Method for controlling the temperature of a chemical reaction

Abstract

A method for controlling the temperature of a chemical reaction without measuring the temperature of the reaction. The change in mass of a chemical reaction is monitored and used to calculate the temperature of the system. The reaction can be maintained at a desired temperature (T) without measuring the temperature. The disclosed method is useful for reactions that occur under non-equilibrium conditions where any temperature measured is assumed to be the steady state condition.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The subject matter disclosed herein relates to temperature control systems, and more particularly to temperature control systems for non-equilibrium conditions. [Background technology]

[0002]

[0002] During many chemical and biological processes, proper temperature control is a critical factor. Traditionally, a given chemical reaction is optimized by trial and error. For example, a reaction can be run multiple times at slightly different temperatures to determine the desired temperature that optimizes the yield of a particular chemical product. During a given reaction, the temperature of the system may be continuously measured. If the measured temperature deviates from the desired temperature, heat may be added or removed to compensate. While this solution may be sufficient for many situations, it relies on the system in question being in a steady-state, equilibrium condition. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0003]

[0003] Some systems are non-equilibrium systems that deviate from the steady-state assumption to such an extent that simply obtaining a measured temperature is insufficient. Therefore, improved methods for controlling the temperature of a system are desirable. The above discussion is provided for general background information only and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] A method for controlling the temperature of a chemical reaction is disclosed. The change in mass of a chemical reaction is monitored and used to calculate the temperature of the system. The reaction can be maintained at a desired temperature (T) without measuring the temperature. The disclosed method is useful for reactions occurring under non-equilibrium conditions where any measured temperature is assumed to be the steady-state condition.

[0005] In a first embodiment, a method for controlling temperature without measuring temperature is provided. The method includes the steps of: a) determining an initial system mass (M) of a chemical system conducting an endothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, the chemical reaction having a desired temperature (T); b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and solvent to a vessel; c) evacuating the effluent product from the vessel; d) determining a current system mass (M) over the iteration of the method. i ) measuring the current system mass (M i ) based on the emission mass (E i f) determining the emission mass (E i ), the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM i g) calculating the calculated temperature (T i )of,

[0006]

number

[0007] where α is a positive number less than 2; h) adding additional reactants to the vessel in a ratio of the discharged mass (E i ) in an amount equal to the calculated temperature (T i and adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to a desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between the desired temperature (T) and the temperature of the chemical system.

[0008] In a second embodiment, a method for controlling temperature without measuring temperature is provided. The method includes the steps of: a) determining an initial system mass (M) of a chemical system conducting an endothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, the chemical reaction having a desired temperature (T), and the chemical system further comprising an inert component that is an inert solid with respect to the chemical reaction; b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) draining the effluent product from the vessel; and d) determining a current system mass (M) for the iteration of the method. i e) measuring the emission mass (E) of the emission products emitted during step c); i f) determining the emission mass (E i ), the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM i g) calculating the calculated temperature (T i )of,

[0009]

number

[0010] where α is a positive number less than 2; h) adding additional reactants to the vessel to calculate the change in reactant amount, ΔM i i) adding R i =ΔM i '-E i and j) removing a portion of the inactive ingredients indicated by the calculated temperature (T i and adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to a desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between the desired temperature (T) and the temperature of the chemical system.

[0011] In a third embodiment, a method for controlling temperature without measuring temperature is provided. The method includes the steps of: a) determining an initial system mass (M) of a chemical system conducting an exothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, the chemical reaction having a desired temperature (T); b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and solvent to a vessel; c) evacuating the effluent product from the vessel; d) determining a current system mass (M) over the iteration of the method. i ) measuring the current system mass (M i ) based on the emission mass (E i f) determining the emission mass (E i ), the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM i g) calculating the calculated temperature (T i )of,

[0012]

number

[0013] where α is a positive number less than 2; h) adding additional reactants to the vessel in a ratio of the discharged mass (E i ) in an amount equal to the calculated temperature (T i and adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to a desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between the desired temperature (T) and the temperature of the chemical system.

[0014] In a fourth embodiment, a method for controlling temperature without measuring temperature is provided. The method includes the steps of: a) determining an initial system mass (M) of a chemical system conducting an exothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, the chemical reaction having a desired temperature (T), and the chemical system further comprising an inert component that is an inert solid with respect to the chemical reaction; b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) evacuating the effluent product from the vessel; and d) determining a current system mass (M) for the iteration of the method. i e) measuring the emission mass (E) of the emission products emitted during step c); i f) determining the emission mass (E i ), the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM i g) calculating the calculated temperature (T i )of,

[0015]

number

[0016] where α is a positive number less than 2; h) adding additional reactants to the vessel to calculate the change in reactant amount, ΔM i i) adding R i =ΔM i '-E i and j) removing a portion of the inactive ingredients indicated by the calculated temperature (T i and adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to a desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between the desired temperature (T) and the temperature of the chemical system.

