Filter units and systems for adsorbing water and gases and methods for using the same

Abstract

Disclosed are embodiments of a filter unit including a water adsorbing material in the form of water adsorbing particles in a packed bed and a gas adsorbing material in the form of gas adsorbing particles in a packed bed. In embodiments, the gas adsorbing material is downstream of the water adsorbing material in the direction of operation. Also disclosed are methods of preparing and using the filter unit.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to filter units having water and gas adsorbing materials, for example, for removing water and gas from passenger cabins. The present disclosure also relates to systems incorporating such filter units and methods of use. [Background technology]

[0002] Maintaining air quality in enclosed spaces, such as the passenger compartment of a vehicle, is a critical yet energy-intensive process. Passengers consume oxygen and produce large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and humidity. CO2 and humidity levels increase rapidly unless the internal air is replaced by large amounts of fresh outside air introduced into the passenger compartment.

[0003] Replacing cabin air with outside air presents challenges in terms of the heating and cooling power required by heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to condition the fresh outside air, and the quality of the outside air (e.g., highway air with high levels of pollutants). Conditioning is a significant energy consumer (up to 50%), especially in electric vehicles, draining their batteries.

[0004] Carbon dioxide adsorbents have been developed to reduce CO2 concentrations to safe levels and improve the energy efficiency of HVAC systems. Specifically, HVAC systems utilize CO2 scrubbers that incorporate a CO2 adsorbent to adsorb CO2 from recirculated indoor air and then release the CO2 into the outside air through a purging process. While such systems offer an improvement over conventional HVAC systems in terms of energy savings, adsorbent materials have not met the long-term goals of work capacity and thermal aging stability.

[0005] Additionally, desiccant systems have been developed to reduce humidity within the passenger compartment, thereby reducing window condensation. However, desiccants only adsorb a limited amount of moisture. At low temperatures and high humidity, typical automotive ventilation systems may not be able to remove condensation efficiently, effectively, and / or quickly. Summary of the Invention

[0006] According to embodiments, a filter unit is disclosed herein comprising two adsorption lines, each comprising a water adsorption material, e.g., in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorption material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed, downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation, and a heater coupled to each packed bed of each adsorption line.

[0007] According to embodiments, a filter unit is disclosed herein comprising a rotary adsorber comprising: a housing; a plurality of sectors within the housing, the plurality of sectors forming a plurality of adsorbent beds; a water adsorbent material within at least one of the adsorbent beds, e.g., in the form of water adsorbent particles in a packed bed; and a gas adsorbent material within at least one of the adsorbent beds, e.g., in the form of gas adsorbent particles in a packed bed; wherein the water adsorbent material and the gas adsorbent material are arranged within the rotary adsorber such that a gas flow path can pass over each adsorbent bed during operation and a countercurrent flow path of regeneration air can pass over each adsorbent bed during regeneration.

[0008] According to embodiments, a system is disclosed herein comprising: a passenger cabin; a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for maintaining air quality in the passenger cabin; a filter unit for maintaining humidity and carbon dioxide levels in the passenger cabin, the filter unit comprising two adsorption lines, each adsorption line comprising a water adsorption material, e.g., in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorption material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed, downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation; and a heater coupled to each packed bed in each adsorption line.

[0009] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is an electric vehicle ventilation system comprising a passenger compartment, a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for maintaining air quality within the passenger compartment, and a filter unit for maintaining humidity and carbon dioxide levels within the passenger compartment, the filter unit comprising a water adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of water adsorbing particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorbing particles in a packed bed, downstream of the water adsorbing material in the direction of operation.

[0010] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is an automotive ventilation system comprising: a passenger compartment; a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for maintaining air quality within the passenger compartment; a filter unit for maintaining humidity and carbon dioxide levels within the passenger compartment, the filter unit comprising two adsorption lines, each adsorption line comprising: a water adsorption material, e.g., in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed; and a gas adsorption material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed, downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation; and a heater coupled to each packed bed of each adsorption line.

[0011] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of using a filter unit, the method comprising: operating a first adsorption line of the filter unit, the first adsorption line comprising a first water adsorption material, e.g., in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed, and a first gas adsorption material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed, downstream of the first water adsorption material in the direction of operation, wherein the first adsorption line adsorbs water and gas from ambient air; and regenerating a second adsorption line of the filter unit, the second adsorption line comprising a second water adsorption material, e.g., in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed, and a second gas adsorption material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorbent particles in a packed bed, upstream of the second water adsorption material in the direction of regeneration, wherein the second adsorption line desorbs water and gas from the second water adsorption material and the second gas adsorption material.

[0012] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit including a water adsorbing material present in an amount of about 0.1 L to about 15.0 L per passenger, or at least about 0.1 L per passenger; and a gas adsorbing material present in an amount of about 0.5 L to about 20.0 L per passenger, or at least about 0.5 L per passenger, downstream of the water adsorbing material in the direction of operation.

[0013] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit comprising a water adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of water adsorbing particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorbing particles in a packed bed, downstream of the water adsorbing material in the direction of operation, wherein the weight ratio of water adsorbing material to gas adsorbing material is from about 1:10 to about 1:1, or from about 1:4 to about 1:1, or about 1:4.

[0014] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit comprising two adsorption lines, each adsorption line comprising a water adsorption material, for example in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorption material, for example in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed, downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation, wherein the gas adsorption material comprises two adsorption lines.

[0015] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit comprising two adsorption lines, each comprising a water adsorption material, e.g., in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed, present in an amount of about 0.1 L to about 7.5 L per passenger, or at least about 0.1 L per passenger, and a gas adsorption material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed, present in an amount of about 0.5 L to about 10.0 L per passenger, or at least about 0.5 L per passenger, downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation.

[0016] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit comprising two adsorption lines, each comprising a water adsorbent material, e.g., in the form of water adsorbent particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorbent material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorbent particles in a packed bed, downstream of the water adsorbent material in the direction of operation, wherein the weight ratio of water adsorbent material to gas adsorbent material is from about 1:10 to about 1:1, or from about 1:4 to about 1:1, or about 1:4.

[0017] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit comprising: a water-adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of water-adsorbing particles in a packed bed, comprising at least one of silica, alumina, or metal-organic frameworks; and a gas-adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of gas-adsorbing particles in a packed bed, comprising at least one of amines, carbamates, attapulgite, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, activated carbon, alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, surface-modified analogues of any of the foregoing, and combinations thereof, downstream of the water-adsorbing material in the direction of operation.

