Method and apparatus for the production of lead-212 isotope

Abstract

An apparatus for producing Pb-212. The apparatus includes an emission chamber including an emission source including a porous non-reactive material. The emission chamber receives at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224, and at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224 decays to Rn-220 in the emission chamber. The apparatus further includes a carrier gas supply coupled to the emission chamber. The carrier gas supply directs an inert gas into the emission chamber, and the inert gas carries the Rn-220 out of the emission chamber through a carrier gas outlet port of the emission chamber. The apparatus also includes one or more Rn-220 targets coupled to the carrier gas outlet port. The carrier gas carries the Rn-220 from the emission chamber to the one or more Rn-220 targets, and the Rn-220 decays to Pb-212 in the one or more Rn-220 targets. The Pb-212 is directed into a Pb-212 collection container.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Related Applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 241,610, filed September 8, 2021.

[0002] Generally, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for the production / generation and capture / separation of lead-212 (Pb-212) isotopes. [Background technology]

[0003] Alpha particle therapy offers an opportunity for the treatment of many cancers. However, the production of alpha particle-emitting isotopes is a highly complex process involving numerous technical and regulatory obstacles. Furthermore, the production of alpha particle-emitting isotopes is extremely expensive and difficult to scale up, resulting in alpha particle therapy being impractical for commercialization and patient use to date. Generally, high-energy accelerators or nuclear reactors with complex and cumbersome bombardment, irradiation, and conventional chemical separation processes are required to produce alpha-emitting isotopes that can be used in human injectable radiolabeled pharmaceuticals. Pb-212 is an alpha-emitting isotope with a favorable energy profile and chemical properties for radiolabeling. This makes Pb-212 a very promising candidate for the treatment of various types of cancers in targeted alpha therapy (TAT). The Pb-212 isotope can be produced from the mother isotope Th-228, which is available from nuclear reactors or nuclear waste generated at industrial or government-based nuclear power plants.

[0004] Previous methods and systems for producing the Pb-212 isotope rely on the chemical separation of radium-224 (Ra-224) from Th-228 as the feedstock / parent isotope. Ra-224 has a half-life of 3.66 days. Due to the short half-life of Ra-224, previous systems require frequent replenishment of the Ra-224 feedstock / isotope source in generator form, producing Pb-212 with limited radioactivity up to 30 mCi due to trans index and transportation issues. The replenishment and extraction of Ra-224 from Th-228 is a recurring process in the production of Pb-212 isotopes via chemical separation methods previously used in the production of Pb-212. Furthermore, previous methods involve a high risk of radiation exposure during the purification of Ra-224 from Th-228 and the charging of current Pb-212 generators with Ra-224. These methods of repeatedly extracting Ra-224 from Th-228 and replenishing Ra-224 in the Pb-212 generator increase the risk of exposure to radiation during the transport, production, and exchange of Ra-224.

[0005] This existing Ra-224 / Pb-212 generator technology is only viable for small-scale use in research and development and small-scale clinical trials. However, scaling up and commercializing these previous methods is not feasible from a financial, regulatory, production safety, and patient safety perspective. Additionally, previous methods rely on the chemical separation of Ra-224 from Th-228, which carries the risk of leakage of Th-228 and Ra-224 into the Pb-212 final product. This separation is a limiting step in previously existing methods because the presence of any parent isotopes in Pb-212 pharmaceuticals poses radiation and health hazards to patients receiving the pharmaceuticals due to the long half-lives and energy profiles of Th-228 and Ra-224.

[0006] The disclosed method takes a very different approach than the previous chemical separation methods described above. Additionally, the disclosed method has several advantages over existing methods for producing Pb-212 via release. Weaknesses and drawbacks of current methods for producing Pb-212 via release include, for example, the use of Ra-224 as a feedstock / parent isotope loaded into the release source, which suffers from the same problems described above for chemical separation methods; the use of solid organic phase target materials such as urea or other organic materials to capture and trap Rn-220; and the use of residual solvent as the final destination for capturing and trapping Rn-220. This solid phase organic material must then be dissolved in acid and passed through chemical separation to extract the Pb-212 resulting from the decay of Rn-220. These previous methods require high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quality control to verify the absence of carryover or cross-contamination of urea or any other organic materials used in the Pb-212 separation and extraction process. Carryover of organic materials used in separations may exceed the maximum tolerated dose or limit (MTD / l) which may indicate toxicity in patients.

[0007] Capture of Rn-220 has also been performed using organic liquid media (residual solvents), such as methanol or hexanol. This method generally requires additional distillation, evaporation, filtration, and chemical separation of Pb-212 due to the decay of Rn-220 in the organic liquid medium to ensure separation and extraction of the Pb-212 isotope free of methanol, hexanol, or any residual solvent. Such separation is difficult and cumbersome to scale up. This process also requires gas chromatography (GC) to test for any residual organic compounds before releasing the Pb-212 product to patients, which is not suitable or easily adaptable for scale-up to production environments other than small-scale laboratory settings. The presence of residual solvents in final pharmaceutical products for patient administration and treatment is hazardous and is considered a limiting step in final Pb-212 pharmaceutical products currently used for treatment.

[0008] In addition to the Rn-220 capture issue discussed above, another significant issue with existing release technologies for Pb-212 production is the method by which the parent isotope or feedstock is loaded into the release source and the materials from which the release source is fabricated. Materials used to construct release sources in existing methods include resins, salts, or materials that undergo radiolysis when large amounts of Th-228 or Ra-224 are loaded into previously used release sources. All existing methods lack a safe and efficient way to introduce the feedstock / parent isotope into the release source. In current methods, operators must first manually load the feedstock / parent isotope into the release source and then manually place the release source inside the release box. This is a dangerous and cumbersome process that is not feasible when dealing with commercial, highly radioactive production systems. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0009] Due to the shortcomings of existing methods for the production of Pb-212, there is a need for an efficient and safe method for producing and extracting Pb-212 that addresses the shortcomings of existing methods and systems. [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] The present disclosure provides an apparatus and method for the production of Pb-212 using thorium-228 (Th-228) feedstock / parent isotope, which has a half-life of 1.92 years. For example, according to certain exemplary embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to an apparatus for producing Pb-212. In certain implementations, the apparatus may include a Th-228 supply container, a discharge chamber, a carrier gas supply, a discharge chamber and source fill device, a heating block, and a Rn-220 target system. According to certain exemplary embodiments, the Th-228 supply container and carrier gas supply may be coupled to the discharge chamber. In certain embodiments, the discharge chamber may be coupled to the Rn-220 target system.

[0011] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for producing the Pb-212 isotope. The method includes introducing Th-228 into an emission chamber, the emission chamber including an emission source including a high surface area material. The method also includes introducing a carrier gas into the emission chamber through a carrier gas supply, the carrier gas being an inert gas, and flowing through the emission chamber. The Th-228 decays to Rn-220 in the emission chamber, and the carrier gas transports the Rn-220 resulting from the decay of Th-228 in the emission chamber to one or more Rn-220 targets through a multi-way valve coupled to a carrier gas outlet port of the emission chamber. The method further includes separating Rn-220 from the carrier gas at one or more Rn-220 targets, directing the carrier gas out of the one or more Rn-220 targets through a carrier gas exhaust port, directing liquid into the one or more Rn-220 targets through a liquid supply, and allowing the Rn-220 to undergo radioactive decay into the Pb-212 isotope in the one or more Rn-220 targets. The liquid dissolves the Pb-212 isotope produced by the radioactive decay of Rn-220 in the one or more Rn-220 targets. The method further includes directing the liquid containing the Pb-212 isotope from the one or more Rn-220 targets to a Pb-212 collection container and separating the Pb-212 isotope from the liquid.