[0017] This Summary is intended merely to provide a brief overview of the subject matter disclosed herein according to one or more exemplary embodiments and is not intended to serve as a guide for interpreting the claims or for defining or limiting the scope of the present invention, which is defined solely by the appended claims. This Summary is provided to introduce in a simplified form an illustrative selection of concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is not limited to means that solve any or all of the disadvantages discussed in the Background.

[0018] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS So that the features of the present invention can be understood, the detailed description of the invention can be made by reference to specific embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only specific embodiments of the invention and therefore should not be considered limiting of its scope, which encompasses other equally effective embodiments. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, with emphasis generally being placed on illustrating the features of specific embodiments of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views. Accordingly, for a better understanding of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description, which should be read in conjunction with the drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0019] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one system for carrying out the disclosed method. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of the disclosed method. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of a method for adjusting temperature. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0020] The disclosed system relates to a temperature control system, and more particularly to a system for controlling a non-equilibrium system whose mass changes over the course of the reaction. The disclosed method is used in chemical reactions in which products, such as gaseous or solid products, are emitted from a chemical reaction vessel over the course of the reaction.

[0021] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the calculated temperature (T i ) can be calculated rather than measured according to the following formula:

[0022]

number

[0023] where T is the desired temperature (i.e., target temperature), M is the initial system mass of the entire chemical system in the vessel, and ΔM i is the change in the amount of reactant, and α is a positive number less than 2. Similarly, the calculated temperature of the exothermic system in non-equilibrium conditions during the ith iteration of the method (T i ) can be calculated rather than measured according to the following formula:

[0024]

number

[0025]

[0017] The change in the amount of reactants due to the ith iteration (ΔM i By calculating the temperature (T '), the calculated temperature at non-equilibrium conditions (T ') can be obtained without using a thermocouple or other temperature measurement device, which would only provide an accurate temperature reading under equilibrium conditions. i ) can be found. The calculated temperature (T i), the correct amount of heat can be added or removed to maintain the desired temperature (T).

[0026] FIG. 1 shows a chemical reaction vessel 102, a current system mass (M i 1 depicts a system 100 including a mass sensor 104 that provides a signal (e.g., a mass sensor signal) to a computer 106. The computer 106 controls a thermal regulator 108 configured to selectively heat or cool the chemical reaction vessel 102. In one embodiment, the chemical reaction vessel 102 is insulated using conventional insulation methods to minimize heat loss to the surrounding environment. The mass sensor 104 can be, for example, a mass balance. The thermal regulator 108 can include conventional heating or cooling elements, and the computer 106 can selectively activate the thermal regulator 108 to control the joules of heat added or removed.

[0027] 2, a method 200 for controlling the temperature of a chemical reaction without measuring the temperature is disclosed. The method 200 includes a step 202 of determining a desired temperature (T). For example, the desired temperature (T) can be determined experimentally by optimizing the yield of a particular chemical product by repeatedly running the chemical reaction at various temperatures. In the following hypothetical example, T=353 K.

[0028] In step 204, a value for α is established. The value of α is determined as discussed elsewhere in this disclosure. If the reaction is endothermic, heat must be added to return the system to the desired temperature (T). The value of α is a positive, non-zero number less than 2. In one embodiment, the value of α is greater than or equal to 0.5 but less than 1.5. In another embodiment, the value of α is between 0.8 and 1.2. In the following hypothetical example, α=1.

[0029] In step 206 of method 200, an initial system mass (M) of chemical reactants, solvent, and inert components is determined during the zeroth iteration (i=0). The initial system mass (M) includes reactants, solvent, and inert components, but not products. By way of example, and not limitation, a given chemical reaction may involve reacting predetermined amounts of reactants A and B in a solvent to form a desired product C and byproducts D and E. In this example, byproduct D is a gaseous byproduct that is vented from the reaction vessel as it is formed. A+2B→2C+D(g)+E (2) For example, 1300 g of reactant A (molar mass 100.0 g mol -1 ) reacts with 910 g of reactant B (molar mass 35.0 g mol) in the presence of 13,000 g of solvent. -1 ) and the initial mass of the system (M) is therefore 15,210 g.

[0030] In step 208, these reactants are added to a vessel that initiates the chemical reaction, such as vessel 102. The disclosed method 300 then adjusts the temperature of the system based on the amount of product D that is discharged from the vessel.

[0031]

[0024] Examples of endothermic 3, the disclosed method 300 is used for chemical reactions in which a change in mass occurs due to at least one product being released from a vessel. For example, gaseous products can be vented from a vessel as they are formed. Alternatively, solid precipitates can be removed by filtration or other suitable methods. In the following examples, endothermic reactions are used.