[0018] According to embodiments, a filter unit is disclosed herein that includes a water adsorbent material, e.g., in the form of water adsorbent particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorbent material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorbent particles in a bed, the gas adsorbent particles comprising at least one of an amine or a carbamate impregnated on one or more high surface area supports, downstream of the water adsorbent material in the direction of operation. The amine can include an amine-functionalized polymer, e.g., a polystyrene polymer, which comprises, e.g., benzylamine groups. In embodiments, the amine is in the form of beads and / or other units as described herein. The carbamate can be one or more products of the reaction between ethylamine and dimethyl carbonate.

[0019] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit comprising a water adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of water adsorbing particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorbing particles in a packed bed, the gas adsorbing particles being contained within channels of a honeycomb structure or coated on a substrate (e.g., comprising a honeycomb structure), downstream of the water adsorbing material in the direction of operation.

[0020] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit comprising a water adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of water adsorbing particles in a packed bed, and a gas adsorbing material, e.g., in the form of gas adsorbing particles in a packed bed, comprising about 35% to about 55% by weight of amine (e.g., particles) and about 45% to about 65% by weight of silica (e.g., particles), downstream of the water adsorbing material in the direction of operation. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0021] [Figure 1] 1 shows a standard system for conditioning the air in a passenger compartment using an HVAC system. [Figure 2] 1 illustrates a filter unit and system according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 3] 1 illustrates a filter unit and system according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 4] 1 illustrates a rotating wheel configuration of a filter unit and system according to embodiments described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0022] Described herein are various embodiments of filter units having water adsorbing materials (also referred to herein as "water adsorbents") and gas adsorbing materials (also referred to herein as "gas adsorbents") for removing water (e.g., humidity) and gases from a passenger compartment, as well as systems and methods of use thereof. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the details of construction or process steps set forth in the following description. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0023] References throughout this specification to "one embodiment," "a particular embodiment," "one or more embodiments," or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of phrases such as "in one or more embodiments," "in a particular embodiment," "in one embodiment," or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0024] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a "catalytic material" includes a single catalytic material as well as a mixture of two or more different catalytic materials.

[0025] As used herein, the term "about" in connection with a measured quantity refers to normal variation of that measured quantity as would be expected by one of ordinary skill in the art making the measurement and exercising a level of care commensurate with the purpose of the measurement and the precision of the measuring device. In certain embodiments, the term "about" includes the recited number ±10%, such as "about 10" including 9 to 11.

[0026] The term "at least about" in reference to a measurable quantity refers to normal variations in that measurable quantity, as would be expected by one of ordinary skill in the art making the measurement and exercising a level of care commensurate with the purpose of the measurement and the precision of the measuring device, as well as any amounts higher. In certain embodiments, the term "at least about" includes the recited number minus 10% and any higher amounts, such that "at least about 10" includes 9 and greater. The term can also be expressed as "about 10 or greater." Similarly, the term "less than about" typically includes the recited number plus 10% and includes smaller amounts, such that "less than about 10" includes 11 and less. The term can also be expressed as "about 10 or less."

[0027] Unless otherwise stated, all parts and percentages are by weight. Unless otherwise specified, "weight percent (wt%)" is based on the total composition, i.e., dry solids, excluding any volatile materials.

[0028] Although the disclosure herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it should be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the compositions and methods without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations that come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0029] Filter Units and Systems The filter units described herein are useful, among other things, for removing water and gases (e.g., CO2) from air in enclosed spaces. The enclosed space may be a passenger compartment, including, but not limited to, the passenger compartment of a vehicle, airplane, helicopter, or spacecraft. The term vehicle encompasses, for example, any moving means of transportation having an enclosed passenger compartment. In embodiments, the vehicle is a car, van, bus, train, truck, or submarine. Vehicles (e.g., automobiles) typically use HVAC systems to condition and recirculate the air within the passenger compartment.

[0030] In a cabin with four occupants and no outside air circulation, CO2 concentrations within the enclosed space can increase at a rate of at least 300 parts per million (ppm) per minute. After approximately 10 minutes, the CO2 concentration in the cabin air can be higher than 2,500 ppm. After 30 minutes, the CO2 concentration can reach approximately 4,000 ppm, dangerously exceeding the recommended indoor CO2 concentration limit of 1,000 ppm. Even moderately high CO2 levels can have a substantial impact on human cognitive function.

[0031] A typical vehicle circulation system 100 is shown in Figure 1. An HVAC system 105 heats, ventilates, and cools air within a passenger compartment 110. Cabin air is recirculated via recirculation line 115, and fresh outside air is introduced into the HVAC system via air inlet line 120. A pump (not shown) is typically used to draw in fresh air and transfer it to the HVAC system for conditioning.

[0032] According to embodiments, disclosed herein is a filter unit for removing water and gas from air. The filter unit can include a water adsorbent material. The water adsorbent material can be present in an amount of about 0.05 L to about 30 L, or about 0.1 L to about 20 L, or about 0.5 L to about 15.0 L per passenger, or at least about 0.1 L, at least 0.4 L, or at least about 0.6 L, or at least about 0.8 L, or at least about 1.0 L per passenger. The filter unit further includes a gas adsorbent material. The gas adsorbing material can be present in an amount of about 0.1 L to about 35 L, or about 0.5 L to about 30 L, or about 1.0 L to about 25 L, or about 2.0 L to about 20.0 L, or at least about 0.5 L, or at least about 1.0 L, or at least about 2.0 L, or at least about 2.4 L, or at least about 3.0 L, or at least about 4.0 L, or at least about 5.0 L per passenger. According to embodiments, the gas adsorbing material can be positioned downstream of the water adsorbing material in the direction of movement. The weight ratio of water adsorbing material to gas adsorbing material can be about 1:10 to about 1:1, or about 1:4 to about 1:1, or about 1:2, or about 1:3, or about 1:4, or about 1:5, or about 1:6.

[0033] According to embodiments, the filter units described herein can include two adsorption lines, each having a water adsorption material and a gas adsorption material, as described in more detail with respect to Figure 3. Note that while a single filter unit can have two adsorption lines, a pair of adsorption filter units, each including a single adsorption line, are equivalent and can function similarly. In each adsorption line, the gas adsorption material can be located downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation.