[0012] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for producing Pb-212, the apparatus comprising: a release chamber, the release chamber including a release source comprising a porous non-reactive material, the release chamber receiving at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224 at an inlet, wherein the at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224 decays to Rn-220 within the release chamber. The apparatus also includes a carrier gas supply coupled to the release chamber, the carrier gas supply directing an inert gas into the release chamber, the inert gas carrying the Rn-220 out of the release chamber through a carrier gas outlet port of the release chamber coupled to the multi-way valve. The apparatus further includes one or more Rn-220 targets coupled to a carrier gas outlet port through a multi-way valve, where the carrier gas transports Rn-220 from the discharge chamber to the one or more Rn-220 targets, where the Rn-220 decays into Pb-212 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. A liquid supply is coupled to the one or more Rn-220 targets. The liquid supply directs liquid into the Rn-220 targets so that the liquid contacts the carrier gas that transports the Rn-220 to the Rn-220 targets, and Pb-212 resulting from the decay of the Rn-220 transitions to liquid through contact between the carrier gas and the liquid. A Pb-212 collection container is coupled to the Rn-220 target system, whereby the generated Pb-212 is directed into the Pb-212 collection container.

[0013] In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure includes a release chamber including an emission source having fins, the fins being made of a non-reactive porous material, and Th-228 in a solvent being introduced into the release chamber and adsorbed onto the fins of the emission source. A shielding structure is positioned around the emission source, the shielding structure operable to absorb radiation produced by radioactive decay of Th-228 in the release chamber. The release chamber includes a carrier gas supply port operable to provide an inlet for the carrier gas introduced into the release chamber. The release chamber also includes a carrier gas outlet port operable to provide an outlet for the carrier gas from the release chamber. The evaporation chamber further includes an evaporation outlet port operable to provide an outlet for evaporated solvent. The release chamber further includes a heat source operable to provide heat to the release chamber to evaporate the solvent.

[0014] The present disclosure provides an apparatus and method for producing Pb-212 that requires less frequent feedstock / parent isotope replenishment, higher yields through source design, safe and efficient filling of the source-containing emission chamber, a safe and efficient method for transferring Rn-220 via a carrier gas, a safe and efficient method for capturing Rn-220 that may include cryogenic effects, and vibration between targets that capture Rn-220 and hold it while it decays to Po-216 and ultimately to Pb-212. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, this novel technology can be operated with GMP operating software. The disclosed method and system are well shielded, easy to repair, and can be scaled up using high radioactivity, providing equipment operators with a greater degree of safety than previous systems. The method and system disclosed herein also provide 100% theoretical radionuclides purity due to the absence of Th-228 or Ra-224 carryover or residue in the final Rn-220 / Pb-212 collection target. Additionally, in certain exemplary embodiments, the disclosed methods and systems differ from previous release methods for producing Pb-212 by not using solid organic extraction / collection of Rn-220, using an organic material such as urea or a liquid phase such as a residual solvent (e.g., methanol or hexanol) to capture Rn-220, allowing it to decay to Pb-212. Furthermore, isolating Pb-212 without the use of organic solvents or residual solvents as disclosed herein produces a final product that is safer for pharmaceutical use and does not require more rigorous and extensive testing to ensure safety. Yet another advantage of the methods and systems disclosed herein includes a higher yield of Pb-212, resulting from converting Rn-220 to Pb-212 in aqueous solution, rather than on a solid organic extraction resin or residual solvent as in previous methods.

[0015] These listed advantages are exemplary only and are not intended to be an exhaustive list of advantages of the methods and systems disclosed herein. Other advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. The present disclosure may include one or more of the following features, or a combination thereof.

[0016] The disclosed subject matter will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate like elements. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an apparatus for producing and separating Pb-212, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] 1 shows a perspective view of an apparatus for producing and separating Pb-212 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] FIG. 10 is a close-up perspective view of a release source within a release box according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a close-up perspective view of an emission source according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus for producing and separating Pb-212, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] FIG. 10 is a close-up perspective view of a release source within a release box according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] An illustration of the decay chain of thorium-228 (Th-228) is provided. [Figure 8] 1 provides a flow diagram of a method for producing Pb-212, according to certain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0018] While the disclosed subject matter is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of particular embodiments is not intended to limit the disclosed subject matter to the particular forms disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosed subject matter as defined by the appended claims.

[0019] The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the present disclosure. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice these embodiments without undue experimentation. It should be understood, however, that the embodiments and examples described herein are given by way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation. While specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, it should be understood that such embodiments are by way of example only, and are merely illustrative of a few of the many possible specific embodiments that can represent applications of the principles of the present invention. Various changes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and intent of the invention as further defined in the appended claims.

[0020] As used herein, the terms "coupled" or "couple" include both direct and indirect connections between components. With respect to components that conduct fluid from one component to another, the terms "coupled" or "coupled" include connections via pipes or other ducts to provide fluid communication between the components.

[0021] For purposes of this disclosure, an information handling system may include a means or collection of means operable to calculate, classify, process, transmit, receive, acquire, emit, switch, store, display, manifest, detect, record, reproduce, handle, or utilize various forms of information, intelligence, or data for business, scientific, control, entertainment, or other purposes. For example, an information handling system may be a server, personal computer, laptop computer, smartphone, PDA, consumer electronic device, network storage device, or another suitable device and may vary in size, shape, performance, functionality, and price. An information handling system may include one or more processing resources, such as memory, a processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) or hardware or software control logic), and other components. Additional components of an information handling system may include one or more storage devices, one or more communication ports for communicating with external devices, and various input / output (I / O) devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, and video display. An information handling system may also include one or more buses operable to carry communications between the various hardware components.

[0022] Moreover, in the figures and the description, like numbers are intended to represent like elements.

[0023] Referring to FIG. 1 , a block diagram of an apparatus 100 for producing Pb-212 is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The apparatus includes a Th-228 supply vessel 101 coupled to a discharge chamber 102. An N2 supply 103 is coupled to the discharge chamber 102, and the outlet of the discharge chamber 102 is coupled to a solution collection vessel 104. Additionally, one or more Rn-220 collection targets 105a, 105b are coupled to the discharge chamber 102. In some embodiments, the apparatus 100 may additionally include an acid solution supply 106 and a Pb-212 collection vessel 107. In certain embodiments, the one or more Rn-220 targets may include a first Rn-220 target vessel 105a and a second Rn-220 target vessel 105b, as shown in FIG. 1 . The function of each component in FIG. 1 is described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 2 .