[0032] In step 302, a predetermined amount (i.e., some or all) of one product may be discharged from the chemical reaction vessel during the course of the chemical reaction. The discharge of this product for the ith iteration is expressed as this discharged mass (E i ) the change in reactant amount (ΔM i') can be calculated.

[0033] In step 304, the current system mass (M i ) is measured by the mass sensor 104. The current system mass (M i ) includes the entire contents of the vessel, including reactants, solvent, inerts, and any products that have not been discharged from the vessel. i ) is measured before adjusting the mass of the container to match the initial system mass (M) (step 312), so M i,before It can also be called.

[0034] In step 306, the discharged mass (E i ) is the current system mass (M i ) to the initial system mass (M). In this example, this mass corresponds to the mass of the product D discharged from the vessel. For example, if the initial system mass (M) is 15,210 g, then the system mass (M) of the first iteration (i=1) is 1,before ) is 15,070 (measured before adding any mass), then the exhaust mass (E i ) is found to be 140g. E i =MM i,before (3a) E1=MM 1,before (3b) E1=15,210g-15,070g=140g (3c) In step 308, the change in reactant mass (ΔM i ') is the emission mass (E i For example, if E1 = 140 g, then from the reaction stoichiometry (see Equation 2), it can be calculated that 400 g of reactant A and 280 g of reactant B were consumed:

[0035]

number

[0036] Therefore, the change in the amount of reactant in the ith iteration (ΔM i ') for i=1 is: ΔM i =ΔM reactants =ΔM A +ΔM B (5a) ΔM1 = 400g + 280g = 680g of consumed reactants (5b) Then, in step 310, the calculated temperature (T i ) is found according to:

[0037]

number

[0038] In step 312, additional mass in the form of additional reactants is added to the reaction vessel. In one embodiment, the mass of the added reactants is equal to the exit mass (E i ) For example, 140 g of reactant can be added to restore the system to the initial system mass (M). Considering the stoichiometry of Equation 2, this corresponds to 52.36 g of reactant A and 57.64 g of reactant B, found by considering the molar mass ratio of reactants A:B.

[0039]

number

[0040] In another embodiment, the mass added is calculated based on the change in reactant mass (ΔM i In this example, 680 g of reactants (specifically, 400 g of reactant A and 280 g of reactant B) are added to a vessel. As discussed in detail elsewhere in this disclosure, excess mass in the form of inert ingredients is removed to maintain the initial system mass (M).

[0041] In one embodiment, the step of adding the mass simultaneously adjusts the temperature of the system by adding a temperature-adjusted amount of reactant (i.e., steps 312 and 314 are accomplished simultaneously). In one embodiment, the mass added adjusts its temperature to a calculated temperature (T i In another embodiment, the added mass has its temperature adjusted to less than a calculated temperature (T i ) higher and pre-adjusted.

[0042]

[0035] If the added mass is (E i ) iteration

[0036] The added mass is the ejected mass (E i ), the updated system mass is: M i,after =ME i +E i (8a) M 1,after =15,210g-140g+140g=15,210g (8b) In these embodiments, -E i and +E i By canceling out the current system mass (M i ) is maintained at the initial system mass (M).

[0043]

[0038] The added mass is ΔM i Repeat if there is one The mass added is the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM iIn another embodiment, where M is equal to M′, additional steps may be performed to maintain a constant system mass while maintaining a continuous process. For example, in step 206, the initial system mass (M) may include inert components, such as solids, that are easily separated from the system by filtration. For example, it can be calculated that 1300 g of reactant A will react with 910 g of reactant B in the presence of 11,245 g of solvent and 1,755 g of inert components. Thus, the initial system mass (M) is 15,210 g. The 1,755 g of inert components provides a mass overhead that can be used to adjust the system mass between each iteration.

[0044] The composition of the chemically inert components depends on the nature of the reaction, but examples may include materials such as polymeric beads, glass beads, silica or alumina, stainless steel beads, etc. The size of the solid can be selected so that it can be easily separated from any precipitated products that form during the reaction. These inert components are referred to as removed inert mass (R), which can be removed to maintain a constant system mass. i ) and is as follows: R i =ΔM i -E i (9a) Referring to the previous example, if 680 g of reactant is consumed resulting in an output mass of 140 g leaving the vessel, then 540 g of inert components are removed and 680 g of additional reactant is added to maintain a constant system mass. R1 = 680g - 140g = 540g of inactive ingredients removed (9b) Therefore, in such an embodiment, the updated system mass may be represented by: M i,after =M-(E i +R i )+ΔM i (10a) M 1,after =15,210g-(140g+540g)+680g=15,210g (10b) In step 314, heat is adjusted to restore the system to the desired temperature (T). For example, if the solvent is water, the specific heat of water (4.184 J·g -1 K -1 ) can be used to obtain an estimate of the amount of heat (in J) used to warm the vessel by 15.78 K to achieve the desired temperature (T) of 353 K. For example, if the mass added is such that the system mass remains constant at 15,210 g, then the expelled mass (E i In an embodiment where the mass is equal to (e.g., 140 g), the kJ of heat to be added is given by:

[0045]

number

[0046] In other embodiments, solvents other than water are used with corresponding specific heat capacities. For exothermic reactions, a thermal regulator 108 can be used to remove a precise amount of heat to cool the vessel. Subsequent Iterations

[0046] Method 300 may continue by returning to step 302 and performing a new iteration (i=2) of the method. At the beginning of the second iteration of method 300, the current system mass (M2) is set to its value (M 1,after ), which is found to be the same as the initial system mass (M). For example, in the previous hypothetical example, the current system mass (M2) and the initial system mass (M) are both equal to 15,210 g.

[0047] In step 302, a predetermined amount of one product can be discharged from the chemical reaction vessel.

[0048] In step 304, the current system mass (M2) for the second iteration is calculated as M 2,before and is measured by mass sensor 104 before step 312 is performed. In this hypothetical example, the current system mass (M 2,before ) value is measured and found to be 15,140 g.

[0048]

[0049] In step 306, for the hypothetical example, the discharged mass (E2) discharged from the container is determined to be 70 g: E i =MM i,before (12a) E2=MM 2,before (12b) E2=15,210g-15,140g=70g (12c)

[0050] In step 308, the change in reactant mass (ΔM2) for the second iteration is calculated based on the output mass (E2). For example, assuming E2 = 70 g, the reaction stoichiometry can calculate that 200 g of reactant A and 140 g of reactant B were consumed:

[0049]

number

[0050]

[0051] Therefore, the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM2) is: ΔM2=ΔM reactants =ΔM A +ΔM B (14a) ΔM2 = 200g + 140g = 340g of consumed reactants (14b)

[0052] In step 310, the calculated temperature of the second iteration (T2) is found according to:

[0051]

number

[0052]

[0053] In step 312, in one embodiment, additional mass in the form of additional reactants (exhaust mass (E i In the second iteration of the example under consideration (where the exit mass E2 = 70 g), 70 g of reactants (specifically 41.18 g of reactant A and 28.82 g of reactant B) are added to the vessel. The change in reactant mass (ΔM i ') is always the emission mass (E i) (the mass of which is returned to the vessel in the form of reactants), this embodiment is a semi-batch process because the mass is partially replaced with successive uses of reactants, thus limiting the number of possible iterations.

[0053]

[0054] In step 312, in another embodiment, additional mass in the form of additional reactants (change in reactant mass (ΔM i In this example, 340 g of reactants (specifically 200 g of reactant A and 140 g of reactant B) are added to the vessel. Because the added mass of reactants is equal to the mass of reactants consumed, such a process is a continuous process. Because the amount of added mass is greater than the amount of removed mass, inert components are removed from the vessel to maintain a constant system mass, as discussed in detail elsewhere in this disclosure.

[0054]

[0055] In step 314, heat is adjusted to restore the system to the desired temperature (T). In the second iteration example of the present invention, heat is added to increase the temperature by 7.79 K (from 345.31 K to 353 K). For a water-based system, this is as follows:

[0055]

number

[0056]

[0056] Examples of fever

[0057] Although the above discussion has been directed to an endothermic example, similar methods are equally applicable to exothermic reactions. In the hypothetical example below, α is also 1. In the hypothetical example of two replicates (i=1 and i=2), if a) M=15,210 g; b) T=353 K; c) α=1; d) E1=140 g, resulting in ΔM1=680 g; and e) ΔM2=340 g, resulting in E2=70 g, then the following is derived:

[0057]

number

[0058] This corresponds to an exothermic reaction that is restored to the desired temperature (T) between iterations. Heat can be removed by activating the thermal regulator 108 to cool the vessel. Establishing α

[0059] The statistical values ​​of α can be easily found. For example, the statistical values ​​of α can be found for a hypothetical chemical reaction such as Equation 2, in which a gas D(g) is continuously released, using the following method:

[0059]

number

[0060] Equation 18 represents the average of N repeated reactions of a chemical reaction. These reactions are calculated by multiplying α by {α i :i=1,...,N}, N potential realizations are obtained, and α i is found at each measurement time using Equation 19, where a) M is the initial system mass and T is the desired temperature; b) ΔM i is the time interval Δτ starting from the start of the chemical reaction i c) |ΔT i | is the time interval Δτ i This is the magnitude of the temperature change that occurred during that time.

[0061] The time interval {Δτ i :i=1,...,N} are chosen so that N independent experiments are performed. The i-th experiment is performed over a time interval Δτ i ΔM can be determined experimentally using a mass sensor that measures the mass of gas product D present in the vessel during i gives the value of the time interval Δτ i The magnitude of the temperature change in the vessel during is measured, for example, using a thermocouple. The reaction is carried out under conditions where the vessel is highly insulated for best results.