[0034] According to embodiments, the water adsorbing material may be present in an amount of from about 0.05 L to about 15.0 L per passenger, or from about 0.1 L to about 10.0 L, or from about 0.25 L to about 7.5 L, or at least about 0.1 L, at least about 0.2 L, at least 0.3 L, or at least about 0.4 L, or at least about 0.5 L, or at least about 0.6 L per passenger. The gas adsorbing material may be present in an amount of from about 0.1 L to about 20 L, or from about 0.5 L to about 15 L, or from about 1.0 L to about 10 L, or at least about 0.8 L per passenger, or at least about 0.9 L, or at least about 1.0 L, or at least about 1.1 L, or at least about 1.2 L, or at least about 1.3 L, or at least about 1.4 L, or at least about 1.5 L. The weight ratio of water adsorbing material to gas adsorbing material can be about 1:10 to about 1:1, or about 1:4 to about 1:1, or about 1:4, or about 1:2, or about 1:3, or about 1:4, or about 1:5, or about 1:6.

[0035] In embodiments, as discussed in more detail below, for example, the water adsorbing material in the form of multiple units can include at least one of silica, alumina, or a metal-organic framework, and the gas adsorbing material can include at least one of an amine, a carbamate, an attapulgite, a metal-organic framework (MOF), a zeolite, an activated carbon, an alkali metal oxide, an alkaline earth metal oxide, a surface-modified analog of any of the foregoing, and combinations thereof. As discussed in more detail below, according to embodiments, the gas adsorbing material can include at least one of an amine or a carbamate impregnated onto one or more high surface area supports.

[0036] FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a filter unit 200 and system described herein having a water adsorbing material 201 (e.g., in any suitable form, including multiple units, particles in a packed bed, a coated substrate, etc.) and a gas adsorbing material 202 (e.g., in any suitable form, including multiple units, particles in a packed bed, a coated substrate, etc.). During operation, conditioned air flows from an HVAC system 205 into the water adsorbing material 201, which is located upstream of the gas adsorbing material. Without being bound by theory, it has been found that the performance of the gas adsorbing material 202 can be improved if the air entering the gas adsorbing material 202 is at least partially dried by the water adsorbing material 201 (i.e., if at least a portion of the water in the air is removed). The air exiting the gas adsorbing material 202 is directed toward a passenger cabin 210. The filter unit 200 can maintain the humidity and CO2 levels of the air in the passenger cabin 210, which is recirculated to the HVAC system 205. Fresh outside air can be introduced into the HVAC system 205 via an air inlet line 220.

[0037] Optionally, the adsorbent materials 201, 202 of the filter unit 200 can be regenerated in situ. For example, the filter unit 200 can include an electric heater 203 connected to each adsorbent bed 201, 202. During regeneration, while the water adsorbent material 201 and the gas adsorbent material 202 are heated, regeneration air 211 passes over the adsorbent materials 201, 202 in the direction of regeneration, i.e., from the gas adsorbent material 202 to the water adsorbent material 201, to desorb the adsorbed gas and water. The air containing the desorbed components exits through exhaust line 212. In other embodiments, instead of directly heating the adsorbent materials, the regeneration air 211 can be heated and passed over the adsorbent materials to desorb the gas and water. However, it is believed that directly heating the adsorbent materials 201, 202, rather than heating the regeneration air 211, can reduce energy consumption and extend the life of electric vehicle batteries.

[0038] In an embodiment, filter unit 200 may optionally include at least one sensor (not shown) for detecting saturation of each adsorbent bed 201, 202 or for detecting the levels of water and CO2 in the cabin air or in the air exiting HVAC system 205. When the sensor determines that adsorbent beds 201, 202 are saturated, the filter unit switches to regeneration mode.

[0039] According to further embodiments, the filter units described herein can be configured for continuous operation. As shown in FIG. 3, filter unit 300 can include a pair of water adsorbing materials 301A, 301B (e.g., in any suitable form, including multiple units, particles in a packed bed, coated substrates, etc.) and a pair of gas adsorbing materials 302A, 302B (e.g., in any suitable form, including multiple units, particles in a packed bed, coated substrates, etc.). Those skilled in the art will recognize that two filter units, each with a single adsorption line, can function identically to one filter unit with two adsorption lines. Filter unit 300 allows water adsorbing material 301A and gas adsorbing material 302A to operate to remove water and gas from air delivered from HVAC 305 while water adsorbing material 301B and gas adsorbing material 302B are regenerated. Next, when at least one of the water adsorbent material 301A and the gas adsorbent material 302A is used, the water adsorbent material 301B and the gas adsorbent material 302B operate to remove water and gas from the air delivered from the HVAC 305. Simultaneously, regeneration air 311A ​​is introduced into the gas adsorbent material 302A and passed through the water adsorbent material 301A, thereby regenerating the water adsorbent material 301A and the gas adsorbent material 302A. The air containing the desorbed gas and water is then passed through the exhaust line 312A and discharged outside the vehicle. The adsorbent material can be regenerated by applying heat using an electric heater 303, as shown in FIG. 3, or by heating the regeneration air as described above. The water adsorbent material 301B and the gas adsorbent material 302B can be regenerated in a similar manner.

[0040] In yet another embodiment, the filter unit can include a rotating adsorber having a housing and multiple sectors within the housing. The multiple sectors can form multiple adsorbent beds. At least one of the adsorbent beds can include a water adsorbent material in the form of water adsorbent particles within a packed bed. At least one of the adsorbent beds can include a gas adsorbent material in the form of gas adsorbent particles within a packed bed. The water adsorbent material and the gas adsorbent material can be arranged within the rotating adsorber such that a gas flow path can pass over each adsorbent bed during operation and a countercurrent flow path of regeneration air can pass over each adsorbent bed during regeneration.

[0041] According to an embodiment, the filter unit may be a rotary adsorber 400 as shown in Figure 4. The rotary adsorber 400 may be in the form of a wheel having four sectors 401A, 401B, 401C and 401D. Two sectors 401A, 401B may be reserved for adsorption and two sectors 401C, 401D may be reserved for regeneration.

[0042] Each sector 401A, 401B, 401C, 401D of the wheel 400 can be filled with water adsorbent material and gas adsorbent material (not shown). The water adsorbent material can be in the form of particles in a disk-shaped packed bed. The gas adsorbent material can also be in the form of particles in a disk-shaped packed bed. For example, two disk-shaped honeycomb supports can be filled or coated with the adsorbent material. The disk containing the gas adsorbent material can be positioned adjacent to and parallel to the disk containing the water adsorbent material.

[0043] Effluent 406 from the HVAC system 405 can enter a first side of sectors 401A and 401B and flow across the water adsorbent material, followed by the gas adsorbent material. Effluent 407 from sectors 401A and 401B can enter the passenger compartment 410. Similarly, regeneration gas 411A and 411B can enter the opposite side of sectors 401C and 401D, i.e., the side of the wheels containing the gas adsorbent material. The regeneration gas passes over the gas adsorbent material, then over the water adsorbent material, and is discharged to the outside of the vehicle through lines 412A and 412B. The regeneration gas can be heated before entering the rotary adsorber 400, or the adsorbent material can be heated directly. If necessary, a small cooling sector (not shown) can be added to cool the adsorbent after regeneration.