[0024] In certain exemplary embodiments, the apparatus of FIG. 1 may be controlled by an information handling system 110. For example, the information handling system 110 may be a computerized automation system utilizing software-based control, such as GMP software. GMP software, as used herein, refers to “Good Manufacturing Practice” software, i.e., manufacturing automation software that conforms to a set of standards referred to as “Good Manufacturing Practice.” The structure and operation of GMP software is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure and, therefore, will not be discussed in detail herein. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, one or more pumps or valves located between each unit may be controllable by the information handling system 110 implementing the automation system. Additionally, in certain exemplary embodiments, the temperature of each unit and / or materials contained in or transported between each unit may be monitored and / or controlled by the information handling system 110 implementing the automation system. Such an automation system reduces the need for human interaction with the apparatus compared to previous methods for producing and separating Pb-212, enhancing operator safety due to the reduced need for human intervention.

[0025] Figure 2 is a perspective view of the apparatus illustrated in the block diagram of Figure 1. The exemplary embodiment illustrated by Figure 2 includes a Th-228 supply 201, a discharge box 202, an N carrier gas supply 203, an N outlet port 208 for transporting Rn-220 to an Rn-220 collection target 205, a discharge box evaporation outlet port 204a coupled to a Peltier system 204b (e.g., any commercially available electrical cooler utilizing the Peltier effect, as known to those skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure), Pb-212 collection container(s) 207, and a control system 210. As shown in Figure 2, the system further includes various valves and piping utilized to direct and / or regulate the flow of materials between the various system components. In certain exemplary embodiments, the control system 210 may include an information handling system 110, as described above, operable to control the valves and pumps throughout the apparatus of Figure 2 utilizing process control software coupled to various sensors, such as flow meters, thermocouples, pressure transducers, etc. The structure and operation of such process control software, and the manner in which they control various sensors, such as flow meters, thermocouples, and pressure transducers, will be apparent to those skilled in the art with the benefit of the teachings herein and will therefore not be discussed in detail. For example, the control system 210 may be operable to monitor the temperature of the Rn-220 target 205 and increase or decrease cooling to the Rn-220 target 205 if the monitored temperature deviates from a desired setpoint. Additionally, the control system 210, in some embodiments, may be operable to accommodate raw material containers, such as those containing the various solutions, acids, and gases described herein, and to supply those materials to the various modules of the apparatus of FIG. 2. In certain exemplary embodiments, a user may regulate the flow rates of materials supplied to, received from, and directed through the apparatus by manually controlling valves (not labeled) located in lines and pipes throughout the apparatus. In certain embodiments, the control system 210 may be communicatively coupled to the valves and may selectively open or close the valves automatically based on predetermined parameters.In yet other embodiments, the control system 210 may provide a user interface that allows a user to adjust the valve through the user interface. An exemplary embodiment includes a Th-228 supply 201 coupled to a discharge box 202. Th-228 may be disposed in the Th-228 supply 201 and introduced into the discharge box 202 from the Th-228 supply 201. In some embodiments, the Th-228 supply 201 may be disposed within the discharge box 202. The Th-228 supply 201 provides a means for supplying Th-228 to the discharge box 202. In the exemplary embodiment, the discharge box 202 has a first distal end 202a and a second distal end 202b. The first distal end 202a of the discharge box 202 is fluidly coupled to an N2 carrier gas supply 203, which provides a flow of N2 carrier gas, or other inert carrier gas, to the discharge box 202. Although referred to as N2 carrier gas throughout this disclosure, any inert gas may be used as the carrier gas. A second distal end 202b of the discharge chamber 202 is coupled to the Rn-220 target 205 through an N2 carrier gas outlet 208. According to certain exemplary embodiments, the discharge chamber 202 includes an emission source, such as the emission source 506 of FIG. 5, and specifically the emission source 600 of FIG. 6, and a heat source (e.g., the heat source 507 of FIG. 5), as described in more detail with respect to FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6. The discharge chamber 202 is supplied with Th-228 through a Th-228 supply 201, as described in more detail below, to provide a residence time for the Th-228 at the emission source while it undergoes radioactive decay to Rn-220. An N2 carrier gas supply 203 provides a flow of N2 carrier gas through the discharge chamber 202, and the N2 carrier gas carries any Rn-220 resulting from the decay of Th-228 in the discharge chamber 202 to the Rn-220 target 205 through an N2 carrier gas outlet 208. According to certain exemplary embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 may have an N2 carrier gas inlet port 205c, liquid inlet and outlet ports 205d, and an N2 carrier gas exhaust port 205e.The Rn-220 target 205 serves as a vessel for separating the Rn-220 from the N carrier gas and as a holding space for the Rn-220 to undergo radioactive decay to Pb-212, as described in more detail below. A liquid supply 206 may be coupled to the Rn-220 target 205 to provide a liquid, such as an acidic solution, for dissolving the Pb-212 produced by the radioactive decay of Rn-220 in the Rn-220 target 205. In certain exemplary embodiments, the same liquid supply line 206 may provide an outlet line for the liquid solution containing Pb-212 and may couple the Rn-220 target 205 to a Pb-212 collection vessel 207 through a multi-way valve 209 operable to control the flow of the Rn-220 target 205 into and out of the Rn-220 target 205.

[0026] The Th-228 supply 201 is coupled to the release box 202 and provides a means for the Th-228 to be transferred into the release box 202. In certain embodiments, the Th-228 may be dissolved in a liquid before being transferred to the release box 202. In some embodiments, the Th-228 may be dissolved in nitric acid (HNO) or another acid before being transferred to the release box 202. In other embodiments, the Th-228 may be obtained in solution, and a vial of Th-228 may be loaded into the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 and transferred to the release box 202 in that manner. After being loaded into the apparatus, a portion of the Th-228 solution may be transferred to the release box 202, which will be described in more detail below. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure, handling radioactive materials such as Th-228 solution involves certain risks, and any mishap in the process may result in undesirable consequences. Therefore, to mitigate such risks, in certain exemplary implementations, the release box 202 can store Th-228 for extended periods of operation, eliminating the need for repeated handling of Th-228 and minimizing the risks associated with that procedure. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, the release box 202 can store a supply of Th-228 lasting one year. In certain embodiments, the release box 202 can store 1000 millicuries (mCi) of Th-228. In some embodiments, Th-228 can be loaded into the system from a vial containing Th-228 through the Th-228 supply 201. The Th-228 supply 201 can be any suitable system for transferring a quantity of dissolved Th-228 from a vial or other storage vessel or medium to the release box 202, as will be understood by those skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure. For example, the Th-228 supply 201 can be an automated syringe drive, vacuum system, or pressurized system that interfaces with and is controlled by the control system 210. For example, in some embodiments, Th-228 can be loaded into the device monthly, bimonthly, semi-annually, or yearly, which reduces the risks of handling radioactive materials.The Th-228 can be loaded dissolved in an acid, such as HCl or 3M HNO3, or any acid of desired molar concentration that can dissolve Th-228 or any isotope in its decay chain, such as Ra-224.

[0027] In other embodiments, Th-228 or Ra-224 may be loaded into an emission source (e.g., emission source 506) before being incorporated into the apparatus of FIGS. 2 and 5 . For example, Th-228 or Ra-224 in solution may be loaded into the emission source, and the solvent (acid) may be evaporated at a centralized, remote facility. The Th-228 or Ra-224-loaded emission source may then be radiation shielded in accordance with DOT regulations, incorporated into the apparatus described herein, and shipped to a Pb-212 production facility housing the apparatus described herein for the production of Pb-212 as described herein, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure. In such embodiments, the emission source may be periodically replaced with a newly loaded emission source containing Th-228 or Ra-224 after a set time or after the radioactivity of the Th-228 or Ra-224 in the previous emission source has decreased to a predetermined level. In some embodiments, the spent emission sources may be returned to a centralized Th-228 and Ra-224 filling facility for cleaning and refilling with Th-228 or Ra-224.