[0062] Tables 1 and 2 present values ​​and physical properties for a hypothetical example chemical reaction. This example examines results derived from the overall chemical reaction given by Equation 2, where the statistical value of α is found to be close to 1. The hypothetical example considers the cases where a) the solvent mass has a constant value of 13,000 g; b) the initial mass of reactant A is 1,300 g; c) the initial mass of reactant B is 910 g; d) the initial system mass M in the vessel is 15,210 g; and e) the desired temperature T in the vessel is 353 K. These values ​​are summarized in Table 1. At four different times (1 minute, 4 minutes, 7 minutes, and 8 minutes, as summarized in Table 2), a mass balance is used to measure the mass of the exiting gas product D, as indicated in Table 2 by (17 g, 70 g, 123 g, and 140 g). Then, from the stoichiometry of the reaction, it can be found that the total mass of reactants A+B (85 g, 340 g, 595 g, 680 g) contributes to the mass of emitted gas product D (17 g, 70 g, 123 g, 140 g). During each of these times, by taking measurements of the temperature at each measurement time (e.g., using a thermocouple), its change from the desired temperature T is determined (1.9 K, 8.0 K, 13.8 K, 16.0 K), and for each time interval Δτ i The temperature T at the end of i is less than T for an endothermic reaction and greater than T for an exothermic reaction. Equation 19 was then used to evaluate the value of α at each of the different measurement times (1.00021, 0.99968, 1.00003, 0.99935), and the average value was found to be approximately equal to 1 according to Equation 18, i.e., α≈1.

[0063] [Table 1]

[0064] [Table 2]

[0065] Theoretical Background Linger-thermo theory (LTT) is a "dynamic" outgrowth of the time-complementary dual principle of past uncertainty / future certainty in physics, abbreviated as POP, which first appeared in stochastic optimal control in 1960 and has been used to create radar designs that yield maximally efficient, affordable, and high-performance solutions, in this case through another outgrowth of POP, named "stationary," latency-information theory (LIT) (see U.S. Pat. No. 10,101,445). Dynamic LTT has already been used to find efficient solutions for biophysical lifetime studies and astrophysical dark matter studies, utilizing thermotes, degree-of-freedom (DoF)-based thermal energy quanta that provide the kinetic energy of gyrador, a statistically distinct cell (SDC)-based gyrating mass quantum. Thermotes first emerged naturally in LTT in 2014 from the derivation of the entropy of flexible phase media for use in lifetime studies. They simplify the discovery of entropy and their thermal energy, e Th =N DoF k B T / 2, where k B is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature of the medium, and N DoF is the number of degrees of freedom for the particle's motion, e.g., 3 for a photon in a photon gas (PG) and 2 for a particle moving at the event horizon of a black hole (BH). For BHs and PGs, their entropy is the ratio k of their mass energy to thermodynamic energy. B / 2 times. Furthermore, the eV masses of the BH and PG thermotes at a cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature of 2.725 Kelvin are found to be 235.14 μeV and 352.71 μeV, respectively, which fall within the range of 50–1,500 μeV for the axion, a leading dark matter candidate. In LTT, the shape of a medium of mass M and volume V is modeled as a sphere of radius r, at whose center there is assumed to be a point mass M. In this LTT model, the total kinetic energy is expressed as the gravitational potential energy of the medium, GM 2 In a medium that matches / 2r, M / m G Gyrador particle (m G is the mass of the gyrador particle), which is done to prevent the gravitational collapse of the medium due to the gyrador's rotational motion. Finally, the kinetic energy of the gyrador in LTT, m G v 2 / 2 is the thermoelectric energy e Th is set equal to, which energizes the gyrador, and then m G =2e th / v 2 =2re th / GM is obtained, where the velocity of the gyrador v = (GM / r) 1 / 2 is the orbital velocity of the gyrador orbiting the point mass M at a radial distance r, and G is the gravitational constant. Therefore, m G The equation is the thermoelectric energy e Th as a linear function of , and therefore of the temperature T of the medium, the mass m of the gyradole G In this method, the temperature T of the medium is found to be proportional to the mass m of the gyradole. G It has been found that the gravitational action via the gyrador is related to the LTT, and in LTT, the motion of these statistical gyradoles acts to avoid gravitational collapse.

[0066] The disclosed method provides maximum efficiency and affordability for industrial processes in which different cells (e.g., separate chemical species, separate biological cells, etc.) are created and expelled or killed from the system while physically and chemically interacting to achieve a desired output. Such "first principles" derived methods for industrial process design do not exist because the physical principles involved are not fully known. This no longer applies to the emerging time-complementary duality principles of physics or POPs that originally gave rise to the disclosed temperature-modeled average mass of different cell equations.