[0044] The flow configuration through the rotary adsorber 400 can create a countercurrent contact effect within the wheel. In such a flow configuration, the flow configuration moves gas from sector 401A to sector 401B, while the rotation of the wheel can move adsorbent from sector 401B to sector 401A. A similar countercurrent contact pattern can occur between regeneration sectors 401C and 401D. In other embodiments, the wheel circulates with a majority of the gas being adsorbed and a small countercurrent heating zone for regeneration.

[0045] According to an embodiment, the rotary adsorber can have two wheels (not shown) arranged in a symmetrical configuration and mirror images of each other. Each of the two wheels has two sectors dedicated to adsorption and two sectors dedicated to regeneration. Optionally, a small cooling sector (not shown) can be added to cool the adsorbent after regeneration, if desired. The two wheels can be integrated (i.e., the flow between them can be combined), thereby achieving a countercurrent contact pattern.

[0046] According to further embodiments, disclosed herein is a system including at least one filter unit as described herein. In embodiments, the filter unit can be a component of an electric vehicle ventilation system. Such a system can include a passenger compartment, an HVAC system for maintaining air quality within the passenger compartment, a battery, and at least one filter unit as described herein. In embodiments, the filter unit maintains humidity and carbon dioxide levels within the passenger compartment and includes a water adsorbing material in the form of water adsorbing particles in a packed bed and a gas adsorbing material in the form of gas adsorbing particles in a packed bed. According to embodiments, the gas adsorbing material can be positioned downstream of the water adsorbing material in the direction of operation. The at least one filter unit can be operable to increase the battery life of the electric vehicle by about 1% to about 10%, or about 2% to about 15%, or about 5% to about 20%, or about 1% to about 20%, or about 2% to about 18%, or about 5% to about 15%, or about 8% to about 12%, compared to the battery life without the filter unit. In embodiments, the at least one filter unit is also operable to reduce the power consumption of the HVAC system by about 1% to about 10%, or about 2% to about 15%, or about 5% to about 20%, or about 1% to about 20%, or about 2% to about 18%, or about 5% to about 15%, or about 8% to about 12%, compared to the absence of the filter unit.

[0047] In further embodiments, disclosed herein is an automobile ventilation system including a passenger compartment, an HVAC system for maintaining air quality within the passenger compartment, and at least one filter unit described herein for maintaining humidity and carbon dioxide levels within the passenger compartment. The filter unit can include two adsorption lines, each having a water adsorption material in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed and a gas adsorption material in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed. In embodiments, the gas adsorption material is downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation. In some embodiments, a heater is coupled to each packed bed of each adsorption line.

[0048] water adsorption material According to embodiments, the filter unit includes a water adsorbent material. In embodiments, the water adsorbent material can be in the form of multiple units. The multiple units can include, but are not limited to, powders, beads, extrudates, tablets, pellets, agglomerates, granules, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the multiple units have a shape that is round, spherical, globular, elliptical, regular granules, irregular granules, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the water adsorbent material can be in the form of multiple units (e.g., particles or beads) in a packed bed.

[0049] The size and shape of the multiple units can affect water sorption and pressure drop. The multiple units can have a size of about 0.05 mm to about 10 mm, or about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm, or about 0.5 mm to about 4 mm, or about 1 mm to about 3.5 mm, or greater than 1 mm to about 3.3 mm, or about 1.6 mm to about 3.3 mm. In embodiments, the multiple units are less than about 10 mm, less than about 5.0 mm, less than about 3.0 mm, less than about 2.5 mm, less than about 2.0 mm, less than about 1.5 mm, less than about 1.0 mm, less than about 0.5 mm, less than about 0.1 mm, or less than about 0.05 mm. In yet other embodiments, the multiple units have an average size of about 0.05 mm to about 6.0 mm, or about 0.1 mm to about 4 mm, or about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm. In embodiments, multiple units having a size greater than 1.0 mm to about 3.3 mm are particularly suitable for water adsorbing materials. Furthermore, the kinetics of sorption and desorption can affect the functionality of the adsorbent.

[0050] In embodiments, the water adsorbing material can be formed from a highly porous, high surface area material and a very high surface area material that has an affinity for water. In embodiments, the water adsorbing material can include, but is not limited to, silica, alumina, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), titanosilicates, hydrotalcites, zelites, calcium sulfate, superabsorbent polymers, or combinations thereof. According to embodiments, the water adsorbing material includes silica or silica and alumina beads, and has a highly porous and high surface area suitable for use as a water adsorbing material in a filter unit. Furthermore, MOFs are very high surface area materials suitable for use as a water adsorbing material in a filter unit.

[0051] According to embodiments, the water adsorbent can be deposited, coated, or impregnated within a support. Suitable support materials for water adsorbents include, but are not limited to, silica, alumina, titania, clay, attapulgite, bentonite, polymers, superabsorbent polymers, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the support material can have a pore volume of about 0.05 cc / g to about 100 cc / g, or about 0.1 cc / g to about 50 cc / g, or about 0.45 cc / g to about 25 cc / g. According to embodiments, the support material can have a pore volume greater than about 0.05 cc / g, or greater than about 0.1 cc / g, or greater than about 0.5 cc / g, or greater than about 0.8 cc / g. Such a pore volume allows the support to retain, for example, a significant amount of adsorbent granules without completely filling the pores.

[0052] According to embodiments, the water-absorbing material can be coated on and / or contained within a layer of a nonwoven media material, which can be corrugated or pleated. For example, the nonwoven media material can be a substrate as described herein. Suitable nonwoven media materials include, but are not limited to, polypropylene, polyester, nylon, cellulose fibers, and combinations thereof. The nonwoven media material can have a thickness of about 500 cm. 2 ~Approx. 2,000cm 2 , or approximately 750 cm2 ~Approx. 1,000cm 2 , or approximately 850 cm 2 ~Approx. 950cm 2 , or about 100 cm 2 , or 500cm 2 , or approximately 900 cm 2 , or approximately 1200 cm 2 , or approximately 1,600 cm 2 , or about 100 cm 2 ~10,000cm 2 , about 200cm 2 ~9,000cm 2 , or approximately 300 cm 2 ~about 8,000cm 2 , or about 400 cm 2 ~Approx. 7,000cm 2 , or approximately 500 cm 2 ~Approx. 6,000cm 2 , or approximately 1,000 cm 2 ~Approx. 5,000cm 2 , or approximately 2,000 cm 2 ~Approx. 4,000cm 2 or any particular square area within one of the aforementioned ranges, e.g., about 100 cm 2 , or approximately 500 cm 2 , or approximately 1,000 cm 2 , or approximately 5,000 cm 2 , or approximately 10,000 cm 2 The area of ​​the slit may be 0.05 mm.