[0028] In another embodiment, the Ra-224 solution can be loaded into the Th-228 supply 201 periodically, for example, once or twice a week due to the shorter half-life of Ra-224 compared to Th-228. In such an embodiment, the Ra-228 can be dissolved in an acid such as 3M HNO or HCl. After loading, the Th-228 or Ra-224 solution can be heated to evaporate the liquid, as described below, and the Th-228 or Ra-224 can be deposited at the source in the discharge box 202.

[0029] 3 and 4 illustrate close-up perspective views of the emission source 300 within the emission box 202. Upon introduction to the emission source 300, Th-228 is dispersed onto the flow distribution fins 301 by evaporation of the carrier solution, as described below. The flow distribution fins 301 are high-surface-area components made of any desired material to which Th-228 can adsorb. In certain exemplary embodiments, the high-surface-area material can be a porous material having a porosity desired for a particular application. For example, in certain non-limiting exemplary embodiments, the porosity of the material comprising the flow distribution fins 301 can be approximately 2 μm to approximately 200 μm. As will be understood by those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, other porosities can be used as desired without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The material of the flow distribution fins 301 can have a large surface area in some embodiments. For example, in certain embodiments, the surface area of ​​the flow distribution fins 301 can be approximately 10,000 m. 2 The flow distribution fins 301 may be made of any desired material, including, but not limited to, metal, ceramic grid, or foam. In certain embodiments, the high surface area material may be porous titanium, silica, tungsten, zirconium, platinum, gold, iridium, rhenium, ceramic, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the flow distribution fins 301 may have a fin-type structure including multiple fins comprising a high surface area material. The emission source 300 may also include a flow distribution plate 309 to provide attachment points for the flow distribution fins 301 and to provide additional surface area for Th-228 deposition. The flow distribution plate 309 may be made of a high surface area material. For example, in certain non-limiting exemplary embodiments, the porosity of the material comprising the flow distribution plate 309 may be approximately 2 μm to approximately 200 μm. In some embodiments, the flow distribution plate 309 may be made of the same material as the flow distribution fins 301. In other embodiments, the flow distribution plate 309 may be made of a different material than the flow distribution fins 301, such as, for example, porous zirconium, where the flow distribution fins 301 are made of porous titanium.

[0030] The flow distribution fins 301 retain Th-228 as it undergoes radioactive decay. FIG. 7 shows a decay path 700 of Th-228. Specifically, Th-228 first decays to Ra-224, as seen in FIG. 7, which is also adsorbed to the flow distribution fins 301. Ra-224 then decays to Rn-220, which is not adsorbed to the flow distribution fins 301. After decaying to Rn-220, the Rn-220 can be transported out of the source 300 through the N carrier gas outlet port 308 by a flow of N carrier gas supplied to the source 300 through the N carrier gas inlet port 303. As described further herein, the N carrier gas can transport the Rn-220 to the Rn-220 target 205, where the Rn-220 undergoes radioactive decay to Pb-212.

[0031] The discharge box 202 may also include a heat source 302 below the discharge source 300. In some embodiments, the heat source 302 may be located outside of or in contact with the discharge source 300. In certain exemplary embodiments, the heat source 302 may be an electrically controlled hot plate or heating element and may be controlled by an information handling system of the control system 210. The heat source 302 provides heat to evaporate the solvent carrying the Th-228 from the Th-228 supply 201. When the liquid portion of the solution evaporates, the Th-228 is left behind on the flow distribution fins 301.

[0032] The evaporated liquid may exit the source 300 through the evaporation outlet port 304. In certain exemplary embodiments, the evaporation outlet port 304 may be disposed on the top surface of the source 300. In certain exemplary embodiments, the evaporation outlet port 304 may be coupled to a solution collection container (e.g., condensate bottle 525 in FIG. 5 ) and coupled to a heat exchanger, such as Peltier cooler 204b, to cool the evaporated solution, which may be collected in the solution collection container. In other embodiments, the heat exchanger may be positioned in line between the evaporation outlet port 304 and the solution collection container. In certain exemplary embodiments, the heat exchanger may be an electrically powered Peltier effect cooling device that cools the evaporated solution for collection as a liquid. A Peltier effect cooling device is an electrically powered cooler that uses the Peltier effect to convert electrical energy into thermal motion, allowing for cooling on one side of the device and transfer of heat to the other side. Such coolers are well known to those of skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. One embodiment of the evaporation outlet port 304 and Peltier effect cooler described above is illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0033] FIG. 4 provides a close-up perspective view of the internal components of an embodiment of the emission source 300 described herein. The illustrated emission source 300 includes a flow distribution fin 401 and a flow distribution plate 409. The flow distribution fin 401 may correspond to the component designated as the emission source 301 with reference to FIG. 3 and may be constructed of any of the high surface area materials described herein. The flow distribution fin 401 has a fin-type structure of multiple closely spaced fins to provide multiple paths for the flow of N carrier gas through the emission source 300. The flow distribution plate 409 holds the flow distribution fin 401 in place and provides a surface area for Th-228 deposition in addition to the surface area provided by the flow distribution fin 401.

[0034] Returning to FIG. 2 , the emission source (e.g., emission source 300) in the emission chamber 202 is supplied with an N carrier gas supply 203. The N carrier gas supply 203 delivers N carrier gas, which transports Rn-220 out of the emission source (e.g., emission source 300) in the emission chamber 202 to the Rn-220 target 205 through an N carrier gas outlet port 208. In certain embodiments, the N delivery rate may be automatically controlled. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, the N delivery rate may be controlled by mass flow using a mass flow meter to control the flow of N carrier gas at a desired level and an inlet valve controlled by the control system 210. The N supply may be operable to shut off flow to the emission chamber 202 via an inlet valve, which may be followed by one or more manual valves in the event of inlet valve failure. In certain embodiments, the flow may be controlled by an information handling system integrated into the control system 210. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, it may be desirable to flow N2 carrier gas through the fixture at a suitable rate. This rate may be adjusted via a mass flow system based on the size and number of collection targets and other variables embedded in the system. In certain embodiments, the N2 delivery rate may be controlled at approximately 200 mL / min. The mass flow-controlled N2 carrier gas supply 203 may include an N2 carrier gas supply line, an inlet valve, and a mass flow meter, as described in more detail with respect to FIG. 5. The inlet valve and mass flow meter may be operable to control the mass flow of N2 carrier gas flowing through the N2 carrier gas supply line using control methodologies apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. For example, the inlet valve and mass flow meter may be coupled in a simple feedback control loop manner. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2, the inlet valve and mass flow meter may be coupled to the control system 210. The N2 carrier gas flows into the discharge chamber 202, carrying any Rn-220 produced as a result of the decay of Th-228 and / or Ra-224 in the discharge chamber 202, and transporting the Rn-220 to the Rn-220 target 205.