[0067] This disclosure provides a direct relationship that has been discovered to exist between the modeled average masses of different cells in any medium and medium temperature. This equation allows for efficient and affordable adjustment of the operation of a medium in which different cells are created, killed, and undergo both physical and chemical interactions to produce a desired output.

[0068] First, we consider the formula for the average mass of the different cells of the medium, i.e., the gyrador mass m G This formula for the gyrador mass arises naturally from the application of the time-complementary duality principle of physics or POPs, and allows one to find the gyrador mass with only knowledge of the temperature, mass, and volume of a given medium and its fundamental particle or molecular degrees of freedom.

[0069]

[0067] Gyrador mass m G (a statistical particle naturally occurring in POP-induced LTT) refers to the modeled average mass of the different cells that make up the medium. Its steady-state value is given by the following equation:

[0070]

number

[0071] where: a) M is the total mass of the medium; b) r is the radius of the volume of the medium V=M / ρ (where ρ is the density of the medium, assuming a spherical shape); c) G is the gravitational constant; d) T is the operating temperature of the medium; e) k B is the Boltzmann constant; f)N DoF is the number of degrees of freedom of the medium particles (e.g., N for a liquid water-based medium at 310 Kelvin) DoF is 5), (g) N Cells is the number of different cells in the system. The reaction vessel does not necessarily have to be spherical to determine the volume of that sphere. For example, one can calculate the volume of a cylinder and then use the radius (r) of a corresponding sphere with the same volume. This radius is the spherical radius of the cylinder.

[0072] After a certain period of time, the new temperature T' is expected to be that which arises in the medium, generated by the reactants in M ​​acting during the period considered and assumed to be expelled from the medium. By subtracting from M the masses of these reactants, denoted by ΔM', we obtain the different dynamic gyrador mass m' per medium, given by the following equation: G can be obtained:

[0073]

number

[0074] where a) mass M' is: M'=M-ΔM' (22) b) T' is less than T for an endothermic chemical reaction and greater than T for an exothermic chemical reaction; c) N' Cells means the number of different cells that form M'.

[0075] For endothermic chemical reactions, T' can be calculated using the following formula: T'=T+ΔT'=T-|ΔT'|, endothermic (23) where |ΔT′| means the magnitude of the difference between T′ and T, as given by ΔT′=T′−T, where the value of T′ is less than T.

[0076] Combining the steady-state gyrador-gravity equation 20 and the dynamic gyrador-gravity equation 21, we obtain:

[0077]

number

[0078] The value of α is the dynamic mass / temperature of the chemical system.

[0079]

number

[0080] to the steady-state mass / temperature ratio (M / T), which are not expected to deviate significantly from each other.

[0072] A constant N DoF、 k B Combining equations 20, 21, 24a and 24b for , G and r and solving for T' yields:

[0081]

number

[0082] The utility of the disclosed equations 25a and 25b is that they can be used in most, if not all, industrial processes to optimally regulate the temperature of those processes where reactions occur under non-equilibrium conditions. This is achieved by statistically finding a constant value of the parameter α that relates T' to T according to T' = α(M' / M)T. For any given mass ratio M' / M, the value of α will then be governed by the distribution of the different cells of the medium, which in turn allows the equation α = (N Cells / N' Cells )(M' / M) directly affects the value of α according to the ratio N of the number of cells Cells / N' Cellsis brought about.

[0083] In the case of an exothermic chemical reaction, the new temperature T' will be greater than T. When using the amount of reactants denoted by ΔM', it can be assumed that the increase in temperature in the vessel is the same as the decrease that occurs in an endothermic reaction. Under this assumption, the new increased value of the temperature of the medium can be found from the following formula:

[0084]

number

[0085] In Equation 26,

[0086]

number

[0087] The increase in temperature T, |ΔT'|, given by is the same amount that T would be expected to decrease inside the vessel if the chemical reaction were endothermic rather than exothermic.

[0088]

number

[0089] The amount of T is

[0090]

number

[0091] is greater than T and is therefore positive, which is then added to T to obtain the temperature T' inside the vessel that results in an exothermic temperature higher than T.

[0075] Furthermore, it should be noted that in the endothermic gyrador mass equation 21, the exothermic temperature

[0092]

number

[0093] And the endothermic temperature

[0094]

number

[0095] If we replace , the expression for the exothermic gyradole mass becomes

[0096]

number

[0097] where

[0098]

number

[0099] wherein a) m' G,exo is the mass of the exothermic gyradole, which is the mass of the endothermic gyradole m' G a) a mass greater than or equal to the mass of N'; Cells,exo is the number of exothermic cells, which is the number of endothermic cells N' Cells A number that is less than or equal to.