[0053] In further embodiments, water adsorbing materials (e.g., multiple substrates such as particles) can be coated on the surfaces and / or walls of the honeycomb structure and / or contained within the channels of the honeycomb structure. Suitable materials for honeycomb structures include, but are not limited to, ceramic, cordierite, aluminum, polypropylene, cardboard, Nomex, Fecralloy, steel, stainless steel, and combinations thereof. Examples of ceramic materials include cordierite, alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, mullite, spodumene, alumina-silica-magnesia, or zirconium silicate. According to embodiments, the honeycomb structure can have channels with diameters or widths of about 0.1 inches to about 1.5 inches, or about 0.5 inches to about 1.25 inches, or about 0.25 inches to about 1 inch. Screens or nonwoven materials can be used to retain the water adsorbing materials (e.g., multiple units such as particles) within the honeycomb structure. Suitable materials for the screen include, but are not limited to, ceramic, cordierite, aluminum, polypropylene, cardboard, Nomex, Fecralloy, steel, stainless steel, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, a water adsorbing material (e.g., multiple units such as particles) is coated onto a substrate. For example, water adsorbing particles can be washcoated onto the substrate. The washcoat can be about 0.5 g / in 3 ~about 10g / in 3 , or approximately 0.75 g / in 3 ~approx. 7.5g / in 3 , or approximately 1 g / in 3 ~approx. 6g / in 3 , or approximately 1 g / in 3 Over, or about 2 g / in 3 Over, or about 3 g / in 3The water adsorbing particles may comprise an amount of water adsorbing material greater than about 1.0 mm. According to embodiments, the washcoat on the substrate may have a thickness of less than about 1.0 mm, or less than about 0.75 mm, or less than about 0.5 mm, or less than about 0.25 mm, or less than about 0.2 mm, or less than about 0.15 mm, or less than about 0.1 mm. The substrate may comprise at least one of a honeycomb structure, a foam, or a nonwoven medium. In further embodiments, the water adsorbing particles may form an extruded honeycomb structure. The honeycomb structure may be extruded according to any suitable method known to those skilled in the art. According to embodiments, the honeycomb structure may have a density of about 50 cells / in. 2 ~approximately 600 cells / in 2 , or approximately 100 cells / in 2 ~approximately 500 cells / in 2 , or approximately 200 cells / in 2 ~approximately 450 cells / in 2 , or approximately 230 cells / in 2 ~approximately 400 cells / in 2 The cell density can range from about 64 cpsi to about 600 cpsi.

[0054] Gas Adsorption Materials According to an embodiment, the filter unit includes a gas adsorbent material. The gas adsorbent material may be in the form of particles (e.g., granules, powder, beads, matrix, extrudates, etc.) in a packed bed. While the gas adsorbent material is described herein in the form of a CO2 adsorbent, it should be understood that adsorbents configured to adsorb other types of gases, such as methane, carbon monoxide, or odorous gases typically present in passenger cabins, may be used instead of or in addition to the CO2 adsorbent.

[0055] In embodiments, the gas adsorbing material can include at least one of an amine, a carbamate, an attapulgite, a metal-organic framework (MOF), a zeolite, activated carbon, an alkali metal oxide, an alkaline earth metal oxide, a surface-modified analog of any of the foregoing, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the gas adsorbing material includes an alkali metal oxide, e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH), on a support (e.g., alumina), as described herein. According to embodiments, the amine includes an amine-functionalized polymer, e.g., a polystyrene polymer, and the polystyrene polymer includes, e.g., a benzylamine group. In certain embodiments, the amine-functionalized polymer (e.g., including polystyrene with benzylamine groups) can have a molecular weight of up to about 50,000 Da, or up to about 25,000 Da, or up to about 15,000 Da, or up to about 10,000 Da, or up to about 5,000 Da, or from about 1,000 Da to about 50,000 Da, or from about 2,500 Da to about 10,000 Da, or from about 2,500 Da to about 15,000 Da, or from about 2,500 Da to about 25,000 Da, or from about 2,500 Da to about 50,000 Da. In embodiments, the gas adsorbent material comprises an alkaline earth oxide, e.g., barium oxide (BaO), on a support (e.g., alumina), as described herein. In embodiments, the carbamate comprises one or more products of the reaction between ethylamine and dimethyl carbonate. In embodiments, the alkali metal oxide comprises at least one of the following alkali metals: lithium, potassium, sodium, rubidium, and cesium. In embodiments, the alkaline earth metal oxide comprises at least one of the following alkaline earth metals: barium, strontium, calcium, beryllium, magnesium, and radium.

[0056] In a further embodiment, a gas (e.g., CO2) adsorbent can be formed from an amine impregnated onto a high surface area support. Adsorbents containing amines formed from the reaction of higher ethylamines with dimethyl carbamate (DMC) are examples of suitable gas adsorption materials. The adsorbent can be formed into granules with high pore volume silica. The amine can also be post-impregnated into preformed particles (e.g., granules, powders, beads, extrudates, matrices, etc.).

[0057] In certain embodiments, the gas adsorbing material may comprise about 10% to about 65% amine, or about 20% to about 60% amine, or about 35% to about 55% amine, or about 40% to about 50% amine, or about 35% amine, or about 40% amine, or about 45% amine, or about 50% amine; the gas adsorbing material may comprise about 20% to about 75% amine, or about 30% to about 70% amine, or about 40% to about 65% amine, or about 50% to about 60% amine, or about 45% amine, or about 50% amine, or about 55% amine, or about 60% amine. In certain embodiments, the gas adsorbing material may comprise about 45% amine and about 55% silica. In certain embodiments, the gas adsorbing particles comprise about 35% to about 55% by weight of amine (e.g., particles) and about 45% to about 65% by weight of silica (e.g., particles), or about 40% to about 50% by weight of amine (e.g., particles) and about 50% to about 60% by weight of silica (e.g., particles), or about 45% by weight of amine (e.g., particles) and about 55% by weight of silica (e.g., particles).

[0058] In certain embodiments, the gas adsorbent material can include at least one of an amine and / or a carbamate impregnated onto one or more high surface area supports. In embodiments, the amine can include an amine-functionalized polymer, such as a polystyrene polymer, where the polystyrene polymer includes, for example, benzylamine groups. The carbamate can be one or more products of the reaction between ethylamine and dimethyl carbonate.