[0035] As described above, the Rn-220 target 205 may be comprised of one or more containers for collecting Rn-220. For example, in certain embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 may include a first container 205a and a second container 205b for collecting Rn-220. In another embodiment, the Rn-220 target 205 may be a single container. In some embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 may be filled with a cooled acid solution, whether in one, two, or more containers. The acid solution may be any suitable acid solution, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid (HCl). The acid solution may be cooled to a temperature ranging from approximately −72° C. to −95° C. In another embodiment, the acid may be HNO. In other embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 may be filled with an uncooled acid solution at ambient temperature. In yet other embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 may include one or more vessels containing a zeolite, a metal zeolite-type chalcogenide (e.g., germanium, tin, zinc, or a combination thereof, a chalcogenide with a zeolite-like structure), or a tin-rich germanium surface target. In some embodiments, the vessel containing the surface target may also be filled with a cooled or uncooled acid solution, such as an aqueous buffer solution. In other embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 containing a surface target may include a nozzle that sprays an acid or other aqueous solution onto the walls of the target vessel. In embodiments in which the Rn-220 target 205 includes a zeolite, a metal zeolite-type chalcogenide, or a tin-rich germanium surface target, the Rn-220 target need not be filled with a liquid.

[0036] In embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 may function as described below. The first and second Rn-220 targets 205 may include containers containing an acidic solution. The acidic solution may include HCl, HNO, or any other aqueous, non-organic acid or buffer solution. For illustrative purposes, an HCl solution is described below; however, this description may apply to any aqueous acidic solution, and the methods and systems described herein are not limited to using an HCl solution. In some embodiments, the first and second Rn-220 targets 205 may be supplied by an automated liquid supply 206. In certain embodiments, the HCl solution supplied from the liquid supply 206 may be a 20% HCl solution. In another embodiment, the HCl solution may have a concentration of 22.5%. In other embodiments, the HCl concentration may be between 10% and 50%. In some embodiments, the HCl concentration may be between 15% and 30%. In certain embodiments, the HCl concentration may be between 20% and 25%. In certain embodiments, the concentration of HCl can be 22% to 27%. In certain embodiments, the concentration of HCl can be 25%. In another embodiment, the Rn-220 target 205 can be supplied with a 3M HNO3 solution.

[0037] The first and second Rn-220 targets 205 may also include a temperature control unit / system (such as the cooling bath 522 illustrated in FIG. 5) for cooling the HCl solution to a temperature below −72° C. and above −95° C. and maintaining the HCl solution at that temperature. In certain embodiments, the temperature control system may cool the HCl solution to −85° C. and maintain the HCl solution at that temperature. In another embodiment, the HCl solution may be cooled to −82° C. In yet another embodiment, the temperature control unit may cool the HNO solution to approximately −41° C. In some embodiments, the temperature control unit may be operable to cool the liquid in the Rn-220 target 205 to a temperature above the freezing point of the liquid to increase the solubility of Rn-220 in the liquid.

[0038] When the N2 carrier gas containing Rn-220 contacts the cooled HCl solution, the Rn-220 freezes because Rn-220 has a freezing point of -72°C. In some embodiments, the target material may include a zeolite or zeolite-like chalcogenide material that absorbs the Rn-220 instead of freezing it in the cooled acid solution. In other embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 may contain a liquid acid solution at or below ambient temperature that dissolves the Rn-220 supplied to the Rn-220 target. The N2 carrier gas may then exit the first or second Rn-220 target 205 without any Rn-220. The Rn-220 remaining in the Rn-220 target container decays to Po-216, which dissolves in the HCl solution. The Po-216 then rapidly decays to Pb-212 while dissolving in the HCl solution. Because Rn-220 has a half-life of 55.6 seconds and freezes upon contact with the acid solution, the supply of N2 carrier gas containing Rn-220 may be switched between the first Rn-220 target 205a and the second Rn-220 target 205b approximately once per minute to replenish the Rn-220 supply. However, in some embodiments, only a single Rn-220 target 205 may be used. In other embodiments, the flow of N2 carrier gas may be switched between the Rn-220 targets 205 at longer intervals, such as 2 or 3 minutes. In another embodiment, the flow of N2 carrier gas may be switched between the Rn-220 targets 205 every 10 minutes. Because Rn-220 has a half-life of 55.6 seconds, 10 minutes provides sufficient time for the Rn-220 to almost completely decay into Pb-212, approximately 10 Rn-220 half-lives. The Rn-220 flow proceeds to the second Rn-220 target vessel for 10 minutes while waiting for the other vessels to pass. At the end of the 10 minutes, the outlet valve of the second Rn-220 target vessel 1 opens to release N2 gas and prepare for the next cycle. At this point, the outlet valve of the first Rn-220 target vessel closes for 10 minutes. This oscillating cycle continues until the desired amount of Pb-212 is collected in each Rn-220 target vessel.The vibration cycle, dwell time (ie, time from capture to release), volume each vessel can take, and number of vessels can be varied based on the needs of the process. In one particular example implementation, the device's automated filling system, controlled by the control system 210, may fill a first Rn-220 target 205, wait 10 minutes for 10 Rn-220 half-lives to elapse, fill a second Rn-220 target 205 during this time, return to filling the first Rn-220 target 205 10 minutes after the previous filling of the first Rn-220 target 205, then fill the second Rn-220 target 205 10 minutes after the previous filling of the second Rn-220 container, and alternate back and forth between filling the container and waiting until the control system 210 determines that the Rn-220 target 205 contains the desired amount of Pb-212 based on the flow rate, Rn-220 target 205 volume, number of oscillations, and wait time. At this point, the resulting Pb-212 solution can be emptied from one of the Rn-220 target vessels (e.g., 205a). In certain embodiments, this process can be automated and performed by a control system 210, which can be implemented using an information handling system. For example, the automated control system can include a multi-way valve 209 controlled by the control system 210 that is operable to switch the charge between the first Rn-220 target 205a and the second Rn-220 target 205b upon receiving a command from the control system 210. The Pb-212 dissolved in the HCl solution can then be removed from the Rn-220 target vessel as needed. Separation of the Pb-212 from the HCl solution can be accomplished by methods known to those skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.

[0039] In other embodiments, one or more Rn-220 targets can be filled based on a known flow rate of carrier gas (e.g., measured by a mass flow meter on the carrier gas supply 203) and a pressure measured at each Rn-220 target (e.g., by a pressure transducer located within each Rn-220 target). After filling an Rn-220 target to a predetermined pressure or with a predetermined amount of carrier gas based on the mass flow of the carrier gas supply, the control system 210 can direct the multi-way valve to begin filling a second Rn-220 target, followed by a third Rn-220 target. Any number of Rn-220 targets can be used based on the production needs of the apparatus.

[0040] As a non-limiting illustrative example, a Rn-220 target 205 having a volume of 200 mL can be filled at a rate of 20 mL / min, taking 10 minutes to fill. Once the first Rn-220 container (e.g., 205a) is filled, the apparatus begins filling the second Rn-220 container (e.g., 205b) at a rate of 20 mL per minute, also taking 10 minutes to fill. During this time, 10 half-lives of Rn-220 pass through the first Rn-220 target 205. When one or both Rn-220 targets 205 are emptied (e.g., as needed, based on determination by control system 210), the system stops filling the Rn-220 targets 205 with N2 carrier gas until the emptied containers are filled with acid, and then continues the process. Depending on the size of the emission source 300 and the flow rate of the N carrier gas, three, four, or more Rn-220 target vessels 205 may be incorporated into the apparatus of FIG. 1 for sequential, alternating filling. The Rn-220 targets may have different volumes from one another in some embodiments. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure that any volumes, times, temperatures, and flow rates described herein are exemplary and non-limiting. For example, depending on the needs of Pb-212 production, larger or smaller vessels may be utilized with longer or shorter filling times and higher or lower flow rates.

