1 may mean a value in the range of 0.9 to 1.1. Various ranges of values ​​may be specified, described, and / or claimed in this disclosure. Note that, in this specification and / or claims, whenever a range is specified, described, and / or claimed, the endpoints are (at least in one embodiment) intended to be inclusive. In another embodiment, a range may not include the endpoints of the range.

Claims

1. A glass plate configured to be cut into a plurality of glass substrates for magnetic recording disks, a first surface; for surface features of the first surface having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), the root mean square of the surface topography of the surface features determined using surface analysis of the first surface using incident light and reflected light is given as microwaviness; A glass plate, wherein the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface is 1.2 nanometers (nm) or more and 2.8 nm or less.

2. the glass plate is substantially rectangular in shape having six surfaces including the first surface; for a second surface feature of at least one surface different from the first surface of the six surfaces and having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), a root mean square of a surface topography of the second surface feature determined using a surface analysis of the at least one surface using incident light and reflected light is given as microwaviness; 2. The glass plate according to claim 1, wherein the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the at least one surface is 1.2 nm or more and 2.8 nm or less.

3. 2. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein the microwaviness is measured using a laser Doppler vibrometer.

4. 4. The glass plate of claim 3, wherein the range of characteristic wavelengths from 60 to 500 micrometers (μm) is based on the size of a laser utilized by the laser Doppler vibrometer and the length of a slider for reading a magnetic recording disk.

5. The glass plate according to claim 1 , wherein the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface is 1.2 nm or more and 2.5 nm or less.

6. 10. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein a measurement of a variation in thickness of the glass sheet, as defined by the difference in height of any two points on the first surface, is 2 micrometers (μm) or less.

7. 7. The glass plate of claim 6, wherein the distance between any two points is equal to or greater than the distance between an inner diameter and an outer diameter of at least one of the magnetic recording disks.

8. 7. The glass sheet of claim 6, wherein any two points are at least 45 millimeters (mm) apart.

9. the thickness of the glass sheet is the distance between the first surface and a second surface of the glass sheet that is substantially parallel to the first surface; 10. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the glass sheet is within at least one range of 0.6 to 0.65 millimeters (mm), 0.5 to 0.55 mm, 0.4 to 0.45 mm, 0.41 to 0.46 mm, 0.38 to 0.43 mm, or 0.3 to 0.35 mm.

10. the thickness of the glass sheet is the distance between the first surface and a second surface of the glass sheet that is substantially parallel to the first surface; 10. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein the thickness variation within a 50 millimeter (mm) radius of any point on the first surface is less than 2 micrometers (μm).

11. The flatness within a radius of 50 millimeters (mm) from any point on the first surface or the second surface of the glass plate is less than 8 micrometers (μm); 2. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein the flatness of the first surface is defined as the distance between a first reference plane defined by three first points on the first surface that are located between the first surface and the second surface and that are farthest from a central plane parallel to the first surface, and a deepest point on the first surface that is closest to the central plane.

12. The glass plate of claim 1 , wherein the glass plate is made from unpolished glass configured to be cut into the plurality of glass substrates for the magnetic recording disks.

13. 1. A method for producing a plurality of glass substrates for use in magnetic recording disks from a glass plate, comprising: providing the glass sheet having a first surface; surface analyzing the first surface with incident light, using a filter applied to a frequency range corresponding to a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), generating displacement data based on the incident light and reflection of the incident light, and generating a root mean square of a shape of the first surface given as microwaviness based on the displacement data; determining that the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface is greater than or equal to 1.2 nanometers (nm) and less than or equal to 2.8 nm; cutting the glass sheet into the plurality of glass substrates in response to the determining; A method comprising:

14. the glass plate is substantially rectangular parallelepiped in shape having six surfaces including the first surface; The method comprises: performing an additional surface analysis on at least one of the six surfaces different from the first surface using incident light, generating additional displacement data based on the incident light and reflections of the incident light using a filter applied to a frequency range corresponding to a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm); and generating a root mean square of a shape of the at least one surface, which is given as microwaviness, based on the additional displacement data; determining that the maximum value of the microwaviness of any region of the at least one surface is greater than or equal to 1.2 nm and less than or equal to 2.8 nm; 14. The method of claim 13, wherein cutting the glass sheet into the plurality of glass substrates is further performed in response to determining that the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the at least one surface is greater than or equal to 1.2 nm and less than or equal to 2.8 nm.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the surface analysis is performed using a laser Doppler vibrometer.

16. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the range of characteristic wavelengths from 60 to 500 micrometers (μm) is based on the size of a laser utilized by the laser Doppler vibrometer and the length of a slider for reading a magnetic recording disk.

17. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the maximum value of the microwaviness in any region of the first surface is 1.2 nm or more and 2.5 nm or less.

18. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a measurement of the variation in thickness of the glass sheet, as defined by the difference in height of any two points on the first surface, is 2 micrometers (μm) or less.

19. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the distance between any two points is equal to or greater than the distance between an inner diameter and an outer diameter of at least one of the magnetic-recording disks.

20. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein any two points are at least 45 millimeters (mm) apart.

21. the thickness of the glass sheet is the distance between the first surface and a second surface of the glass sheet that is substantially parallel to the first surface; 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the thickness of the glass sheet is within at least one of the following ranges: 0.6 to 0.65 millimeters (mm), 0.5 to 0.55 mm, 0.4 to 0.45 mm, 0.41 to 0.46 mm, 0.38 to 0.43 mm, or 0.3 to 0.35 mm.

22. the thickness of the glass sheet is the distance between the first surface and a second surface of the glass sheet that is substantially parallel to the first surface; 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the thickness variation for the thickness within a 50 millimeter (mm) radius from any point on the first surface or the second surface is less than 2 micrometers (μm).

23. The flatness within a radius of 50 millimeters (mm) from any point on the first surface or the second surface of the glass plate is less than 8 micrometers (μm); 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the flatness of the first surface is defined as the distance between a first reference plane defined by three first points on the first surface that are located between the first surface and the second surface and that are furthest from a central plane parallel to the first surface, and a deepest point on the first surface that is closest to the central plane.

24. The method of claim 13 , wherein the glass plate is made from unpolished glass configured to be cut into a plurality of glass substrates for the magnetic recording disks.

25. A glass plate configured to be cut into a plurality of glass substrates for magnetic recording disks, a first surface comprising a predetermined number of equally sized discrete first surface areas; for each surface feature in the first surface region having a characteristic wavelength between 60 and 500 micrometers (μm), a root mean square of a surface topography of the surface feature determined using surface analysis for each one of the first surface regions using incident light and reflected light is given as microwaviness; A glass plate, wherein the maximum value of the microwaviness in each of the first surface regions is 1.2 nanometers (nm) or more and 2.8 nm or less.

26. at least one of the first surface regions of the first surface includes a disk region to be cut into a disk for a magnetic recording disk; For disk region surface features of the disk region having a characteristic wavelength of 60 to 500 micrometers (μm), the root mean square of the surface topography of the disk region surface features determined using surface analysis of the disk region using incident light and reflected light is given as the microwaviness of the disk region; 26. The glass plate according to claim 25, wherein the maximum value of the microwaviness in the disk region is 1.2 nanometers (nm) or more and 2.8 nm or less.

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