[0059] The size and shape of the particles can affect CO2 adsorption and pressure drop. The particles can be in the form of granules having a size of about 0.05 mm to about 10 mm, or about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm, or about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm. In embodiments, granules having a size of about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm are particularly suitable for adsorbing CO2. Additionally, the adsorption and desorption kinetics can affect the function of the adsorbent.

[0060] According to embodiments, the gas adsorbent can be deposited, coated, or impregnated within a support material. Suitable support materials for gas adsorbents can include, but are not limited to, silica, alumina, titania, clay, attapulgite, bentonite, polymers, superabsorbent polymers, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the support material can have a pore volume of about 0.05 cc / g to about 100 cc / g, or about 0.1 cc / g to about 50 cc / g, or about 0.5 cc / g to about 25 cc / g. According to embodiments, the support material can have a pore volume greater than about 0.05 cc / g, or greater than about 0.1 cc / g, or greater than about 0.5 cc / g, or greater than about 0.8 cc / g. Such pore volumes allow the support to retain a significant amount of adsorbent granules without completely filling the pores. The pore size is selected to provide rapid diffusion into the pores, even in the presence of amines. The pore size can be from about 50 Å to about 200 Å, or from about 75 Å to about 175 Å, or from about 100 Å to about 150 Å. In certain embodiments, the pore size can be at least about 120 Å, or at least about 130 Å, or at least about 140 Å, or at least about 150 Å, or at least about 160 Å, or at least about 170 Å, or at least about 180 Å, or at least about 190 Å, or at least about 200 Å.

[0061] Various binders may be used to provide strength to the adsorbent particles or to the coating containing the adsorbent. These binders may be organic, such as styrene acrylic polymers, or inorganic, such as sodium silicate. Gas adsorbent materials may also include fibrillated polymer fibers. For example, gas adsorbent materials may be formed using fibrillated Teflon fibers to form a film that can be formed into a monolith.

[0062] According to embodiments, the gas adsorbing particles can be contained within a layer of nonwoven media material, which can be corrugated. Suitable nonwoven media materials can include, but are not limited to, polypropylene, polyester, nylon, cellulose fibers, or combinations thereof. The media material can be approximately 100 cm 2 ~Approx. 1600cm 2 In a further embodiment, the gas adsorbing particles can be contained within the channels of a honeycomb structure. The filter unit can include a screen or nonwoven material to retain the gas adsorbing particles within the honeycomb structure. Suitable screen materials include, but are not limited to, polypropylene, polyester, nylon, cellulose fiber, stainless steel, or combinations thereof. In a further embodiment, the gas adsorbing particles can be coated onto a substrate. For example, the gas adsorbing particles can be washcoated onto the substrate. The washcoat can have a density of about 0.5 g / in. 3 ~about 10g / in 3 , or approximately 0.75 g / in 3 ~approx. 7.5g / in 3 , or approximately 1 g / in 3 ~approx. 6g / in 3 , or approximately 1 g / in 3 Over, or about 2 g / in 3 Over, or about 3 g / in 3According to embodiments, the washcoat on the substrate can have a thickness of less than about 1.0 mm, or less than about 0.75 mm, or less than about 0.5 mm, or less than about 0.25 mm, or less than about 0.2 mm, or less than about 0.15 mm, or less than about 0.1 mm.

[0063] The substrate can include at least one of a honeycomb structure, a foam, or a nonwoven media. According to embodiments, the gas adsorbing particles form an extruded honeycomb structure. In embodiments, the honeycomb substrate is extruded, dried, and calcined, and can be made from, for example, ceramic materials such as those described above. According to embodiments, the honeycomb structure has a density of about 50 cells / in. 2 ~approximately 600 cells / in 2 , or approximately 100 cells / in 2 ~approximately 500 cells / in 2 , or approximately 200 cells / in 2 ~approximately 450 cells / in 2 , or approximately 230 cells / in 2 ~approximately 400 cells / in 2 The cell density can range from about 64 cpsi to about 600 cpsi.

[0064] How to use the filter unit According to embodiments, a method of using a filter unit as described above is disclosed herein. In embodiments, the method of use can include operating an adsorption line of the filter unit, the adsorption line including a water adsorption material in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed and a gas adsorption material in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed. In embodiments, the gas adsorption material can be positioned downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation. During operation, the adsorption material adsorbs water and gas from ambient air, e.g., conditioned passenger compartment air. The method of use further includes regenerating the adsorption material of the filter unit. During regeneration, the adsorption line desorbs water and gas from the water adsorption material and the gas adsorption material. In embodiments, each of the water adsorption material and the gas adsorption material can be attached to a heater and / or a sensor for detecting whether the adsorption material is saturated. The heater can be used to regenerate the adsorption material or to preheat the regeneration air. The sensor can be used to determine whether the adsorption material is saturated or to monitor humidity and CO2 levels in the passenger compartment air.

[0065] In an embodiment, the method of use includes operating a first adsorption line of a filter unit, the first adsorption line including a first water adsorption material (e.g., in any suitable form, including in the form of multiple units, particles in a packed bed, a coated substrate, etc.) and a first gas adsorption material (e.g., in any suitable form, including in the form of multiple units, particles in a packed bed, a coated substrate, etc.). In an embodiment, the first gas adsorption material can be positioned downstream of the first water adsorption material in the direction of operation. The first water adsorption material and the first gas adsorption material adsorb water and gas from air discharged from the HVAC system. The method of use further includes regenerating a second adsorption line of the filter unit, the second adsorption line including a second water adsorption material in the form of water adsorption particles in a packed bed and a second gas adsorption material in the form of gas adsorption particles in a packed bed. In an embodiment, the second gas adsorption material can be positioned upstream of the second water adsorption material in the direction of regeneration. During regeneration, the second adsorption line desorbs water and gas from the second water adsorbent material and the second gas adsorbent material. According to an embodiment, each packed bed in each of the first and second adsorption lines is connected to a heater that heats the adsorbent to initiate desorption. In an embodiment, regeneration can include passing ambient air (i.e., regeneration air) over the second gas adsorbent material and the second water adsorbent material and venting the ambient air containing the desorbed gas and desorbed water to the outside atmosphere. Alternatively, the regeneration air can be preheated before passing over the adsorbent.

[0066] According to embodiments, operating the first adsorption line and regenerating the second adsorption line can occur simultaneously, and once the regeneration of the second adsorption line is complete, it can remain idle until regeneration of the first adsorption line is required. In embodiments, once the first adsorption line completes operation and begins regeneration, the second adsorption line begins operation, and then the process is reversed once at least one of the adsorbents in the second adsorption line becomes saturated.