[0100] The utility of the disclosed POP-derived equations is that they provide an efficient model for the regulation of processes in which different cells are created, killed, or otherwise expelled from the system, undergoing both physical and chemical interactions to produce a desired output. These POP-derived equations can be used in at least five different ways: 1) to suitably model the distribution of different cells to meet a required temperature range; 2) to model the temperature of a process to match the average mass-modeled temperature of a specified mixture of different cells; 3) to model the volume of the mixture to reach a desired outcome; 4) to model the mass of the medium to reach a desired outcome; and 5) a regulation scheme that combines two or more of the foregoing models. Furthermore, the average mass-modeled temperature of the different cell equations is expected to find use in modeling and investigating the evolutionary stages and processes of life.

[0101] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and will also enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not conform to the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements that differ insubstantial from the literal language of the claims. The claims of this application as filed are reproduced below: (Aspect 1) A method for controlling temperature without measuring the temperature, comprising: a) determining an initial system mass (M) of a chemical system conducting an endothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, and the chemical reaction having a desired temperature (T); b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) discharging the discharged product from the vessel; d) the current system mass (M i ) measuring; e) the current system mass (M i ) based on the emission mass (E i ) determining; f) The discharged mass (E i ), the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM i ') calculation step; g) Calculated temperature (T i ) to T i =α{(M-ΔM i ) / M}T, where α is a positive number less than 2; h) adding additional reactants to the vessel at the discharge mass (E i ) in an amount equal to 1000 ppm of HCl; and i) the calculated temperature (T i adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to the desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between T and the desired temperature (T). The above method, comprising: (Embodiment 2) The method described in embodiment 1 further comprises repeating steps c) to i) during the i+1th iteration, the repeating step being performed at predetermined intervals. (Aspect 3) The method described in aspect 2, wherein the predetermined interval is repeated at least once every 5 minutes. (Embodiment 4) The method according to embodiment 1, further comprising repeating steps c) to i), wherein the repeating step is performed continuously in real time. (Embodiment 9) Steps c) and d) are performed to obtain the current system mass (M i 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein step e) is repeated until step e) is less than a threshold value. (Embodiment 10) The method according to embodiment 1, wherein α is between 0.5 and 2. (Embodiment 11) The method according to embodiment 1, wherein α is between 0.8 and 1.5. (Embodiment 12) The method according to embodiment 1, wherein α is between 0.8 and 1.2. (Embodiment 13) A method for controlling temperature without measuring the temperature, comprising: a) determining an initial system mass (M) of a chemical system conducting an endothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, the chemical reaction having a desired temperature (T), and the chemical system further comprising an inert component that is a solid inert with respect to the chemical reaction; b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) discharging the discharged product from the vessel; d) the current system mass (M i ) measuring; e) The mass of exhaust products discharged during step c) (E i ) determining; f) The discharged mass (E i ), the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM i ') calculation step; g) Calculated temperature (T i ) to T i =α{(M-ΔM i ) / M}T, where α is a positive number less than 2; h) Adding additional reactants to the vessel in an amount of reactant ΔM i adding in an amount equal to the change in '; i)R i =ΔM i ’-E i removing a portion of the inactive ingredients provided by j) The calculated temperature (T i adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to the desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between T and the desired temperature (T). The above method, comprising: (Aspect 14) The method of aspect 13, wherein the inactive ingredient is selected from the group consisting of polymeric beads, glass beads, silica, alumina, and stainless steel beads. (Embodiment 15) A method for controlling temperature without measuring the temperature, comprising: a) determining an initial system mass (M) of a chemical system conducting an exothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, and the chemical reaction having a desired temperature (T); b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) discharging the discharged product from the vessel; d) the current system mass (M i ) measuring; e) the current system mass (M i ) based on the emission mass (E i ) determining; f) The discharged mass (E i ), the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM i ') calculation step; g) Calculated temperature (T i ) to T i =2T-[α{(M-ΔM i ) / M}T] (wherein α is a positive number less than 2); h) adding additional reactants to the vessel at the discharge mass (E i ) in an amount equal to 1000 ppm of HCl; and i) the calculated temperature (T i adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to the desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between T and the desired temperature (T). The above method, comprising: (Embodiment 16) A method for controlling temperature without measuring the temperature, comprising: a) determining an initial system mass (M) of a chemical system conducting an exothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, the chemical reaction having a desired temperature (T), and the chemical system further comprising an inert component that is a solid inert with respect to the chemical reaction; b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) discharging the discharged product from the vessel; d) the current system mass (M i ) measuring; f) The discharged mass (E i ), the change in the amount of reactant (ΔM i ') calculation step; g) Calculated temperature (T i ) to Ti =2T-[α{(M-ΔM i ) / M}T] (wherein α is a positive number less than 2); h) Adding additional reactants to the vessel in an amount of reactant ΔM i adding in an amount equal to the change in '; i)R i =ΔM i ’-E i removing a portion of the inactive ingredients represented by j) The calculated temperature (T i adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to the desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between T and the desired temperature (T). The above method, comprising: [Explanation of symbols]