[0041] In another embodiment, as described above, the Rn-220 target 205 may contain an uncooled acid or aqueous solution. In such an uncooled system, the Rn-220 dissolves directly into the solution, so 10 half-lives must pass to allow sufficient time for the Rn-220 isotope to completely decay before the flow is changed to the next Rn-220 target 205.

[0042] In another embodiment, two or more Rn-220 targets 205 can be included in the system 200. For example, three, four, five, or more Rn-220 targets can be included in the system. In such a system, a supply of Rn-220 containing N2 carrier gas can be cycled between the Rn-220 targets while Pb-212 is extracted from other Rn-220 targets that are not supplied with Pb.

[0043] In embodiments where the solution in the Rn-220 target 205 is cooled below the freezing point of Rn-220, for example, the acid helps the Rn-220 remain in the liquid phase while decaying to Pb-212 when the solution is cooled to −82° C. At this temperature, the Rn-220 is maintained in the liquid phase within the cooled acid and leaves the Rn-220 target 205 by evaporation or gaseous diffusion, regardless of whether the Rn-220 target 205 is vibrofilled with Rn-220 containing N carrier gas. During vibrofilling, one target is filled with N carrier gas carrying the Rn-220, while the other container holds the Rn-220 and N gas until the temperature of the container's contents (i.e., the liquid and gas contained within the Rn-220 target 205) is at or below the freezing point of Rn-220. At this temperature, the Rn-220 is in liquid form (e.g., with cooled acid, the Rn-220 forms a liquid that is miscible with the acid when below the freezing point of the Rn-220 but above the freezing point of the acid), and when the outlet valve is opened, only N2 gas leaves the Rn-220 target 205. This vibrofilling process can continue as long as necessary to reach the desired amount of Pb-212.

[0044] Regardless of whether the solution in the Rn-220 target 205 is cooled, when Rn-220 decays, it decays into Po-216, which has a half-life of only 0.145 seconds, before decaying into Pb-212. The decay of Po-216 to Pb-212 is very energetic, and as a result, the Pb-212 ions have significant velocities. This is known to those skilled in the art as the recoil effect. These velocities are high enough that, in previous methods utilizing solid Rn-220 targets such as ion exchange resins and urea, some of the Pb-212 atoms become embedded in the surface of the solid Rn-220 target material, thereby reducing the yield of Pb-212. In the liquid-filled Rn-220 target vessel described herein, the decay of Po-216 to Pb-212 occurs in a liquid medium. The liquid solution mediates the velocity of the Pb-212 atoms, allowing for higher Pb-212 yields than previously possible.

[0045] In embodiments of the Rn-220 target 205 described above that contain a solid Rn-220 target surface such as a zeolite, metal zeolite-type chalcogenide, or tin-rich germanium material, the Rn-220 target 205 may include a spray nozzle for spraying an acid or buffer solution, such as the HCl solution described above, onto the walls of the Rn-220 target 205. The spray nozzle located on top of the Rn-220 target 205 may be configured to spray a small amount of liquid solution, such as the HCl solution, onto the sides of the Rn-220 target 205, the spray forming a thin film of liquid solution on the sides of the Rn-220 target 205. Such a spray nozzle may include any atomizing or fine-mist nozzle suitable for such applications, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, and may be supplied, for example, by a pumped liquid solution provided by the control system 210. The thin liquid film provides sufficient liquid for any Pb-212 atoms produced, thereby mitigating the recoil effect and loss of Pb-212 to the surface of the Rn-220 target 205.

[0046] In some embodiments, the Rn-220 target 205 can include a sparger or bubbler device and a cone-shaped target material. The sparger or bubbler device can be operable to create many small N carrier gas bubbles when the Rn-220 target is supplied with N carrier gas and saturated with acid, thereby increasing the surface area of ​​the N carrier gas within the Rn-220 target and enhancing the transfer of Rn-220 from the N carrier gas to the solvent (acid) within the Rn-220 target. The Rn-220 target 205 can include an inlet port for the N carrier gas carrying the Rn-220 and an outlet port for releasing the Rn-220-free N. The arrangement of tubing and valves can be operated via software that provides a sequence in which oscillations between the Rn-220 targets 205 occur to capture the Rn-220 and provide sufficient time for the Rn-220 to completely decay into Pb-212 in the media described above (e.g., aqueous solution or solution sprayed through a nozzle). In certain embodiments, the software can be implemented using the information handling system of the control system 210.

[0047] FIG. 5 is a perspective exploded view of an apparatus for producing and separating Pb-212, according to certain exemplary embodiments. In some embodiments, the apparatus of FIG. 5 may function in substantially the same manner as that of the apparatus described herein with respect to the block diagram of FIG. 1 and the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2. The apparatus of FIG. 5 includes a control unit 501 that may include an information handling system (not shown) or be communicatively coupled to an information handling system (not shown) and that is operable to control the flow rate, temperature, valve cycles, and other aspects of the apparatus of FIG. 5. A distribution system 502 may be coupled to the control system 501 and may be operable to distribute aqueous solutions to various units of the apparatus of FIG. 5. For example, the distribution system 502 may be operable to distribute an aqueous solution, such as an HCl solution, to the Rn-220 targets 520 and 521. The distribution system may also distribute aliquots of Pb-212 in solution from the Rn-220 targets 520 or 521, either independently or upon receiving a command from the control system 501. In some embodiments, the distribution system 502 may be housed within the same housing as the control system 501. As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, control system 1 may be coupled to any one or more sensors, control valves, coolers, heaters described herein and may be operable to process information obtained from such sensors and provide control output signals to control valves, heaters, coolers, alarms, etc.

[0048] The N carrier gas supply 503 may include a mass flow meter and mass inlet valve 504 to control the flow of N carrier gas to the release source 506. The release source 506 may also be coupled to a Th-228 supply 526, which may be coupled to or otherwise controlled by the control system 501 to deliver Th-228 dissolved in an aqueous solution to the release source 506. The release source 506 may contain a high surface area material, as described in conjunction with FIGS. 3, 4, and 6, to provide a reservoir for Th-228 within the release source 506. The release source 506 may also include a heat source 507 to provide heat to vaporize any solvent used to transport the Th-228 to the release source 506, as described herein. Such vaporized solvent may flow out of the release source 506 through a vapor outlet valve port 511, through a Peltier cooler 517 that operates to condense the vaporized solvent, and into a condensate bottle 525.

[0049] As described above, the Th-228 contained in the source 506 undergoes radioactive decay within the source 506 and continually decays into Rn-220. To provide shielding from radiation emitted by the radioactive decay of Th-228, the source 506 is contained within a lead shield 528, which may have a thickness sufficient to block radiation produced by the radioactive decay of Th-228 and the radioactive decay of isotopes resulting from the decay of Th-228. Additionally, the lead shield 528 is positioned within a stainless steel shield cover 527, which may provide additional radiation shielding as well as an outer covering for the source 506 that is corrosion resistant.