[0067] According to embodiments, methods of using the filter units described herein include regenerating the adsorbent material at a temperature of about 50° C. to about 200° C., or about 60° C. to about 190° C., or about 70° C. to about 180° C., or about 80° C. to about 170° C., or about 90° C. to about 160° C., or about 100° C. to about 150° C., or about 50° C., or about 55° C., or about 60° C., or about 65° C., or about 70° C., or about 75° C., or about 100° C., or about 150° C., or about 200° C. The regeneration may also include venting the desorbed water and gases to the external atmosphere.

[0068] The filter units and systems described herein are particularly useful for maintaining humidity and CO2 levels in air in enclosed spaces, such as passenger cabins. According to embodiments, a filter unit having a single adsorption line (i.e., one water adsorption material and one gas adsorption material) can operate in conjunction with an HVAC system to remove water and CO2 from the HVAC-conditioned air before it enters the passenger cabin, as shown in FIG. 2 (discussed above). In embodiments, when such a filter unit is used to condition the air in the passenger cabin of a vehicle (e.g., an electric vehicle), the filter unit can operate until saturated, at which point it switches to a regeneration mode to desorb and exhaust the water and CO2 to the outside atmosphere. While the filter unit is regenerating, the vehicle can operate as if the filter unit were not installed, i.e., purifying the passenger cabin air by introducing fresh outside air into the HVAC system.

[0069] In further embodiments, at least one filter unit described herein can be operated to reduce CO levels within a vehicle (e.g., an electric vehicle) cabin well below (e.g., about 20% below) CO toxic levels (i.e., well below the recommended indoor CO concentration limit of 1000 ppm). Similarly, the filter unit can be operated to reduce humidity levels well below (e.g., about 20% below) a standard relative humidity of about 50% rh. Sensors can be used to detect humidity and CO levels in the cabin air. When this lower limit is reached, operation of the filter unit and the intake of fresh air by the HVAC system can cease to conserve energy. If the filter unit is saturated at this point (e.g., as measured by a sensor), the filter unit can be regenerated. When one or both of the humidity and CO levels reach a specified target (e.g., CO at 900 ppm and / or 55% rh), the filter unit can again be operated to remove humidity and CO from the air.

[0070] In yet another embodiment, at least one filter unit described herein can be sized to be effective for a predetermined operating time (i.e., the length of time before regeneration is required), e.g., at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 5 hours, at least 6 hours, at least 7 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 20 hours, or at least 24 hours. For example, the filter unit can operate to maintain water and CO2 levels within the passenger compartment of a vehicle (e.g., an electric vehicle) at acceptable levels (e.g., 300 ppm CO2 and 50% rh) while the vehicle is in operation. The filter unit can be regenerated when the ignition key is removed or, in the case of an electric vehicle, when the battery is connected. If the filter unit becomes saturated before the vehicle is turned off or connected to a power source, the filter unit can be regenerated to allow the vehicle to function as if the filter unit were not installed (i.e., by drawing in fresh outside air), or if a second filter unit is installed, the second filter unit can begin operating while the first unit is being regenerated. [Example]

[0071] Example 1 - Gas Adsorbent Material Granules were formed by combining 45% by weight amine and 55% by weight silica to a size of approximately 1 mm in diameter. The amine was formed by reacting pentaethylenehexamine with dimethyl carbonate in a 1:1 molar ratio. This material has a CO2 capacity of 5.6 wt% per weight of adsorbent when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2 in air at 30°C after pre-regeneration at 70°C with 1000 ppm CO2 in air.

[0072] Example 2 - Gas Adsorbent Material Spherical beads with a diameter of approximately 0.5 mm were formed (90% of the material was in the range of 0.3 mm to 1.25 mm). The beads were composed of a polystyrene polymer functionalized with benzylamine groups, with approximately 0.01 moles (e.g., in the range of 0.008 moles to 0.012 moles) of amine groups per gram of material (dry basis). This material has a CO2 capacity of 3.0 wt% per weight of adsorbent when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2 in air at 30°C after pre-regeneration at 70°C with 1000 ppm CO2 in air.

[0073] Example 3 - Water-adsorbing material Spherical beads of SiO2 / Al2O3 (97:3) were prepared, which had a diameter of approximately 2 mm and a surface area of ​​approximately 650 m 2 / g, and a pore volume of approximately 0.45 cc / g. This material has an equilibrium capacity of 4 wt. % HO water vapor per weight of adsorbent at 25°C and 10% relative humidity, and 42 wt. % water vapor at 25°C and 80% relative humidity.

[0074] The foregoing description sets forth numerous specific details, such as examples of particular systems, components, methods, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that at least some embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known components or methods have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Thus, the specific details set forth are exemplary. Particular embodiments may vary from these example details and still be considered within the scope of the present invention.

[0075] Although the method operations herein are described in a particular order, the order of the operations of each method may be changed such that certain operations may be performed in the reverse order or such that certain operations may be performed, at least in part, concurrently with other operations. In alternative embodiments, the instructions of separate operations or sub-operations may be intermittent and / or alternating.

[0076] It should be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not limiting. Many other embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the above description. The scope of the present disclosure should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Claims

1. 1. A filter unit for maintaining humidity and carbon dioxide levels in a passenger cabin, comprising: Two suction lines, each suction line having: a water adsorbent material for the inflow of air conditioned by a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system; a gas adsorbent material with the exiting air directed towards the passenger compartment, two adsorption lines each including a gas adsorption material downstream of the water adsorption material in the direction of operation; a heater coupled to the water adsorbent material and the gas adsorbent material in each adsorption line; a recirculation line for recirculating exhaust air from the passenger compartment to the HVAC system; an inlet line for introducing regeneration air into each adsorption line; an exhaust line connected to each adsorption line for discharging the moisture and gas desorbed from the water adsorption material and the gas adsorption material to the outside atmosphere; the passenger compartment is in a vehicle; The filter unit wherein the vehicle is a car, a van, a bus, a train, or a truck.

2. The filter unit of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material is in the form of multiple units.

3. 3. The filter unit of claim 2, wherein the plurality of units comprises at least one of a powder, beads, extrudates, tablets, pellets, agglomerates, and granules.

4. The filter unit of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of units comprises at least one of the following shapes: circular, spherical, sphere, elliptical, regular granular, and irregular granular.

5. The filter unit according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of units have a size of 0.05 mm to 10 mm.

6. The filter unit of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of units have a size of less than 10 mm.

7. The filter unit of claim 2, wherein the plurality of units have an average size of 0.05 mm to 6.0 mm.

8. 10. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein at least one of the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material is in the form of multiple units in a packed bed.