[0102] 100 systems 102 Chemical Reaction Vessel 104 Mass Sensor 106 Computer 108 Heat regulator

Claims

1. A method for adjusting the temperature of a chemical system to a desired temperature (T) experimentally determined in advance, in which an endothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent is carried out based on a known chemical reaction equation to produce products, at least one of the products being an exhaust product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product; a) determining the initial system mass (M) of the chemical system; b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) discharging the discharged product from the vessel; d) the current system mass (M ｉ ) measuring the e) the emission mass (E ｉ ) according to E i =M−M i ; f) The discharged mass (E ｉ calculating the change in the amount of reactant (ΔMi) that occurred during the i-th iteration based on the calculated reaction time and the chemical reaction equation; g) The following formula: [Equation 1] where α is a positive number less than 2 that is previously determined experimentally; h) adding additional reactants to the vessel at the discharge mass (E ｉ ) in an amount equal to 1000 ppm of HCl; and i) the calculated temperature (T ｉ adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to the desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between the desired temperature (T) and the desired temperature (T). The above method, comprising:

2. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating steps c) through i) during an i+1th iteration, said repeating occurring at predetermined intervals.

3. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the predetermined interval is at least one repetition every five minutes.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising repeating steps c) through i), wherein the repeating occurs continuously in real time.

5. Steps c) and d) determine the current system mass (M ｉ 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step e) is repeated until step e) is less than the threshold.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein α is between 0.5 and less than 2.

7. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein α is between 0.8 and 1.

5.

8. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein α is between 0.8 and 1.

2.

9. A method for adjusting the temperature of a chemical system to a desired temperature (T) experimentally determined in advance, in which an endothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent is carried out based on a known chemical equation to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, and the chemical system further comprising an inert component that is a solid inert with respect to the chemical reaction; a) determining the initial system mass (M) of the chemical system; b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) discharging the discharged product from the vessel; d) the current system mass (M ｉ ) measuring the e) the emission mass (E ｉ ) according to E i =M−M i ; f) The discharged mass (E ｉ calculating the change in the amount of reactant (ΔMi) that occurred during the i-th iteration based on the calculated reaction time and the chemical reaction equation; g) The following formula: [Equation 2] where α is a positive number less than 2 that is previously determined experimentally; h) adding additional reactant to the vessel in an amount equal to the change in reactant amount ΔMi; i) R ｉ =ΔMi-E ｉ removing a portion of the inactive ingredients provided by j) the calculated temperature (T ｉ adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to the desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between the desired temperature (T) and the desired temperature (T). The above method, comprising:

10. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the inert component is selected from the group consisting of polymeric beads, glass beads, silica, alumina, and stainless steel beads.

11. A method for adjusting the temperature of a chemical system to a desired temperature (T) experimentally determined in advance, in which an exothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent is carried out according to a known chemical equation to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product; a) determining the initial system mass (M) of the chemical system; b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) discharging the discharged product from the vessel; d) the current system mass (M ｉ ) measuring the e) the emission mass (E ｉ ) according to E i =M−M i ; f) The discharged mass (E ｉ calculating the change in the amount of reactant (ΔMi) that occurred during the i-th iteration based on the calculated reaction time and the chemical reaction equation; g) The following formula: [Equation 3] where α is a positive number less than 2 that is previously determined experimentally; h) adding additional reactants to the vessel at the discharge mass (E ｉ ) in an amount equal to 1000 ppm of HCl; and i) the calculated temperature (T ｉ adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to the desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between the desired temperature (T) and the desired temperature (T). The above method, comprising:

12. A method for adjusting the temperature of a chemical system to a desired temperature (T) experimentally determined in advance, in which an exothermic chemical reaction between reactants in a solvent is carried out according to a known chemical equation to produce products, at least one of the products being an effluent product that is a gaseous product or a precipitated product, and the chemical system further comprising an inert component that is a solid inert with respect to the chemical reaction; a) determining the initial system mass (M) of the chemical system; b) initiating the chemical reaction by adding the reactants and the solvent to a vessel; c) discharging the discharged product from the vessel; d) the current system mass (M ｉ ) measuring the e) calculating the emission mass (E i ) of the emission products emitted during step c) according to E i =M−M i ; f) The discharged mass (E ｉ Calculating the change in the amount of reactant (ΔMi) that occurred during the i-th iteration based on the iterations and each of the reaction equations; g) The following formula: [Equation 4] where α is a positive number less than 2 that is experimentally determined in advance. ｉ ) calculating h) adding additional reactant to the vessel in an amount equal to the change in reactant amount ΔMi; i) R ｉ =ΔMi-E ｉ removing a portion of the inactive ingredients represented by j) the calculated temperature (T ｉ adjusting the temperature of the chemical system to the desired temperature (T) by adding or removing heat based on the temperature change between the desired temperature (T) and the desired temperature (T). The above method, comprising:

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