[0050] As Rn-220 is produced from the decay of Th-228, it is carried by the flow of N carrier gas out of the emission source 506 through an N carrier gas outlet valve 514, an ultra-high purity gas filter 515, and an inlet valve 516 to the Rn-220 targets 520 and 521. The gas filter 515 may remove impurities, such as small particles detached from the high surface area material of the emission source 506 or Th-228 particles, from the Rn-220 flow containing the N carrier gas. The inlet valve 516 may be coupled to the control system 501 and may be operable to direct the flow of N carrier gas to either the Rn-220 target 520 or the Rn-220 target 521. As described herein, in some embodiments, the inlet valve 516 may be operable to periodically cycle the flow of N carrier gas between the Rn-220 target 520 and the Rn-220 target 521.

[0051] A liquid supply 518 is fluidly coupled to the Rn-220 target 520 and the Rn-220 target 521 through a multi-way valve 519. The liquid supply 518 may be coupled to and / or controlled by the control system 501 and may be operable to provide a supply of liquid, such as the aqueous HCl solution described herein, to the Rn-220 target 520 and / or the Rn-220 target 521. The multi-way valve 519 may be operable to cyclically cycle the flow of the liquid supply between the Rn-220 target 520 and the Rn-220 target 521. The Rn-220 targets 520 and 521 are positioned within a cooling bath 522. The cooling bath 522 may be any temperature control unit / system, chiller, or heat exchanger known in the art and may be operable to cool the Rn-220 targets 520 and 521 and their contents to a temperature sufficient to freeze the Rn-220 carried within the Rn-220 targets 520 and 521. For example, in certain embodiments, the cooling bath 522 may be operable to cool the Rn-220 targets 520 and the contents of the Rn-220 targets 521 to −82° C. The temperature of the cooling bath may depend on and correlate to the freezing point of the acid species and its molar concentration. The cooling bath 522 is positioned within lead shielding for the cooling bath 529. The lead shielding for the cooling bath 529 may be thick enough to block radiation resulting from the decay of the Rn-220 associated with the Rn-220 targets 520 and 521 into Pb-212. As described above, after the Rn-220 collected on the Rn-220 target 520 or the Rn-220 target 521 has decayed into Pb-212, the aqueous solution containing Pb-212 can be removed from the Rn-220 target 520 or the Rn-220 target 521 through the multi-way valve 519 and into a Pb-212 collection container 523. The Rn-220 target 520 or the Rn-220 target 521 is also coupled to a rinse bottle 524. The rinse bottle 524 can collect any liquid dispensed through the Rn-220 target 520 or the Rn-220 target 521 to rinse the target container before introducing Rn-220 during operation of the apparatus illustrated by FIG.

[0052] The apparatus of FIG. 5 also includes a PTFE airtight box 530. The PTFE airtight box 530 may be constructed of PTFE or any other impermeable, non-reactive polymer or material. The PTFE airtight box 530 is configured to be airtight and contains the emission source 506. In some embodiments, the PTFE airtight box 530 may have an air inlet and outlet, the outlet being connected to an exhaust system. Even if the emission source 506 develops a leak, the PTFE airtight box 530 may contain the leak and provide for the leaked Rn-220 / carrier gas to be routed through the exhaust system. Such an exhaust system may include charcoal or other high surface area material operable to adsorb any Rn-220 in the event that the emission source 506 develops a leak. The exhaust system may also be coupled to an air compression system (ACS) that collects the radioactive gas, compresses it, and releases it based on the half-life of the radioactivity.

[0053] Finally, the apparatus of Figure 5 includes safety ball valves 505, 508, 509, 510, 512, and 513 on various supply outlet lines of the apparatus shown. Such safety ball valves are operable to shut off flow in the lines to allow isolation of the components that make up the apparatus of Figure 5. Isolation of these components may be used for maintenance, such as cleaning or part replacement. In some embodiments, the safety ball valves 505, 508, 509, 510, 512, and 513 may be operable to receive signals from the control system 501 to open or close, and may be operable to return to a safe position if communication from the control system 501 is lost (e.g., "fail-safe" operation).

[0054] FIG. 6 provides a close-up view of the emission source 506 of FIG. 5 as described herein, according to some embodiments. The emission source 600 of FIG. 6 has an upper plate 601 and a lower plate 602 containing flow distribution fins 603 and a flow distribution plate 604 and having inlet and outlet ports for N2 carrier gas, Th-228 supply, and solvent evaporation. The upper plate 601 and the lower plate 602 may be joined together in a manner sufficient to form a seal between the two plates suitable to prevent the N2 carrier gas or any evaporated solvent from escaping between the plates. For example, the upper plate 601 and the lower plate 602 may be welded together at a chamfer for weld connections 618 and 619. Other methods of joining the upper plate 601 and the lower plate 602 will be apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure.

[0055] The flow distribution fins 603 and flow distribution plate 604 can be made of any high surface area (i.e., porous) material described herein. The flow distribution fins 603 can contain multiple fins spaced closely together to provide a flow path for the N2 carrier gas to pass through the high surface area material fins of the flow distribution fins 603. As described herein, these fins made of high surface area material absorb Th-228 introduced into the emission source and provide a residence time for the Th-228 until it decays into Rn-220, at which point it is carried out of the emission source by the N2 carrier gas.

[0056] The lower plate 602 has a carrier gas inlet port 605 operable to provide an inlet for the carrier gas, an inlet shutoff safety and transport plug 606, an outlet port 607 operable to provide an outlet for the carrier gas from the emission source, an outlet shutoff safety and transport plug 608, service plugs 609 and 610, a focusing outlet cavity 615, a main cavity 616, and an inlet carrier gas distribution cavity 617. The upper plate 601 has a carrier gas blade 613, a vent cavity 614, a vent port 612 operable to provide an outlet for evaporated solvent, and a vent shutoff safety and transport plug 611. The main cavity 616 provides a housing for the flow distribution plate 604 and flow distribution fins 603. The upper and lower plates 601 and 602 may be constructed of any non-reactive metal, such as titanium, zirconium, gold, platinum, iridium, tungsten, and non-reactive alloys, such as Monel or Inconel.

[0057] During operation, Th-228 in solution can be introduced into the source of FIG. 6, for example, through N2 carrier gas inlet port 605. As discussed above, introduction of Th-228 into the source occurs periodically, for example, no more than once a year. After introduction of the Th-228 solution, heat can be applied to the source 506, for example, by heat source 507 of FIG. 5, to evaporate any solvent. The evaporated solvent can flow out of the source through vent cavity 614 and vent port 612.

[0058] A flow of N2 carrier gas is then introduced into the source 506 through the N2 carrier gas inlet port 605. In some embodiments, the flow of N2 carrier gas can be introduced into the source while the flow distribution fins are still "wet," e.g., before all of the solvent carrying the Th-228 has evaporated. In other embodiments, the flow of N2 carrier gas can be introduced into the source 6 after the flow distribution fins have "dried," e.g., after all or substantially all of the solvent carrying the Th-228 has evaporated. The flow of N2 carrier gas is directed across the fins of the flow distribution fins 603 by the inlet carrier gas distribution cavity 617, flow distribution plate 604, and carrier gas blades 613, and flows into the converging outlet cavity 615 before exiting the source through the outlet port 607. The carrier gas blades 613 may be operable to direct and distribute the flow of incoming N2 carrier gas across the flow distribution fins 603 and flow distribution plate 604 to ensure even and homogeneous distribution of the gas flow through the emission source 506. As described above, the flow of N2 carrier gas through the flow distribution fins 603 carries Rn-220 formed from the radioactive decay of Th-228 absorbed on the material of the flow distribution fins 603 out of the emission source.