9. 10. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein at least one of the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material is at least one of coated on a nonwoven media material and contained within a layer of the nonwoven media material.

10. 10. The filter unit of claim 9, wherein the layer of nonwoven media material is at least one of corrugated and pleated.

11. The nonwoven media material is 100 cm ２ ~10,000 cm ２ 10. The filter unit of claim 9, having a cross-sectional area of

12. 10. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein at least one of the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material is at least one of coated on a honeycomb substrate and contained within channels of the honeycomb substrate.

13. 13. The filter unit of claim 12, further comprising a screen or nonwoven material for retaining at least one of the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material within the honeycomb substrate.

14. The filter unit of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material is coated on a substrate.

15. The filter unit of claim 14 , wherein the substrate comprises at least one of a honeycomb structure, a foam, and a nonwoven media.

16. 10. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein at least one of the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material is an extruded honeycomb structure or is coated on an extruded honeycomb structure.

17. the gas adsorbing material comprises at least one of an amine and a carbamate impregnated onto one or more high surface area supports; 10. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein the high surface area support comprises a pore volume greater than 0.8 cc / g.

18. 18. The filter unit of claim 17, wherein the carbamate is the product of a reaction between ethylamine and dimethyl carbonate.

19. 18. The filter unit of claim 17, wherein the amine comprises an amine-functionalized polymer.

20. 18. The filter unit of claim 17, wherein the high surface area support comprises at least one of beads, granules, and extrudates.

21. 10. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein the gas adsorbing material comprises at least one of an amine, a carbamate, an attapulgite, a metal-organic framework (MOF), a zeolite, an activated carbon, an alkali metal oxide, an alkaline earth metal oxide, a surface-modified analog of any of the foregoing, and combinations thereof.

22. 22. The filter unit of claim 21, wherein the amine comprises an amine-functionalized polymer.

23. 22. The filter unit of claim 21, wherein the carbamate comprises one or more products of a reaction between ethylamine and dimethyl carbonate.

24. 22. The filter unit of claim 21, wherein the alkali metal oxide comprises at least one of lithium, potassium, sodium, rubidium, and cesium.

25. 22. The filter unit of claim 21, wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide comprises at least one of barium, strontium, calcium, beryllium, magnesium, and radium.

26. 2. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein the gas adsorbing material comprises 35% to 55% by weight of amine and 45% to 65% by weight of silica, or 40% to 50% by weight of amine and 50% to 60% by weight of silica, or 45% by weight of amine and 55% by weight of silica.

27. at least one of the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material is in the form of a plurality of units; 27. The filter unit of claim 26, wherein the plurality of units have shapes that are circular, spherical, spheres, ellipsoids, regular granular, irregular granular, and combinations thereof.

28. 18. The filter unit of claim 17, wherein the high surface area support has an average pore size greater than 100 Å.

29. The filter unit of claim 1 , wherein the gas adsorbing material further comprises one or more binders.

30. 30. The filter unit of claim 29, wherein the one or more binders include at least one of a styrene acrylic polymer as an organic binder and sodium silicate as an inorganic binder.

31. The filter unit of claim 1 , wherein the gas adsorbing material further comprises fibrillated polymer fibers.

32. The filter unit of claim 1 , wherein the water adsorbing material comprises at least one of silica, alumina, and a metal organic framework.

33. 2. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the water adsorbing material to the gas adsorbing material is from 1:10 to 1:

1.

34. 10. The filter unit of claim 1, wherein the water adsorbing material is present in an amount of from 0.1 L per passenger in the passenger cabin to 15.0 L per passenger in the passenger cabin, and the gas adsorbing material is present in an amount of from 0.5 L per passenger in the passenger cabin to 20.0 L per passenger in the passenger cabin.

35. 1. A system comprising: Guest rooms and a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for maintaining air quality within the passenger compartment; and a filter unit according to claim 1 for maintaining humidity and carbon dioxide levels within the passenger compartment; the passenger compartment is in a vehicle; The system wherein the vehicle is a car, a van, a bus, a train, or a truck.

36. 36. The electric vehicle ventilation system of claim 35, wherein the filter unit increases battery life by 1% to 20% compared to without the filter unit.

37. 36. The electric vehicle ventilation system of claim 35, wherein the filter unit reduces power consumption of the HVAC system by 1% to 20% compared to without the filter unit.

38. 1. A vehicle ventilation system comprising: Guest rooms and a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for maintaining air quality within the passenger compartment; 10. A vehicle ventilation system comprising: a filter unit according to claim 1 for maintaining humidity and carbon dioxide levels within the passenger compartment.

39. 1. A method of using a filter unit to maintain humidity and carbon dioxide levels in a passenger cabin, comprising: activating a first suction line of the filter unit, the first suction line comprising: a first water adsorbent material for receiving conditioned air from a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system; a first gas adsorbent material with the exiting air directed toward the passenger compartment, a first gas adsorbent material downstream of the first water adsorbent material in the direction of operation; operating the first adsorption line to adsorb water and gas from ambient air; Regenerating a second adsorption line of the filter unit, the second adsorption line comprising: a second water adsorbent material in the form of water adsorbent particles in a packed bed; a second gas adsorbent material in the form of gas adsorbent particles in a packed bed, a second gas adsorbent material upstream of the second water adsorbent material in the direction of regeneration; the second adsorption line desorbs water and gas from the second water adsorption material and the second gas adsorption material, and the passenger compartment is in a vehicle; the vehicle is a car, van, bus, train, or truck; a recirculation line for the filter unit to recirculate exhausted air from the passenger compartment to the HVAC system; an inlet line for introducing regeneration air into each adsorption line; an exhaust line connected to each adsorption line for exhausting moisture and gas desorbed from the water adsorbing material and the gas adsorbing material to the outside atmosphere.

40. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein each of the first water adsorbing material, the first gas adsorbing material, the second water adsorbing material, and the second gas adsorbing material is coupled to at least one heater.

41. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein regenerating the second adsorption line is at a temperature of from 50°C to 200°C.

42. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein regenerating comprises venting the desorbed water and gases to the outside atmosphere.

43. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein operating the first adsorption line and regenerating the second adsorption line occur simultaneously.

44. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein when the second adsorption line finishes regenerating, the second adsorption line remains idle until the first adsorption line requires regeneration.

45. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the first adsorption line completes operation and begins regeneration, and the second adsorption line completes regeneration and begins operation.

46. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein regenerating comprises passing ambient air over the second gas adsorbent material and the second water adsorbent material, and venting the ambient air containing desorbed gas and desorbed water to an external atmosphere.

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