[0059] 6 may be operable to isolate the interior of the source from the external environment. Because Th-228 has a half-life of 1.91 years, the interior of the source 600 may remain radioactive for a significant period of time (e.g., 10 half-lives of Th-228) after Th-228 is introduced into the source 600. Therefore, it is important to be able to isolate the interior of the source to ensure that radioactive material does not escape from the source, for example, when the source needs to be moved or maintenance needs to be performed on the equipment.

[0060] As noted above, in some embodiments, the apparatus of FIGS. 1, 2, and 5 can be operated by an automated control system. In certain exemplary embodiments, the automated control system can be implemented using an information handling system. Such a system can automatically control several different system variables, such as flow rate, timing, and temperature, based on one or more sensors located throughout the apparatus of FIG. 1. For example, an automated system can operate the apparatus disclosed herein to produce Pb-212 by performing method 1000 of FIG. 8. First, in step 1001, Th-228 is introduced into the discharge chamber 202, which contains the discharge source 300, including a high surface area material, as described above with respect to FIGS. 1-6. Next, in step 1002, a carrier gas including nitrogen is provided to the discharge chamber 202. As described above, the automated system can control the flow rate of the carrier gas based on the measured mass flow. Next, in step 1003, after flowing through the discharge chamber 202, the carrier gas is introduced into a pre-cooled hydrochloric acid solution or any other acid or aqueous solution. Finally, the Pb-212 is separated from the hydrochloric acid solution in step 1004. As described above, the pre-cooled hydrochloric acid solution may have a temperature of −72° C. or less and may contain a target operable to collect the Rn-220.

[0061] The specific embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the disclosed subject matter may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, except as set forth in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the specific embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified, and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the disclosed subject matter. The protection sought herein is therefore as set forth in the following claims.

Claims

1. 1. A method for producing Pb-212 isotope, comprising: introducing Th-228 into a release chamber; introducing a release source comprising a high surface area material into the release box; Introducing a carrier gas into the discharge chamber through a carrier gas supply, the carrier gas is an inert gas, the carrier gas flows through the discharge chamber; The Th-228 decays to Rn-220 in the release chamber; introducing the carrier gas, which carries the Rn-220 resulting from the decay of the Th-228 in the emission chamber, to one or more Rn-220 targets through a multi-way valve coupled to a carrier gas outlet port of the emission chamber; separating the Rn-220 from the carrier gas at the one or more Rn-220 targets; directing the carrier gas out of the one or more Rn-220 targets through a carrier gas exhaust port; directing a liquid into the one or more Rn-220 targets through a liquid supply; allowing the Rn-220 to undergo radioactive decay into Pb-212 isotopes within the one or more Rn-220 targets; allowing the liquid to dissolve the Pb-212 isotope produced by radioactive decay of Rn-220 in the one or more Rn-220 targets; directing the liquid containing the Pb-212 isotope from the one or more Rn-220 targets to a Pb-212 collection container; and separating the Pb-212 isotope from the liquid; The method wherein the liquid is cooled to a temperature of −72° C. or below by a cooling unit coupled to the one or more Rn-220 targets.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carrier gas is nitrogen.

3. The liquid is HCl and HNO ３ 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the acid solution is selected from the group consisting of:

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flow rate of the carrier gas through the discharge box is controlled based on a mass flow rate.

5. directing the carrier gas through the multi-way valve coupled to the carrier gas outlet port of the discharge chamber to a first Rn-220 target for a first time period; after the first period of time has elapsed, opening a first carrier gas exhaust port over the first Rn-220 target; 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: directing the carrier gas through the multi-way valve coupled to the carrier gas outlet port of the discharge chamber to a second Rn-220 target for a second time period after the first time period has elapsed.

6. separating the Rn-220 from the carrier gas at the one or more Rn-220 targets, 10. The method of claim 1, comprising contacting the carrier gas with the liquid in the one or more Rn-220 targets until the Rn-220 transfers from the carrier gas to the liquid.

7. The high surface area material is ２ ~100,000m ２ 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the porous metal or porous ceramic material has a surface area of ​​0.1 to 0.5 mm.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the porous metal comprises titanium, zirconium, gold, platinum, iridium, tungsten, or a combination thereof.

9. 1. A method for producing Pb-212 isotope, comprising: introducing Ra-224 into the release chamber; introducing a release source comprising a high surface area material into the release box; Introducing a carrier gas into the discharge chamber through a carrier gas supply, the carrier gas is an inert gas, the carrier gas flows through the discharge chamber; The Ra-224 decays to Rn-220 in the release chamber; introducing the carrier gas, which carries the Rn-220 resulting from the decay of the Ra-224 in the emission chamber, to one or more Rn-220 targets through a multi-way valve coupled to a carrier gas outlet port of the emission chamber; separating the Rn-220 from the carrier gas at the one or more Rn-220 targets; directing the carrier gas out of the one or more Rn-220 targets through a carrier gas exhaust port; directing a liquid into the one or more Rn-220 targets through a liquid supply; allowing the Rn-220 to undergo radioactive decay into Pb-212 isotopes within the one or more Rn-220 targets; allowing the liquid to dissolve the Pb-212 isotope produced by radioactive decay of Rn-220 in the one or more Rn-220 targets; directing the liquid containing the Pb-212 isotope from the one or more Rn-220 targets to a Pb-212 collection container; and separating the Pb-212 isotope from the liquid; The method wherein the liquid is cooled to a temperature of −72° C. or below by a cooling unit coupled to the one or more Rn-220 targets.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the carrier gas is nitrogen.

11. The liquid is HCl and HNO ３ 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the acid solution is selected from the group consisting of:

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the flow rate of the carrier gas through the discharge box is controlled based on a mass flow rate.

13. directing the carrier gas through the multi-way valve coupled to the carrier gas outlet port of the discharge chamber to a first Rn-220 target for a first time period; after the first period of time has elapsed, opening a first carrier gas exhaust port over the first Rn-220 target; 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: directing the carrier gas through the multi-way valve coupled to the carrier gas outlet port of the discharge chamber to a second Rn-220 target for a second time period after the first time period has elapsed.

14. separating the Rn-220 from the carrier gas at the one or more Rn-220 targets, 10. The method of claim 9, comprising contacting the carrier gas with the liquid in the one or more Rn-220 targets until the Rn-220 transfers from the carrier gas to the liquid.

15. The high surface area material is ２ ~100,000m ２ 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the porous metal or porous ceramic material has a surface area of

16. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the porous metal comprises titanium, zirconium, gold, platinum, iridium, tungsten, or a combination thereof.

17. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more Rn-220 targets comprise a zeolite or a metal chalcogenide having a zeolite-like structure.

18. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more Rn-220 targets comprise a zeolite or a metal chalcogenide having a zeolite-like structure.

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